Lake Baikal - Knowledge

1237: 1005:, it can be more than 2 m (6.6 ft). During this period, the temperature slowly increases with depth in the lake, being coldest near the ice-covered surface at around freezing, and reaching about 3.5–3.8 °C (38.3–38.8 °F) at a depth of 200–250 m (660–820 ft). After the surface ice breaks up, the surface water is slowly warmed up by the sun, and in May–June, the upper 300 m (980 ft) or so becomes homothermic (same temperature throughout) at around 4 °C (39 °F) because of water mixing. The sun continues to heat up the surface layer, and at the peak in August can reach up to about 16 °C (61 °F) in the main sections and 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) in shallow bays in the southern half of the lake. During this time, the pattern is inverted compared to the winter and spring, as the water temperature falls with increasing depth. As the autumn begins, the surface temperature falls again and a second homothermic period at around 4 °C (39 °F) of the upper circa 300 m (980 ft) occurs in October–November. In the deepest parts of the lake, from about 300 m (980 ft), the temperature is stable at 3.1–3.4 °C (37.6–38.1 °F) with only minor annual variations. 923: 1455: 1039: 1051: 2402: 2551:

possibility of an accidental oil spill that might cause significant damage to the environment. According to the Transneft's president, numerous meetings with citizens near the lake were held in towns along the route, especially in Irkutsk. Transneft agreed to alter its plans when Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the company to consider an alternative route 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north to avoid such ecological risks. Transneft has since decided to move the pipeline away from Lake Baikal, so that it will not pass through any federal or republic natural reserves. Work began on the pipeline two days after President Putin agreed to changing the route away from Lake Baikal.

2627: 2796: 2516:

instance, the production of high-quality viscose for the aeronautics and space industries). The Soviet scientists felt that it was irrational to change Lake Baikal's water quality by beginning paper production on the shore. It was their position that it was also necessary to preserve endemic species of local biota, and to maintain the area around Lake Baikal as a recreation zone. However, the objections of the Soviet scientists faced opposition from the industrial lobby and only after decades of protest, the plant was closed in November 2008 due to unprofitability.

957: 2533: 2225: 134: 911: 784:, where the Earth's crust is slowly pulling apart. At 636 km (395 mi) long and 79 km (49 mi) wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia, at 31,722 km (12,248 sq mi), and is the deepest lake in the world at 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms). The surface of the lake is 455.5 m (1,494 ft) above sea level, while the bottom of the lake is 1,186.5 m (3,893 ft; 648.8 fathoms) below sea level, and below this lies some 7 km (4.3 mi) of 104: 2333: 1023: 87: 164: 1424: 896: 2271: 938: 2240: 1066: 1860: 2209: 1086: 2520:

Prime Minister Putin made through a visual verification of Lake Baikal's condition from a miniature submarine, where he said: "I could see with my own eyes – and scientists can confirm – Baikal is in good condition and there is practically no pollution". Despite this, in September 2013, the mill underwent a final bankruptcy, with the last 800 workers slated to lose their jobs by 28 December 2013. The mill has since shut down, though its reservoirs of

2468: 2810: 2188: 2869:"A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation" 2500: 1634: 769: 757: 195: 977: 171: 141: 111: 1512: 1504:). These long-finned, translucent fish typically live in open water at depths of 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft), but occur both shallower and much deeper. Together with certain abyssocottid sculpins, they are the deepest living freshwater fish in the world, occurring near the bottom of Lake Baikal. The golomyankas are the primary prey of the Baikal seal and represent the largest fish 2061:. In 1629, Yakov Khripunov set off from Tomsk to find a rumored silver mine. His men soon began plundering both Russians and natives. They were joined by another band of rioters from Krasnoyarsk, but left the Buryat country when they ran short of food. This made it difficult for other Russians to enter the area. In 1631, Maksim Perfilyev built an 2297:, to descend 1,592 m (5,223 ft) to the bottom of Lake Baikal to conduct geological and biological tests on its unique ecosystem. Although originally reported as being successful, they did not set a world record for the deepest freshwater dive, reaching a depth of only 1,580 m (5,180 ft). That record is currently held by 1852:(Plathelminthes) species are in Lake Baikal, where they occur on a wide range of bottom types. Most of the flatworms are predatory, and some are relatively brightly marked. They are often abundant in shallow waters, where they are typically less than 2 cm (1 in) long, but in deeper parts of the lake, the largest, 1236: 4617: 2519:

On 4 January 2010, production was resumed. On 13 January 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin introduced changes in legislation legalising the operation of the plant; this action brought about a wave of protests from ecologists and local residents. These changes were based on the determination

2490:

Environmentalists have previously acknowledged pollution at Lake Baikal. It faces a series of detrimental phenomena including the disappearance of the omul fish, the rapid growth of putrid algae and the death of endemic species of sponges across its area. Environmental advocacy for the lake began in

2437:

The ice season ends in mid-April. Owing to increasing temperatures ice starts to melt and becomes shallow and fragile, especially in places with strong under-ice flows. A range of factors contribute to an increased risk of falling through the ice towards the end of the season, resulting in multiple

1000:

In Lake Baikal, the water temperature varies significantly depending on location, depth, and time of the year. During the winter and spring, the surface freezes for about 4–5 months; from early January to early May–June (latest in the north), the lake surface is covered in ice. On average, the ice

799:

happen every few years. The lake is divided into three basins: North, Central, and South, with depths about 900 m (3,000 ft), 1,600 m (5,200 ft), and 1,400 m (4,600 ft), respectively. Fault-controlled accommodation zones rising to depths about 300 m (980 ft)

2710:

The people have a tradition in connection with this region which they implicitly believe. They say "that Christ visited this part of Asia and ascended this summit, whence he looked down on all the region around. After blessing the country to the northward, he turned towards the south, and looking

2589:. The goal was to export 190 million liters of water to China even though the lake had been experiencing historically low water levels. This spurred protests by the local population that the lake would be drained of its water, at which point the local government halted the plans pending analysis. 2409:

Baikal has a number of different tourist activities, depending on the season. Generally, Baikal has two top tourist seasons. The first season is ice season, which starts usually in mid-January and lasts till mid-April. During this season ice depth increases up to 140 centimeters, that allows safe

984:

Baikal is one of the clearest lakes in the world. During the winter, the water transparency in open sections can be as much as 30–40 m (100–130 ft), but during the summer it is typically 5–8 m (15–25 ft). Baikal is rich in oxygen, even in deep sections, which separates it from

2550:

was planning to build a trunk pipeline that would have come within 800 m (2,600 ft) of the lake shore in a zone of substantial seismic activity. Environmental activists in Russia, Greenpeace, Baikal pipeline opposition and local citizens were strongly opposed to these plans, due to the

2383:

Lake Baikal is a popular destination among tourists from all over the world. According to the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, in 2013, 79,179 foreign tourists visited Irkutsk and Lake Baikal; in 2014, 146,937 visitors. The most popular places to stay by the lake are Listvyanka village,

3386:

Kravchinsky, V.A., M.A. Krainov, M.E. Evans, J.A. Peck, J.W. King, M.I. Kuzmin, H. Sakai, T. Kawai, and D. Williams. Magnetic record of Lake Baikal sediments: chronological and paleoclimatic implication for the last 6.7 Myr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 281–298, 2003.

2515:

and discharged waste directly into Lake Baikal. The decision to construct the plant on Lake Baikal resulted in strong protests from Soviet scientists; according to them, the ultra-pure water of the lake was a significant resource and should have been used for innovative chemical production (for

2392:

The ice road to Olkhon Island is the only legal ice road on Lake Baikal. The route is prepared by specialists every year and it opens when the ice conditions allow it. In 2015, the ice road to Olkhon was open from 17 February to 23 March. The thickness of the ice on the road is about 60 cm

827:

history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past

4618:

de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Carballo, J.L.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.C. Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M. (2021).

2393:(24 in), maximum capacity allowed – 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons); it is open to the public from 9 am to 6 pm. The road through the lake is 12 km (7.5 mi) long and it goes from the village Kurkut on the mainland to Irkutskaya Guba on Olkhon Island. 4673:

Belikov; Kaluzhnaya; Schröder; Müller; and Müller (2007). Lake Baikal endemic sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis: structure and organization of the gene family of silicatein and its role in morphogenesis. Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability, pp.

1780:. All endemics have been recorded between 20 and 30 m (66 and 98 ft), but the majority mainly live at shallower depths. About 30 freshwater snail species can be seen deeper than 100 m (330 ft), which represents the approximate limit of the 5361: 2388:

and Turka village. The popularity of Lake Baikal is growing from year to year, but there is no developed infrastructure in the area. For the quality of service and comfort from the visitor's point of view, Lake Baikal still has a long way to go.

1722:, and the two species Mesoasellus dybowskii and Limnoasellus poberezhnii. These six endemic species are found on rocky substrata in depths varying from 3–10 meters (Baicalasellus angarensis) to more than hundred meters (Mesoasellus dybowskii). 1012:

with water that is about 50 °C (122 °F) have been found. These are mostly in deep water but locally have also been found in relatively shallow water. They have little effect on the lake's temperature because of its huge volume.

1038: 732:, and horses on the eastern side of the lake, where the mean temperature varies from a winter minimum of −19 °C (−2 °F) to a summer maximum of 14 °C (57 °F). The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as 922: 2110:

on the Barguzin River which became a center for eastward expansion. In 1652, Vasily Kolesnikov reported from Barguzin that one could reach the Amur country by following the Selenga, Uda, and Khilok Rivers to the future sites of

2067:

at Bratsk. The pacification was moderately successful, but in 1634, Bratsk was destroyed and its garrison killed. In 1635, Bratsk was restored by a punitive expedition under Radukovskii. In 1638, it was besieged unsuccessfully.

3181:

Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk,

2425:

The ice itself has a transparency of one meter depth. That is why this season is popular for hiking, ice-walking, ice-skating, and bicycle riding. An ice route around Olkhon is around 200 km. Some tourists may spot a

1691:). The "gigantism" of some Baikal amphipods, which has been compared to that seen in Antarctic amphipods, has been linked to the high level of dissolved oxygen in the lake. Among the "giants" are several species of spiny 2617:

thrive in the lake from hundreds of tons of liquid waste, including fuel and excrement, regularly disposed into the lake by tourist sites, and up to 25,000 tons of liquid waste are disposed of every year by local ships.

6007: 1050: 3403:

Kravchinsky, V.A., M.E. Evans, J.A. Peck, H. Sakai, M.A. Krainov, J.W. King, M.I. Kuzmin. A 640kyr geomagnetic and paleoclimatic record from Lake Baikal sediments. Geophysical Journal International, 170 (1), 101–116,

1101:. It hosts more than 1,000 species of plants and 2,500 species of animals based on current knowledge, but the actual figures for both groups are believed to be significantly higher. More than 80% of the animals are 5150:

Sharma, Sapna; Blagrave, Kevin; Watson, Simon R.; O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Batt, Ryan; Magnuson, John J.; Clemens, Tessa; Denfeld, Blaize A.; Flaim, Giovanna; Grinberga, Laura; Hori, Yukari (18 November 2020).

3171:

Jung, J.; Hojnowski, C.; Jenkins, H.; Ortiz, A.; Brinkley, C.; Cadish, L.; Evans, A.; Kissinger, P.; Ordal, L.; Osipova, S.; Smith, A.; Vredeveld, B.; Hodge, T.; Kohler, S.; Rodenhouse, N.; Moore, M. (2004).

1748:(about 50 described species), but genetic studies indicate that the true diversity in at least the latter family has been heavily underestimated. The morphology of the Baikal ostracods is highly diverse. 5559: 2324:(BDUNT). The Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT-200 is being deployed in Lake Baikal, 3.6 km (2.2 mi) from shore at a depth of 1.1 km (0.68 mi). It consists of 192 optical modules. 858:, is 72 km (45 mi) long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers. The main ones draining directly into Baikal are the 2098:

In 1644, Ivan Pokhabov went up the Angara to Baikal, becoming perhaps the first Russian to use this route, which is difficult because of the rapids. He crossed the lake and explored the lower

3782:

Rivarola-Duartea; Otto; Jühling; Schreiber; Bedulina; Jakob; Gurkov; Axenov-Gribanov; Sahyoun; Lucassen; Hackermüller; Hoffmann; Sartoris; Pörtner; Timofeyev; Luckenbach; and Stadler (2014).

795:

In geological terms, the rift is young and active – it widens about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; hot springs occur in the area and notable

6444: 2567:

some 95 km (59 mi) downstream from the lake's shores. Critics and environmentalists argued it would be a disaster for the region and are urging the government to reconsider.

2410:

vehicle driving on the ice cover (except heavy vehicles, such as tourist buses, that do not take this risk). This allows access to the figures of ice that are formed at rocky banks of

1008:

The average surface temperature has risen by almost 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) in the last 50 years, resulting in a shorter period where the lake is covered by ice. At some locations,

2464:), and fishing. Water in the lake stays extremely cold in most places (does not exceed 10 C most of the year), but in a few gulfs like Chivirkuy, it can be comfortable for swimming. 2024:(founded 1619) and later by moving south from the Lena River. Russians first heard of the Buryats in 1609 at Tomsk. According to folktales related a century after the fact, in 1623, 4080:

Kontula, Tytti; Kirilchik, Sergei V.; Väinölä, Risto (2003). "Endemic diversification of the monophyletic cottoid fish species flock in Lake Baikal explored with mtDNA sequencing".

2482:

is an ecotourist destination. Baikal has always been popular in Russia and CIS-countries, but for the last few years Baikal has seen an influx of visitors from China and Europe.

1740:

200 endemic species. This makes it the second-most diverse group of crustacean in the lake, after the amphipods. The vast majority of the Baikal ostracods belong to the families

4122:

Hunt, D. M., et al. (1997). Molecular evolution of the cottoid fish endemic to Lake Baikal deduced from nuclear DNA evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 415–22.

5362:"'The great lake is in great peril': Siberia's sacred sea, bigger than Belgium and older than any other lake, Baikal is threatened by pollution from industry and agriculture" 2178: 2570:

After enrichment, only 10% of the uranium-derived radioactive material would be exported to international customers, leaving 90% near the Lake Baikal region for storage.

5914: 2170:

crossed frozen Lake Baikal. The wind on the exposed lake was so cold, many people died, freezing in place until spring thaw. Beginning in 1956, the impounding of the

1986:. The Kurykans, a Siberian tribe who inhabited the area in the sixth century, gave it a name that translates to "much water". Later on, it was called "natural lake" ( 2344:

The lake, nicknamed "the Pearl of Siberia", drew investors from the tourist industry as energy revenues sparked an economic boom. Viktor Grigorov's Grand Baikal in

6265: 3435:

M. Vanneste; M. De Batist; A. Golmshtok; A. Kremlev; W. Versteeg (2001). "Multi-frequency seismic study of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in Lake Baikal, Siberia".

2449:

The second tourist season is summer, which lets tourists dive deeper into virgin Baikal nature. Hiking trails become open, many of them cross two mountain ranges:

2278:

Several organizations are carrying out natural research projects on Lake Baikal. Most of them are governmental or associated with governmental organizations. The

2246: 1912:

are unusually large for freshwater sponges and can reach 1 m (3.3 ft) or more. These three are also the most common sponges in the lake. While the

831:

Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected in the near future. Lake Baikal is the only confined freshwater lake in which direct and indirect evidence of

4961: 3896:(pdf). the European Bison Conservation Newsletter Vol 2 (2009). pp.148–159. the Institute of Problems Ecology and Evolution RAS. Retrieved on 31 March 2017 1920:

often has branching structures and in areas where common may form underwater "forests". Most sponges in the lake are typically green when alive because of

2251: 2239: 3173: 5806: 5556: 1171: 220: 2559:

In 2006, the Russian government announced plans to build the world's first international uranium enrichment center at an existing nuclear facility in

1943:, has a long history of human habitation. Near the village of Mal'ta, some 160 km northwest of the lake, remains of a young human male known as 5945: 4649: 1665: 2083:

into the area east of Lake Baikal (1640) where he heard reports of the Amur country. In 1641, Verkholensk was founded on the upper Lena. In 1643,

6434: 3802: 1765: 1659: 1602:. It is estimated that they filter as much as a thousand cubic kilometers of water a year, or the lake's entire volume every twenty-three years. 5334: 6664: 2574:

contain radioactive and toxic materials, which if improperly stored, are potentially dangerous to humans and can contaminate rivers and lakes.

2541: 1189: 3513: 956: 4381:

Phylogenetic position and age of Lake Baikal candonids (Crustacea, Ostracoda) inferred from multigene sequence analyses and molecular dating.

2356:

is home to the seven-story Hotel Mayak. At the northern part of the lake, Baikalplan (a German NGO) built together with Russians in 2009 the

2353: 1757: 2743:

fugitive. The lyrics as documented and edited in the 19th century by Dmitriy P. Davydov (1811–1888). See "Barguzin River" for sample lyrics.

2723:

Lake Baikal has been celebrated in Russian folk songs. Two of these songs are known in Russia and its neighboring countries, such as Japan.

2585:

Chinese-owned AquaSib had been purchasing land alongside the lake and in 2019 started building a bottling plant and pipeline in the town of

2348:

is one of the investors, who planned to build three hotels, creating 570 jobs. In 2007, the Russian government declared the Baikal region a

6550: 6439: 6258: 4310: 2586: 1802: 1677: 1671: 1016:

Stormy weather on the lake is common, especially during the summer and autumn, and can result in waves as high as 4.5 m (15 ft).

5389: 3294:"Aridization of the Transbaikalia in the context of global events during the Pleistocene and its effect on the evolution of small mammals" 1974:

pursued and defeated the Xiongnu forces from the second century BC to the first century AD. They recorded that the lake was a "huge sea" (

937: 6424: 5863: 6209: 6619: 4288: 1454: 4151: 4040: 4009: 2321: 2224: 804:, while the area around the Selenga Delta and the Buguldeika Saddle separates the Central and South basins. The lake drains into the 1784:, but only 10 are truly deepwater species. In general, Baikal snails are thin-shelled and small. Two of the most common species are 6659: 2868: 2706:

According to 19th-century traveler T. W. Atkinson, locals in the Lake Baikal Region had the tradition that Christ visited the area:

5577: 4608:

International Symposium – Speciation in Ancient Lakes, SIAL III – Irkutsk 2002. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 4: 151–157.

6669: 6251: 2957: 1022: 3596: 1065: 133: 103: 6320: 6274: 5235: 4939: 2043:

on the upper Yenisei was founded in 1627. A number of ill-documented expeditions explored eastward from Krasnoyarsk. In 1628,

6604: 6044: 5431: 5320: 4793: 4768: 4743: 4721: 4693: 4593:

Dynamics of skeleton formation in the Lake Baikal sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Part I. Biological and biochemical studies.

3840: 3623: 3556: 3064: 3039: 3014: 2302: 2208: 2028:, who may have been the first Russian to reach the Lena, crossed from the upper Lena to the Angara and arrived at Yeniseysk. 1044:

Spring ice melt underway on Lake Baikal, on 4 May: Notice the ice-covered north, while much of the south is already ice-free.

4322:

Cladocera species (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in the littoral zone of Lake Baikal: some representatives of Daphniidae families

2895: 5654: 3300:. Quaternary interconnections in Eurasia: focus on Eastern Europe SEQS Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 21–26 June 2010. 1994:) by the Yakuts. Little was known to Europeans about the lake until Russia expanded into the area in the 1600s. The first 1703:) found at both shallow and deep depths. These conspicuous and common amphipods are essentially carnivores (will also take 6649: 6644: 5628: 5603: 3907:"Животный мир Байкала. Озеро Байкал: экология. Озеро Байкал. Природа. Пресноводные водоемы, растительность, животный мир" 5732: 3472:

P. Van Rensbergen; M. De Batist; J. Klerkx; R. Hus; J. Poort; M. Vanneste; N. Granin; O. Khlystov; P. Krinitsky (2002).

3083: 1817:

with a single nonendemic species). The endemic bivalves are mainly found in shallows, with few species from deep water.

1756:

As of 2006, almost 150 freshwater snails are known from Lake Baikal, including 117 endemic species from the subfamilies

1736:, Baikal is a center for ostracod diversity. About 90% of the Lake Baikal ostracods are endemic, meaning that there are 6161: 6143: 6126: 5461: 4864: 2357: 6229: 2282:

is an independent research organization carrying out environmental, educational and research projects at Lake Baikal.

895: 6609: 6175: 5032: 4539: 3940: 575: 5706: 5254: 5092: 1825:

With almost 200 described species, including more than 160 endemics, the center of diversity for aquatic freshwater

6629: 6378: 5510: 4628: 163: 4176: 3539:

Touchart, Laurent (2012), "Baikal, Lake", in Bengtsson, Lars; Herschy, Reginald W.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (eds.),

1128:

are mostly absent, except in some shallow bays along the shores of Lake Baikal. More than 85 species of submerged

3425:(1998). First find of gas hydrates in sediments of Lake Baikal. Doklady Adademii Nauk, 362: 541–543 (in Russian). 3087: 1948: 1476:

Fewer than 65 native fish species occur in the lake basin, but more than half of these are endemic. The families

1165:

was introduced to the lake in the 1950s. Instead of vascular plants, aquatic flora is often dominated by several

944: 5680: 5280: 3499: 3259: 2401: 910: 6614: 6535: 5985:

View of the Russian empire during the reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the eighteenth century

5966: 3185: 6639: 6401: 5810: 4977: 4892: 3362: 2626: 2439: 1653:

More than 350 species and subspecies of amphipods are endemic to the lake. They are exceptionally diverse in

694:

lake by volume, containing 23,615.39 km (5,670 cu mi) of water or 22–23% of the world's fresh

474: 6335: 6315: 5928: 4341:

Morphological and molecular diversity of Lake Baikal candonid ostracods, with a description of a new genus.

2508: 4246:

Patterns of Evolutionary Change in Baikalian Gammarids Inferred from DNA Sequences (Crustacea, Amphipoda).

6278: 2747: 2728: 2017: 1056:

Circle of thin ice, diameter of 4.4 km (2.7 mi) at the lake's southern tip, probably caused by

17: 4321: 788:, placing the rift floor some 8–11 km (5.0–6.8 mi) below the surface, the deepest continental 6624: 5006: 4277:

Phylogeography and systematics of Acanthogammarus s. str., giant amphipod crustaceans from Lake Baikal.

3639: 2925: 1890:), which colonized the lake about 3.4 million years ago. The lake's sponges makes up around 44% of the 1547:, and then sold widely in markets around the lake. Also, a second endemic whitefish inhabits the lake, 642: 6189: 4662: 3980: 3796: 3293: 2684:(Glorious sea, sacred Bajkal). To this day, the strait between the western shore of the Lake and the 6509: 6484: 6476: 6243: 4620: 4552:

New Records of Lake Baikal Leech Fauna: Species Diversity and Spatial Distribution in Chivyrkuy Gulf.

3474:"Sublacustrine mud volcanoes and methane seeps caused by dissociation of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal" 2279: 2187: 1793: 1577:) are other important species with commercial value. They are also endemic to the Lake Baikal basin. 948: 6634: 6466: 6286: 4761:

The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C.-A.D. 8

3517: 3437: 2680:. It is also attested in the famous song, now passed into the tradition, that opens with the words 2491:

the late 1950s. Since 2010, more than 15,000 metric tons of toxic waste have flowed into the lake.

2163: 1492:

and are typically less than 20 cm (8 in) long. Of particular note are the two species of

736:

or as the Transbaikal, and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as

498: 6064: 5989: 5535: 3211: 2511:

was constructed in 1966, directly on the shoreline of Lake Baikal. The plant bleached paper using

5867: 5424:

Saving the Sacred Sea: The Power of Civil Society in an Age of Authoritarianism and Globalization

4591:

Kaluzhnaya; Belikov; Schröder; Rothenberger; Zapf; Kaandorp; Borejko; Müller; and Müller (2005).

4205: 4067: 3142: 2833: 2479: 2415: 2112: 1896: 1865: 773: 688: 597: 377: 31: 6183: 5448:

Some aspects of nature protection in the scientific heritage of academician Innokentiy Gerasimov

1508:

in the lake. Beyond members of Cottoidea, there are few endemic fish species in the lake basin.

6674: 6599: 6527: 6363: 5604:"This Siberian town lost everything when the mill closed. It's now struggling to find a future" 4401:

Cryptic diversity and speciation in endemic Cytherissa (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Lake Baikal.

2460:

Small tourist vessels operate in the area, availing bird-watching, animal-watching (especially

2231: 2162:

from the cold wind moving unobstructed across flat expanses of ice. In the winter of 1920, the

2123: 986: 676: 3786:

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 322(3): 177–189.

2920: 2898:. Limnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from 2154:

in 1918. At times during winter freezes, the lake could be crossed on foot, though at risk of

5295: 4663:

Symbiosis, Selection, and Novelty: Freshwater Adaptation in the Unique Sponges of Lake Baikal

4606:

The Distribution of Chemical Elements in Sponges of the Family Lubomirskiidae in Lake Baikal.

4230: 4191: 2349: 2143: 2127: 1590: 1549: 1464: 1219:, are found in the lake, and about half of these are endemic to Baikal; however, significant 664: 425: 351: 290: 5733:"Тема: (ENWL) Власти Иркутской обл. выступили против прокладки нефтепровода к Тихому океану" 6594: 6414: 6353: 6343: 5164: 4089: 3893: 3487: 3446: 3305: 3292:

Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V. (23 January 2013).

3059:. preface by Koichiro Mastsuura (2009 ed.). London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 620. 2364:

as an example for sustainable development of the region. Baikal was also declared a UNESCO

653: 3861:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. C. Michael Hogan, Ed. in chief C. NCSE, Washington D.C. 3543:, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 83–91, 3236: 2376:

plant and to invest $ 2.5 billion in the region and create 2,000 jobs in the city of

8: 6654: 6461: 6429: 6310: 5110: 4713: 3174:"Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size" 3004: 2361: 2147: 1967: 1443: 1001:

reaches a thickness of 0.5 to 1.4 m (1.6–4.6 ft), but in some places with

963: 871: 745: 466: 387: 6058: 5983: 5168: 5124: 4133: 4093: 3957: 3871: 3491: 3450: 3309: 2872: 6456: 5195: 5152: 4940:"Russian submersible dives in Lake Baikal do not establish new freshwater depth record" 4495: 4464: 4442: 4259: 2700: 2536:

The lake in the winter. The ice is thick enough to support pedestrians and snowmobiles.

2471: 2298: 2102:. About 1647, he repeated the trip, obtained guides, and visited a 'Tsetsen Khan' near 2016:

Russian expansion into the Buryat area around Lake Baikal in 1628–1658 was part of the

2006: 1801:

diversity is lower with more than 30 species; about half of these, all in the families

1488:(Baikal sculpins) are entirely restricted to the lake basin. All these are part of the 1348: 1259:

A wide range of land mammals can be found in the habitats around the lake, such as the

1220: 268: 6203: 6002:"On the Baikal Sea I was in a shipwreck again" (На Байкалове море паки тонул), in the 4101: 3458: 3392: 2961: 2756:) is about a convict who had escaped from jail and was attempting to return home from 2446:, reportedly died after his car fell through the ice while driving on Baikal in 2015. 1829:

is Lake Baikal. A smaller number of other freshwater annelids is known: 30 species of

6171: 6157: 6139: 6122: 6040: 5962: 5915:"Siberian Authorities Halt Construction of Lake Baikal Bottling Plant After Backlash" 5427: 5397: 5240: 5200: 5182: 4955: 4789: 4764: 4739: 4717: 4689: 4643: 4574: 4535: 4105: 3936: 3836: 3720: 3664: 3619: 3593: 3552: 3478: 3409: 3321: 3060: 3035: 3010: 2774: 2571: 2443: 2306: 2063: 1995: 1842: 1700: 1642: 1599: 1485: 1404: 1372: 1340: 1161: 1009: 929: 801: 649: 519: 4710:

Biosilica in Evolution, Morphogenesis, and Nanobiotechnology: Case Study Lake Baikal

4499: 4446: 3831:

Mackay, A.; R. Flower; L. Granina (2002). "Lake Baikal". In Shahgedanova, M. (ed.).

2532: 6517: 6494: 5961:

Raymond H. Fisher, The Voyage of Semon Dezhnev, The Haklyut Society, 1981, p. 246,

5949: 5784: 5736: 5190: 5172: 4555: 4487: 4434: 4404: 4384: 4364: 4344: 4206:"Зоопланктон в экосистеме озера Байкал / О Байкале.ру – Байкал. Научно и популярно" 4097: 3975: 3784:

A First Glimpse at the Genome of the Baikalian Amphipod Eulimnogammarus verrucosus.

3758: 3544: 3495: 3454: 3405: 3388: 3313: 2828: 2823: 2693: 2610: 2599: 2450: 2032: 1614: 1415:) were found near the lake; this represented the easternmost range of the species. 1157: 863: 839: 781: 608: 588: 534: 279: 58: 5832: 3686: 1207:, there are endemic Baikal species in all these green algae genera. More than 400 6449: 6198: 6021: 5563: 5218: 5177: 4896: 3806: 3600: 3548: 3317: 2899: 2761: 2605: 2332: 2309:, the leader of the mission, took part in the Mir dives as did Russian president 1733: 1570: 990: 847: 613: 86: 73: 5758: 5710: 5658: 5066: 4912: 2983: 1423: 6499: 6368: 6193:. Vol. III (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 241. 6149: 3930: 3906: 3473: 2815: 2711:

across the Baikal, he waved his hand, exclaiming 'Beyond this there is nothing.

2677: 2454: 2385: 2365: 2310: 2270: 2167: 2095:

at its northern tip, and wintered on the Barguzin River on the northeast side.

1952: 1908: 1902: 1883: 1769: 1544: 1477: 1427: 1408: 1300: 1125: 843: 646: 442: 314: 304: 6020:

L. Bagrov (1964). International Society for the History of Cartography (ed.).

5632: 4491: 4438: 4408: 4368: 4348: 3763: 3746: 3091: 2649:

In the past, the Baikal was referred to by many Russians as the "Baikal Sea" (

2372:

plans to build a laboratory near Baikal, in conjunction with an international

2174:

on the Angara River raised the level of the lake by 1.4 m (4.6 ft).

6588: 6545: 6409: 6131: 5979: 5401: 5186: 4809: 4147: 4036: 4005: 3966: 3434: 3325: 3213:

The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East

2643: 2411: 2200: 2099: 2088: 2087:

went further up the Lena and became the first Russian to see Lake Baikal and

2084: 2044: 1999: 1781: 1745: 1719: 1396: 1268: 1134: 1114: 1072: 902: 875: 733: 699: 695: 431: 235: 222: 5557:

Tide of discontent sweeps through Russia's struggling 'rust belt' – NBC News

4868: 4300:

A new obligate groundwater species of Asellus (Isopoda, Asellidae) from Iran

4299: 3471: 6419: 6358: 6294: 5204: 4840: 4109: 2801: 2564: 2414:, including Cape Hoboy, the Three Brothers rock, and caves to the north of 2092: 2025: 2010: 1928: 1887: 1826: 1683: 1481: 1364: 1308: 1140: 1098: 867: 820: 706: 454: 283: 257: 6119:

Kayak Adventure in Siberia: The first solo circumnavigation of Lake Baikal

5040: 4559: 1859: 1113:

The watershed of Lake Baikal has numerous floral species represented. The

819:

Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most

252: 5258: 3747:"Structure of epiphyton communities on Lake Baikal submerged macrophytes" 3170: 2757: 2461: 2427: 2419: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2177:

As the railway was built, a large hydrogeographical expedition headed by

2171: 2159: 2135: 2131: 2080: 2040: 1971: 1924: 1834: 1810: 1773: 1761: 1726: 1646: 1622: 1595: 1439: 1434:

There are 236 species of birds that inhabit Lake Baikal, 29 of which are

1245: 1166: 1146: 1129: 1090: 832: 702: 680: 672: 3744: 3616:

Physics of Lakes: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background

2438:

deaths in Russia each year, although exact data for Baikal are unknown.

2071:

In 1638, Perfilyev crossed from the Angara over the Ilim portage to the

1628: 6391: 6305: 6182: 5390:"World's deepest lake crippled by putrid algae, poaching and pollution" 5153:"Increased winter drownings in ice-covered regions with warmer winters" 2769: 2258: 2103: 2076: 2072: 1806: 1786: 1777: 1741: 1493: 1260: 1216: 1195: 1177: 1152: 1085: 1057: 854:

are protected as a national park. It contains 27 islands; the largest,

796: 691: 446: 269: 6273: 6078: 4388: 3005:

Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Philip M. Gschwend; Dieter M. Imboden (2003).

1882:

occur in the lake, including about 15 species from the endemic family

291: 6570: 6325: 6099: 5864:"Saving the Sacred Sea: Russian nuclear plant threatens ancient lake" 5684: 5566:. Worldnews.nbcnews.com (30 November 2013). Retrieved on 15 May 2014. 4289:

Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea: A Story of Scientific Method

3856: 3339: 3116: 2547: 2503:

Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill in 2008, 5 years before its 2013 closure

2467: 2155: 2116: 2091:. Half his party under Skorokhodov remained on the lake, reached the 2021: 1983: 1921: 1814: 1715: 1688: 1562: 1554: 1540: 1489: 1459: 1435: 1356: 1029: 994: 879: 813: 630: 487: 261: 5447: 5296:"Ecotourism in Siberia: Development and Challenges on Olkhon Island" 4425:

Sitnikova, T.Y. (2006). "Endemic gastropod distribution in Baikal".

2527: 2499: 6564: 4830:

George V. Lantzeff and Richard A. Price, 'Eastward to Empire', 1973

4361:

Global diversity of ostracods (Ostracoda, Crustacea) in freshwater.

4160: 4049: 4018: 2512: 2474:

goes from Listvyanka to Bolshoe Goloustnoye along Lake Baikal coast

2317: 2151: 2139: 1956: 1940: 1849: 1838: 1704: 1633: 1610: 1606: 1524: 1332: 1183: 1102: 800:

separate the basins. The North and Central basins are separated by

785: 737: 450: 320: 4889: 768: 756: 6540: 6386: 6299: 2739: 2716: 2672: 2560: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2345: 2193: 2054: 1963: 1891: 1798: 1711: 1654: 1618: 1586: 1505: 1388: 1276: 1212: 1002: 859: 824: 809: 761: 721: 717: 668: 660: 634: 275: 205: 5988:. Printed by A. Strahan, for T. N. Longman and O. Rees. p. 5149: 2301:, at 1,637 m (5,371 ft) (also in Lake Baikal aboard a 2020:. It was done first by following the Angara River upstream from 659:

At 31,722 km (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than

194: 5335:"Russian Scientists Ring the Alarm on Lake Baikal's Pollutants" 5111:"Lake Baikal Travel Guide – Top Ten Attractions on Lake Baikal" 4534:

pp. 43–44. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity.

3084:"Lake Baikal – A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies" 2685: 2521: 2305:

submersible in 1990). Russian scientist and federal politician

2196: 2058: 2036: 1879: 1472:) are found only in Baikal and rivers that drain into the lake. 1380: 1208: 883: 855: 805: 741: 684: 638: 324: 297: 6234: 5946:

Russia's Baikal, Biggest Lake in the World, 'Becoming a Swamp'

5785:"Transneft charged with Siberia-Pacific pipeline construction" 3931:

Flint, V.E.; R.L. Boehme; Y.V. Kostin; A.A. Kuznetsov (1984).

2896:"On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal" 2760:. The lyrics were collected and edited in the 20th century by 1707:), and can reach a body length up to 7 cm (2.8 in). 1121:) is found here at the eastern limit of its geographic range. 976: 6238: 6224: 6202: 5450:// Acta Geographica Silesiana. 2018. Vol. 29, # 1. pp. 55–60. 4991:

Barry, Ellen (23 May 2011). "A Rugged Guys' heart to heart".

4899:(Baikal Research Centre; in Russian). www.baikal-research.org 3830: 3291: 2614: 2142:

for a number of years. The lake became the site of the minor

2130:

required 200 bridges and 33 tunnels. Until its completion, a

2049: 1916:

species typically have encrusting or carpet-like structures,

1841:

are known from the lake, but a large percentage of these are

1830: 1316: 1292: 1284: 851: 729: 725: 713: 549: 5487: 5010: 2336:

Baikal fishermen fish for 15 commercially used species. The

2126:

was built between 1896 and 1902. Construction of the scenic

1856:, can reach up to 30 cm (1 ft) when outstretched. 1511: 5281:"Самый теплый залив на Байкале – Чивыркуйский залив !" 4478:

Slugina, Z.V. (2006). "Endemic Bivalvia in ancient lakes".

3500:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0631:SMVAMS>2.0.CO;2

3260:"Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia" 2431: 2337: 1947:

or "Mal'ta Boy" are indications of local habitation by the

1532: 1516: 789: 540: 5707:"The Right to Know: Irkutsk Citizens Want to be Consulted" 4275:

Daneliya, M.E.; Kamaltynov, R.M.; and Väinölä, R. (2011).

2642:

The first European to reach the lake is said to have been

1585:

The lake hosts a rich endemic fauna of invertebrates. The

1203:

may occur deeper than 30 m (100 ft). Except for

850:

stretching along the western shore. The mountains and the

4688:. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 11. pp. 63–67. 2181:

produced the first detailed contour map of the lake bed.

1649:

in the lake. Red-orange is its natural, living coloration

1324: 1187:

in water shallower than 20 m (65 ft); although

564: 5890:"The International Uranium Enrichment Center | JSC IUEC" 5219:"Ukraine ex-President Yanukovych's son 'drowns in lake'" 2699:

Lake Baikal is nicknamed "Older sister of Sister Lakes (

2430:

along the route. Local entrepreneurs offer overnight in

2257:

was launched in 1900 and is one of the oldest surviving

1813:, are endemic (the only other family in the lake is the 6387:

Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent

4079: 4031: 4029: 4000: 3998: 2634:(Baikal Sea) designation, rather than the conventional 2340:, found only in Baikal, accounts for most of the catch. 667:

by surface area, as well as the second largest lake in

5889: 4209: 3955: 3613: 2384:

Olkhon Island, Kotelnikovsky cape, Baykalskiy Priboi,

1531:

The most important local species for fisheries is the

5459: 4786:

The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians

4736:

The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians

4604:

Paradina; Kulikova; Suturin; and Saibatalova (2003).

4244:

Sherbakov; Kamaltynov; Ogarkov; and Verheyen (1998).

3745:

Pomazkina, G.; L. Kravtsova; E. Sorokovikova (2012).

2554: 1629:

Amphipod, isopod, cladoceran and ostracod crustaceans

709:

at 25–30 million years, and among the clearest.

602: 576: 561: 546: 6445:

Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings

5536:"Russians Debate Fate of Lake: Jobs Or Environment?" 4248:

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10(2): 160–167

4026: 3995: 2791: 2580: 1527:

to Lake Baikal, and is a source of income to locals.

624: 567: 552: 537: 6060:

Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor

4458: 4456: 3894:

European bison in Russia – past, present and future

3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3360: 3257: 3234: 3137: 3135: 3133: 2577:An enrichment center was constructed in the 2010s. 2047:first encountered a group of Buryats and collected 1605:Among the most diverse invertebrate groups are the 558: 543: 5502: 4271: 4269: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3354: 2871:. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Archived from 2676:(1621–1682), and on the late-17th-century maps by 2128:railway around the southwestern end of Lake Baikal 5421: 5125:"A Winter Bikepacking Journey Across Lake Baikal" 4942:. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 4587: 4585: 4583: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 3981:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732200A95043817.en 3057:1001 natural wonders: you must see before you die 2528:Cancelled East Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline 6586: 6213:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 215–216. 5578:"Polluting Baikal Paper Mill Finally Shuts Down" 5508: 4960:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4526: 4524: 4522: 4453: 3811: 3740: 3738: 3130: 3009:(2 ed.). Wiley Interscience. p. 1052. 2418:. It also provides access to small islands like 1962:Located in the former northern territory of the 1598:species there, making up 80 to 90% of the total 780:Lake Baikal is in a rift valley, created by the 213: 6536:Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Sviyazhsk 6435:Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings 6197: 4266: 4062: 4060: 3771: 3143:"Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem" 3029: 2494: 712:Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of 6056: 4580: 4512:Slugina; Starobogatov; and Korniushin (1994). 4326: 1966:confederation, Lake Baikal is one site of the 1886:(the remaining are from the nonendemic family 679:, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 6440:Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture 6259: 6100:«По диким степям Забайкалья», Русланова Лидия 6008:Житие протопопа Аввакума, им самим написанное 6004:Life of Protopope Avvakum, Written by Himself 5093:"Driving on frozen Lake Baikal in the winter" 5064: 4865:"Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station History" 4763:. University of Michigan Press. p. 264. 4733: 4519: 4399:Schön; Pieri; Sherbakov; and Martens (2017). 3835:. Oxford University Press. pp. 403–421. 3735: 3179:. In Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R. (eds.). 3078: 3076: 2940:Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals 2779: 2751: 2732: 2660: 2650: 1594:is endemic to Lake Baikal and the dominating 1132:have been recorded, including genera such as 889:Regular winds exist in Baikal's rift valley. 882:. It is drained through a single outlet, the 50: 30:"Baykal" redirects here. For other uses, see 6551:Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University 5060: 5058: 4842:Открытие Русскими Средней И Восточной Сибири 4648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4598: 4554:ScientificWorldJournal. 2013(2013): 206590. 4530:Segers, H.; and Martens, K; editors (2005). 4420: 4418: 4416: 4240: 4238: 4057: 3659: 3657: 3514:"Lake Baikal: the great blue eye of Siberia" 3117:"Lake Baikal – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 751: 65: 6425:Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea 5601: 5511:"Russia Uses Microsoft to Suppress Dissent" 5009:. Baikalweb. 6 January 2005. Archived from 4569: 4567: 4550:Kaygorodova, I.A.; and N.M. Pronin (2013). 4146: 4035: 4004: 3591:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). 3166: 3164: 1955:. An early known tribe in the area was the 364:744.4 m (2,442 ft; 407.0 fathoms) 6266: 6252: 6026:. Vol. 1. Brill Archive. p. 115. 5858: 5856: 5854: 5460:Tom Parfitt in Moscow (12 November 2008). 4683: 4677: 4379:Karanovic, I.; and T.Y. Sitnikova (2017). 4359:Martens; Schön; Meisch; and Horne (2008). 4339:Karanovic, I.; and T.Y. Sitnikova (2017). 3935:. Princeton University Press. p. 38. 3833:The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3209: 3073: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2772:for the Soviet Union's second color film, 2592: 2542:Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline 2134:transported railcars across the lake from 2039:country on the lower Angara. To the west, 1931:), but can also be brownish or yellowish. 1438:. Although named after the lake, both the 6019: 5396:. Agence France-Presse. 19 October 2017. 5194: 5176: 5055: 4788:. Cornell University Press. p. 246. 4738:. Cornell University Press. p. 246. 4424: 4413: 4235: 3979: 3762: 3718: 3654: 3258:Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004). 3111: 3109: 2715:" Thus they account for the sterility of 2669:). This usage is attested already in the 2485: 2322:Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope 1657:and appearance, ranging from the pelagic 838:The lake is surrounded by mountains; the 633:in the world. It is situated in southern 372:1,642 m (5,387 ft; 898 fathoms) 309:560,000 km (216,000 sq mi) 5866:. Newint.org. 2 May 2008. Archived from 5809:. Transneft Press Center. Archived from 5321:"Chinese tourists eager to visit Baikal" 5255:"Trails - Great Baikal Trail | GBT" 4564: 3587: 3538: 3161: 2893: 2719:, where it is said "no corn will grow." 2625: 2621: 2531: 2498: 2466: 2400: 2331: 2269: 1863:Museum specimen of the branching sponge 1858: 1729:(water fleas), several of them endemic. 1632: 1510: 1453: 1422: 1235: 1084: 975: 971: 966:at its mouth before joining Lake Baikal 767: 755: 6295:Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye 5851: 5488:"Sacred Land Film Project, Lake Baikal" 4975: 4907: 4905: 4783: 4477: 3701: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3361:HUBBARD AND BRADLEY (16 January 2024). 2945: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2524:sludge remain an environmental hazard. 980:Lake Baikal's water is especially clear 356:31,722 km (12,248 sq mi) 14: 6587: 6321:White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal 6180: 5972: 5509:Clifford J. Levy (11 September 2010). 5384: 5382: 3800:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg 3203: 3106: 3054: 2960:. Alaska Science Forum. Archived from 1751: 1744:(more than 100 described species) and 1718:. There are four species of the genus 382:23,610 km (5,660 cu mi) 6665:Tourist attractions in Irkutsk Oblast 6247: 5978: 5602:Khurshudyan, Isabelle (13 May 2021). 5575: 5480: 5293: 4990: 4758: 4082:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3618:. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 11. 2659:), rather than merely "Lake Baikal" ( 2218:1700, Baikal (not to scale) is at top 1484:(golomyankas or Baikal oilfish), and 1223:uncertainties remain for this group. 607: 6230:Lake Baikal Ice Formations in Photos 5576:Panin, Alexander (13 October 2013). 5067:""Pearl of Siberia" draws investors" 4902: 4532:The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems. 4311:Evolution and Biogeography: Volume 8 4231:Sacred Sea: A Journey to Lake Baikal 4116: 3564: 3541:Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs 2850: 2546:Russian oil pipelines state company 2442:, son of former Ukrainian President 2285:In July 2008, Russia sent two small 1939:The Baikal area, sometimes known as 1725:There are about 60 known species of 5759:"Putin orders oil pipeline shifted" 5379: 5359: 4890:Байкальский исследовательский центр 4857: 4514:Bivalves (Bivalvia) of Lake Baikal. 3967:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3614:Hutter; Yongqi; Chubarenko (2011). 3506: 3363:"M5.4 earthquake below Lake Baikal" 3340:"Lake Baikal – World Heritage Site" 3237:"DNA & the peopling of Siberia" 2320:research has been conducted at the 1978:) and designated it the North Sea ( 1663:to the relatively large deep-water 170: 140: 110: 24: 6111: 5090: 5065:Tom Esslemont (7 September 2007). 4978:"Submarines to plumb deepest lake" 4913:"Russians in landmark Baikal dive" 4708:Müller; and Grachev, eds. (2009). 3721:"Temperature of Lake Baikal Water" 3184:. pp. 131–140. Archived from 3032:Ecology and Conservation of Fishes 2555:Proposed uranium enrichment center 2360:, a 100 km (62 mi)-long 2358:Frolikha Adventure Coastline Track 2057:) from them at the future site of 1990:) by the Buryats and "rich lake" ( 1714:is low; they belong to the family 1080: 846:on the northeastern shore and the 720:to the region. It is also home to 675:. However, because it is also the 25: 6686: 6620:Geography of the Russian Far East 6218: 6079:"The Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal" 6037:Lake Baikal: Siberia's Great Lake 5833:"Work starts on Russian pipeline" 4279:Zoologica Scripta 40(6): 623–637. 2581:Chinese-owned bottled water plant 1732:Similar to another ancient lake, 764:basin, which includes Lake Baikal 705:combined. It is also the world's 6575:Shared with nine other countries 6093: 6071: 6050: 6030: 6013: 5996: 5955: 5939: 5921: 5907: 5882: 5825: 5799: 5777: 5751: 5725: 5699: 5673: 5647: 5621: 5595: 5569: 5550: 5528: 5453: 5440: 5415: 5353: 5327: 5313: 5287: 5273: 5247: 5007:"Baikal Lake Neutrino Telescope" 4937:Gallant, Jeffrey (29 July 2008) 4629:World Register of Marine Species 4595:Naturwissenschaften 92: 128–133. 3410:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03411.x 3216:. Texas A&M University Press 2808: 2794: 2768:The latter song was a secondary 2478:Olkhon's most-populated village 2238: 2223: 2207: 2186: 2106:. In 1648, Ivan Galkin built an 1820: 1580: 1446:are widespread in eastern Asia. 1064: 1049: 1037: 1021: 955: 936: 921: 909: 894: 533: 193: 169: 162: 139: 132: 123:Show map of Republic of Buryatia 109: 102: 85: 6660:Tourist attractions in Buryatia 5446:Sobisevich A. V., Snytko V. A. 5229: 5211: 5143: 5117: 5103: 5084: 5025: 4999: 4984: 4969: 4931: 4883: 4867:. Irkutskenergo. Archived from 4833: 4824: 4802: 4777: 4752: 4727: 4702: 4667: 4656: 4611: 4544: 4506: 4471: 4393: 4373: 4353: 4315: 4304: 4293: 4282: 4251: 4224: 4198: 4183: 4168: 4140: 4125: 4073: 3956:BirdLife International (2016). 3949: 3924: 3899: 3886: 3864: 3849: 3798:Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre 3789: 3679: 3632: 3607: 3532: 3465: 3428: 3415: 3397: 3380: 3332: 3285: 3251: 3228: 3088:United States Geological Survey 3007:Environmental Organic Chemistry 2457:on the eastern side of Baikal. 91:Satellite photo of Baikal, 2001 6670:World Heritage Sites in Russia 6275:World Heritage Sites in Russia 6201:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). 6063:. Hurst and Blackett. p. 5294:McGee, Rylin (17 April 2018). 4812:. Irkutsk.org. 18 January 2006 4621:"Lubomirskiidae Weltner, 1895" 4150:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). 4039:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). 4008:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). 3235:M. Hammer; T. Karafet (1995). 3048: 3023: 2998: 2976: 2932: 2914: 2887: 2734:Славное мope, священный Байкал 2682:Славное море, священный Байкал 2630:An 1883 British map using the 2166:occurred, when the retreating 2079:. Returning, he sailed up the 2075:and went downstream as far as 687:), Lake Baikal is the world's 27:Freshwater rift lake in Russia 13: 1: 4403:Hydrobiologia 800(1): 61–79. 4383:Ecol Evol. 7(17): 7091–7103. 4208:. Baikal.mobi. Archived from 4102:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00376-7 3459:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00117-1 3393:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00362-6 3055:Bright, Michael, ed. (2010). 2958:"The Oddities of Lake Baikal" 2942:, London, John Murray, p. 173 2844: 2609:, an increasing number of an 2440:Viktor Viktorovych Yanukovych 2396: 1837:. Several hundred species of 1737: 1256:) is endemic to Lake Baikal. 1028:Lake Baikal as seen from the 816:on Baikal's northwest coast. 400:2,100 km (1,300 mi) 6605:Biosphere reserves of Russia 6326:Historic Centre of Yaroslavl 6199:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch 5515:International Herald Tribune 5178:10.1371/journal.pone.0241222 4993:International Herald Tribune 4363:Hydrobiologia 595: 185–193. 3549:10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_50 3318:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.024 2509:Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill 2495:Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill 2274:Ice cover survey on the lake 2035:(1626 and 1627–28) explored 1575:Acipenser baerii baicalensis 663:—Lake Baikal is the world's 625: 408:455.5 m (1,494 ft) 7: 6181:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). 5655:"Baikal Environmental Wave" 5631:. Transneft. Archived from 5426:. Oxford University Press. 4575:Flatworms (Plathelminthes). 4343:Zookeys. 2017(684): 19–56. 4260:Oxygen boosts polar giants. 2984:"Deepest Lake in the World" 2787: 2729:Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal 2265: 2018:Russian conquest of Siberia 1869:(living are brighter green) 603: 10: 6691: 6650:Protected areas of Siberia 6645:Natural history of Siberia 6166:Martin Cruz Smith (2019), 5948:. 8 September 2014 19:35. 5422:Brown, Kate Pride (2018). 5236:Yanukovych junior perished 4784:Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007). 4134:Lake Baikal Seals – NERPA. 3267:Wader Study Group Bulletin 3034:. CRC Press. p. 116. 2926:Collins English Dictionary 2781:Сказание о земле Сибирской 2539: 2327: 2005:Lake Baikal was under the 1970:, where the armies of the 1934: 1903:Baikalospongia bacillifera 1873: 1231: 1093:is endemic to Lake Baikal. 1075:, Baikal's main tributary 716:and animals, many of them 617: 520:not a well-defined measure 467:UNESCO World Heritage Site 153:Show map of Irkutsk Oblast 66: 29: 6559: 6526: 6508: 6485:Golden Mountains of Altai 6475: 6400: 6377: 6334: 6285: 6154:Year of Miracle And Grief 4492:10.1007/s10750-006-0312-z 4439:10.1007/s10750-006-0313-y 4409:10.1007/s10750-017-3259-3 4369:10.1007/s10750-007-9245-4 4349:10.3897/zookeys.684.13249 3872:"Wildlife of Lake Baikal" 3764:10.2478/v10194-011-0041-1 3239:. Smithsonian Institution 2780: 2752: 2733: 2661: 2651: 2280:Baikalian Research Centre 1998:to reach Lake Baikal was 1794:Megalovalvata baicalensis 1645:) amphipod caught during 949:Zabaykalsky National Park 752:Geography and hydrography 724:tribes, who raise goats, 652:to the northwest and the 592: 517: 513: 505: 493: 483: 479:Natural: vii, viii, ix, x 473: 464: 460: 438: 424: 416: 412: 404: 396: 386: 376: 368: 360: 350: 342: 338:636 km (395 mi) 334: 330: 313: 303: 289: 267: 251: 212: 201: 192: 96: 84: 51: 46: 41: 6610:Extreme points of Russia 5562:15 December 2013 at the 5462:"Russia Water Pollution" 4976:PA News (19 July 2008). 4895:18 February 2020 at the 4845:(in Russian). Randewy.ru 4841: 4810:"Research of the Baikal" 4759:Chang, Chun-shu (2007). 4686:Lake Baikal and Its Life 4516:Ruthenica 4(2): 111–146. 4257:BBC News (13 May 1999). 3974:: e.T22732200A95043817. 3805:13 December 2012 at the 3795:C. Michael Hogan. 2009. 3298:Quaternary International 3030:Tyus, Harold M. (2012). 2839: 2692:(Малое море), i.e. "the 2453:on the western side and 2230:Steam locomotive on the 2164:Great Siberian Ice March 2031:Vikhor Savin (1624) and 1418: 1226: 1108: 989:bodies of water such as 901:Frozen lake Baikal near 842:on the north shore, the 828:6.7 million years. 609:[ˈozʲɪrəbɐjˈkaɫ] 6630:Lakes of Irkutsk Oblast 6225:Lake Baikal Information 6210:Encyclopædia Britannica 6190:Encyclopædia Britannica 6170:, Simon & Schuster 6057:T. W. Atkinson (1861). 4468:Retrieved 17 July 2014. 4263:Retrieved 17 July 2014. 4195:Retrieved 19 July 2014. 4180:Retrieved 19 July 2014. 4137:Retrieved 19 July 2014. 4070:Retrieved 6 April 2017. 4068:Species in Lake Baikal. 3604:Retrieved 16 July 2014. 2834:Seven Wonders of Russia 2593:Other pollution sources 2013:from 647 CE to 682 CE. 1897:Lubomirskia baicalensis 1878:At least 18 species of 1866:Lubomirskia baicalensis 1675:, the tiny herbivorous 1480:(deep-water sculpins), 1449: 1097:Lake Baikal is rich in 916:Cliffs on Olkhon Island 774:digital elevation model 698:, more than all of the 346:79 km (49 mi) 32:Baykal (disambiguation) 6364:Volcanoes of Kamchatka 5538:. Npr.org. 10 May 2010 5360:Stewart, John Massey. 4734:Lincoln, W.B. (2007). 4577:Retrieved 7 June 2017. 3640:"Unique body of water" 2721: 2639: 2537: 2504: 2486:Environmental concerns 2475: 2406: 2352:. A popular resort in 2341: 2275: 2232:Circum-Baikal Railroad 2124:Trans-Siberian Railway 1982:) of the semimythical 1870: 1848:More than 140 endemic 1650: 1639:Brachyuropus reicherti 1528: 1498:Comephorus baicalensis 1473: 1431: 1241: 1124:Submerged macrophytic 1094: 981: 777: 765: 6615:Freshwater ecoregions 6316:Trinity Sergius Lavra 4154:Coregonus baicalensis 4043:Thymallus brevipinnis 4012:Thymallus baikalensis 3855:Peter Saundry. 2010. 3516:. CNN. Archived from 2938:Dervla Murphy (2007) 2708: 2629: 2622:Historical traditions 2535: 2502: 2470: 2404: 2350:special economic zone 2335: 2273: 1949:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 1862: 1636: 1591:Epischura baikalensis 1563:Baikal white grayling 1559:Thymallus baicalensis 1555:Baikal black grayling 1537:Coregonus migratorius 1521:Coregonus migratorius 1514: 1465:Thymallus baikalensis 1457: 1426: 1407:, populations of the 1239: 1088: 979: 972:Water characteristics 945:Svyatoy Nos Peninsula 928:A sandy beach in the 808:, a tributary of the 776:of Lake Baikal region 771: 759: 262:Continental rift lake 6640:Landforms of Siberia 6415:Ferapontov Monastery 6354:Landscapes of Dauria 6344:Central Sikhote-Alin 5739:on 28 September 2007 4212:on 30 September 2011 3599:3 March 2016 at the 2405:Cracks in Baikal ice 1772:), and the families 1687:(parasitic on other 1681:, and the parasitic 1353:(Moschus moschiferus 812:. Landforms include 665:seventh-largest lake 654:Republic of Buryatia 6462:Struve Geodetic Arc 6430:Virgin Komi Forests 6311:Novodevichy Convent 6146:, Harper Perennial. 5870:on 24 February 2021 5608:The Washington Post 5283:. 17 December 2017. 5169:2020PLoSO..1541222S 5113:. 23 November 2017. 5043:on 27 February 2014 4966:. DivingAlmanac.com 4714:Springer Publishing 4684:Kozhov, M. (1963). 4560:10.1155/2013/206590 4094:2003MolPE..27..143K 3751:Limnological Review 3492:2002Geo....30..631V 3451:2001MGeol.172....1V 3367:Earthquake Insights 3310:2013QuInt.284...45E 3210:S. Hudgins (2003). 2875:on 25 December 2018 2703:and Lake Baikal)". 2362:long-distance trail 2148:Czechoslovak legion 1854:Baikaloplana valida 1833:(Hirudinea), and 4 1752:Snails and bivalves 1444:Baikal bush warbler 746:World Heritage Site 388:Residence time 232: / 6457:Solovetsky Islands 5037:Global Great Lakes 3892:Sipko P.T.. 2009. 3520:on 11 October 2006 2964:on 3 February 2007 2671:Life of Protopope 2640: 2538: 2505: 2476: 2472:Great Baikal Trail 2407: 2342: 2299:Anatoly Sagalevich 2276: 2168:White Russian Army 2007:Anbei Protectorate 1871: 1651: 1529: 1474: 1432: 1377:Eutamias sibiricus 1349:Siberian musk deer 1345:Capreolus pygargus 1242: 1095: 1010:hydrothermal vents 982: 778: 766: 744:declared Baikal a 656:to the southeast. 236:53.500°N 108.000°E 183:Show map of Russia 6625:Lakes of Buryatia 6582: 6581: 6117:Detlev Henschel, 6045:978-1-84162-294-1 5813:on 4 October 2006 5681:"Baikal pipeline" 5661:on 25 August 2006 5635:on 4 October 2006 5433:978-0-19-066094-9 5241:Ukrayinska Pravda 5013:on 31 August 2010 4795:978-0-8014-8922-8 4770:978-0-472-11533-4 4745:978-0-8014-8922-8 4722:978-3-540-88551-1 4695:978-94-015-7388-7 4389:10.1002/ece3.3159 3960:Locustella davidi 3933:Birds of the USSR 3842:978-0-19-823384-8 3642:. Black Sea Scene 3625:978-3-642-15178-1 3558:978-1-4020-4410-6 3066:978-1-84403-674-5 3041:978-1-4398-9759-1 3016:978-0-471-35053-8 2902:on 20 August 2011 2775:Ballad of Siberia 2688:Island is called 2444:Viktor Yanukovych 2307:Artur Chilingarov 1701:Acanthogammaridae 1643:Acanthogammaridae 1615:freshwater snails 1486:Cottocomephoridae 1405:Early Middle Ages 1373:Siberian chipmunk 1341:Siberian roe deer 1337:Rangifer tarandus 1329:Cervus canadensis 1273:Canis lupus lupus 1169:species, notably 1162:Elodea canadensis 943:Mountains on the 930:Kabansky District 802:Academician Ridge 629:) is the deepest 623: 601: 526: 525: 405:Surface elevation 16:(Redirected from 6682: 6518:Western Caucasus 6495:Putorana Plateau 6304: 6279:federal district 6268: 6261: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6214: 6206: 6194: 6186: 6168:Siberian Dilemma 6156:, Quartet Books 6106: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6054: 6048: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5976: 5970: 5959: 5953: 5950:The Moscow Times 5943: 5937: 5936: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5917:. 15 March 2019. 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5860: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5735:. Archived from 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5709:. Archived from 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5683:. Archived from 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5657:. Archived from 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5582:The Moscow Times 5573: 5567: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5490:. Sacredland.org 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5339:The Moscow Times 5331: 5325: 5324: 5323:. 18 March 2015. 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5261:on 27 March 2019 5257:. Archived from 5251: 5245: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5225:. 22 March 2015. 5215: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5180: 5163:(11): e0241222. 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5039:. Archived from 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4909: 4900: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4871:on 25 March 2013 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4731: 4725: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4578: 4571: 4562: 4548: 4542: 4528: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4450: 4422: 4411: 4397: 4391: 4377: 4371: 4357: 4351: 4337: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4192:Baikal sturgeon. 4187: 4181: 4177:Baikal grayling. 4172: 4166: 4165: 4144: 4138: 4131:Pastukhov, V.D: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3809: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3716: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3665:"Ice Conditions" 3661: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3611: 3605: 3589: 3562: 3561: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3401: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3342:. World Heritage 3336: 3330: 3329: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3178: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3139: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3090:. Archived from 3080: 3071: 3070: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2829:Russian Far East 2824:Cryptodepression 2818: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2783: 2782: 2755: 2754: 2736: 2735: 2714: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2611:invasive species 2600:The Moscow Times 2572:Uranium tailings 2563:, a city on the 2255: 2242: 2227: 2211: 2190: 2033:Maksim Perfilyev 1996:Russian explorer 1894:animal biomass. 1739: 1543:. It is caught, 1369:Sciurus vulgaris 1289:Martes zibellina 1201:Draparnaldioides 1172:Draparnaldioides 1158:invasive species 1119:Cirsium palustre 1068: 1053: 1041: 1025: 959: 940: 925: 913: 898: 840:Baikal Mountains 782:Baikal Rift Zone 643:federal subjects 628: 622:romanized: 621: 619: 611: 606: 596: 594: 584: 580: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 563: 560: 555: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 518:Shore length is 293: 292:Primary outflows 271: 247: 246: 244: 243: 242: 237: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 215: 197: 184: 173: 172: 166: 154: 143: 142: 136: 124: 113: 112: 106: 89: 77: 69: 68: 62: 54: 53: 39: 38: 21: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6635:Lakes of Russia 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6555: 6522: 6504: 6471: 6450:Peterhof Palace 6396: 6379:North Caucasian 6373: 6330: 6302: 6281: 6272: 6221: 6114: 6112:Further reading 6109: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6055: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6018: 6014: 6001: 5997: 5977: 5973: 5960: 5956: 5944: 5940: 5929:"StephenMBland" 5927: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5839:. 28 April 2006 5831: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5765:. 26 April 2006 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5713:on 11 July 2007 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5687:on 23 July 2011 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5574: 5570: 5564:Wayback Machine 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5292: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5244:. 22 March 2015 5234: 5230: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5129:BIKEPACKING.com 5123: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5097:Russian blogger 5091:Daniil, Timin. 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4989: 4985: 4974: 4970: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4903: 4897:Wayback Machine 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4732: 4728: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4616: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4486:(S1): 213–217. 4476: 4472: 4461: 4454: 4433:(S1): 207–211. 4423: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4338: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4267: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4058: 4034: 4027: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829: 3812: 3807:Wayback Machine 3794: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3743: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3717: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3612: 3608: 3601:Wayback Machine 3590: 3565: 3559: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3470: 3466: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3402: 3398: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3191:on 15 June 2011 3188: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3094:on 29 June 2012 3082: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2762:Ivan Kondratyev 2712: 2624: 2595: 2583: 2557: 2544: 2530: 2497: 2488: 2399: 2330: 2268: 2261: 2249: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2212: 2203: 2191: 1968:Han–Xiongnu War 1937: 1876: 1823: 1754: 1693:Acanthogammarus 1631: 1583: 1571:Baikal sturgeon 1458:Two species of 1452: 1428:Mongolian gulls 1421: 1297:Mustela erminea 1234: 1229: 1126:vascular plants 1111: 1083: 1081:Fauna and flora 1076: 1069: 1060: 1054: 1045: 1042: 1033: 1026: 991:Lake Tanganyika 974: 967: 960: 951: 941: 932: 926: 917: 914: 905: 899: 848:Primorsky Range 754: 582: 578: 557: 536: 532: 469: 317: countries 270:Primary inflows 241:53.500; 108.000 240: 238: 234: 231: 226: 223: 221: 219: 218: 188: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 174: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 148: 144: 127: 126: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 118: 114: 92: 80: 71: 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6688: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6500:Uvs Nuur Basin 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6369:Wrangel Island 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6219:External links 6217: 6216: 6215: 6204:"Baikal" 6195: 6184:"Baikal" 6178: 6164: 6162:978-0704300866 6150:Leonid Borodin 6147: 6144:978-0060953737 6129: 6127:978-3737561020 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6092: 6070: 6049: 6029: 6012: 5995: 5980:Tooke, William 5971: 5954: 5938: 5920: 5906: 5881: 5850: 5824: 5798: 5776: 5750: 5724: 5698: 5672: 5646: 5620: 5594: 5568: 5549: 5527: 5501: 5479: 5452: 5439: 5432: 5414: 5378: 5352: 5341:. 1 April 2019 5326: 5312: 5286: 5272: 5246: 5228: 5210: 5142: 5116: 5102: 5083: 5054: 5024: 4998: 4983: 4968: 4930: 4919:. 29 July 2008 4901: 4882: 4856: 4832: 4823: 4801: 4794: 4776: 4769: 4751: 4744: 4726: 4712:, pp. 81–110. 4701: 4694: 4676: 4666: 4655: 4610: 4597: 4579: 4563: 4543: 4518: 4505: 4470: 4452: 4412: 4392: 4372: 4352: 4325: 4314: 4303: 4292: 4281: 4265: 4250: 4234: 4223: 4197: 4182: 4167: 4148:Froese, Rainer 4139: 4124: 4115: 4088:(1): 143–155. 4072: 4056: 4037:Froese, Rainer 4025: 4006:Froese, Rainer 3994: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3911:www.zooeco.com 3898: 3885: 3863: 3848: 3841: 3810: 3788: 3770: 3734: 3719:Gurulev, S.A. 3700: 3678: 3653: 3631: 3624: 3606: 3563: 3557: 3531: 3505: 3486:(7): 631–634. 3464: 3438:Marine Geology 3427: 3414: 3396: 3379: 3353: 3331: 3284: 3250: 3227: 3202: 3160: 3149:. 26 July 2017 3129: 3105: 3072: 3065: 3047: 3040: 3022: 3015: 2997: 2975: 2944: 2931: 2913: 2894:M.A. Grachev. 2886: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2816:Siberia portal 2805: 2789: 2786: 2766: 2765: 2744: 2678:Semyon Remezov 2638:(Lake Baikal). 2623: 2620: 2594: 2591: 2582: 2579: 2556: 2553: 2540:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2455:Barguzin Range 2398: 2395: 2386:resort Khakusy 2368:site in 1996. 2366:World Heritage 2329: 2326: 2311:Vladimir Putin 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2192: 2185: 2179:F.K. Drizhenko 1936: 1933: 1918:L. baikalensis 1914:Baikalospongia 1884:Lubomirskiidae 1875: 1872: 1822: 1819: 1770:Lithoglyphidae 1753: 1750: 1710:The number of 1666:Abyssogammarus 1630: 1627: 1582: 1579: 1567:T. brevipinnis 1550:C. baicalensis 1539:), an endemic 1478:Abyssocottidae 1470:T. brevipinnis 1451: 1448: 1420: 1417: 1409:European bison 1313:Panthera uncia 1301:Eurasian otter 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1211:species, both 1110: 1107: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1055: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1027: 1020: 973: 970: 969: 968: 961: 954: 952: 942: 935: 933: 927: 920: 918: 915: 908: 906: 900: 893: 844:Barguzin Range 753: 750: 700:North American 524: 523: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 503: 502: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 443:Severobaykalsk 440: 436: 435: 428: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 402: 401: 398: 394: 393: 390: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 336: 332: 331: 328: 327: 318: 311: 310: 307: 305:Catchment area 301: 300: 295: 287: 286: 273: 265: 264: 255: 249: 248: 216: 210: 209: 203: 199: 198: 190: 189: 176: 175: 168: 167: 161: 160: 159: 158: 146: 145: 138: 137: 131: 130: 129: 128: 116: 115: 108: 107: 101: 100: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 82: 81: 79: 78: 63: 47: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6687: 6676: 6675:Yenisei basin 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6600:Ancient lakes 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546:Kazan Kremlin 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6410:Curonian Spit 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6176:9781439140253 6173: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132:Colin Thubron 6130: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6102:. karaoke.ru 6101: 6096: 6080: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5934: 5933:StephenMBland 5930: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5786: 5780: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5489: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5367: 5366:New Scientist 5363: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5131:. 18 May 2020 5130: 5126: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033:"Lake Baikal" 5028: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4941: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4844: 4836: 4827: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4540:1-4020-3745-7 4537: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Hydrobiologia 4474: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427:Hydrobiologia 4421: 4419: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3944: 3942:0-691-02430-8 3938: 3934: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3688: 3687:"Baikal seal" 3682: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3238: 3231: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3167: 3165: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2986:. geology.com 2985: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2806: 2803: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737:) is about a 2730: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701:Lake Khövsgöl 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2658: 2647: 2645: 2644:Kurbat Ivanov 2637: 2633: 2628: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2597:According to 2590: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2422:and Zamogoy. 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:Olkhon Island 2403: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2201:Olkhon Island 2198: 2195: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:Selenge River 2096: 2094: 2090: 2089:Olkhon Island 2086: 2085:Kurbat Ivanov 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045:Pyotr Beketov 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 2000:Kurbat Ivanov 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1909:B. intermedia 1905: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821:Aquatic worms 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1782:sunlight zone 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768:(part of the 1767: 1766:Benedictiinae 1763: 1760:(part of the 1759: 1749: 1747: 1746:Cytherideidae 1743: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1720:Baicalasellus 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1660:Macrohectopus 1656: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613:crustaceans, 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1581:Invertebrates 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1414: 1413:Bison bonasus 1410: 1406: 1403:). Until the 1402: 1401:Lepus timidus 1398: 1397:mountain hare 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281:Vulpes vulpes 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Eurasian wolf 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1254:Pusa sibirica 1251: 1247: 1238: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135:Ceratophyllum 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1115:marsh thistle 1106: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1087: 1074: 1073:Selenga River 1071:Delta of the 1067: 1062: 1059: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 988: 978: 965: 958: 953: 950: 946: 939: 934: 931: 924: 919: 912: 907: 904: 903:Olkhon Island 897: 892: 891: 890: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 829: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 775: 770: 763: 758: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:Transbaikalia 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 701: 697: 696:surface water 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 615: 610: 605: 599: 590: 586: 585: 572: 530: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 489: 486: 482: 478: 476: 472: 468: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 433: 432:Olkhon Island 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 389: 385: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 361:Average depth 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 326: 322: 319: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 299: 296: 294: 288: 285: 281: 277: 274: 272: 266: 263: 259: 256: 254: 250: 245: 217: 211: 207: 204: 200: 196: 191: 165: 135: 105: 95: 88: 83: 75: 64: 60: 49: 48: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6569:Shared with 6563:Shared with 6489: 6420:Kizhi Pogost 6402:Northwestern 6359:Lena Pillars 6348: 6208: 6188: 6167: 6153: 6135: 6118: 6104:(in Russian) 6095: 6083:. Retrieved 6081:. Karaoke.ru 6073: 6059: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6015: 6003: 5998: 5984: 5974: 5957: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5909: 5897:. Retrieved 5893: 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5868:the original 5841:. Retrieved 5836: 5827: 5815:. Retrieved 5811:the original 5801: 5789:. Retrieved 5787:. BizTorg.ru 5779: 5767:. Retrieved 5762: 5753: 5741:. Retrieved 5737:the original 5727: 5715:. Retrieved 5711:the original 5701: 5689:. Retrieved 5685:the original 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5659:the original 5649: 5637:. Retrieved 5633:the original 5623: 5611:. Retrieved 5607: 5597: 5585:. Retrieved 5581: 5571: 5552: 5540:. Retrieved 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5514: 5504: 5492:. Retrieved 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5466:The Guardian 5465: 5455: 5442: 5423: 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5394:The Guardian 5393: 5369:. Retrieved 5365: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5338: 5329: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5299: 5289: 5275: 5263:. Retrieved 5259:the original 5249: 5239: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5160: 5156: 5145: 5133:. Retrieved 5128: 5119: 5105: 5096: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5070: 5045:. Retrieved 5041:the original 5036: 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5011:the original 5001: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4944:. Retrieved 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4916: 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4869:the original 4859: 4847:. Retrieved 4835: 4826: 4814:. Retrieved 4804: 4785: 4779: 4760: 4754: 4735: 4729: 4709: 4704: 4685: 4679: 4669: 4658: 4632:. Retrieved 4624: 4613: 4605: 4600: 4592: 4551: 4546: 4531: 4513: 4508: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4463: 4430: 4426: 4400: 4395: 4380: 4375: 4360: 4355: 4340: 4317: 4306: 4295: 4284: 4276: 4258: 4253: 4245: 4226: 4214:. Retrieved 4210:the original 4200: 4190: 4185: 4175: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4118: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4048: 4042: 4017: 4011: 3985:. Retrieved 3971: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3932: 3926: 3914:. Retrieved 3910: 3901: 3888: 3876:. Retrieved 3874:. bww.irk.ru 3866: 3857: 3851: 3832: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3757:(1): 19–27. 3754: 3750: 3725:. Retrieved 3723:. bww.irk.ru 3691:. Retrieved 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3667:. bww.irk.ru 3644:. Retrieved 3634: 3615: 3609: 3594:Lake Baikal. 3592: 3540: 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3518:the original 3508: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3421:M.I. Kuzmin 3417: 3399: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3366: 3356: 3344:. Retrieved 3334: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3275:. Retrieved 3270: 3266: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3212: 3205: 3193:. Retrieved 3186:the original 3180: 3151:. Retrieved 3147:ScienceDaily 3146: 3120:. Retrieved 3096:. Retrieved 3092:the original 3056: 3050: 3031: 3025: 3006: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2978: 2966:. Retrieved 2962:the original 2939: 2934: 2924: 2916: 2904:. Retrieved 2900:the original 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2873:the original 2802:Lakes portal 2773: 2767: 2748:The Wanderer 2738: 2722: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2689: 2681: 2670: 2667:Ozero Baikal 2666: 2662:озеро Байкал 2656: 2648: 2641: 2636:Ozero Baikal 2635: 2631: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2565:river Angara 2558: 2545: 2518: 2506: 2489: 2477: 2459: 2451:Baikal Range 2448: 2436: 2424: 2408: 2391: 2382: 2343: 2316:Since 1993, 2315: 2287:submersibles 2284: 2277: 2245: 2215: 2214:Russian map 2176: 2146:between the 2121: 2107: 2097: 2093:Upper Angara 2070: 2062: 2048: 2030: 2026:Demid Pyanda 2015: 2011:Tang dynasty 2004: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1961: 1944: 1938: 1929:zoochlorella 1925:chlorophytes 1917: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1888:Spongillidae 1877: 1864: 1853: 1847: 1827:oligochaetes 1824: 1792: 1785: 1755: 1731: 1724: 1709: 1697:Brachyuropus 1696: 1692: 1684:Pachyschesis 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1638: 1623:turbellarian 1604: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1548: 1536: 1530: 1520: 1502:C. dybowskii 1501: 1497: 1482:Comephoridae 1475: 1469: 1463: 1433: 1412: 1400: 1392: 1384: 1376: 1368: 1365:red squirrel 1360: 1352: 1344: 1336: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1309:snow leopard 1304: 1296: 1288: 1280: 1272: 1265:Ursus arctos 1264: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1190:Aegagrophila 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1160: 1151: 1145: 1141:Myriophyllum 1139: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1099:biodiversity 1096: 1015: 1007: 999: 983: 888: 868:Upper Angara 837: 833:gas hydrates 830: 821:ancient lake 818: 794: 779: 711: 677:deepest lake 658: 641:between the 626:Baigal dalai 618:Байгал далай 604:Ozero Baykal 593:Озеро Байкал 528: 527: 509:8,800,000 ha 455:Ust-Barguzin 397:Shore length 378:Water volume 352:Surface area 284:Upper Angara 258:Ancient lake 67:Байгал далай 52:Озеро Байкал 36: 6595:Lake Baikal 6490:Lake Baikal 6349:Lake Baikal 6336:Far Eastern 6235:Lake Baikal 6023:Imago mundi 5894:eng.iuec.ru 5807:"New route" 5629:"Transneft" 5520:10 December 5407:17 December 5371:14 February 5345:14 February 5047:23 February 4875:7 September 4634:24 November 4573:Baikal.ru: 4465:Gastropoda. 4462:Baikal.ru: 4189:Baikal.ru: 4174:Baikal.ru: 3987:12 November 3858:Baikal seal 3689:. baikal.ru 3445:(1): 1–21. 2758:Transbaikal 2690:Maloye More 2657:More Baikal 2652:море Байкал 2632:More Baikal 2462:Baikal seal 2428:Baikal seal 2420:Ogoy Island 2259:icebreakers 2250: [ 2172:Irkutsk Dam 2160:hypothermia 2158:and deadly 2136:Port Baikal 2132:train ferry 2081:Vitim River 2041:Krasnoyarsk 1988:Baygal nuur 1972:Han dynasty 1951:ca. 24,000 1843:undescribed 1835:polychaetes 1811:Sphaeriidae 1789:baicalensis 1774:Planorbidae 1762:Amnicolidae 1758:Baicaliinae 1727:cladocerans 1647:ice fishing 1596:zooplankton 1440:Baikal teal 1321:Alces alces 1305:Lutra lutra 1246:Baikal seal 1240:Baikal seal 1167:green algae 1147:Potamogeton 1130:macrophytes 1091:Baikal seal 985:distinctly 797:earthquakes 707:oldest lake 703:Great Lakes 673:Caspian Sea 529:Lake Baikal 497:1996 (20th 494:Inscription 439:Settlements 420:January–May 335:Max. length 239: / 214:Coordinates 177:Lake Baikal 147:Lake Baikal 117:Lake Baikal 42:Lake Baikal 18:Baikal Lake 6655:Rift lakes 6589:Categories 6392:Naryn-Kala 6306:Red Square 6136:In Siberia 5967:0904180123 5843:4 December 5817:21 October 5791:21 October 5769:21 October 5691:21 October 5665:21 October 5639:21 October 5305:26 October 5300:GeoHistory 5135:18 January 5076:4 December 4066:FishBase: 3524:21 October 3372:16 January 3346:13 January 3153:16 January 2845:References 2770:theme song 2694:Little Sea 2397:Ecotourism 2354:Listvyanka 2144:engagement 2104:Ulan Bator 2077:Olyokminsk 2073:Lena River 1807:Pisidiidae 1803:Euglesidae 1787:Benedictia 1778:Valvatidae 1742:Candonidae 1734:Tanganyika 1678:Micruropus 1672:Garjajewia 1637:A "giant" 1621:worms and 1494:golomyanka 1395:sp.), and 1361:Sus scrofa 1261:brown bear 1217:planktonic 1196:Cladophora 1178:Tetraspora 1153:Sparganium 1058:convection 987:stratified 962:The river 878:, and the 825:geological 792:on Earth. 728:, cattle, 692:freshwater 671:after the 581:, -⁠ 447:Slyudyanka 369:Max. depth 343:Max. width 6571:Lithuania 6121:. Amazon 6085:2 January 5874:2 January 5717:7 January 5613:13 August 5587:13 August 5542:2 January 5494:2 January 5472:2 January 5402:0261-3077 5187:1932-6203 4849:2 January 4816:2 January 4216:2 January 3326:1040-6182 3304:: 45–52. 3122:5 October 3098:3 January 2990:18 August 2968:7 January 2646:in 1643. 2548:Transneft 2156:frostbite 2117:Nerchinsk 2022:Yeniseysk 2002:in 1643. 1984:Four Seas 1922:symbiotic 1839:nematodes 1815:Unionidae 1716:Asellidae 1689:amphipods 1541:whitefish 1490:Cottoidea 1436:waterfowl 1430:on Baikal 1357:wild boar 1221:taxonomic 1032:satellite 1030:OrbView-2 995:Black Sea 880:Snezhnaya 814:Cape Ryty 748:in 1996. 631:rift lake 598:romanized 484:Reference 392:330 years 253:Lake type 6565:Mongolia 6510:Southern 6477:Siberian 6467:Kenozero 6152:(1988), 6134:(2000), 5982:(1800). 5837:BBC News 5763:BBC News 5743:3 August 5560:Archived 5468:. London 5265:10 March 5223:BBC News 5205:33206655 5157:PLOS ONE 5071:BBC News 4956:cite web 4917:BBC News 4893:Archived 4674:179–188. 4644:cite web 4500:22330810 4447:35020631 4161:FishBase 4110:12679079 4050:FishBase 4019:FishBase 3803:Archived 3597:Archived 3277:9 August 3243:9 August 3220:9 August 3195:9 August 2921:"Baikal" 2788:See also 2513:chlorine 2434:on ice. 2318:neutrino 2266:Research 2152:Red Army 2150:and the 2140:Mysovaya 1957:Kurykans 1941:Baikalia 1850:flatworm 1705:detritus 1611:ostracod 1607:amphipod 1460:grayling 1389:lemmings 1333:reindeer 1205:Ulothrix 1184:Ulothrix 1003:hummocks 993:and the 864:Barguzin 835:exists. 786:sediment 738:Baikalia 475:Criteria 451:Baykalsk 321:Mongolia 280:Barguzin 208:, Russia 202:Location 6541:Bolghar 6300:Kremlin 6287:Central 6047:, p. 4. 5899:19 June 5196:7673519 5165:Bibcode 5017:30 July 4923:4 April 4090:Bibcode 3916:30 June 3646:5 March 3488:Bibcode 3479:Geology 3447:Bibcode 3412:, 2007. 3306:Bibcode 3273:: 66–78 2778:(1947; 2753:Бродяга 2740:katorga 2717:Daouria 2673:Avvakum 2561:Angarsk 2480:Khuzhir 2416:Khuzhir 2378:Angarsk 2374:uranium 2370:Rosatom 2346:Irkutsk 2328:Economy 2108:ostrog 2055:tribute 2009:of the 1992:Bay göl 1964:Xiongnu 1935:History 1892:benthic 1880:sponges 1874:Sponges 1831:leeches 1799:Bivalve 1712:isopods 1655:ecology 1625:worms: 1619:annelid 1600:biomass 1587:copepod 1569:), and 1525:endemic 1506:biomass 1385:Marmota 1381:marmots 1277:red fox 1232:Mammals 1213:benthic 1103:endemic 860:Selenga 810:Yenisey 762:Yenisey 718:endemic 689:largest 685:fathoms 669:Eurasia 661:Belgium 647:Irkutsk 635:Siberia 600:: 589:Russian 499:Session 426:Islands 276:Selenga 227:108°0′E 224:53°30′N 206:Siberia 59:Russian 6174: 6160: 6142: 6125: 6043: 5965: 5430: 5400: 5203: 5193: 5185: 4946:4 June 4792: 4767: 4742: 4720: 4692: 4538: 4498: 4445: 4108: 3939: 3878:9 June 3839: 3727:8 June 3693:9 June 3671:8 June 3622: 3555: 3423:et al. 3324: 3182:Russia 3063: 3038: 3013: 2906:9 July 2879:9 July 2686:Olkhon 2587:Kultuk 2522:lignin 2303:Pisces 2247:Angara 2197:shaman 2194:Buryat 2064:ostrog 2059:Bratsk 2037:Tungus 1980:Běihǎi 1976:hanhai 1906:, and 1809:, and 1764:) and 1553:. The 1545:smoked 1393:Lemmus 1387:sp.), 1209:diatom 1199:, and 1181:, and 1156:. The 1150:, and 884:Angara 874:, the 870:, the 866:, the 862:, the 856:Olkhon 806:Angara 742:UNESCO 726:camels 722:Buryat 714:plants 683:; 898 650:Oblast 639:Russia 614:Buryat 417:Frozen 325:Russia 298:Angara 74:Buryat 70: 55: 6528:Volga 6239:Vimeo 4625:WoRMS 4496:S2CID 4443:S2CID 3263:(PDF) 3189:(PDF) 3177:(PDF) 2840:Notes 2615:algae 2295:Mir-2 2291:Mir-1 2254:] 2216:circa 2113:Chita 2050:yasak 1523:) is 1419:Birds 1317:moose 1293:stoat 1285:sable 1250:nerpa 1227:Fauna 1109:Flora 964:Turka 876:Sarma 872:Turka 852:taiga 730:sheep 315:Basin 6172:ISBN 6158:ISBN 6140:ISBN 6123:ISBN 6087:2012 6041:ISBN 5963:ISBN 5901:2018 5876:2012 5845:2007 5819:2006 5793:2006 5771:2006 5745:2007 5719:2007 5693:2006 5667:2006 5641:2006 5615:2022 5589:2022 5544:2012 5522:2011 5496:2012 5474:2012 5428:ISBN 5409:2019 5398:ISSN 5373:2021 5347:2021 5307:2019 5267:2019 5201:PMID 5183:ISSN 5137:2021 5078:2007 5049:2014 5019:2008 4962:link 4948:2009 4925:2010 4877:2010 4851:2012 4818:2012 4790:ISBN 4765:ISBN 4740:ISBN 4718:ISBN 4690:ISBN 4650:link 4636:2021 4536:ISBN 4218:2012 4106:PMID 3989:2021 3972:2016 3937:ISBN 3918:2018 3880:2017 3837:ISBN 3729:2017 3695:2017 3673:2017 3648:2018 3620:ISBN 3553:ISBN 3526:2006 3374:2024 3348:2007 3322:ISSN 3279:2009 3245:2009 3222:2009 3197:2009 3155:2018 3124:2012 3100:2016 3061:ISBN 3036:ISBN 3011:ISBN 2992:2007 2970:2007 2908:2009 2881:2009 2606:Vice 2603:and 2507:The 2432:yurt 2338:omul 2293:and 2122:The 2115:and 1945:MA-1 1791:and 1776:and 1695:and 1669:and 1609:and 1533:omul 1517:omul 1515:The 1500:and 1468:and 1450:Fish 1442:and 1244:The 1215:and 1089:The 790:rift 760:The 681:feet 579:KAHL 506:Area 430:27 ( 323:and 6303:and 6277:by 6237:on 6065:385 5990:203 5191:PMC 5173:doi 4556:doi 4488:doi 4484:568 4435:doi 4431:568 4405:doi 4385:doi 4365:doi 4345:doi 4098:doi 3976:doi 3759:doi 3545:doi 3496:doi 3455:doi 3443:172 3406:doi 3389:doi 3314:doi 3302:284 3271:104 2784:). 2750:" ( 2731:" ( 2696:". 2613:of 2199:on 2138:to 1561:), 1379:), 1371:), 1363:), 1355:), 1347:), 1339:), 1331:), 1325:elk 1323:), 1315:), 1307:), 1299:), 1291:), 1283:), 1275:), 1267:), 1248:or 823:in 645:of 583:KAL 577:by- 488:754 6591:: 6207:. 6187:. 6138:, 6039:, 5931:. 5892:. 5853:^ 5835:. 5761:. 5606:. 5580:. 5513:. 5464:. 5392:. 5381:^ 5364:. 5337:. 5298:. 5238:. 5221:. 5199:. 5189:. 5181:. 5171:. 5161:15 5159:. 5155:. 5127:. 5095:. 5069:. 5057:^ 5035:. 4958:}} 4954:{{ 4915:. 4904:^ 4716:. 4646:}} 4642:{{ 4627:. 4623:. 4582:^ 4566:^ 4521:^ 4494:. 4482:. 4455:^ 4441:. 4429:. 4415:^ 4328:^ 4268:^ 4237:^ 4158:. 4104:. 4096:. 4086:27 4084:. 4059:^ 4047:. 4028:^ 4016:. 3997:^ 3970:. 3964:. 3909:. 3813:^ 3773:^ 3755:12 3753:. 3749:. 3737:^ 3703:^ 3656:^ 3566:^ 3551:, 3494:. 3484:30 3482:. 3476:. 3453:. 3441:. 3365:. 3320:. 3312:. 3296:. 3269:. 3265:. 3163:^ 3145:. 3132:^ 3108:^ 3086:. 3075:^ 2947:^ 2923:. 2852:^ 2665:, 2655:, 2380:. 2313:. 2289:, 2252:ru 2119:. 1959:. 1953:BP 1900:, 1845:. 1805:, 1797:. 1738:c. 1617:, 1193:, 1175:, 1144:, 1138:, 1105:. 997:. 947:, 886:. 772:A 740:. 637:, 620:, 616:: 612:; 595:, 591:: 587:; 556:,- 550:ɑː 541:aɪ 453:, 449:, 445:, 282:, 278:, 260:, 6267:e 6260:t 6253:v 6089:. 6067:. 6010:) 6006:( 5992:. 5969:. 5952:. 5935:. 5903:. 5878:. 5847:. 5821:. 5795:. 5773:. 5747:. 5721:. 5695:. 5669:. 5643:. 5617:. 5591:. 5546:. 5524:. 5498:. 5476:. 5436:. 5411:. 5375:. 5349:. 5309:. 5269:. 5207:. 5175:: 5167:: 5139:. 5099:. 5080:. 5051:. 5021:. 4995:. 4980:. 4964:) 4950:. 4927:. 4879:. 4853:. 4820:. 4798:. 4773:. 4748:. 4724:. 4698:. 4652:) 4638:. 4558:: 4502:. 4490:: 4449:. 4437:: 4407:: 4387:: 4367:: 4347:: 4220:. 4164:. 4156:" 4152:" 4112:. 4100:: 4092:: 4053:. 4045:" 4041:" 4022:. 4014:" 4010:" 3991:. 3978:: 3962:" 3958:" 3945:. 3920:. 3882:. 3845:. 3767:. 3761:: 3731:. 3697:. 3675:. 3650:. 3628:. 3547:: 3528:. 3502:. 3498:: 3490:: 3461:. 3457:: 3449:: 3408:: 3391:: 3376:. 3350:. 3328:. 3316:: 3308:: 3281:. 3247:. 3224:. 3199:. 3157:. 3126:. 3102:. 3069:. 3044:. 3019:. 2994:. 2972:. 2929:. 2910:. 2883:. 2764:. 2746:" 2727:" 2713:' 2053:( 1927:( 1699:( 1641:( 1573:( 1565:( 1557:( 1535:( 1519:( 1496:( 1462:( 1411:( 1399:( 1391:( 1383:( 1375:( 1367:( 1359:( 1351:( 1343:( 1335:( 1327:( 1319:( 1311:( 1303:( 1295:( 1287:( 1279:( 1271:( 1263:( 1252:( 1117:( 571:/ 568:l 565:æ 562:k 559:ˈ 553:l 547:k 544:ˈ 538:b 535:/ 531:( 522:. 501:) 434:) 76:) 72:( 61:) 57:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index