Sucrose - Knowledge

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inhumane work. The demand for cheap labor for this work, in part, first drove slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa), followed by indentured labor trade from South Asia (in particular India). Millions of slaves, followed by millions of indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Islands, East Africa, Natal, north and eastern parts of South America, and southeast Asia. The modern ethnic mix of many nations, settled in the last two centuries, has been influenced by table sugar.

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role of sucrose in the formation of tooth decay is much more significant in light of the almost universal use of sucrose as the most desirable sweetening agent. Widespread replacement of sucrose by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has not diminished the danger from sucrose. If smaller amounts of sucrose are present in the diet, they will still be sufficient for the development of thick, anaerobic plaque and plaque bacteria will metabolise other sugars in the diet, such as the glucose and fructose in HFCS.

1229:, the glycosidic bond in sucrose is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the non-reducing end of the other. This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units, and prevents sucrose from spontaneously reacting with cellular and circulatory macromolecules in the manner that glucose and other reducing sugars do. Since sucrose contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non- 814: 7700: 7690: 6591: 38: 3212:

world's 180 countries produce sugar from beet or cane, a few more refine raw sugar to produce white sugar, and all countries consume sugar. Consumption of sugar ranges from around 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds) per person per annum in Ethiopia to around 40 kg (88 lb) in Belgium. Consumption per capita rises with income per capita until it reaches a plateau of around 35 kg (77 lb) per person per year in middle income countries.

2362: 2947: 2213: 2526: 1862: 974: 3274:, that granted a group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries receive preferential access to the European sugar market. In response to this and to other rulings of the WTO, and owing to internal pressures against the EU sugar-régime, the European Commission proposed on 22 June 2005 a radical reform of the EU sugar-régime that cut prices by 39% and eliminated all EU sugar exports. 2249: 3070:. Sucrose is the only dietary sugar that can be converted to sticky glucans (dextran-like polysaccharides) by extracellular enzymes. These glucans allow the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface and to build up thick layers of plaque. The anaerobic conditions deep in the plaque encourage the formation of acids, which leads to carious lesions. Thus, sucrose could enable 2282:). After filtration, evaporation concentrates the juice to a content of about 70% solids, and controlled crystallisation extracts the sugar. A centrifuge removes the sugar crystals from the liquid, which gets recycled in the crystalliser stages. When economic constraints prevent the removal of more sugar, the manufacturer discards the remaining liquid, now known as 817: 819: 3143:

disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates) is less than 10% of total energy intake. A level below 5% of total energy intake brings additional health benefits, especially with regards to dental caries.

818: 1967:). On their return journey, the Greek soldiers carried back some of the "honey-bearing reeds". Sugarcane remained a limited crop for over a millennium. Sugar was a rare commodity and traders of sugar became wealthy. Venice, at the height of its financial power, was the chief sugar-distributing center of 3301:

offers a premium of $ 60.00 per tonne to small farmers for sugar branded as "Fairtrade", government schemes such as the U.S. Sugar Program and the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol offer premiums of around $ 400.00 per tonne above world market prices. However, the EU announced on 14 September 2007

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is connected with an excess production of uric acid. A diet rich in sucrose may lead to gout as it raises the level of insulin, which prevents excretion of uric acid from the body. As the concentration of uric acid in the body increases, so does the concentration of uric acid in the joint liquid and

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and many other species of bacteria to adhere strongly and resist natural removal, e.g. by flow of saliva, although they are easily removed by brushing. The glucans and levans (fructose polysaccharides) produced by the plaque bacteria also act as a reserve food supply for the bacteria. Such a special

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process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals

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One of the most widely traded commodities in the world throughout history, sugar accounts for around 2% of the global dry cargo market. International sugar prices show great volatility, ranging from around 3 cents to over 60 cents per pound in the past 50 years. About 100 of the

2564:, as units of measurement of the mass ratio of dissolved substance to water in a liquid. A 25 °Bx sucrose solution has 25 grams of sucrose per 100 grams of liquid; or, to put it another way, 25 grams of sucrose sugar and 75 grams of water exist in the 100 grams of solution. 2538:

comes either from the late stages of cane sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant molasses content, or from coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses syrup (blackstrap molasses). Brown sugar's color and taste become stronger with increasing molasses content, as do its

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The demand for cheaper table sugar drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and table sugar manufacturing could thrive. Growing sugar cane crop in hot humid climates, and producing table sugar in high temperature sugar mills was harsh,

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could become the next target for reform. However, some commentators expected heavy lobbying from the U.S. sugar industry, which donated $ 2.7 million to U.S. House and Senate incumbents in the 2006 U.S. election, more than any other group of U.S. food-growers. Especially prominent among sugar

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The Brix degrees are measured using an infrared sensor. This measurement does not equate to Brix degrees from a density or refractive index measurement, because it will specifically measure dissolved sugar concentration instead of all dissolved solids. When using a refractometer, one should report

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during the production to reduce the concentration of color compounds and helps prevent further color development during the crystallization process. Although common to sugarcane-growing areas, this product does not store or ship well. After a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration

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Beet sugar comes from regions with cooler climates: northwest and eastern Europe, northern Japan, plus some areas in the United States (including California). In the northern hemisphere, the beet-growing season ends with the start of harvesting around September. Harvesting and processing continues

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Refined sugar was a luxury before the 18th century. It became widely popular in the 18th century, then graduated to becoming a necessary food in the 19th century. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes. Eventually,

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dried solids and, although not technically the same as Brix degrees determined through an infrared method, renders an accurate measurement of sucrose content, since sucrose in fact forms the majority of dried solids. The advent of in-line infrared Brix measurement sensors has made measuring the

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Pure beet sugar is difficult to find, so labelled, in the marketplace. Although some makers label their product clearly as "pure cane sugar", beet sugar is almost always labeled simply as sugar or pure sugar. Interviews with the five major beet sugar-producing companies revealed that many store

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published a new guideline on sugars intake for adults and children, as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The guideline recommends that both adults and children ensure their intake of free sugars (monosaccharides and

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plantations (upper image) employed slave or indentured laborers. The picture shows workers harvesting cane, loading it on a boat for transport to the plant, while a European overseer watches in the lower right. The lower image shows a sugar plant with two furnace chimneys. Sugar plants and

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Reports in public media have regarded HFCS as less safe than sucrose. However, the most common forms of HFCS contain either 42 percent fructose, mainly used in processed foods, or 55 percent fructose, mainly used in soft drinks, as compared to sucrose, which is 50 percent fructose. Given

2224:), to remove impurities and then neutralize it. Boiling the juice then allows the sediment to settle to the bottom for dredging out, while the scum rises to the surface for skimming off. In cooling, the liquid crystallizes, usually in the process of stirring, to produce sugar crystals. 2002:

Sugar remained a luxury in much of the world until the 18th century. Only the wealthy could afford it. In the 18th century, the demand for table sugar boomed in Europe and by the 19th century it had become regarded as a human necessity. The use of sugar grew from use in tea, to

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The production of sugar leaves residues that differ substantially depending on the raw materials used and on the place of production. While cane molasses is often used in food preparation, humans find molasses from sugar beets unpalatable, and it consequently ends up mostly as

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subsidize domestic production and maintain high tariffs on imports. Sugar prices in these countries have often up to triple the prices on the international market; today, with world market sugar futures prices currently strong, such prices were typically double world prices.

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until March in some cases. The availability of processing plant capacity and the weather both influence the duration of harvesting and processing – the industry can store harvested beets until processed, but a frost-damaged beet becomes effectively unprocessable.

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High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is significantly cheaper as a sweetener for food and beverage manufacturing than refined sucrose. This has led to sucrose being partially displaced in U.S. industrial food production by HFCS and other non-sucrose natural sweeteners.

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sugar in the United States. Because of its fineness, it dissolves faster than regular white sugar and is especially useful in meringues and cold liquids. Caster sugar can be prepared at home by grinding granulated sugar for a couple of minutes in a mortar or food

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

272: 1898:. By about 500 BCE, residents of modern-day India began making sugar syrup, cooling it in large flat bowls to produce raw sugar crystals that were easier to store and transport. In the local Indian language, these crystals were called 2114:). Sucrose is obtained by extraction of these crops with hot water; concentration of the extract gives syrups, from which solid sucrose can be crystallized. In 2017, worldwide production of table sugar amounted to 185 million tonnes. 2607:

when used in sufficient concentrations. Sucrose is important to the structure of many foods, including biscuits and cookies, cakes and pies, candy, and ice cream and sorbets. It is a common ingredient in many processed and so-called

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usually remove the uncrystallized syrup. The producers can then either sell the sugar product for use as is, or process it further to produce lighter grades. The later processing may take place in another factory in another country.

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Sugar cane tolerates hot climates better, but the production of sugar cane needs approximately four times as much water as the production of sugar beet. As a result, some countries that traditionally produced cane sugar (such as

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As fruits ripen, their sucrose content usually rises sharply, but some fruits contain almost no sucrose at all. This includes grapes, cherries, blueberries, blackberries, figs, pomegranates, tomatoes, avocados, lemons and limes.

4352: 3297:' commodities; the fair trade system produces and sells these products with the understanding that a larger-than-usual fraction of the revenue will support small farmers in the developing world. However, whilst the 2353:

brands or "private label" sugar products are pure beet sugar. The lot code can be used to identify the company and the plant from which the sugar came, enabling beet sugar to be identified if the codes are known.

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are visible to the middle left where the harvest transforms into a sugar syrup. The boiler and furnace are in the center, where table sugar crystals form. An expressway for transport is visible in the lower

3263:(LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade régimes have complained that these arrangements violate the " 1274:

at 20 °C (68 °F) using yellow "sodium-D" light (589 nm) is +66.47°. Commercial samples of sugar are assayed using this parameter. Sucrose does not deteriorate at ambient conditions.

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Since the 6th century BCE, cane sugar producers have crushed the harvested vegetable material from sugarcane in order to collect and filter the juice. They then treat the liquid, often with lime (

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The formula for sucrose's decomposition can be represented as a two-step reaction: the first simplified reaction is dehydration of sucrose to pure carbon and water, and then carbon is oxidised to

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or lemon juice, both weak acids. Likewise, gastric acidity converts sucrose to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid.

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Most cane sugar comes from countries with warm climates, because sugarcane does not tolerate frost. Sugar beets, on the other hand, grow only in cooler temperate regions and do not tolerate

4126: 5302: 3251:" countries led by Brazil have long argued that, because these sugar markets in essence exclude cane sugar imports, the G20 sugar producers receive lower prices than they would under 2034:

in 1768, and, soon after, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat. During the same century, Europeans began experimenting with sugar production from other crops.

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All 6-carbon sugars and disaccharides based on 6-carbon sugars can be converted by dental plaque bacteria into acid that demineralizes teeth, but sucrose may be uniquely useful to

2569: 3163:, meaning that it is neither meat nor dairy and may be used with either type of food. However, the bone char must source to a kosher animal (e.g. cow, sheep) for the sugar to be 3831: 4166: 4332: 2232:

Sugarcane is a major component of Brazilian agriculture; the country is the world's largest producer of sugarcane and its derivative products, such as crystallized sugar and

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by the refusal of his troops to go further east. They saw people in the Indian subcontinent growing sugarcane and making "granulated, salt-like sweet powder", locally called

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near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in

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beyond a critical concentration, the uric acid begins to precipitate into crystals. Researchers have implicated sugary drinks high in fructose in a surge in cases of gout.

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of 1349.6 kcal/mol for sucrose, 673.0 for glucose, and 675.6 for fructose, hydrolysis releases about 1.0 kcal (4.2 kJ) per mole of sucrose, or about 3

820: 5158: 2917: 2333:) have built new beet sugar factories since about 2008. Some sugar factories process both sugar cane and sugar beets and extend their processing period in that way. 5295: 3098:

to glucose (blood sugar). The glucose component is transported into the blood where it serves immediate metabolic demands, or is converted and reserved in the

2465:) is a coarse grain sugar used to add sparkle and flavor atop baked goods and candies. Its large reflective crystals will not dissolve when subjected to heat. 3384: 3270:

In 2004, the WTO sided with a group of cane sugar exporting nations (led by Brazil and Australia) and ruled illegal the EU sugar-régime and the accompanying

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of 65. Sucrose is digested rapidly, but has a relatively low glycemic index due to its content of fructose, which has a minimal effect on blood glucose.

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process involving calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, or by various filtration strategies. It is then further purified by filtration through a bed of

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animal bones) for decolorizing. About 25% of sugar produced in the U.S. is processed using bone char as a filter, the remainder being processed with

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Blanco directo, a white sugar common in India and other south Asian countries, is produced by precipitating many impurities out of cane juice using

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InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(264115619)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1

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which is a small vessel with a perforated top, from which to sprinkle sugar at table. Commonly used in baking and mixed drinks, it is sold as

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White refined is the most common form of sugar in North America and Europe. Refined sugar is made by dissolving and purifying raw sugar using

5555: 2481:(0.35 mm), a very fine sugar in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, so-named because the grains are small enough to fit through a 1793:. Many mammals, birds, insects and bacteria accumulate and feed on the sucrose in plants and for some it is their main food source. Although 4033: 1373:

This reaction is somewhat simplified though. Some of the carbon does get fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, and other reactions, such as the

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InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1

5767: 4861: 3027:(dental caries) has become a pronounced health hazard associated with the consumption of sugars, especially sucrose. Oral bacteria such as 2053:

Today, a large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24-hour production.

2050:, when France and the continent were cut off from Caribbean sugar. In 2009, about 20 percent of the world's sugar was produced from beets. 572: 5310: 7441: 5783: 5042: 4895: 3786: 3458: 2539:

moisture-retaining properties. Brown sugars also tend to harden if exposed to the atmosphere, although proper handling can reverse this.

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The United States sets high sugar prices to support its producers, with the effect that many former purchasers of sugar have switched to

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Other scholars point to the ancient manuscripts of China, dated to the 8th century BCE, where one of the earliest historical mentions of

4819: 4785: 4640: 4467: 4005: 3838: 3434: 7364: 4979: 3607: 3233: 5100: 835: 4678:"Essential dependence of smooth surface caries on, and augmentation of fissure caries by, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans infection" 4360:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 4158: 4091: 5124: 4271:. Guatemala, Guatemala City: Proceedings of the XXV Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. pp. 106–16. 5384: 5315: 4839:

Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients)

4324: 4294: 4245: 7311: 5855: 4407: 3053:. The resultant lactic acid lowers the pH of the tooth's surface, stripping it of minerals in the process known as tooth decay. 4592: 4191: 4003:"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées" 2132:, and China as the major producers. India, the European Union, and China were the leading domestic consumers of sugar in 2018. 765: 5251: 4855: 4752: 4365: 3950: 3925: 3894: 3869: 3744: 3628: 3360: 1883:

The production of table sugar has a long history. Some scholars claim Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar during the

738: 411: 4877: 3406: 3226: 3159:. As bone char does not seem to remain in finished sugar, Jewish religious leaders consider sugar filtered through it to be 2399:

technique used in beet sugar refining. Blanco directo is more pure than mill white sugar, but less pure than white refined.

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approximately equal glucose and fructose content, there does not appear to be a significant difference in safety. Clinical

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Mill white, also called plantation white, crystal sugar or superior sugar is produced from raw sugar. It is exposed to

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In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by

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associated with certain health problems, and recommend limiting the overall consumption of sugar-based sweeteners.

982: 994: 6627: 5744: 5734: 5595: 5544: 5532: 5459: 5379: 5018: 2561: 2090:), in which sugar can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight. Minor commercial sugar crops include the 7206: 5688: 5493: 4483: 3705: 7110: 5683: 5267: 5071: 4404:"Nutrition Facts for sugars, granulated [sucrose] per 100 g (USDA National Nutrient Database, SR-21)" 4217: 3966: 3763: 1682:

is added, however, the reaction will proceed rapidly. Hydrolysis can also be accelerated with acids, such as

1675:. Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change. If the 77: 5179: 4835: 3475:

Beevers, C. A.; McDonald, T. R. R.; Robertson, J. H.; Stern, F. (1952). "The crystal structure of sucrose".

3324:, International Chemical Safety Card 1507, Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, November 2003 2913: 2572:" (RDS). One might speak of a liquid as having 20 °Bx RDS. This refers to a measure of percent by weight of 7140: 5817: 4320: 2592:

table sugar became sufficiently cheap and common enough to influence standard cuisine and flavored drinks.

2438:, which has been dried to prevent clumping and comes in various crystal sizes for home and industrial use: 2186: 2124:

In mid-2018, India and Brazil had about the same production of sugar – 34 million tonnes – followed by the

483: 370: 5217: 4920: 4090:. Office of Global Analysis, Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 4 November 2018. 3215:

Many countries subsidize sugar production heavily. The European Union, the United States, Japan, and many

7374: 7289: 7274: 5848: 5607: 4547:"Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2509:(0.024 mm), produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder. The manufacturer may add a small amount of 504: 312: 2046:

built a sugar beet processing factory in Silesia (Prussia). The beet-sugar industry took off during the

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Sucrose does not melt at high temperatures. Instead, it decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F) to form

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Metabolism of sucrose by Stepococcus sanguis 804 (NCTC 10904) and its relevance to the oral environment

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It is difficult to distinguish between fully refined sugar produced from beet and cane. One way is by

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did it begin to rival honey as a sweetener in Europe. The Spanish began cultivating sugarcane in the

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Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918

37: 7316: 7284: 6862: 5915: 5772: 5484: 5325: 5014: 3244: 3009: 2171: 1374: 521: 2977:. The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. In 2015:. Suppliers marketed sugar in novel forms, such as solid cones, which required consumers to use a 7729: 7597: 7411: 7269: 7125: 6867: 6408: 5405: 5153: 4026: 3058: 2338: 4837: 3510:

Hynes, R. C.; Le Page, Y. (1991). "Sucrose, a convenient test crystal for absolute structures".

2429:. Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage. 2026:

Beginning in the late 18th century, the production of sugar became increasingly mechanized. The

7724: 7671: 7451: 6594: 6402: 5841: 5394: 4498:"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis" 4218:"Top Sugarcane Producing Countries: Brazil outperforms its next 6 closest competitors combined" 3248: 2121:. About 80 percent of sucrose is derived from sugarcane, the rest almost all from sugar beets. 5050: 4899: 3781: 3455: 7461: 7401: 6907: 6396: 5804: 5777: 5704: 5454: 4803: 4769: 4637: 4464: 4002: 3917: 3911: 3431: 3302:

that it had offered "to eliminate all duties and quotas on the import of sugar into the EU".

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they produce consists primarily of fructose and glucose, with only trace amounts of sucrose.

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Malik, V. S.; Popkin, B. M.; Bray, G. A.; Despres, J.-P.; Willett, W. C.; Hu, F. B. (2010).

3604: 2475:" are lumps for convenient consumption produced by mixing granulated sugar with sugar syrup. 6962: 6877: 6765: 6535: 5110: 3519: 3484: 3264: 3216: 3029: 2962: 2868: 2159: 1714: 1690: 1267: 1139: 1110: 787: 492: 4084: 3943:

A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917

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Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015

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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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Beet sugar producers slice the washed beets, then extract the sugar with hot water in a "

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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In nature, sucrose is present in many plants, and in particular their roots, fruits and

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Table sugar (sucrose) comes from plant sources. Two important sugar crops predominate:

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Small quantities of sugar, especially specialty grades of sugar, reach the market as '

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and clumping; therefore this type of sugar is generally limited to local consumption.

1126:. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide. 7560: 7426: 7341: 6815: 5662: 5247: 4851: 4836:

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the US National Academies (2005).

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upon ingestion. Sucrose, as a pure carbohydrate, has an energy content of 3.94

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is included along with the fact that their knowledge of sugar cane was derived from

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Fully refined sugar is 99.9% sucrose, thus providing only carbohydrate as dietary

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Gray GM (1971). "Intestinal digestion and maldigestion of dietary carbohydrate".

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where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The

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Douglas M. Considine (1982). Considine, Douglas M; Considine, Glenn D (eds.).

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As with other sugars, sucrose is digested into its components via the enzyme

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amount of dissolved sugar in products economical using a direct measurement.

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Syrup Clarification for Plantation White Sugar to meet New Quality Standards

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to both the Democratic and Republican parties in the U.S. political system.

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Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose and has a

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Sugars; clockwise from top left: Refined, unrefined, brown, unprocessed cane

2143:(beverage manufacturers) or moved out of the country (candy manufacturers). 1176:. Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. 1025:

subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of

7519: 7507: 7431: 7406: 7299: 7247: 7105: 7042: 7037: 6857: 6835: 6687: 6414: 6295: 6277: 5925: 5865: 5524: 5474: 5346: 4805:

The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate

4771:

The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate

4588: 4545:

Malik, Vasanti S.; Pan, An; Willett, Walter C.; Hu, Frank B. (2013-10-01).

4531: 4375: 3259:

and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and

2931: 2647: 2482: 2237: 2043: 2027: 1706: 1426: 1331: 1287: 1226: 1010: 6605: 4450: 4319: 841: 7665: 7585: 7575: 7492: 7482: 7421: 7242: 7179: 7084: 7069: 7032: 6972: 6952: 6938: 6912: 6887: 6840: 6810: 6770: 6750: 6745: 6714: 6572: 6560: 6432: 6343: 6091: 6086: 6026: 5833: 4711: 3050: 2994: 2631: 2534: 2514: 2408: 2322: 2289:

Sieving the resultant white sugar produces different grades for selling.

2107: 1984: 1922: 1710: 1263: 1240: 1105: 1094: 1026: 718: 4129:. Berkeley Wellness, University of California - Berkeley. Archived from 3817:

Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution

3658: 3577:"KN-Sucrose (KNSU) Propellant Chemistry and Performance Characteristics" 2471:, familiar as table sugar, with a grain size about 0.5 mm across. " 1217:, but sucrose has only the α form. Fructose exists as a mixture of five 827: 352: 7580: 7565: 7502: 7191: 7057: 7052: 6902: 6847: 6780: 6775: 6760: 6735: 6348: 6290: 6285: 6158: 6111: 5811: 5671: 5191: 3294: 3287: 3252: 3152: 2970: 2959: 2766: 2472: 2267: 2257: 2225: 2140: 2083: 2016: 1891: 1870: 1851: 1774: 1664: 1237: 1074: 1070: 834: 710: 635: 401: 383: 323: 7135: 4513: 4014:

Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin

3004:

If consumed excessively, sucrose may contribute to the development of

2317:

isotopes in the sucrose. Tests are used to detect fraudulent abuse of

7639: 7634: 7524: 7512: 7487: 7446: 7074: 6997: 6992: 6944: 6882: 6740: 6707: 6670: 6506: 6502: 6457: 6371: 6353: 6320: 6305: 6126: 6049: 6011: 5470: 2998: 2982: 2800: 2609: 2426: 2349:. Once dried, either type of molasses can serve as fuel for burning. 2314: 2310: 2207: 2182: 2162:, they can allow drink manufacturers to produce very low-cost goods. 2118: 2091: 2075: 2039: 2012: 1944: 1866: 1746: 1206: 1066: 3783:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

2361: 1201:

glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the

1065:

For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either

964:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

7497: 7079: 6957: 6897: 6665: 6523: 6484: 6469: 6442: 6391: 6325: 6198: 6193: 6178: 6163: 6079: 6074: 5894: 5889: 5619: 5515: 5444: 4847: 3335:

Haynes, W. M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J., eds. (2014–2015).

3103: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2927: 2749: 2604: 2283: 2129: 1992: 1980: 1794: 1734: 1672: 1218: 1202: 1022: 800: 431: 343: 5079: 4052:"World 2017/18 sugar production, consumption seen at record: USDA" 3399:"57-50-1 - CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N - Sucrose [JAN:NF]" 3378: 2989:

that provides a quick source of energy, provoking a rapid rise in

2158:) threaten the traditional sugar market. Used in combination with 1869:

was a traditional form for sugar from the 17th to 19th centuries.

1213:. Glucose exists predominantly as a mixture of α and β "pyranose" 271: 7644: 7555: 7201: 7169: 7100: 7027: 6977: 6917: 6892: 6697: 6692: 6675: 6565: 6545: 6513: 6488: 6478: 6474: 6452: 6310: 6300: 6210: 6173: 6168: 6146: 6131: 6121: 6038: 6016: 6000: 5658: 5511: 5424: 3987:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. 3837:. USAID, Govt of United States. 2006. p. 7.1. Archived from 3766:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. 3095: 3042: 3013: 2955: 2729: 2600: 2342: 2233: 2099: 2031: 1750: 1679: 1668: 1283: 1198: 1115: 1018: 956: 952: 653: 443: 2946: 2525: 2212: 7602: 7590: 7062: 7007: 6680: 6555: 6550: 6540: 6517: 6494: 6462: 6249: 6244: 6188: 6151: 6136: 6116: 6103: 6064: 6059: 6054: 5967: 5920: 5910: 5884: 5879: 5821: 5679: 5420: 3164: 3160: 3046: 1996: 1972: 1968: 1808:

Sucrose is a naturally occurring sugar, but with the advent of

1786: 1754: 1676: 1477:-rich solid, as indicated in the following idealized equation: 1474: 1214: 303: 223:((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxahexane-3,4,5-triol) 5244:

Sugar: Chemical, Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Sucrose

5049:. Agriculture. European Commission. 2004-07-14. Archived from 4965:"Is Your Sugar Vegan? An Update on Sugar Processing Practices" 3731:(1 ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. p. 956. 1861: 7047: 6982: 6872: 6797: 6636: 6141: 5944: 3099: 2330: 2155: 2151: 2008: 1976: 1950: 1895: 1798: 1789:, because it serves as a way to store energy, primarily from 1726: 1098: 1097:

ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million

1014: 467: 283: 261: 2248: 509: 5715: 5636:(Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa) 4032:. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009. 3115: 2557: 2004: 1988: 1758: 1721:. The energy for the reaction is gained by the cleavage of 1153: 917: 422: 4978:(4). Baltimore, MD: The Vegetarian Resource Group: 16–20. 4346: 4325:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 1741:

and is found naturally in many food plants along with the

1377:

also take place. A more accurate theoretical equation is:

668:

None; decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F; 459 K)

7115: 3861:

Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History

2671: 5747:(von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency) 5592:(Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency) 5432: 1773:

and George Huber succeeded in synthesizing sucrose from

1700: 4474:, p. 46 in Kaneko J.J., Harvey J.W., Bruss M.L. (eds.) 4127:"Is High-Fructose Corn Syrup Worse Than Regular Sugar?" 3645:; Huber, G. (1953). "A chemical synthesis of sucrose". 2216:

Harvested sugarcane from Venezuela ready for processing

1104:

Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for

4495: 3385:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

3243:

Within international trade bodies, especially in the

1926: 1151:("sugar") and the generic chemical suffix for sugars 1090:

of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet.

5816:

Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (

4958: 4956: 4194:. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 November 2014. 3726: 3672:

John E. Lunn (December 2008). "Sucrose Metabolism".

3334: 2981:

and some animals, sucrose is digested by the enzyme

2603:. Cooks use it for sweetening. It can also act as a 2321:

subsidies or to aid in the detection of adulterated

2019:, a pliers-like tool, in order to break off pieces. 1277: 1956: 1899: 1667:breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose into 1179: 658:1.587 g/cm (0.0573 lb/cu in), solid 410: 5241: 4357:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 4159:"In Worries About Sweeteners, Think of All Sugars" 3151:The sugar refining industry often uses bone char ( 1114:bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, 5691:(Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency) 5541:(Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency) 4953: 4893: 4544: 4287: 4285: 4261: 4192:"High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers" 4156: 3041:free sugars (not just sucrose, but also glucose, 2832: 2739: 2417:similar to the method used for blanco directo, a 102:)-2-{oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 7716: 5598:(McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency) 3909: 3428:Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical 2938:of significance in fully refined sugar (table). 2457:(also called "pearl sugar", "decorating sugar", 2189:(FDA) agree that dietary sugars are a source of 1820: 1769:After numerous unsuccessful attempts by others, 1753:, sucrose is the main sugar. In others, such as 455: 5586:(Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency) 5188:Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International 4049: 4027:"Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar" 1572:Solubility of sucrose in water vs. temperature 816: 247: 4666:. Animated-teeth.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-18. 4313: 4282: 2626:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 2286:, or sells it on to producers of animal feed. 1334:that is used to propel amateur rocket motors. 6621: 5849: 5296: 4723: 4721: 4262:Steindl, Roderick (2005). Hogarth, DM (ed.). 3910:Vertovik, Steven (1995). Cohen, Robin (ed.). 3857: 3813: 3547:"Potassium Nitrate/Sucrose Propellant (KNSU)" 1932: 5768:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 5276:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 4962: 3671: 3641: 3509: 3133: 1850:Table sugar production in the 19th century. 1146: 759:−2,226.1 kJ/mol (−532.1 kcal/mol) 7442:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean 6635: 5784:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency 5242:Yudkin, J.; Edelman, J.; Hough, L. (1973). 4079: 4077: 3969:. Caribbean Repeating Islands. 2009-05-07. 3940: 3884: 3758: 3756: 3339:(95th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–40. 2165: 1962: 1905: 1138:was coined in 1857, by the English chemist 786:1,349.6 kcal/mol (5,647 kJ/mol) ( 6628: 6614: 5863: 5856: 5842: 5303: 5289: 4797: 4795: 4727: 4718: 4551:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4476:Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 4465:"Carbohydrate metabolism and its diseases" 4321:United States Food and Drug Administration 4186: 4184: 4019: 3454:(Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier, 1860), 2615: 2547: 1938: 1101:of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017. 524: 373: 331: 5716:Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency 4950:. Vegfamily.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-18. 4842:. National Academies Press. p. 323. 4701: 4578: 4521: 3632:, 49th edition, 1968-1969, pp. D-184-189. 2432:White refined sugar is typically sold as 1247:with room-temperature lattice parameters 1172:was coined in 1860 by the French chemist 491: 27:Disaccharide made of glucose and fructose 5385:Inborn errors of renal tubular transport 4647:. Elmhurst.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18. 4074: 4043: 3853: 3851: 3753: 3379:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2945: 2941: 2934:per 100 g serving (table). There are no 2524: 2440: 2360: 2247: 2211: 2060: 1860: 4801: 4792: 4767: 4742: 4736: 4428: 4181: 4157:Parker-Pope, Tara (20 September 2010). 4152: 4150: 4148: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 3916:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3913:The Cambridge survey of world migration 3635: 3452:Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse 1709:of sucrose proceeds via the precursors 520: 351: 14: 7717: 4831: 4829: 4675: 4062:from the original on 14 September 2019 3809: 3807: 3729:Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia 3374: 3372: 3370: 3170: 3122: 3012:, insulin resistance, weight gain and 2185:, medical professionals, and the U.S. 2065:A table sugar factory in England. The 1855:plantations were harsh, inhumane work. 1294:and water by the simplified equation: 911:TWA 10 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp) 898:TWA 15 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp) 364: 6609: 5837: 5284: 5072:"International Sugar Trade Coalition" 4898:. ABCVitaminsLife.com. Archived from 4732:(Ph.D Thesis). University of Glasgow. 4398: 4396: 3848: 3629:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3361:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3337:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3146: 1764: 1701:Synthesis and biosynthesis of sucrose 1262:The purity of sucrose is measured by 552:Key: CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 311: 291: 5695:Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency 5642:(LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb) 4941:The Great Sugar Debate: Is it Vegan? 4198:from the original on 25 January 2018 4145: 4124: 4109: 4097:from the original on 21 October 2021 4050:Marcy Nicholson (17 November 2017). 3774: 3364:, 49th edition, 1968–1969, p. D-188. 3174: 2309:, resulting in a different ratio of 1725:(UDP). Sucrose is formed by plants, 1122:that allows them to cohere, forming 680:2.01 g/mL (20 °C (68 °F)) 648:Colourless crystals or white powder 5709:Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency 5610:(PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV) 4896:"Nutrients for Gout – good and bad" 4826: 4443:10.1146/annurev.me.22.020171.002135 4304: 4224:from the original on 3 January 2018 3804: 3367: 3312: 2985:. Sucrose is an easily assimilated 2292: 2274:from the lime kiln) then serves to 1939: 1910:), which is the source of the word 446: 430: 24: 5740:Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency 5712:Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency 5235: 5133:. 11 November 2003. Archived from 4393: 3889:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3512:Journal of Applied Crystallography 3353: 2513:to prevent clumping — either 2356: 1873:were required to break off pieces. 1745:fructose. In many fruits, such as 1225:-fructofuranose form. Unlike most 812: 25: 7741: 7551:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods 6647:List of sugars and sugar products 5604:(phosphorylase kinase deficiency) 5261: 4875:Gout surge blamed on sweet drinks 4410:from the original on 7 March 2015 4169:from the original on 12 June 2018 3832:"Sugarcane: Saccharum Offcinarum" 3574: 3544: 3082: 2595:Sucrose forms a major element in 2382: 1921:was halted on the banks of river 1326:Mixing sucrose with the oxidizer 1278:Thermal and oxidative degradation 1259:= 0.77624 nm, β = 102.938°. 7699: 7698: 7689: 7688: 6590: 6589: 5634:Glycogen storage disease type II 5109:. 8 October 2007. Archived from 4894:Magidenko, Leonid (2007-07-30). 4864:from the original on 2015-07-15. 4822:from the original on 2017-12-16. 4788:from the original on 2017-12-16. 4278:from the original on 2013-08-10. 4085:"Sugar: World Markets and Trade" 4039:from the original on 2015-09-05. 3991:from the original on 2011-12-12. 3973:from the original on 2017-04-24. 3967:"St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day" 3820:. San Francisco, J. J. Newbegin. 3770:from the original on 2016-12-04. 3716:from the original on 2015-07-19. 3225: 3179: 2402: 1971:. Moors started producing it in 1840: 1829: 1737:. Sucrose is the end product of 1180:Physical and chemical properties 972: 580:O1(CO)(O)(O)(O)1O2(O((O)2O)CO)CO 45: 36: 5735:Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency 5545:Adult polyglucosan body disease 5380:Glucose-galactose malabsorption 5198: 5172: 5161:from the original on 2008-12-02 5141: 5117: 5101:"Seeing sugar's future in fuel" 5093: 5064: 5035: 4996: 4985:from the original on 2008-04-09 4934: 4913: 4887: 4868: 4761: 4669: 4650: 4631: 4620:from the original on 2010-02-09 4606: 4595:from the original on 2018-01-09 4538: 4489: 4478:San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 4457: 4422: 4382:from the original on 2024-05-09 4335:from the original on 2024-03-27 4255: 4236: 4210: 3995: 3977: 3959: 3934: 3903: 3878: 3824: 3720: 3698: 3665: 3620: 3598: 3587:from the original on 2014-11-18 3568: 3557:from the original on 2015-10-26 3538: 3409:from the original on 2014-08-12 3237:World raw sugar price 1960–2014 3008:, including increased risk for 1469:Sucrose can be dehydrated with 968:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 5535:(glycogen synthase deficiency) 4802:Wolever, Thomas M. S. (2006). 4768:Wolever, Thomas M. S. (2006). 4743:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). 4728:Darlington, W. (August 1979). 4220:. World Atlas. 25 April 2017. 3682:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021259 3616:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3503: 3468: 3444: 3420: 3391: 3328: 3019: 2580: 2570:refractometric dried substance 2542: 2030:first powered a sugar mill in 1995:first cultivated sugarcane in 1777:glucose and fructose in 1953. 1761:, fructose is the main sugar. 13: 1: 5608:Phosphoglucomutase deficiency 4963:Yacoubou, MS, Jeanne (2007). 4747:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. 4694:10.1128/IAI.25.2.526-531.1979 3985:"Indian indentured labourers" 3676:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 3674:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences 3305: 2636:1,620 kJ (390 kcal) 2369: 1821:History of sucrose refinement 1815: 1659: 885:(US health exposure limits): 220:Dodecacarbon monodecahydrate; 5818:AMP-activated protein kinase 5216:. 2010-05-06. Archived from 5004:EC export subsidies on sugar 4745:Sherris Medical Microbiology 4125:Webb, Densie (7 June 2017). 3277:In 2007, it seemed that the 2912:Percentages estimated using 2560:(symbol °Bx), introduced by 2187:Food and Drug Administration 1945: 1719:sucrose-6-phosphate synthase 1691:(higher) heats of combustion 1429:, formed by the reaction of 1236:Sucrose crystallizes in the 1129: 7: 5078:(main page). Archived from 4884:, BBC News, 1 February 2008 3793:. Temple University Press. 2965:, which are located in the 2905:Link to USDA Database entry 1957: 1927: 1900: 1330:produces the fuel known as 1221:but sucrose has only the β- 1209:unit. The bond is called a 857:or concentration (LD, LC): 10: 7746: 7437:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 7417:Demerara rebellion of 1823 7397:1811 German Coast uprising 7003:Non-centrifugal cane sugar 5780:(Transketolase deficiency) 5700:Pyruvate kinase deficiency 5271:archived from the original 4676:Tanzer, JM (August 1979). 4614:"What causes tooth decay?" 3706:"Foods highest in Sucrose" 3126: 2584: 2406: 2341:feedstock (for example in 2266:". An alkaline solution (" 2255: 2205: 2169: 1955:) in Greek (Modern Greek, 1951: 1876: 1780: 1717:, catalyzed by the enzyme 1266:, through the rotation of 1165:in scientific literature. 640:342.30 g/mol 7684: 7653: 7543: 7475: 7387: 7357: 7225: 7162: 7153: 7093: 6931: 6796: 6789: 6728: 6653: 6644: 6585: 6423: 6380: 6362: 6334: 6276: 6269: 6237: 6209: 6102: 6037: 5999: 5966: 5943: 5934: 5903: 5872: 5792: 5760:Pentose phosphate pathway 5758: 5725: 5670: 5657: 5617: 5574: 5565: 5523: 5510: 5468: 5442: 5419: 5369: 5345: 5333: 5326:glycogen storage diseases 5125:"America's sugar daddies" 4431:Annual Review of Medicine 3737:10.1007/978-1-4684-8511-0 3532:10.1107/S0021889891002492 3497:10.1107/S0365110X52001908 3261:least developed countries 3188:This section needs to be 3140:World Health Organization 3134:UN dietary recommendation 2911: 2901: 2893: 2880: 2867: 2854: 2841: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2799: 2782: 2765: 2748: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2625: 2056: 1963: 1933: 1906: 1270:by a sugar solution. The 962: 941: 879: 853: 794: 731: 697: 588: 568: 536: 231: 135:-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-α- 108: 76: 58: 53: 44: 35: 6863:High-fructose corn syrup 5916:Cyclohexane conformation 5773:Transaldolase deficiency 5015:World Trade Organization 4657:What causes tooth decay? 3245:World Trade Organization 3016:in adults and children. 2196: 2172:High-fructose corn syrup 2166:High-fructose corn syrup 1513:as a result of the heat) 1375:water-gas shift reaction 1189:-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- 875:29700 mg/kg (oral, rat) 124:-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- 7412:Colonial molasses trade 6868:High-maltose corn syrup 6409:Isomaltooligosaccharide 5558:(glycogenin deficiency) 5406:Fanconi-Bickel syndrome 5316:carbohydrate metabolism 4563:10.3945/ajcn.113.058362 4292:Sugar Crystal Challenge 4243:January 2010 Newsletter 3109: 3059:Streptococcus sanguinis 3045:, fructose, and cooked 2914:US recommendations 2616:Nutritional information 2548:Dissolved sugar content 2339:industrial fermentation 2243: 2201: 1157:. The abbreviated term 1077:– typically located in 7672:Pure, White and Deadly 7452:Sugar Duties Acts 1846 7358:By region (historical) 6403:Galactooligosaccharide 5395:Fructose malabsorption 4682:Infection and Immunity 4616:. Animated-teeth.com. 4252:, IBS Treatment Center 3858:Mintz, Sidney (1986). 3814:Rolph, George (1873). 3780:Adas, Michael (2001). 3426:William Allen Miller, 2951: 2918:the National Academies 2530: 2446: 2366: 2253: 2217: 2071: 2038:identified sucrose in 1874: 1550:+ heat → 12 C + 11 H 1205:subunit and C2 on the 1147: 823: 158:)-fructofuranosyl-α-(1 7462:Taiwan Sugar Railways 7402:Amelioration Act 1798 6397:Fructooligosaccharide 5805:Primary hyperoxaluria 5705:Aldolase A deficiency 5455:Essential fructosuria 5322:metabolism disorders 5268:3D images of sucrose 5190:(FLO). Archived from 3945:. St Martin's Press. 3581:Experimental Rocketry 3551:Experimental Rocketry 3450:Marcellin Berthelot, 3272:ACP-EU Sugar Protocol 3064:Streptococcus sanguis 2997:per gram (or 17 2949: 2942:Metabolism of sucrose 2714:Vitamins and minerals 2528: 2444: 2364: 2345:distilleries), or as 2301:of carbon. Cane uses 2251: 2215: 2160:artificial sweeteners 2064: 1864: 1797:consume sucrose, the 1697:per gram of product. 1268:plane-polarized light 822: 201:)-glucopyranosyl-β-(2 78:Systematic IUPAC name 7141:Unrefined sweeteners 6963:Crystalline fructose 6878:Inverted sugar syrup 5460:Fructose intolerance 5356:Congenital alactasia 4808:. CABI. p. 65. 4774:. CABI. p. 64. 4406:. Conde Nast. 2014. 3941:Laurence, K (1994). 3885:Lai, Walton (1993). 3299:Fairtrade Foundation 3265:most favoured nation 3217:developing countries 3068:Streptococcus mutans 3030:Streptococcus mutans 2963:glycoside hydrolases 2529:Brown sugar crystals 2505:(0.060 mm), or 2503:confectioner's sugar 1715:fructose 6-phosphate 1505:O + heat (and some H 1401:+ 5.205 CO + 7.794 H 1111:Streptococcus mutans 805:(fire diamond) 788:Higher heating value 7226:By region (current) 7126:Sugar confectionery 5361:Sucrose intolerance 5214:European Commission 4463:Kaneko J.J. (2008) 3659:10.1021/ja01112a545 3524:1991JApCr..24..352H 3489:1952AcCry...5..689B 3284:the Fanjul Brothers 3171:Trade and economics 3129:Sucrose intolerance 3123:Sucrose intolerance 2622: 2621:Sugars, granulated 2552:Scientists and the 2096:Phoenix dactylifera 1919:Alexander the Great 1723:uridine diphosphate 1573: 1425:Sucrose burns with 1255:= 0.87044 nm, 1251:= 1.08631 nm, 1174:Marcellin Berthelot 675:Solubility in water 217:)-fructofuranoside; 67:-Fructofuranosyl α- 32: 7630:Sweetened beverage 7457:Sugar Intervention 7365:Danish West Indies 7347:U.S. Sugar Program 7106:Cotton candy floss 7013:Plantation Reserve 6908:Steen's cane syrup 5408:(GLUT2 deficiency) 5402:(GLUT1 deficiency) 5208:. External Trade. 5130:The New York Times 5106:The New York Times 5076:sugarcoalition.org 4972:Vegetarian Journal 4946:2009-09-19 at the 4928:2015-08-17 at the 4880:2009-08-16 at the 4662:2010-02-09 at the 4643:2014-10-25 at the 4470:2014-09-22 at the 4297:2013-05-08 at the 4248:2010-09-24 at the 4008:2016-06-24 at the 3789:2013-06-14 at the 3610:2010-04-25 at the 3461:2014-06-27 at the 3437:2017-04-24 at the 3279:U.S. Sugar Program 3147:Religious concerns 3114:The occurrence of 3006:metabolic syndrome 2952: 2950:Granulated sucrose 2620: 2531: 2517:(1% to 3%) or tri- 2447: 2367: 2307:C3 carbon fixation 2303:C4 carbon fixation 2254: 2218: 2146:The low prices of 2072: 1875: 1765:Chemical synthesis 1571: 1435:potassium chlorate 1211:glycosidic linkage 1161:is often used for 1093:Sugar is often an 1083:temperate climates 995:Infobox references 942:Related compounds 920:(Immediate danger) 824: 178:)-glucopyranoside; 128:-fructofuranoside; 30: 18:Baker's sugar 7712: 7711: 7561:Blood sugar level 7427:Leith Sugar House 7383: 7382: 7342:Sugar Association 7149: 7148: 7111:Maple sugar foods 6816:Barley malt syrup 6639:as food commodity 6603: 6602: 6581: 6580: 6265: 6264: 5831: 5830: 5754: 5753: 5718:(MPC1 deficiency) 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5415: 5414: 5253:978-0-408-70172-3 4857:978-0-309-08525-0 4754:978-0-8385-8529-0 4514:10.2337/dc10-1079 4367:978-0-309-48834-1 3952:978-0-312-12172-3 3927:978-0-521-44405-7 3896:978-0-8018-7746-9 3871:978-0-14-009233-2 3746:978-1-4684-8513-4 3710:SelfNutritiondata 3255:. While both the 3209: 3208: 2924: 2923: 2897: 2896: 2605:food preservative 2519:calcium phosphate 2395:, similar to the 2393:calcium hydroxide 1979:. Only after the 1943:), pronounced as 1887:, around CE 350. 1810:industrialization 1733:but not by other 1656: 1655: 1473:to form a black, 1431:hydrochloric acid 1328:potassium nitrate 1290:, it combusts to 1272:specific rotation 1224: 1193:-fructofuranoside 1192: 1188: 1031:molecular formula 1003:Chemical compound 1001: 1000: 948:Related compounds 930:Safety data sheet 705:Crystal structure 505:CompTox Dashboard 273:Interactive image 139:-glucopyranoside; 138: 134: 127: 123: 70: 66: 16:(Redirected from 7737: 7702: 7701: 7692: 7691: 7625:Sugar substitute 7467:Triangular trade 7160: 7159: 6821:Brown rice syrup 6794: 6793: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6593: 6592: 6384:oligosaccharides 6364:Tetrasaccharides 6274: 6273: 5989:Dihydroxyacetone 5941: 5940: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5668: 5667: 5627: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5521: 5520: 5478: 5448: 5440: 5439: 5430: 5429: 5389:Renal glycosuria 5343: 5342: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5257: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5149:"Sugar daddie$ " 5145: 5139: 5138: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5023: 5017:. Archived from 5008: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4984: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4938: 4932: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4891: 4885: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4673: 4667: 4654: 4648: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4582: 4557:(4): 1084–1102. 4542: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4493: 4487: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4133:on 6 August 2019 4122: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4001:Marggraf (1747) 3999: 3993: 3992: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3811: 3802: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3647:J. Am. Chem. Soc 3639: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3575:Nakka, Richard. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3545:Nakka, Richard. 3542: 3536: 3535: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3477:Acta Crystallogr 3472: 3466: 3448: 3442: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3376: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3316: 3229: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3157:activated carbon 2836: 2787: 2770: 2753: 2743: 2710: 2709: 2623: 2619: 2587:History of sugar 2511:anticaking agent 2435:granulated sugar 2423:activated carbon 2365:Grainy raw sugar 2305:, and beet uses 2299:isotope analysis 2293:Cane versus beet 2278:impurities (see 2042:and his student 2036:Andreas Marggraf 1966: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1879:History of sugar 1844: 1833: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1555: 1533: 1526: 1517: 1466: 1422: 1370: 1323: 1222: 1197:In sucrose, the 1190: 1186: 1150: 1079:tropical regions 1061: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1041: 985: 979: 976: 975: 844: 837: 830: 815: 782: 755: 732:Thermochemistry 629: 628: 627: 619: 618: 610: 609: 596:Chemical formula 529: 528: 513: 511: 495: 459: 448: 434: 414: 385: 377: 366: 355: 335: 315: 295: 275: 251: 136: 132: 125: 121: 71:-glucopyranoside 68: 64: 49: 40: 33: 29: 21: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7680: 7649: 7608:Sugar addiction 7539: 7530:Sugar sculpture 7471: 7379: 7353: 7330:Tate & Lyle 7321:United Kingdom 7238:Bundaberg Sugar 7221: 7217:Sugar marketing 7145: 7131:Sugarcane juice 7089: 6927: 6785: 6724: 6649: 6640: 6634: 6604: 6599: 6577: 6438:Oat beta-glucan 6425:Polysaccharides 6419: 6382: 6376: 6358: 6330: 6261: 6255:Neuraminic acid 6233: 6205: 6098: 6033: 5995: 5962: 5936:Monosaccharides 5930: 5899: 5868: 5862: 5832: 5827: 5788: 5750: 5727:Gluconeogenesis 5721: 5645: 5618: 5613: 5576:Extralysosomal: 5575: 5561: 5498: 5494:GALE deficiency 5490:GALT deficiency 5485:GALK deficiency 5469: 5464: 5443: 5411: 5400:De Vivo Disease 5365: 5339:(extracellular) 5338: 5329: 5323: 5309: 5264: 5254: 5246:. Butterworth. 5238: 5236:Further reading 5233: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5162: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4948:Wayback Machine 4939: 4935: 4930:Wayback Machine 4918: 4914: 4905: 4903: 4892: 4888: 4882:Wayback Machine 4873: 4869: 4858: 4834: 4827: 4816: 4800: 4793: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4741: 4737: 4726: 4719: 4674: 4670: 4664:Wayback Machine 4655: 4651: 4645:Wayback Machine 4636: 4632: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4543: 4539: 4508:(11): 2477–83. 4494: 4490: 4472:Wayback Machine 4462: 4458: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4299:Wayback Machine 4290: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4250:Wayback Machine 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4123: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010:Wayback Machine 4000: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3812: 3805: 3791:Wayback Machine 3779: 3775: 3764:"Forced Labour" 3762: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3725: 3721: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3670: 3666: 3640: 3636: 3626:All three from 3625: 3621: 3612:Wayback Machine 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3539: 3508: 3504: 3473: 3469: 3463:Wayback Machine 3449: 3445: 3439:Wayback Machine 3432:pages 52 and 54 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3377: 3368: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3333: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3282:lobbyists were 3241: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3149: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3085: 3037:and metabolize 3022: 3010:type 2 diabetes 2944: 2907: 2902: 2888: 2875: 2862: 2849: 2837: 2807: 2794: 2785: 2777: 2768: 2760: 2751: 2744: 2715: 2704: 2699: 2680: 2675: 2656: 2651: 2618: 2589: 2583: 2568:the result as " 2550: 2545: 2415:phosphoric acid 2411: 2405: 2389:phosphoric acid 2385: 2372: 2359: 2357:Culinary sugars 2295: 2260: 2246: 2210: 2204: 2199: 2174: 2168: 2104:Sorghum vulgare 2059: 2048:Napoleonic Wars 1881: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1823: 1818: 1783: 1771:Raymond Lemieux 1767: 1703: 1684:cream of tartar 1662: 1657: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1280: 1246: 1195: 1185:Structural O-α- 1182: 1132: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1004: 997: 992: 991: 990: ?) 981: 977: 973: 969: 955: 949: 921: 908: 895: 872: 866: 849: 848: 847: 846: 839: 832: 825: 821: 813: 783: 780: 774: 770: 767: 766:Std enthalpy of 756: 753: 747: 743: 740: 739:Std enthalpy of 727: 721: 707: 677: 626: 623: 622: 621: 617: 614: 613: 612: 608: 605: 604: 603: 601: 598: 584: 581: 576: 575: 564: 561: 560: 554: 553: 550: 544: 543: 532: 514: 507: 498: 478: 462: 449: 437: 417: 404: 395: 358: 338: 318: 298: 278: 265: 254: 241: 227: 226: 104: 103: 72: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7730:Types of sugar 7727: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7696: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7618:Residual sugar 7613:Sugars in wine 7610: 7605: 7600: 7598:Health effects 7595: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7573: 7571:Flavored syrup 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7535:Treacle mining 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7305:Tongaat Hulett 7302: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7197:Sugarcane mill 7194: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6988:Molasses sugar 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6806:List of syrups 6802: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6720:Reducing sugar 6717: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6661:Monosaccharide 6657: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6536:Levan beta 2→6 6533: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6510: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6481: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6336:Trisaccharides 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6222:Mannoheptulose 6215: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6108: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5979:Glyceraldehyde 5972: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5956:Glycolaldehyde 5949: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5567:Glycogenolysis 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5551:Lafora disease 5548: 5542: 5536: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5437: 5434:Monosaccharide 5427: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5371:Monosaccharide 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5320:monosaccharide 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5262:External links 5260: 5259: 5258: 5252: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5197: 5194:on 2012-08-02. 5171: 5157:. 1997-05-01. 5140: 5137:on 2016-03-07. 5116: 5113:on 2017-07-07. 5092: 5063: 5034: 4995: 4952: 4933: 4912: 4886: 4867: 4856: 4848:10.17226/10490 4825: 4814: 4791: 4780: 4760: 4753: 4735: 4717: 4668: 4649: 4630: 4605: 4537: 4488: 4456: 4421: 4392: 4366: 4345: 4312: 4303: 4281: 4254: 4235: 4209: 4180: 4163:New York Times 4144: 4108: 4073: 4042: 4018: 3994: 3976: 3958: 3951: 3933: 3926: 3902: 3895: 3877: 3870: 3847: 3844:on 2013-11-06. 3823: 3803: 3773: 3752: 3745: 3719: 3712:. Condé Nast. 3697: 3691:978-0470016176 3690: 3664: 3643:Lemieux, R. U. 3634: 3619: 3597: 3567: 3537: 3502: 3467: 3443: 3419: 3390: 3366: 3352: 3346:978-1482208672 3345: 3327: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3257:European Union 3236: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3207: 3206: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3148: 3145: 3135: 3132: 3127:Main article: 3124: 3121: 3111: 3108: 3089:glycemic index 3084: 3083:Glycemic index 3081: 3021: 3018: 2943: 2940: 2936:micronutrients 2922: 2921: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2614: 2585:Main article: 2582: 2579: 2554:sugar industry 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2523: 2522: 2491: 2476: 2466: 2404: 2401: 2384: 2383:Blanco directo 2381: 2376:sulfur dioxide 2371: 2368: 2358: 2355: 2319:European Union 2294: 2291: 2272:carbon dioxide 2256:Main article: 2245: 2242: 2206:Main article: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2191:empty calories 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2150:produced from 2148:glucose syrups 2126:European Union 2112:Acer saccharum 2080:Saccharum spp. 2067:tall diffusers 2058: 2055: 1991:in 1523). The 1877:Main article: 1849: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1791:photosynthesis 1782: 1779: 1766: 1763: 1743:monosaccharide 1739:photosynthesis 1702: 1699: 1695:small calories 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1523: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:→ 12 C + 11 H 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:(catalyst) + C 1486: 1482: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1292:carbon dioxide 1279: 1276: 1244: 1231:reducing sugar 1194: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1140:William Miller 1131: 1128: 1120:polysaccharide 1087:sugar-refining 1056: 1047: 1038: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 971: 970: 966:standard state 963: 960: 959: 950: 947: 944: 943: 939: 938: 933: 926: 925: 922: 916: 913: 912: 909: 903: 900: 899: 896: 890: 887: 886: 877: 876: 873: 864: 862: 859: 858: 851: 850: 840: 833: 826: 811: 810: 809: 808: 806: 797: 796: 792: 791: 784: 778: 772: 764: 761: 760: 757: 751: 745: 737: 734: 733: 729: 728: 725: 722: 717: 714: 713: 708: 703: 700: 699: 695: 694: 691: 682: 681: 678: 673: 670: 669: 666: 660: 659: 656: 650: 649: 646: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 624: 615: 606: 599: 594: 591: 590: 586: 585: 583: 582: 579: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 563: 562: 558: 557: 555: 551: 548: 547: 539: 538: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 517: 515: 503: 500: 499: 497: 496: 488: 486: 480: 479: 477: 476: 472: 470: 464: 463: 461: 460: 452: 450: 442: 439: 438: 436: 435: 427: 425: 419: 418: 416: 415: 407: 405: 400: 397: 396: 394: 393: 389: 387: 379: 378: 368: 360: 359: 357: 356: 348: 346: 340: 339: 337: 336: 328: 326: 320: 319: 317: 316: 308: 306: 300: 299: 297: 296: 288: 286: 280: 279: 277: 276: 268: 266: 259: 256: 255: 253: 252: 244: 242: 237: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 179: 140: 129: 118: 115: 111: 110: 106: 105: 81: 80: 74: 73: 62: 56: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7742: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7725:Disaccharides 7723: 7722: 7720: 7705: 7697: 7695: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661:Robert Lustig 7659: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7337:United States 7335: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7325:British Sugar 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121:Sugar alcohol 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Glucose syrup 6851: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6831:Maesil-cheong 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6596: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531:Hemicellulose 6529: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6278:Disaccharides 6275: 6272: 6268: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6227:Sedoheptulose 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218:Ketoheptoses 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185:Deoxy sugars 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071:Ketopentoses 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046:Aldopentoses 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008:Aldotetroses 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5866:carbohydrates 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5800:Hyperoxaluria 5798: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5641: 5640:Danon disease 5638: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5220:on 2009-09-05 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184:fairtrade.net 5181: 5175: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5082:on 2009-06-01 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5053:on 2009-08-22 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5024:on 2009-04-10 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4902:on 2009-02-23 4901: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4815:9781845930523 4811: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4781:9781845930523 4777: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688:(2): 526–31. 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502:Diabetes Care 4499: 4492: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4307: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4274: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3852: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799:1-56639-832-0 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483:(5): 689–90. 3482: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3203: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3141: 3138:In 2015, the 3130: 3120: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:dental plaque 3032: 3031: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:blood glucose 2988: 2987:macronutrient 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2767:Riboflavin (B 2764: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2648:Carbohydrates 2643: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:confectionery 2593: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:sanding sugar 2452: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:carbonatation 2416: 2410: 2403:White refined 2400: 2398: 2397:carbonatation 2394: 2390: 2380: 2377: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280:carbonatation 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2222:calcium oxide 2214: 2209: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Beta vulgaris 2085: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2063: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:confectionery 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1959: 1947: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1885:Gupta dynasty 1880: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1843: 1832: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:cyanobacteria 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1556: 1535: 1518: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1471:sulfuric acid 1467: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1354:→ 9 CO + 3 N 1335: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1288:carbohydrates 1286:. Like other 1285: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227:disaccharides 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1032: 1029:. It has the 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 996: 989: 984: 967: 961: 958: 954: 951: 946: 945: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914: 910: 907:(Recommended) 906: 902: 901: 897: 894:(Permissible) 893: 889: 888: 884: 883: 878: 874: 870: 861: 860: 856: 852: 845: 838: 831: 807: 804: 803: 799: 798: 793: 789: 785: 777: 769: 763: 762: 758: 750: 742: 736: 735: 730: 723: 720: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 702: 701: 696: 692: 690: 689: 684: 683: 679: 676: 672: 671: 667: 665: 664:Melting point 662: 661: 657: 655: 652: 651: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 633: 600: 597: 593: 592: 587: 578: 577: 574: 567: 556: 546: 545: 542: 535: 527: 523: 522:DTXSID2021288 519: 518: 516: 506: 502: 501: 494: 490: 489: 487: 485: 482: 481: 474: 473: 471: 469: 466: 465: 458: 454: 453: 451: 445: 441: 440: 433: 429: 428: 426: 424: 421: 420: 413: 409: 408: 406: 403: 399: 398: 391: 390: 388: 386: 381: 380: 376: 372: 369: 367: 365:ECHA InfoCard 362: 361: 354: 350: 349: 347: 345: 342: 341: 334: 330: 329: 327: 325: 322: 321: 314: 310: 309: 307: 305: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 287: 285: 282: 281: 274: 270: 269: 267: 263: 258: 257: 250: 246: 245: 243: 240: 236: 235: 230: 222: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 130: 119: 116: 113: 112: 107: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 79: 75: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 19: 7670: 7520:Sugar people 7508:Sugar packet 7432:Molasses Act 7407:Blackbirding 7300:Illovo Sugar 7295:South Africa 7248:Wilmar Sugar 7043:Butterscotch 7038:Barley sugar 6943: 6858:Golden syrup 6836:Mogwa-cheong 6702: 6688:Disaccharide 6512: 6501: 6483: 6415:Maltodextrin 6315: 6296:Isomaltulose 6087:Deoxy sugars 6023:Ketotetrose 5926:Mutarotation 5820:deficiency, 5689:GSD type VII 5584:GSD type III 5525:Glycogenesis 5475:galactosemia 5347:Disaccharide 5334: 5312:Inborn error 5243: 5222:. Retrieved 5218:the original 5210:Ec.europa.eu 5209: 5206:Trade Issues 5200: 5192:the original 5183: 5174: 5163:. Retrieved 5154:Mother Jones 5152: 5143: 5135:the original 5128: 5119: 5111:the original 5104: 5103:. Business. 5095: 5084:. Retrieved 5080:the original 5075: 5066: 5055:. Retrieved 5051:the original 5047:ec.europa.eu 5046: 5037: 5026:. Retrieved 5019:the original 5010: 4998: 4987:. Retrieved 4975: 4971: 4936: 4921: 4915: 4904:. Retrieved 4900:the original 4889: 4870: 4838: 4804: 4770: 4763: 4744: 4738: 4729: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4652: 4633: 4622:. Retrieved 4608: 4597:. Retrieved 4554: 4550: 4540: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4475: 4459: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4384:. Retrieved 4356: 4348: 4337:. Retrieved 4328: 4315: 4306: 4264: 4257: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4171:. Retrieved 4162: 4137:19 September 4135:. Retrieved 4131:the original 4099:. Retrieved 4064:. Retrieved 4055: 4045: 4021: 4016:, pp. 79–90. 4013: 3997: 3979: 3961: 3942: 3936: 3912: 3905: 3886: 3880: 3860: 3839:the original 3826: 3816: 3782: 3776: 3728: 3722: 3709: 3700: 3673: 3667: 3653:(16): 4118. 3650: 3646: 3637: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3600: 3589:. Retrieved 3580: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3550: 3540: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3451: 3446: 3427: 3422: 3411:. 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Penguin. 3051:lactic acid 3025:Tooth decay 3020:Tooth decay 3001:per gram). 2973:lining the 2750:Thiamine (B 2581:Consumption 2543:Measurement 2535:Brown sugar 2515:corn starch 2507:icing sugar 2487:"superfine" 2473:Sugar cubes 2409:White sugar 2347:animal feed 2323:fruit juice 2276:precipitate 2252:Sugar beets 2226:Centrifuges 2108:sugar maple 2106:), and the 2084:sugar beets 1985:West Indies 1711:UDP-glucose 1559:12 C + 12 O 1421:+ 0.274 KOH 1405:O + 3.065 H 1397:→ 3.796 CO 1393:+ 6.288 KNO 1264:polarimetry 1241:space group 1106:tooth decay 1075:Sugar mills 1027:white sugar 869:median dose 855:Lethal dose 719:Space group 645:Appearance 589:Properties 371:100.000.304 293:CHEBI:17992 117:Saccharose; 7719:Categories 7704:Production 7581:Date honey 7566:Cane knife 7503:Sugar nips 7192:Sugar bush 7175:Plantation 7163:Production 7058:Rock candy 7023:Preserving 6903:Pine honey 6848:Corn syrup 6736:Sugar beet 6349:Melezitose 6291:Isomaltose 6286:Cellobiose 5952:Aldodiose 5812:Pentosuria 5745:GSD type I 5672:Glycolysis 5596:GSD type V 5533:GSD type 0 5436:catabolism 5349:catabolism 5324:Including 5224:2011-11-18 5212:(Report). 5165:2010-05-05 5086:2011-11-18 5057:2011-11-18 5028:2011-11-18 5013:(Report). 4989:2007-04-04 4906:2010-05-05 4624:2010-05-05 4599:2018-12-21 4484:012370491X 4386:2024-06-21 4339:2024-03-28 3591:2014-08-21 3561:2015-11-19 3518:(4): 352. 3456:pp. 254–55 3413:2014-08-10 3403:ChemIDplus 3306:References 3295:fair trade 3288:soft money 3253:free trade 3153:calcinated 3062:(formerly 2999:kilojoules 2971:microvilli 2960:isomaltase 2856:Phosphorus 2610:junk foods 2562:Adolf Brix 2500:10X sugar, 2490:processor. 2469:Granulated 2463:sugar nibs 2453:, such as 2407:See also: 2370:Mill white 2258:Sugar beet 2183:dietitians 2154:and corn ( 2141:corn syrup 2013:chocolates 1993:Portuguese 1892:sugar cane 1871:Sugar nips 1852:Sugar cane 1816:Production 1775:acetylated 1665:Hydrolysis 1660:Hydrolysis 1534:from air. 1238:monoclinic 1170:saccharose 1071:sugar beet 768:combustion 711:Monoclinic 698:Structure 636:Molar mass 493:C151H8M554 402:IUPHAR/BPS 324:ChemSpider 260:3D model ( 239:CAS Number 60:IUPAC name 7640:Sweetness 7635:Sweetener 7525:Sugar tit 7513:Sucrology 7488:Crop Over 7447:Sugar Act 7290:Sri Lanka 7275:Mauritius 7260:Caribbean 7233:Australia 7075:Sugarloaf 6993:Muscovado 6945:Peen tong 6883:Kuromitsu 6741:Sugarcane 6708:Trehalose 6671:Galactose 6654:Chemistry 6503:Galactose 6458:Cellulose 6448:Sizofiran 6372:Stachyose 6354:Raffinose 6321:Trehalose 6306:Lactulose 6127:Galactose 6050:Arabinose 6012:Erythrose 5864:Types of 5620:Lysosomal 5471:Galactose 5373:transport 4571:0002-9165 4228:2 January 4202:2 January 4173:2 January 3801:. p. 311. 3605:"Sucrase" 3072:S. mutans 2983:invertase 2869:Potassium 2801:Vitamin C 2784:Niacin (B 2427:bone char 2208:Sugarcane 2092:date palm 2076:sugarcane 2040:beet root 2017:sugar nip 1999:in 1532. 1987:in 1506 ( 1946:sakcharon 1867:sugarloaf 1795:honeybees 1747:pineapple 1735:organisms 1580:S (g/dL) 1461:O + 12 CO 1413:+ 2.988 K 1409:+ 3.143 N 1219:tautomers 1207:fructosyl 1168:The name 1142:from the 1134:The word 1130:Etymology 1067:sugarcane 936:ICSC 1507 741:formation 475:WN6500000 392:200-334-9 384:EC Number 7694:Category 7654:Research 7498:Sugaring 7312:Tanzania 7187:Refinery 7155:Industry 7080:Wasanbon 7018:Powdered 6958:Chancaca 6898:Molasses 6790:Products 6766:Honeydew 6666:Fructose 6595:Category 6524:Glycogen 6507:Galactan 6485:Fructose 6470:Chitosan 6443:Lentinan 6392:Acarbose 6326:Turanose 6270:Multiple 6211:Heptoses 6199:Rhamnose 6194:Fuculose 6179:Tagatose 6164:Fructose 6080:Xylulose 6075:Ribulose 6039:Pentoses 6001:Tetroses 5904:Geometry 5895:Pyranose 5890:Furanose 5516:glycogen 5445:Fructose 5159:Archived 4980:Archived 4944:Archived 4926:Archived 4878:Archived 4862:Archived 4820:Archived 4786:Archived 4660:Archived 4641:Archived 4618:Archived 4593:Archived 4589:23966427 4532:20693348 4468:Archived 4408:Archived 4380:Archived 4376:30844154 4333:Archived 4323:(2024). 4295:Archived 4273:Archived 4246:Archived 4222:Archived 4196:Archived 4167:Archived 4092:Archived 4060:Archived 4034:Archived 4006:Archived 3989:Archived 3971:Archived 3787:Archived 3768:Archived 3714:Archived 3608:Archived 3585:Archived 3555:Archived 3459:Archived 3435:Archived 3407:Archived 3387:(NIOSH). 3104:glycogen 3047:starches 3033:live in 2979:bacteria 2975:duodenum 2967:membrane 2930:and 390 2928:nutrient 2882:Selenium 2829:Quantity 2823:Minerals 2736:Quantity 2730:Vitamins 2601:desserts 2495:Powdered 2284:molasses 2264:diffuser 2130:Thailand 1981:Crusades 1952:ζακχαρον 1673:fructose 1563:→ 12 CO 1203:glucosyl 1199:monomers 1108:because 1023:fructose 802:NFPA 704 795:Hazards 344:DrugBank 31:Sucrose 7645:Vinasse 7556:Bagasse 7544:Related 7476:Culture 7389:History 7202:Engenho 7170:Boilery 7136:Tuzemák 7101:Caramel 7028:Sucanat 6978:Jaggery 6968:Gelling 6918:Treacle 6893:Mizuame 6756:Coconut 6729:Sources 6703:Sucrose 6698:Maltose 6693:Lactose 6676:Glucose 6566:Amylose 6514:Glucose 6489:Fructan 6479:Dextran 6475:Dextrin 6453:Zymosan 6316:Sucrose 6311:Maltose 6301:Lactose 6250:Nonoses 6245:Octoses 6238:Above 7 6174:Sorbose 6169:Psicose 6147:Mannose 6132:Glucose 6122:Altrose 6104:Hexoses 6017:Threose 5968:Trioses 5873:General 5659:Glucose 5512:Glucose 5425:glucose 5335:Sucrose 5180:"Sugar" 5043:"Sugar" 5011:wto.org 4580:3778861 4523:2963518 4451:4944426 4414:6 March 4056:Reuters 3520:Bibcode 3485:Bibcode 3381:"#0574" 3321:Sucrose 3190:updated 3096:sucrase 3049:) into 3043:lactose 3014:obesity 2969:of the 2956:sucrase 2696:Protein 2343:alcohol 2234:ethanol 2100:sorghum 2032:Jamaica 1958:zachari 1787:nectars 1781:Sources 1751:apricot 1680:sucrase 1669:glucose 1465:+ 8 HCl 1457:→ 11 H 1362:O + 3 K 1350:+ 6 KNO 1314:→ 12 CO 1284:caramel 1215:anomers 1163:sucrose 1136:sucrose 1118:-based 1116:dextran 1019:glucose 1013:, is a 1007:Sucrose 988:what is 986: ( 957:Maltose 953:Lactose 654:Density 630: 444:PubChem 353:DB02772 249:57-50-1 7675:(1972) 7603:Nectar 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IEEE 3949: 3924: 3893: 3868: 3797: 3743: 3688: 3343: 3165:kosher 3161:pareve 3066:) and 2889:0.6 μg 2876:2.0 mg 2632:Energy 2479:Caster 2270:" and 2082:) and 2057:Trends 1997:Brazil 1973:Sicily 1969:Europe 1964:ζάχαρη 1928:sākhar 1901:khanda 1755:grapes 1689:Given 1677:enzyme 1577:T (°C) 1509:O + SO 1475:carbon 1441:8 HClO 1358:+ 11 H 1318:+ 11 H 1310:+ 12 O 1144:French 1124:plaque 1099:tonnes 983:verify 980: 932:(SDS) 693:−3.76 573:SMILES 432:C00089 304:ChEMBL 114:Sugar; 54:Names 7586:Grape 7270:India 7265:Kenya 7212:Zafra 7207:Batey 7085:White 7048:Candy 6983:Misri 6939:Brown 6873:Honey 6771:Maple 6751:Birch 6637:Sugar 6411:(IMO) 6405:(GOS) 6399:(FOS) 6381:Other 6142:Idose 5793:Other 5778:SDDHD 5328:(GSD) 5022:(PDF) 5007:(PDF) 4983:(PDF) 4968:(PDF) 4276:(PDF) 4269:(PDF) 4095:(PDF) 4088:(PDF) 4037:(PDF) 4030:(PDF) 3918:57–68 3842:(PDF) 3835:(PDF) 3100:liver 2655:100 g 2574:total 2331:Egypt 2197:Types 2156:maize 2152:wheat 2070:left. 2005:cakes 1977:Spain 1923:Indus 1912:candy 1896:India 1799:honey 1759:pears 1727:algae 1148:sucre 1095:added 1015:sugar 924:N.D. 882:NIOSH 541:InChI 284:ChEBI 262:JSmol 7370:Fiji 7255:Cuba 7053:Hard 6781:Malt 6776:Palm 6761:Date 5684:HHF3 5248:ISBN 4919:See 4852:ISBN 4810:ISBN 4776:ISBN 4749:ISBN 4708:PMID 4585:PMID 4567:ISSN 4528:PMID 4480:ISBN 4447:PMID 4416:2015 4372:PMID 4362:ISBN 4230:2018 4204:2018 4175:2018 4139:2019 4103:2018 4068:2019 3947:ISBN 3922:ISBN 3891:ISBN 3866:ISBN 3795:ISBN 3741:ISBN 3686:ISBN 3341:ISBN 3116:gout 3110:Gout 2863:0 mg 2850:0 mg 2843:Iron 2808:0 mg 2795:0 mg 2778:0 mg 2761:0 mg 2599:and 2558:Brix 2391:and 2313:and 2244:Beet 2202:Cane 2011:and 1989:Cuba 1975:and 1937:), ( 1934:साखर 1907:खण्ड 1757:and 1749:and 1729:and 1713:and 1705:The 1671:and 1652:420 1644:394 1636:369 1628:346 1620:325 1612:306 1604:289 1596:273 1588:259 1433:and 1154:-ose 1021:and 1009:, a 918:IDLH 686:log 484:UNII 457:5988 423:KEGG 412:5411 333:5768 181:α-(1 142:β-(2 7243:CSR 7116:Rum 6998:Nib 5663:CAC 5624:LSD 5314:of 4844:doi 4698:PMC 4690:doi 4575:PMC 4559:doi 4518:PMC 4510:doi 4439:doi 4329:FDA 3733:doi 3678:doi 3655:doi 3528:doi 3493:doi 3249:G20 3102:as 3039:any 2958:or 2834:%DV 2741:%DV 2703:0 g 2679:0 g 2672:Fat 2612:". 2461:or 2425:or 2240:). 2098:), 1940:شکر 1527:by 1445:+ C 1159:Suc 1069:or 905:REL 892:PEL 779:298 752:298 510:EPA 447:CID 7721:: 6516:/ 6505:/ 6487:/ 6477:/ 5661:⇄ 5626:): 5514:⇄ 5473:/ 5423:→ 5318:: 5186:. 5182:. 5151:. 5127:. 5074:. 5045:. 5009:. 4976:26 4974:. 4970:. 4955:^ 4860:. 4850:. 4828:^ 4818:. 4794:^ 4784:. 4720:^ 4706:. 4696:. 4686:25 4684:. 4680:. 4591:. 4583:. 4573:. 4565:. 4555:98 4553:. 4549:. 4526:. 4516:. 4506:33 4504:. 4500:. 4445:. 4435:22 4433:. 4395:^ 4378:. 4370:. 4331:. 4327:. 4284:^ 4183:^ 4165:. 4161:. 4147:^ 4111:^ 4076:^ 4058:. 4054:. 4012:, 3920:. 3850:^ 3806:^ 3755:^ 3739:. 3708:. 3684:. 3651:75 3649:. 3614:, 3583:. 3579:. 3553:. 3549:. 3526:. 3516:24 3514:. 3491:. 3479:. 3405:. 3401:. 3383:. 3369:^ 3167:. 3106:. 3074:, 2887:1% 2874:0% 2861:0% 2848:0% 2806:0% 2793:0% 2776:0% 2759:0% 2498:, 2325:. 2128:, 2007:, 1961:, 1914:. 1865:A 1649:90 1641:85 1633:80 1625:75 1617:70 1609:65 1601:60 1593:55 1585:50 1548:11 1544:22 1540:12 1522:CO 1499:11 1495:22 1491:12 1485:SO 1455:11 1451:22 1447:12 1437:: 1417:CO 1391:11 1387:22 1383:12 1366:CO 1348:11 1344:22 1340:12 1308:11 1304:22 1300:12 1243:P2 1233:. 1073:. 1062:. 1057:11 1048:22 1039:12 865:50 863:LD 790:) 771:(Δ 744:(Δ 724:P2 625:11 616:22 607:12 213:,5 209:,4 205:,3 197:,5 193:,4 189:,3 185:,2 174:,5 170:,4 166:,3 162:,2 154:,5 150:,4 146:,3 131:β- 120:α- 98:,6 94:,5 90:,4 86:,3 82:(2 63:β- 6629:e 6622:t 6615:v 5857:e 5850:t 5843:v 5824:) 5682:/ 5622:( 5492:/ 5477:: 5447:: 5391:) 5387:( 5304:e 5297:t 5290:v 5256:. 5227:. 5168:. 5089:. 5060:. 5031:. 4992:. 4909:. 4846:: 4757:. 4714:. 4692:: 4627:. 4602:. 4561:: 4534:. 4512:: 4486:. 4453:. 4441:: 4418:. 4389:. 4342:. 4232:. 4206:. 4177:. 4141:. 4105:. 4070:. 3955:. 3930:. 3899:. 3874:. 3749:. 3735:: 3694:. 3680:: 3661:. 3657:: 3594:. 3564:. 3534:. 3530:: 3522:: 3499:. 3495:: 3487:: 3481:5 3465:. 3441:. 3416:. 3349:. 3202:) 3198:( 3192:. 2920:. 2788:) 2786:3 2771:) 2769:2 2754:) 2752:1 2608:" 2521:. 2315:C 2311:C 2236:( 2110:( 2102:( 2094:( 2086:( 2078:( 1949:( 1931:( 1904:( 1565:2 1561:2 1554:O 1552:2 1546:O 1542:H 1538:C 1531:2 1529:O 1524:2 1515:. 1511:3 1507:2 1503:2 1497:O 1493:H 1487:4 1483:2 1481:H 1463:2 1459:2 1453:O 1449:H 1443:3 1419:3 1415:2 1411:2 1407:2 1403:2 1399:2 1395:3 1389:O 1385:H 1381:C 1368:3 1364:2 1360:2 1356:2 1352:3 1346:O 1342:H 1338:C 1322:O 1320:2 1316:2 1312:2 1306:O 1302:H 1298:C 1257:c 1253:b 1249:a 1245:1 1223:D 1191:D 1187:D 1052:O 1043:H 1034:C 978:Y 871:) 867:( 843:0 836:1 829:0 781:) 776:H 773:c 754:) 749:H 746:f 726:1 688:P 620:O 611:H 602:C 512:) 508:( 264:) 215:R 211:S 207:S 203:S 199:R 195:S 191:S 187:R 183:R 176:R 172:S 168:S 164:R 160:R 156:R 152:S 148:S 144:S 137:D 133:D 126:D 122:D 100:R 96:S 92:S 88:R 84:R 69:D 65:D 20:)

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