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658:". Space Pens combine a more viscous ink with a pressurized ink reservoir that forces the ink toward the point. Unlike a standard ballpoint's ink container, the rear end of a Space Pen's pressurized reservoir is sealed, eliminating evaporation and leakage, thus allowing the pen to write upside-down, in zero-gravity environments, and allegedly underwater. Astronauts have made use of these pens in outer space.
305:
commercially viable and widely available. Early ballpoints did not deliver the ink evenly; overflow and clogging were among the obstacles faced by early inventors. If the ball socket were too tight or the ink too thick, it would not reach the paper. If the socket were too loose or the ink too thin, the pen would leak, or the ink would smear. Ink reservoirs pressurized by a piston, spring,
592:, allowing the ink to be literally rubbed clean from the writing surface before drying and eventually becoming permanent. Erasable ink is much thicker than standard ballpoint inks, requiring pressurized cartridges to facilitate inkflowâmeaning they can also write upside-down. Though these pens are equipped with erasers, any eraser will suffice.
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provide ink to the ball through the socket, and a self-contained "ink reservoir" supplying ink to the ball. In modern disposable pens, narrow plastic tubes contain the ink, which is compelled downward to the ball by gravity. Brass, steel, or tungsten carbide are used to manufacture the ball bearing-like points, then housed in a brass socket.
473:, which mix with the dyes and oils to create a smooth paste that dries quickly. The fatty acids help to lubricate the ball tip while writing. Hybrid inks also contain added lubricants in the ink to provide a smoother writing experience. The drying time of the ink varies depending upon the viscosity of the ink and the diameter of the ball.
322:
editor (later a naturalized
Argentine) frustrated by the amount of time that he wasted filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages, noticed that inks used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge-free. He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink. BĂrĂł
300:
could not. Loud's pen had a small rotating steel ball held in place by a socket. Although it could be used to mark rough surfaces such as leather, as Loud intended, it proved too coarse for letter-writing. With no commercial viability, its potential went unexploited, and the patent eventually lapsed.
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Although designs and construction vary between brands, basic components of all ballpoint pens are universal. Standard components of a ballpoint tip include the freely rotating "ball" itself (distributing the ink on the writing surface), a "socket" holding the ball in place, small "ink channels" that
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Ballpoint pens are produced in both disposable and refillable models. Refills allow for the entire internal ink reservoir, including a ballpoint and socket, to be replaced. Such characteristics are usually associated with designer-type pens or those constructed of finer materials. The simplest types
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The function of these components can be observed at a larger scale in the ball-applicator of roll-on antiperspirant. The ballpoint tip delivers the ink to the writing surface while acting as a "buffer" between the ink in the reservoir and the air outside, preventing the quick-drying ink from drying
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It is generally believed that gravity is needed to coat the ball with ink. In fact most ballpoint pens on the Earth do not work when writing upside-down because the Earth's gravity pulls the ink inside the pen away from the tip of the pen. However, in the microgravity environment of space a regular
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department store in New York City on 29 October 1945, for US$ 12.50 each (1945 US dollar value, about $ 212 in 2023 dollars), "Reynolds Rocket" became the first commercially successful ballpoint pen. Reynolds went to great extremes to market the pen, with great success; Gimbel's sold many thousands
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In general, the more viscous the ink, the faster it will dry, but more writing pressure needs to be applied to dispense ink. But although they are less viscous, hybrid inks have a faster drying time compared to normal ballpoint inks. Also, a larger ball dispenses more ink and thus increases drying
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A ballpoint tip that can write comfortably for a long period of time is not easy to produce, as it requires high-precision machinery and thin high-grade steel alloy plates. China, which as of 2017 produces about 80 percent of the world's ballpoint pens, relied on imported ballpoint tips and metal
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The ballpoint pen has several limitations as an art medium. Color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists. As a tool that uses ink, marks made with a ballpoint pen can generally not be erased. Additionally, "blobbing" ink on the drawing surface and
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In 1941, the BĂrĂł brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, fled
Germany and moved to Argentina, where they formed "BĂrĂł Pens of Argentina" and filed a new patent in 1943. Their pen was sold in Argentina as the "Birome", from the names BĂrĂł and Meyne, which is how ballpoint pens are still known in
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employ the same ballpoint mechanics, but with the use of water-based inks instead of oil-based inks. Compared to oil-based ballpoints, rollerball pens are said to provide more fluid ink-flow, but the water-based inks will blot if held stationary against the writing surface. Water-based inks also
442:"âthe company's first ballpointâboasting additional features and technological advances which also included the use of tungsten-carbide textured ball-bearings in their pens. In less than a year, Parker sold several million pens at prices between three and nine dollars. In the 1960s, the failing
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can be used to create half-tones or the illusion of form and volume. For artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush. Finely applied, the resulting imagery has been
304:
The manufacture of economical, reliable ballpoint pens as are known today arose from experimentation, modern chemistry, and the precision manufacturing capabilities of the early 20th century. Patents filed worldwide during early development are testaments to failed attempts at making the pens
760:"skipping" ink-flow require consideration when drawing with a ballpoint pen. Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light and some extent of fading.
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The concept of using a "ball point" within a writing instrument to apply ink to paper has existed since the late 19th century. In these inventions, the ink was placed in a thin tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball, held so that it could not slip into the tube or fall out of the pen.
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Multi-pens are pens that feature multiple varying colored pen refills. Sometimes ballpoint refills are combined with another non-ballpoint refill, usually a mechanical pencil. Sometimes ballpoint pens combine a ballpoint tip on one end and touchscreen stylus on the other.
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pens, among the emerging ballpoint brands of the 1950s, bought the rights to distribute their own ballpoint pens in Canada. Facing concerns about ink-reliability, Paper Mate pioneered new ink formulas and advertised them as "banker-approved". In 1954,
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creates imaginative, ballpoint-only artwork of varying content and complexity, applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim. The artist coined terms such as "PENtings" and "Media
Graffiti" to describe his varied output. British artist
1358:"The first complete specifications appear to be UK 498997, June 1938 and UK 512218, December 1938; his rather basic Hungarian patent 120037 was dated April 1938." Collingridge, M. R. et al. (2007). "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905â2005".
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ballpoint pen can still work, pointed in any direction, because the capillary forces in the ink are stronger than gravitational forces. The functionality of a regular ballpoint pen in space was confirmed by ESA astronaut Pedro Duque in 2003.
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and is transparent, showing the ink level in the reservoir. Originally a sealed streamlined cap, the modern pen cap has a small hole at the top to meet safety standards, helping to prevent suffocation if children suck it into the throat.
599:(also simply "Bic pen" or "Biro") is reportedly the most widely sold pen in the world. It was the Bic company's first product and is still synonymous with the company name. The Bic Cristal is part of the permanent collection at the
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Ballpoint pens are sometimes provided free by businesses, such as hotels and banks, printed with a company's name and logo. Ballpoints have also been produced to commemorate events, such as a pen commemorating the 1963
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BĂrĂł's innovation successfully coupled viscous ink with a ball-and-socket mechanism that allowed controlled flow while preventing ink from drying inside the reservoir. BĂrĂł filed for a
British patent on 15 June 1938.
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of ballpoint pens are disposable and have a cap to cover the tip when the pen is not in use, or a mechanism for retracting the tip, which varies between manufacturers but is usually a spring- or screw-mechanism.
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now recognized globally. Bic pens struggled until the company launched its "Writes First Time, Every Time!" advertising campaign in the 1960s. Competition during this era forced unit prices to drop considerably.
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The world's largest functioning ballpoint pen was made by
Acharya Makunuri Srinivasa in India. The pen measures 5.5 metres (18 ft 0.53 in) long and weighs 37.23 kilograms (82.08 lb).
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also introduced a ballpoint pen to the
American marketplace in the 1950s, licensed from BĂrĂł and based on the Argentine designs. Bich shortened his name to Bic in 1953, forming the ballpoint brand
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396:. Reynolds bypassed the Birome patent with sufficient design alterations to obtain an American patent, beating Eversharp and other competitors to introduce the pen to the US market. Debuting at
772:, with components produced separately on assembly lines. Basic steps in the manufacturing process include the production of ink formulas, molding of metal and plastic components, and assembly.
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Following World War II, many companies vied to commercially produce their own ballpoint pen design. In pre-war
Argentina, success of the Birome ballpoint was limited, but in mid-1945, the
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In 1946, a
Spanish firm, Vila Sivill Hermanos, began to make a ballpoint, Regia Continua, and from 1953 to 1957 their factory also made Bic ballpoints, on contract with the French firm
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Ballpoint pen ink is normally a paste containing around 25 to 40 percent dye. The dyes are suspended in a mixture of solvents and fatty acids. The most common of the solvents are
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Neither
Reynolds' nor Eversharp's ballpoint lived up to consumer expectations in America. Ballpoint pen sales peaked in 1946, and consumer interest subsequently plunged due to
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708:. Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient art supply. Some artists use them within
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Some ballpoint pens use a hybrid ink formulation whose viscosity is lower than that of standard ballpoint ink, but greater than rollerball ink. The ink dries faster than a
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aircrew as the "Biro". Ballpoint pens were found to be more versatile than fountain pens, especially in airplanes, where fountain pens were prone to leak.
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enlisted the help of his brother György, a dentist with useful knowledge of chemistry, to develop viscous ink formulae for new ballpoint designs.
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Sometimes ballpoint pens are also produced as design objects. With cases made of metal or wood, they become individually styled utility objects.
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remain wet longer when freshly applied and are thus prone to "smearing"âposing problems to left-handed people (or right handed people writing
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Acroball ranges. These pens are also labelled "extra smooth", as they offer a smoother writing experience compared to normal ballpoint pens.
1936:
739:, have utilized the ballpoint pen during their careers. Ballpoint pen artwork continues to attract interest in the 21st century, with many
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Gyorgy
Moldova; Ballpoint: A tale of Genius and Grit, Perilous Times, and the Invention that Changed the Way We Write; Winnipeg Free Press
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860:, with the 100 billionth model sold in September, 2006. The Bic Cristal was launched in December 1950 and roughly 57 are sold per second.
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392:, Argentina. Recognizing commercial potential, he purchased several ballpoint samples, returned to the United States, and founded the
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639:. These pens, known as "advertising pens," are the same as standard ballpoint pen models, but have become valued among collectors.
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The inks are resistant to water after drying but can be defaced by certain solvents which include acetone and various alcohols.
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Technology developed by Fisher pens in the United States resulted in the production of what came to be known as the "Fisher
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At left, an authentic Birome made in Argentina by BĂrĂł & Meyne. At right, Birome advertisement in Argentine magazine
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to prevent smearing when writing. These pens are better suited for left-handed persons. Examples are the Zebra Surari,
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has been creating photo-realistic artwork using mostly black ballpoints, sometimes with minimal mixed-media color.
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has been creating large-scale, abstract artwork since the late 1970s solely with ballpoint pens. Since the 1980s,
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BĂrĂł's patent, and other early patents on ballpoint pens, often used the term "ball-point fountain pen".
2717:"ISO 12756:1998 â Drawing and writing instruments â Ball point pens and roller ball pens â Vocabulary j"
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mistaken for airbrushed artwork and photography, causing reactions of disbelief which ballpoint artist
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gaining recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens as a medium. Korean-American artist
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Twist action ballpoint pen with large capacity G2 type refill. Model: Waterman Stainless Steel
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965:"On Nepalese English Discourse Granting Citizenship to English in Nepal via Corpus Building"
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inside the reservoir. Modern ballpoints are said to have a two-year shelf life, on average.
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was producing the first commercially successful ballpoint pens there by the end of 1945.
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202:. The design was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to
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1638:"El meu avi va fer la primera estilogrĂ fica d'Espanya i el primer bolĂgraf d'Europa"
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Fascinating facts about the invention of the Ballpoint Pen by Ladislas Biro in 1935
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427:. By the early 1950s the ballpoint boom had subsided and Reynolds' company folded.
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Collingridge, M. R. et al. (2007). "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905â2005".
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Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved. Traditional
2821:"ISO 14145-2:1998 â Roller ball pens and refills â Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)"
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Collingridge, M. R. et al. (2007) "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905â2005".
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2769:"ISO 12757-2:1998 â Ball point pens and refills â Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)"
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pen company. The ink formulas of erasable ballpoints have properties similar to
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Commonly used ballpoint refill types (diameter and length given in millimeters)
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1721:"book review, "Politics, human intrigue flow through ballpoint pen's history""
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309:, and gravity would all serve as solutions to ink-delivery and flow problems.
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2010:"DĂ©colletage Plastique Design Team. Bic CristalÂź Ballpoint pen. 1950 â MoMA"
1283:. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 1996â2013. Archived from
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780:) was involved in developing the production of inexpensive ballpoint pens.
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2018 Parker Jotters are similar to the version that first came out in 1954
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2795:"ISO 14145-1:1998 â Roller ball pens and refills â Part 1: General use"
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Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets
2166:"Artist wins ÂŁ6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco"
701:
585:
430:
2743:"ISO 12757-1:1998 â Ball point pens and refills â Part 1: General use"
2581:
Honda, Takahiko (April 2011). "New York's Playful Ballpoint Picasso".
2454:
Liddell, C.B. (January 2002). "Getting the ball rolling in harajuku".
1804:"The Difference Between Ballpoint, Gel, and Rollerball Pens | JetPens"
374:
Co. to license the rights from Birome for sales in the United States.
214:; millions are manufactured and sold daily. It has influenced art and
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at its point, i.e., over a "ball point". The metals commonly used are
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1998: Drawing and writing instruments â Ball point pens â Vocabulary
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Patent Log: Innovative Patents that Advanced the United States Navy
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that country. This new design was licensed by the British engineer
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1998: Roller ball pens and refills â Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)
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1998: Ball point pens and refills â Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)
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Example of a ballpoint pen work-in-progress â rendering of actor
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1669:
Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world
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works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice.
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2002:
696:, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005) ballpoint pen and hardware on paper
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Designer created ballpoint pen with case made of wood showing
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script)âand "running", should the writing surface become wet.
3047:
3042:
2496:"Biro artist recreates Girl With A Pearl Earring masterpiece"
812:
has published standards for ball point and roller ball pens:
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came across a Birome ballpoint pen during a business trip to
195:
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2687:"Finally, China manufactures a ballpoint pen all by itself"
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2404:"The hair-raising art of Lennie Mace; Lennie Mace Museum"
1501:"Red ball point fountain pen inks and colorants therefor"
716:
183:
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63:
30:"Ball pen" redirects here. For the 2012 Indian film, see
837:
1998: Roller ball pens and refills â Part 1: General use
2920:
938:"How Laszlo Biro Changed the History of Ballpoint Pens"
825:
1998: Ball point pens and refills â Part 1: General use
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Ballpoint pens with erasable ink were pioneered by the
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sold its pen division to Parker and ultimately folded.
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A retractable ballpoint pen assemblage (Schneider K15)
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Warhol, Andy; Slovak, Richard; Hunt, Timothy (2007).
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for a ballpoint pen was issued on 30 October 1888 to
2915:
Laszlo Biro on Jewish.hu's list of famous Hungarians
27:
Device dispensing ink over a metal ball at its point
2609:(reprint, illustrated ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
2226:(illustrated, revised ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio:
1834:"Ballpoint vs. Rollerball â What's The Difference?"
1157:(2007) "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905â20"
480:The dyes used in blue and black ballpoint pens are
2655:GCE AS Level Applied Business Double Award for OCR
1085:
2658:. Heinemann Educational Publishers. p. 329.
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2647:
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2464:(241). Tokyo: Nexxus Communications K.K.: 36â37.
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2545:. New York: McCaffrey Fine Art. pp. intro.
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2447:
2342:
1428:Campbell, Douglas E.; Chant, Stephen J. (2017).
1237:Ryan, James Gilbert; Schlup, Leonard C. (2006).
1900:"New Designs; Ball-point pen uses erasable ink"
1186:Great Britain Patent No. 15630, 30 October 2008
700:The ballpoint pen has proven to be a versatile
611:. Its hexagonal barrel mimics that of a wooden
2642:
2397:
2395:
2393:
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1897:
1400:"If You Like Ballpoint Pens, Thank the R.A.F."
1126:
810:International Organization for Standardization
384:During the same period, American entrepreneur
2936:
2444:
1427:
534:ballpoint pens shown in four basic ink colors
2602:
2489:
2487:
1667:Stephen Van Dulken; Andrew Phillips (2002).
1197:"Patent US392046 â op weym â Google Patents"
787:The ink holder of a disposable ballpoint pen
2388:
2320:"About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art"
2274:(15). Kanpur, India: The Helping Tech: 16.
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704:for both professional artists and amateur
637:assassination of President John F. Kennedy
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496:. Common dyes in blue (and black) ink are
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768:The common ballpoint pen is a product of
401:of pens within one week. In Britain, the
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2652:Dransfield, Rob; Needham, Dave (2005).
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2589:. Tokyo: Gallery Station Co., Ltd.: 27.
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876:List of pen types, brands and companies
242:Movement of the ball in a ballpoint pen
14:
3312:
2574:
2210:
2157:
2115:Genocchio, Benjamin (10 August 2007).
2110:
2108:
1947:New York, 8 April â 27 September 2004.
1922:
1844:from the original on 23 September 2020
1718:
1127:Russell-Ausley, Melissa (April 2000).
935:
735:Famous 20th-century artists including
210:, and it is now the world's most-used
2924:
2857:from the original on 18 December 2016
2749:from the original on 16 November 2003
2580:
2432:from the original on 22 November 2012
2348:
2317:
2311:
2145:from the original on 17 December 2017
1798:
1796:
1731:from the original on 22 November 2015
1535:"Fountain pen of the ball point type"
1409:from the original on 28 December 2020
1379:from the original on 10 February 2023
1215:
1060:
1027:from the original on 25 December 2018
2827:from the original on 1 December 2005
2697:from the original on 5 November 2017
2593:
2198:from the original on 28 October 2012
2164:Attewill, Fred (29 September 2011).
1990:from the original on 8 February 2017
1360:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1347:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1307:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1159:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
962:
902:
856:The world's most popular pen is the
3282:List of types, brands and companies
2775:from the original on 25 August 2005
2265:
2117:"To See the World in Ballpoint Pen"
2105:
2042:from the original on 20 August 2013
2016:from the original on 30 August 2013
1958:"BIC Corporation â Company History"
1814:from the original on 5 January 2021
1269:
661:
24:
2723:from the original on 13 March 2007
2520:from the original on 20 April 2010
2355:(illustrated ed.). New York:
2268:"Invention of Pen; history of Pen"
2093:from the original on 28 April 2015
1793:
1648:from the original on 28 March 2020
1613:from the original on 30 April 2016
1545:from the original on 31 March 2017
1477:from the original on 31 March 2017
1397:
1240:Historical Dictionary of The 1940s
1061:Perry, Romanowsky (January 1998).
997:from the original on 2 August 2021
944:from the original on 18 April 2019
394:Reynolds International Pen Company
25:
3346:
2902:
2801:from the original on 26 June 2003
2278:from the original on 9 March 2021
1910:from the original on 4 April 2023
1874:from the original on 1 March 2021
1753:Phaidon Design Classics- Volume 2
1319:Webshark Ltd. â www.webshark.hu.
1277:"Birome Ballpoint Pen Collection"
1073:from the original on 20 July 2016
2887:from the original on 15 May 2018
2494:Garnham, Emily (16 April 2010).
2326:. James R. Mylne. Archived from
2266:Pen, Invention (21 March 2021).
2062:"Pedro Duque's diary from space"
1964:from the original on 25 May 2012
1636:Francesc, Muñoz (10 July 2016).
1579:from the original on 12 May 2016
1257:from the original on 6 June 2022
1243:. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 40.
1203:from the original on 18 May 2014
1017:"How does a ballpoint pen work?"
763:
335:and manufactured by his company
264:
255:
234:Magnified tip of a ballpoint pen
2869:
2839:
2813:
2787:
2761:
2735:
2709:
2679:
2606:The care of prints and drawings
2603:Holben Ellis, Margaret (1995).
2583:ăæćăźăŁă©ăȘăŒă(Gekkan Gallery Guide)
2079:
2054:
2028:
1976:
1950:
1856:
1826:
1779:
1765:
1719:Cresce, Greg (11 August 2012).
1690:
1675:
1660:
1629:
1595:
1561:
1527:
1511:from the original on 6 May 2016
1493:
1459:
1421:
1391:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1312:
1299:
1281:Bios, Landmarks, Patents â ASME
1135:from the original on 4 May 2017
732:refers to as the "Wow Factor".
186:(usually in paste form) over a
2402:Liddell, C.B. (3 April 2002).
2036:"BICWorld.com FAQ â BIC World"
1189:
1180:
1172:Journal of the Society of Arts
1164:
1147:
1009:
956:
936:Bellis, Mary (15 April 2017).
646:Use of ballpoint pens in space
516:is commonly used for red ink.
13:
1:
2412:. Tokyo: Toshiaki Ogasawara.
2087:"Fisher Space Pen â About Us"
1362:77(1): pp. 69â100, p. 80
1349:77(1): pp. 69â100, p. 81
1309:77(1): pp. 69â100, p. 80
1161:77(1): pp. 69â100, p. 69
896:
2911:(archived 13 September 2019)
1023:. HowStuffWorks. 1998â2007.
803:
595:The inexpensive, disposable
91:; 136 years ago
7:
1864:"Hybrid Ballpoint Showdown"
1607:United States Patent Office
1573:United States Patent Office
1539:United States Patent Office
1505:United States Patent Office
1471:United States Patent Office
864:
488:and acid dyes derived from
104:; 86 years ago
10:
3351:
1773:"BIC Fight for Your Write"
1755:, 2006 Phaidon Press Ltd.
982:10.3126/nelta.v16i1-2.6127
963:Karn, Sajan Kumar (2012).
665:
407:(Harry) Martin pen company
246:
225:
29:
3247:
3179:
3139:
3091:
2958:
2823:. Iso.org. 12 June 2009.
2797:. Iso.org. 12 June 2009.
2771:. Iso.org. 12 June 2009.
2745:. Iso.org. 12 June 2009.
2719:. Iso.org. 12 June 2009.
2542:Warhol Polaroid Portraits
2176:Associated Newspapers Ltd
1709:Retrieved: 25 April 2012.
1671:. NYU Press. p. 106.
1569:"Ball-point fountain pen"
1467:"Ball point fountain pen"
1129:"How Ballpoint Pens Work"
117:
85:
69:
59:
47:
2950:
2847:"Largest ball point pen"
2506:Northern and Shell Media
1945:The Museum of Modern Art
1702:5 September 2008 at the
1403:Air & Space Magazine
1323:. Herend. Archived from
1321:"A porcelĂĄn-arany csoda"
2349:Tizon, Natalia (2007).
2220:Johnson, Cathy (2010).
1960:. Fundinguniverse.com.
1939:20 October 2012 at the
1898:V. Elaine Smay (1979).
1868:The Well-Appointed Desk
1687:28 August 1976, p. 513.
1063:"How products are made"
607:, acknowledged for its
523:Types of ballpoint pens
460:
2917:(archived 22 May 2013)
2881:Guinness World Records
2851:Guinness World Records
2299:Cite journal requires
2174:. Kensington, London:
1131:. Howstuffworks, Inc.
848:Guinness World Records
788:
697:
681:
627:
551:
543:
535:
359:
333:Frederick George Miles
243:
235:
3187:Ballpoint pen artwork
2318:Mylne, James (2010).
1685:Flight International,
786:
687:
680:by artist James Mylne
675:
668:Ballpoint pen artwork
622:
549:
541:
530:
357:
350:Postwar proliferation
241:
233:
3330:Hungarian inventions
3325:Argentine inventions
3202:Birmingham pen trade
3197:Counterfeit banknote
2877:"Pen - Best Selling"
2613:. pp. 101â103.
1906:(July 1979, p. 20).
1603:"Writing instrument"
1153:Collingridge, M. R.
800:alloys before 2017.
741:contemporary artists
625:induced fungal decay
601:Museum of Modern Art
3320:American inventions
3192:Ballpoint pen knife
2693:. 18 January 2017.
2357:Sterling Publishing
2330:on 28 November 2012
1933:Humble Masterpieces
1174:, 27 October 1905,
891:Ballpoint pen knife
719:techniques such as
510:phthalocyanine blue
176:South Asian English
44:
2691:washingtonpost.com
2324:Biro Drawing.co.uk
2122:The New York Times
1870:. 20 August 2013.
1327:on 12 October 2007
789:
698:
682:
628:
552:
544:
536:
368:mechanical pencils
360:
244:
236:
212:writing instrument
164:Philippine English
134:, also known as a
42:
3307:
3306:
3292:Mechanical pencil
2665:978-0-435401-16-0
2237:978-1-60061-308-1
2228:North Light Books
1697:"The Biro Story."
1398:Maksel, Rebecca.
940:. Thoughtco.com.
609:industrial design
500:, Victoria blue,
414:market saturation
370:, teamed up with
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
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1986:. Bicworld.com.
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969:Journal of NELTA
960:
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949:
933:
662:As an art medium
366:Co., a maker of
339:, to be used by
307:capillary action
268:
259:
220:an artwork genre
200:tungsten carbide
112:
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3092:Parts and tools
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2611:Rowman Altamira
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2230:. p. 123.
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1941:Wayback Machine
1930:
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1904:Popular Science
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1808:www.jetpens.com
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881:Retractable pen
867:
850:
806:
770:mass production
766:
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664:
648:
559:Rollerball pens
525:
463:
386:Milton Reynolds
352:
341:Royal Air Force
282:
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182:that dispenses
140:British English
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3099:Blotting paper
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2903:External links
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2359:. p. 84.
2341:
2310:
2301:|journal=
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2027:
2001:
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1623:Google Patents
1594:
1589:Google Patents
1560:
1555:Google Patents
1526:
1521:Google Patents
1492:
1487:Google Patents
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1364:
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1311:
1298:
1287:on 26 May 2013
1268:
1249:
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1084:
1038:
1008:
975:(1â2): 30â41.
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886:Rollerball pen
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725:cross-hatching
666:Main article:
663:
660:
647:
644:
577:Jetstream and
524:
521:
506:crystal violet
494:phthalocyanine
486:triarylmethane
484:dyes based on
471:phenoxyethanol
467:benzyl alcohol
462:
459:
372:Eberhard Faber
351:
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337:Miles Aircraft
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172:Nepali English
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804:Standards
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