1307:
921:
820:
1089:
334:
2644:
317:
1065:
649:
1932:
trough as far as the next bend westwards at Kala Wamar. The western slopes of this range drain to the Oxus either northwestwards, by the Kokcha and the Ragh, or else they twist their streams into the Shiwa, which runs due north across Darwaz. Here again the main routes which traverse the country follow the rivers closely. The valleys are narrow, but fertile and populous. The mountains are rugged and difficult; but there is much world-famous beauty of scenery, and almost phenomenal agricultural wealth in the valleys of
1446:. The instigator of the murder had been fascinated by the extraordinary beauty of the wife of Mir Yar Beg, and was impelled by his passion for the lady to accomplish the death of her husband. On his death Sulaiman Beg took possession of Fayzabad and married his widow. Mir Ahmad Shah discovered that the murder of Yar Beg was instigated by Sulaiman Beg with the object of possessing his wife, and advancing against him, expelled him from Faizabad,A of which he took possession himself. He then wrote to
356:
913:'s mother had been killed by Shah Abul Ma'ali. Mirza Sulaiman went to Kabul, and had Abul Ma'ali hanged; he then had his own daughter married to Mirza Muhammad Hakim, and appointed Umed Ali, a Badakhshan noble, as Mirza Muhammad Hakim's agent in 1563. But Mirza Muhammad Hakim did not go on well with Mirza Sulaiman, who returned next year to Kabul with hostile intentions; but Mirza Muhammad Hakim fled Fayzabad and asked Akbar for assistance, so that Mirza Sulaiman, though he had taken
760:
minerals, learned how to melt metals to make iron stronger, and began to produce weapons and household items. On this basis, handicrafts developed, and new and large camps were built. Other production activities, such as agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, the emergence of horses and carts, road construction, etc., accelerated the division of society into classes. The construction of shields, sickles, axes, pickaxes, and shovels flourished during this period of bronze.
2792:
2775:
2758:
362:
301:
35:
2676:
2627:
2610:
340:
285:
2726:
2710:
1702:
2416:
177:
2257:
569:
2697:
1010:, who had long wished to annex Badakhshan. He invaded and took the country in 1584; Shahrukh fled to the Mughal Empire, and Mirza Sulaiman to Kabul. As he could not recover Badakhshan for himself, and was rendered destitute by the death of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, he followed the example of his grandson, and repaired to the court of Akbar who made him a commander of six thousand. He lived out his life at Akbar's court in
2742:
2689:
2660:
274:
964:; but she refused to go. As soon as Shahrukh had grown up, his mother and some Badakhshi nobles excited him to rebel against his grandfather Mirza Sulaiman. This he did, alternately rebelling and again making peace. Khurram Begum then died. Shahrukh took away those parts of Badakhshan which his father had held, and found so many adherents, that Mirza Sulaiman, pretending to go on a pilgrimage to
1359:(lower Chitral) by being pushed down a precipice. Mir Muhammad Murad Beg, taking advantage of this situation, took Badakhshan by occupying Fayzabad. But despite invading Badakhshan Mir Muhammad Murad Beg had little to no control over it. In fact Badakhshan was now contested by again by Mir Yar Beg, Sikandar Shah, Shahzada Mahmud, Abdul Ghazi Khan and Shah Suliman Beg, who were in exile at
998:. When the death of that monarch deprived him of the assistance which he had just received, he went to Muzaffar Husain Mirza at Kandahar, and then to Mirza Muhammad Hakim at Kabul. Not succeeding in raising disturbances in Kabul, he made for the frontier of Badakhshan, and luckily finding some adherents, he managed to get from his grandson the territory between Taiqan and the
728:, precious stones and rubies were transported to all corners of the Middle East for sale. Jewelry and clothing decorated with rubies from the 3rd millennium BC have been discovered in Southeast Asia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Iran, Indo-China, and even in Western countries. At that time, the presence of Badakhshan laurel in India (
1859:
to the west. The Hindu Kush represents the southern edge of a great central upheaval or plateau. It breaks up into long spurs southwards, among which are hidden the valleys of
Nuristan, almost isolated from each other by the rugged and snow-capped altitudes which divide them. To the north the plateau
1502:
to establish friendly relations. However, peace did not last long, as Dost
Muhammad Khan died and his sons began to fight for the throne. Eventually Mir Jahandar Shah was forced to take the side of Sher Ali Khan and Muhammad Azam Khan (who was now married to Mir Jahandar Shah's daughter as well). But
1419:
The son Dost
Muhammad Khan was then a beardless youth and Nasrullah Khan coveted him. The Afghan pride of Sher Ali was however inflamed and he informed his father and brothers of the insulting desire of Nasrullah Khan. Dost Muhammad Khan then decided to leave the Emirate of Bukhara but found himself
747:. In the Stone Age, construction of new clay huts in Badakhshan began. Later, in the Neolithic period, the tribes of the Middle East, including the Badakhshans, used wooden gates with their heels running over stone holes. Scientists also attribute the appearance of a window for smoke and light to the
1661:
The following were the chief provincial subdivisions of
Badakhshan, omitting Rushan and Shugnan: on the west Rustak, Kataghan, Ghori, Narin and Anderab; on the north Darwaz, Ragh and Shiwa; on the east Charan, Ishkashim, Zebak and Wakhan; and in the center, Faizabad, Farkhar, Minjan and Kishm. There
1458:
to drive them out of Rustak. The letter did not reach its destination but fell by some means into hands of Mir Shah who forwarded it to
Sulaiman Shah and invited him to a consultation at Rustak. The chiefs then united and marched against Mir Ahmad Shah, who was expelled to Kunduz. A new distribution
1243:
Immediately Mir
Muhammad Shah was engaged in hostilities with Jalal ud din Chief of Shighnan, who rebelled and held out in the fort till Mir Muhammad Shah invested it and he submitted. By clemency of the victor he was reinstated as Chief of Fayzabad. In same year Shah Abul Faiz, son of Shah Shuja of
1230:
and
Kashmir, Mizrab Bi, grandson of Muhammad Bi (the old Chief of Kunduz) united with the Chief of Kubab to attack Kabad Khan, seized him and gave him to Mir Muhammad Shah, who put him to death to avenge his father Mir Muhammad Shah. He returned to Badakhshan to find throne occupied by Bahadur Shah,
1634:
So far as the northern boundary followed the Oxus stream, under the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush, it was only separated by the length of these slopes (some 8 or 10 miles) from the southern boundary along the crest. Thus
Badakhshan reached out an arm into the Pamirs eastwards - bottle-shaped -
1554:
began, with the
Russians instigating the Emirate of Bukhara to claim certain territories of Afghanistan and the British recognizing Afghanistan's claim to the disputed territories. Badakhshan's boundaries were decided by the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1873, which expressly acknowledged "Badakhshan
1931:
A very remarkable meridional range extends for 100 miles northwards from the Hindu Kush (it is across this range that the route from Zebak to
Ishkashim lies), which determines the great bend of the Oxus river northwards from Ishkashim, and narrows the valley of that river into the formation of a
1519:
against Mir Jahandar Shah and defeated him. After the flight of Mir Jahandar Shah the country was divided. Mir Jahandar Shah sought refuge in Kabul, where he was restored a year afterwards to his ancestral throne by the influence of Abdur Rahman Khan, son of the Mohammad Afzal Khan, and by his
759:
in Badakhshan, from the 3rd millennium BC to the 9th-8th centuries BC, was the most important historical stage of development and evolution. The development of productive forces and significant changes in the social system took place during this period. People learned the production and use of
1489:
Ruler of Badakhshan, children and successors, agree to remain firm in allegiance to Amir of Kabul and officers in Balkh not to join foreign enemy against Amir of Kabul. Ruler of Badakhshan to furnish suitable contingent in difficulty and to aid Amir of Kabul and to give annual
920:
1235:
and took Fayzabad. Mir Muhammad Shah fled to Chiab. In two years, Bahadur Shah was put to death by an agent of the Shighnan Chief named Bahadur, who took the throne. Muhammad Shah repeatedly attempted to expel him. But aid was refused him by the Shighnan Chief and
1895:
found to be a considerable stream where it approaches the Hindu Kush close under the Dorab. Like the Kunduz, it probably drains the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush by deep lateral valleys, more or less parallel to the crest, reaching westwards towards the
1290:
on pretence of avenging their wrongs attacked Khodai Nazar Beg and drove him from Kunduz. His avarice caused him to occupy the country himself. Darab Bi's sons wandered to Badakhshan and Balkh Aliwardi Beg did not long enjoy fruits of treachery. In 1795,
1323:
succeeded as mir of Badakhshan after his father Mir Muhammad Shah's death in 1810. He remained friendly with his neighbors and the country prospered. He recovered arrears of taxes from Chinese settlers and levied payment in advance. In 1814 he invaded
1231:
son of a former Chief who had taken Faizabad during the captivity of Mir Muhammad Shah in Kunduz. Bahadur Shah was deposed and the rightful owner recovered the throne. Fortune frowned again on Mir Muhammad Shah. Bahadur Shah obtained aid of the
1213:, son of Sultan Shah, escaped and retired to Tang i Nau from whence later he attacked Faizabad, put to death his youngest brother Nasarullah Khan Chief of that place under the government of Kabul, and took the Kingdom. His father's old enemy
1498:. He too would get involved in various intrigues in the region as well as issues of succession in his neighborhood, taking one side or the other. In 1865, Mir Jahandar Shah sent his ambassador Syed Muhammad to the British Commissioner in
1225:
and were joined by Kabad Khan in person. Muhammad Shah submitted and was detained at Kunduz for two years. After that fortune turned against Kabad Khan. Throwing off his allegiance to Kabul when Timur Shah Durrani was marching against
1520:
popularity. His rival Mahmud Shah left without a struggle in October 1868. Mir Jahandar Shah of Badakhshan never asked forgiveness for the hostilities to Amir Sher Ali Khan with Azam Khan and failed to wait on Governor of Balkh at
1527:
Sher Ali in October 1869 invited Mizrad Shah, Muhammad Shah and Ibrahim, deposed chiefs of Badakhshan and restored them. Mir Jahandar Shah fled to Kulab. In December 1869, Mir Jahandar Shah left the camp of Emir of Bukhara in
1650:
extension westwards, and the river throughout became the boundary between Russian and Afghan territory; the political boundaries of those provinces and those of Wakhan were no longer coincident with their geographical limits.
1485:(son of Dost Muhammad Khan) with presents and an offer of submission. Mir Shah betrothed his niece (daughter of his brother Nizam-ud-din Khan) to Muhammad Azam Khan. A treaty was made with the Muhammad Azam Khan as follows:
1355:. Mir Muhammad Murad Beg and Kokan Beg often fought with each other over territory inconclusively while battling against rebels in their own respective territories for years. Kokan Beg would be assassinated by his ally in
751:
period. Archaeologists call the Neolithic artifacts in Takharistan (Badakhshan) in the historical literature "Mountain Neolithic of Hissar culture". This civilization lasted from the 6th to the 3rd millennium BC.
1729:
took over. From April 1920, the vacuum of power was filled by an attempt to establish Bukharan rule until June 1920, when the Bukharans were expelled by local forces, Bolshevik rule was restored: the Stalinist
1159:, who, supported by Khizri Beg, advanced on Faizabad and besieged it. Sultan Shah was taken prisoner. The Kunduz chief, unwilling to lose an opportunity, seized Turrah Baz Khan and sent both captives to
1598:
occupied the crest of the Hindu Kush eastwards of the Khawak, but how far they extended north of the main watershed was not ascertainable. The southern limits of Badakhshan became definite again at the
538:. The Pamiri people were not officially recognized as a separate ethnic group in Tajikistan, but Tajikistan Pamiri movements and associations have been formed. The main religions of Badakhshan are
1998:
1611:
at the elbow, or bend, of the Oxus with the Lutku valley leading to Chitral. From the Dorah eastwards the crest of the Hindu Kush again became the boundary until it effects a junction with the
1891:, close to the great bend of the Oxus northwards, so that it cuts off all the mountainous area included within that bend from the rest of Badakhshan. Its chief affluent is the Minjan, which
1725:(Western) Pamir came under the Russian military administration. In November 1918 the last Czarist Russian troops recognized Bolshevik rule, but in December 1919 the anti-Bolshevik Russian
1343:
Meanwhile, Kunduz was still under Emirate of Bukhara and the wandering sons of Darab Bi Kataghan decided to attack and retake the city, which they did in 1810. The Amir of Kunduz was now
1347:, one of the brothers. Mir Yar Beg was now worried about the rising popularity and power of Mir Muhammad Murad Beg in the region. Eventually, in 1820, the two would face off at
550:
propagated Ismailism there in 11th century. The people of this province have a rich cultural heritage and they have preserved unique ancient forms of music, poetry, and dance.
1540:
1306:
1275:
1391:
and Fayzabad were successively occupied by these chiefs. Fayzabad fell to Mir Yar Beg, who rebuilt his fort and lived in the city. The old dynasty thus was restored.
956:, the widow of Prince Kamran Mirza. Mirza Sulaiman wanted to marry her; but Khurram Begum got her married, against her will, to Mirza Ibrahim, by whom she had a son,
1265:
1116:
787:
when the roads of communication were so long that the "Road of the King" was 2400 km long, and was used to transport rubies from Badakhshan, turquoise from
1217:, whom the patronage of Timur Shah Durrani (successor of Ahmad Shah Durrani) had elevated to the Chiefship of Kunduz, sent a force against Muhammad Shah under
1900:. From the Oxus (1,000 feet) to Faizabad (4,000 feet) and Zebak (8,500 feet) the course of the Kokcha offers a high road across Badakhshan; between Zebak and
1635:
narrow at the neck (represented by the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush), and swelling out eastwards so as to include a part of the great and little Pamirs.
1762:
894:, he made war upon and defeated Mirza Sulaiman who once in possession of his country, had refused to submit; but when the return of Prince Kamran Mirza from
1320:
767:, which later became a major trade route and served the peoples of different nations until the 17–18th century. Badakhshan was at that time a land called
1495:
1210:
1155:
leaving his country in charge of an Afghan governor. Sultan Shah returned, slew the governor and regained his country. He was attacked by another rival,
852:
1924:
of China. It is undoubtedly one of the great continental high-roads of Asia. North of the Kokcha, within the Oxus bend, is the mountainous district of
879:
1682:
1368:
1156:
1101:
953:
1467:; Nasrullah Khan got Kashmir and Mashad. Rustak and Chiab were allotted to Yusuf Ali Khan. Jirm to Sikandar Shah, and Zardeo Sarghalan was given to
2151:
An ancient route through the clouds: Once part of the legendary Silk Road, Central Asia’s Pamir Mountains might be the world’s last true adventure.
1451:
1447:
1183:
957:
868:
1431:. Two months later he also attacked Mashad. But he failed to obtain a footing in Badakhshan, which remained in possession of its hereditary Mirs.
2603:
2041:
1797:
1781:
1407:
and Kunduz and was well received. They could not aid him against British and Dost Muhammad proceeded to the Emirate of Bukhara, then governed by
1057:
in the later half of the 18th century, the capital was relocated to Fayzabad, then known as Jauzun. In the 19th century the capital was moved to
945:
917:, had to return to Badakhshan. He returned to Kabul in 1566, when Akbar's troops had left that country, but retreated on being promised tribute.
1494:
But Mir Shah had trouble governing his region. Family quarrels over territory kept him busy till his death in 1862. He was succeeded by his son
2583:
1439:
1283:
1209:
In 1759 another enemy appeared led by Kabad Khan. The Kataghans attacked Fayzabad, and took and put to death Sultan Shah and Turrah Baz Khan.
1222:
1171:
1214:
1136:
1105:
2431:
898:
obliged Emperor Humayun to go to Kabul, he reinstated Mirza Sulaiman, who held Badakhshan till 1575. Bent on making conquests, he invaded
1352:
1348:
807:
of Afghanistan (Badakhshan), which was transported by caravan routes to Egypt, China, Rome, and Byzantium. Some scholars claim that the "
2487:
2440:
1351:
in which Mir Muhammad Murad Beg would be the victor. In 1822 four brothers under the service of Mir Muhammad Murad Beg rebelled, led by
1516:
1478:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1364:
1279:
1249:
1218:
1046:
886:, and Mirza Sulaiman, who held Badakhshan till October 8, 1541, when he had to surrender himself and his son, Mirza Ibrahim, to Prince
2208:
Biswas, A.K. (2001). "Minerals and their Exploitation in Ancient and Pre-modern India". In Ramachandra Rao, P.; Goswami, N.G. (eds.).
819:
779:
conflict. Badakhshan gained its status among the world civilizations with these two types of precious stones, both in the time of the
1785:
1388:
1175:
1144:
855:, one of his nobles, blinded Baysinghar Mirza, killed the second prince, and ruled as a usurper. He submitted to the Mughal Emperor
1828:
1512:
1404:
1384:
1191:
2058:
740:
from Badakhshan to these civilizations, which introduced Badakhshan to the world in ancient times through these precious stones.
1758:
1140:
1693:
was defined as part of the border between Afghan and Russian Badakhshan. This border persisted despite changes in governments.
1477:
From 1840 to 1859 CE, Afghanistan and the Emirate of Bukhara struggled for Balkh and Badakhshan, with Afghanistan prevailing.
984:
instead, as Mun'im Khan had died and Mirza Sulaiman did not care for the governorship of Bengal, which Akbar had offered him.
2466:
2265:
2174:
1804:. In 1963 Qataghan-Badakhshan Province was abolished and its territory was divided into four separate provinces: Badakhshan,
2014:
1654:
Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of
2530:
960:. When Mirza Ibrahim fell in the war with Balkh, Khurram Begum wanted to send the Khanum to her father, Shah Muhammad of
241:
2551:
2576:
1954:
1240:. He regained the throne on the assassination of Bahadur by his servant. The late usurper's ministers were all killed.
1123:, fled from their postal approach of enemy. Men of Badakhshan, disgusted with their chief because of his partiality to
527:
409:
344:
294:
213:
165:
2270:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
1646:, on the other hand, extended to the right bank. Then, however, the Darwaz extension northwards was exchanged for the
952:
tribe. She was clever, and had her husband so much in her power that he did nothing without her advice. Her enemy was
2277:
1979:
612:
393:
326:
260:
1662:
were others, but nothing certain is known about these minor subdivisions. Consequently, most western part of modern
1248:, rebelled against Mir Muhammad Shah and was vanquished. The territory of Mir Muhammad Shah was divided as follows:
594:
2820:
2150:
1847:
The mountain districts comprise all of the southern districts of Badakhshan and the northern hills and valleys of
220:
2830:
1511:. Mir Jahandar Shah handed over his allies to Mohammad Afzal Khan. This angered Sher Ali Khan and his deputy in
1088:
840:
579:
198:
1178:
in Badakhshan. He slew a large portion and 700 horses were taken. Place was marked by 200 heads of raiders on
2569:
227:
1678:
832:
2513:
Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan Vol. 1. Badakhshan Province and northeastern Afghanistan
2327:
Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan Vol. 1. Badakhshan Province and northeastern Afghanistan
2167:
Textiles and Clothing along the Silk Roads: Thematic Collection of Cultural Exchanges along the Silk Roads
721:
show evidence of trade with the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East in the 4th-3rd millennia BC.
2825:
890:. They were released by Humayun in 1545, and again took possession of Badakhshan. When Humayun had taken
194:
1627:
boundary, and turned westwards, following the course of the Oxus, to the junction of that river and the
1002:. Soon after Muhtarim Khanum died. Being again pressed by Shahrukh, Mirza Sulaiman applied for help to
828:
480:
indicates that the country belonged, or had been assigned as a fief, to a person holding the rank of a
209:
2289:
2038:
2064:. School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Turkey (M.S. thesis). Archived from
1544:
1312:
523:
333:
17:
2311:
State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)
1741:
It was merged with the Russian (since 1895) part in 1924 to become the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous
1232:
401:
2186:
The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press 1993, p. 96
2556:
1726:
763:
The great ruby road appeared on the maps of merchants during this period and became known as the
590:
187:
1904:, at the Oxus bend, there is but an insignificant pass of 9,500 feet; and from Ishkashim by the
1559:" as "fully belonging to the Amir of Kabul", and limited it to the left or southern bank of the
2162:
1901:
1608:
1344:
2456:
1928:, of which the physiography belongs rather to the Pamir type than to that of the Hindu Kush.
1820:
1093:
980:, received orders from Emperor Akbar to invade Badakhshan, but was suddenly ordered to go to
2421:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1186:
and Saki gave no more trouble during Sultan Shah's lifetime. This Chief built a fortress at
867:, he sent Khan Mirza as governor to Badakhshan. A son was born to Khan Mirza by the name of
2195:
1892:
1443:
1292:
929:
924:
Mirza Shah Rukh (d. 1607-8), grandson of Sulaiman Mirza, and ruler of Badakhshan. Married
910:
733:
1166:
In 1751 Sultan Shah was restored to liberty and his country. He punished marauders of the
1064:
27:
Historical region of Central Asia (now part of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and western China)
8:
1949:
1832:
1750:
1714:
1504:
1408:
1135:
Shah Wali and hailed him as deliverer. Sultan Shah, finding resistance hopeless, fled to
848:
836:
413:
397:
366:
310:
161:
2483:
1563:(also called the Oxus). On the west, Badakhshan was bounded by a line which crosses the
803:
wrote that one stone was known throughout the long history of culture – the bright blue
234:
2719:
2133:
2125:
2065:
2059:"The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan. Dissertation"
1667:
1604:
1482:
1400:
1360:
1296:
1054:
808:
142:
124:
2169:, 2022, by UNESCO and China National Silk Museum. Zhao Feng, Marie Louise Nosch, eds.
1112:. After consulting Ahmad Shah Durrani, Khizri Beg marched against Sultan Shah and the
648:
2785:
2768:
2462:
2273:
2261:
2232:
2213:
2170:
2137:
2011:
1836:
1671:
1655:
851:, who had three sons, Baysinghar Mirza, Ali Mirza, and Khan Mirza. When Mahmud died,
800:
634:
381:
105:
81:
2163:
The Migration of Silk Production from China to Europe and its Subsequent Development
1583:. The southern boundary was carried along the crest of the Hindu Kush as far as the
586:
2703:
2669:
2508:
2322:
2117:
1710:
1663:
1620:
1619:
ranges, which shut off China from Russia and India. Skirting round the head of the
1003:
703:
457:
425:
75:
51:
2751:
2481:
Fayz Muḥammad Katib. Siraj al-tawarıkh. V. III. Afghanistan Digital Library. <
2373:
2272:
Volume II. János Harmatta, B.N. Puri, G.F. Etemadi eds. UNESCO Publishing, 1996.
2045:
2018:
1925:
1735:
1643:
1624:
1588:
1257:
1042:
864:
768:
626:
531:
519:
465:
437:
111:
99:
2561:
2427:
1969:
1777:
1628:
1435:
1287:
1237:
949:
844:
661:
445:
92:
1872:, in Kataghan, where it merges into the flat plains bordering the Oxus river.
518:
are also found in some villages. There are also groups of speakers of several
2814:
2435:
2422:
1677:
In 1890 Qataghan-Badakhshan District was separated from Afghan Turkestan and
1647:
1616:
1463:
occupied Fayzabad as supreme ruler of Badakhshan. Shah Sulaiman Beg received
1416:
1190:
in which he settled 600 families. He had a rest house built for travelers at
1058:
977:
937:
788:
547:
87:
2444:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 182–183.
847:, who took possession of Badakhshan, which after his death fell to his son,
835:
of Badakhshan was the last of a series of kings who traced their descent to
823:
Sultan Muḥammad Vays offers Babur a healthy horse to replace his ailing one.
355:
1959:
1880:
1876:
1773:
1731:
1690:
1568:
1050:
973:
887:
883:
874:
After the death of Khan Mirza, Badakhshan was governed for Babur by Prince
804:
729:
684:
630:
152:
55:
2458:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
902:
in 1560, but had to return. His son, Mirza Ibrahim, was killed in battle.
2797:
2780:
2763:
1964:
1913:
1897:
1584:
1572:
1337:
1049:, located three miles west of Fayzabad and situated on both sides of the
1018:
796:
784:
737:
725:
530:
in Tajikistan, the speakers of Pamir languages formed their own separate
385:
370:
306:
2681:
2632:
2620:
2615:
2217:
2129:
2105:
1905:
1884:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1754:
1706:
1600:
1580:
1551:
1412:
1026:
999:
756:
707:
692:
688:
672:
668:
405:
389:
348:
290:
160:
This article is about the region. For the province in Afghanistan, see
1864:, falling from an average altitude of 15,000 feet to 4,000 feet about
1638:
Before the boundary settlement of 1873 the small states of Rushan and
1571:
and Amu Darya rivers until it touches the eastern water-divide of the
645:
trade and ancient commodities transactions between the East and West.
34:
1974:
1917:
1746:
1701:
1612:
1564:
1560:
1521:
988:
914:
764:
748:
744:
718:
638:
2121:
597:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
176:
2731:
2715:
2637:
1937:
1912:, is the continuation of what must once have been a much-traversed
1865:
1848:
1536:
1499:
1329:
1253:
1203:
1128:
1081:
860:
702:, which translates as "crimson-coloured morning sun". Mines in the
696:
676:
515:
1481:, chief of Badakhshan and his feudatory of Rustak went to wait on
1072:
dynasty recognize the Elder of Badakhshan (the "gray bearded") at
494:
Badakhshan has a diverse ethnolinguistic and religious community.
1933:
1921:
1824:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1769:
1722:
1639:
1428:
1420:
a prisoner, and with difficulty escaped with his sons to Balkh.
1376:
1356:
1328:
and took thousands of prisoners, whom he sold in Balkh, Bukhara,
1325:
1300:
1120:
1077:
1022:
992:
961:
875:
776:
657:
539:
535:
511:
503:
499:
482:
1879:
traverses Badakhshan from southeast to northwest, and, with the
1705:
Friendship Bridge between Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, over the
1681:
was created. Administration of the province was assigned to the
1399:
In 1839 the occupation of Afghanistan by the British drove Amir
1045:. In the 18th century the capital of Badakhshan was the town of
1909:
1883:, drains all the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush west of the
1869:
1813:
1809:
1793:
1576:
1556:
1535:
After being annexed by Afghanistan, Badakhshan was joined with
1471:
1424:
1299:
invaded Balkh and Kunduz annexed them and took Aliwardi Beg to
1261:
1187:
1160:
1124:
1119:
aided the invading column. The pickets of Badakhshan, chief of
1011:
981:
965:
772:
711:
653:
507:
495:
1033:(imperial top-level province), only to be lost again in 1647.
2649:
1888:
1686:
1595:
1529:
1508:
1333:
1227:
1179:
1152:
1109:
1030:
1007:
969:
933:
925:
906:
899:
895:
891:
856:
543:
322:
273:
1367:. Fayzabad had a small population under spiritual preceptor
2516:
2330:
2212:. New Delhi: India International Publisher. pp. 1–22.
1868:, in central Badakhshan, and trailing off to ~100 feet at
1642:
extended to the left bank of the Oxus, and the province of
1380:
1245:
1199:
1167:
1073:
1069:
995:
792:
780:
710:
constituted for centuries the main source for red and pink
679:) mountain in Badashan/Badakshan. "Balas" is derived from
642:
39:
1394:
1080:
and levied taxes on the city and parts of the province of
2001:, Jan van Belle, The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2003.
1749:
in 1929. Between April 1992 - 1993, a Pamiri-Badakshoni
416:
is an important part of the region's cultural heritage.
1575:(Tashqurghan River), and then runs southeast, crossing
476:, which may be from an earlier *pati-axša; the suffix -
1855:).Its terrain is analogous to that of the rest of the
1819:
Tajik Badakhshan witnessed fierce fighting during the
1670:, while most of it became part of Fergana Province of
637:. Badakhshan was an important region, crossed by the
2116:(1). British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 21–57.
2056:
1427:
in Badakhshan and appointed an officer of his own in
695:. However, "Balascia" itself may be derived from the
2531:"Tajikistan's Unconquerable Gorno-Badakhshan Region"
1423:
Also in 1839, Mir Muhammad Murad Beg again attacked
1021:, Badakshan was shortly conquered in 1641 by Mughal
736:), and other places was proven. There was a special
641:. Its significance was its geo-economic role in the
633:
were mined there as early as the second half of the
1532:and attacked Badakhshan and burned fort Zang Kila.
1507:secured Kabul, forcing Sher Ali Khan to retreat to
1206:and levied taxes from Badakhshan families in city.
1061:, until if finally was relocated back to Fayzabad.
201:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2519: : Akad. Druck- und Verl.-Anst., 1972. p. 26.
783:, in the time of the Maud, and in the time of the
625:Badakhshan was an important trading center during
2591:
2368:
2230:
2103:
2812:
2374:"Rough Chronological History Of Badakhshan, Etc"
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
1268:. Mir Muhammad Shah also built a new fort named
1310:Badakhshan delegates (拔達克山) in Peking in 1761.
683:, the ancient name for Badakhshan, a region in
164:. For the autonomous region in Tajikistan, see
2258:Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia
1768:In 1963, Badakhshan included the districts of
1765:or Mountainous Badakhshon Autonomous Veloyat.
1515:, Faiz Muhammad Khan, who went into battle at
1450:, Chief of Kunduz, requesting his aid against
1036:
968:, left Badakhshan for Kabul, and crossing the
743:There is also evidence in Badakhshan from the
2577:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2345:
2106:"Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of Its Trade"
2091:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
1336:. He died in 1815, leaving five sons of whom
1041:The old capital of Badakhshan was located in
502:are in the majority while a tiny minority of
412:in the southeastern part of the country. The
384:comprising parts of modern-day north-eastern
2333:: Akad. Druck- und Verl.-Anst., 1972. p. 99.
1753:was declared within independent post-Soviet
1282:, expelled his five nephews from Kunduz and
2454:
2305:
2303:
2231:Pardieu, V.; Farkhodova, T. (Summer 2019).
1940:to be found in the recesses of Badakhshan.
1567:plains southwards from the junction of the
2584:
2570:
2475:
2448:
2392:
2210:Metallurgy in India : a retrospective
811:" mentioned by the Greeks was Badakhshan.
691:, one of the principal tributaries of the
404:. Much of historic Badakhshan lies within
2502:
2316:
2165:, Claudio Zannier, Chapter 17, p.289 in
2153:, Pascal Mannaerts, BBC, 3rd October 2016
1674:. This arrangement was lasted till 1920.
1068:In 1756 Badakhshan emir made the Chinese
882:(Mirza Sulaiman's father-in-law), Prince
613:Learn how and when to remove this message
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
2300:
1700:
1305:
1194:. In 1756 he made the Chinese recognize
1104:, ruler of Badakhshan, rebelled against
1087:
1063:
1029:, who turned it also into a short-lived
919:
818:
647:
354:
332:
272:
2552:Travel article:The Rubies of Badakhshan
2528:
2426:
2378:The Asiatic quarterly review, Volume 10
1759:Kohistan-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
1395:Between Afghanistan, Britain and Russia
909:became Mughal Emperor, his stepbrother
814:
717:The excavations along the banks of the
14:
2813:
2207:
1053:. After the conquest of Badakhshan by
775:refers to a part of Badakhshan in the
675:could be found under the "Syghinan" (
2565:
2093:. Bloomsbury Collections. p. 90.
2088:
2050:
1434:In 1844, Mir Yar Beg was poisoned by
313:in the south, with a smaller part in
2599:
562:
199:adding citations to reliable sources
170:
2313:. Surrey: Curzon Press, 1997. p. 62
1757:, on 6 November 1994, becoming the
1587:, leading from Badakhshan into the
441:
429:
24:
1955:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
1860:gradually slopes away towards the
1092:Muslim commoners from Badakhshan.
629:. The only then-known deposits of
528:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
410:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
345:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
295:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
166:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
25:
2842:
2545:
2529:Pannier, Bruce (9 October 2018).
1980:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
1591:. Beyond this it was indefinite.
1151:Shah Wali returned with force to
827:The region was ruled over by the
526:. During the 20th century within
394:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
327:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
2790:
2773:
2756:
2740:
2724:
2708:
2695:
2687:
2674:
2658:
2642:
2625:
2608:
2557:Revelations Regarding Badakhshan
2414:
1363:(Kholm) under the protection of
567:
558:
360:
338:
315:
299:
283:
175:
33:
2535:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2522:
2490:from the original on 2011-09-27
2336:
2282:
2251:
2224:
2201:
2189:
1887:. Some of its sources are near
1823:in the 1990s. At the height of
1696:
1170:tribe who had ransacked Chiab,
186:needs additional citations for
2260:, A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov.
2180:
2156:
2144:
2097:
2082:
2057:Suhrobsho Davlatshoev (2006).
2028:
2004:
1992:
524:Eastern Iranian language group
13:
1:
2741:
2659:
2592:Places adjacent to Badakhshan
2290:"Portrait of Mirza Shah Rukh"
1999:The Music of Tajik Badakhshan
1985:
1623:, it finally merged into the
2696:
2688:
2461:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 90–.
2455:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
1842:
1734:seized the Bukharan part of
1679:Qataghan-Badakhshan Province
1555:with its dependent district
1541:Badakhshan-Qataghan district
987:Mirza Sulaiman then went to
859:in 1504 CE. When Babur took
7:
1943:
1264:to Mahmud Khan, brother of
1037:Later emirates and khanates
687:in the upper valley of the
593:the claims made and adding
10:
2847:
2104:Georgina Herrmann (1968).
1442:and died on his return to
1014:where he died in 1589 CE.
972:went to India in 1575 CE.
944:Mirza Sulaiman's wife was
553:
159:
2597:
2196:The Travels of Marco Polo
1835:was a stronghold for the
1761:, alias Gorno-Badakhshan
1545:Afghan Turkestan Province
1276:Khodai Nazar Beg Kataghan
489:
461:
449:
148:
138:
130:
120:
69:
61:
46:
32:
2233:"Spinel from Tajikistan"
1411:who was addicted to the
1340:succeeded him as ruler.
1163:and annexed Badakhshan.
402:provinces of Afghanistan
2821:Geography of Tajikistan
2441:Encyclopædia Britannica
2089:Foltz, Richard (2019).
1727:Peasant Army of Fergana
1579:, until it strikes the
1403:into exile. He visited
664:. (1st-4th century CE).
424:The name "Badakhshan" (
419:
2831:Regions of Afghanistan
2012:BADAḴŠĀN iii. The name
1745:(province) within the
1718:
1594:It was known that the
1492:
1438:at the instigation of
1345:Mir Muhammad Murad Beg
1316:
1266:Mir Ahmad Beg Kataghan
1131:foreigners, waited on
1097:
1085:
941:
932:, and became ruler of
824:
771:, and “Varena” in the
665:
464:) is derived from the
374:
352:
330:
1821:Tajikistani Civil War
1704:
1603:. The Dorah connects
1487:
1459:was made of country.
1309:
1139:in the hills between
1094:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu
1091:
1067:
936:after fleeing to the
923:
822:
651:
358:
336:
276:
2025:, December 15, 1988.
2023:Encyclopædia Iranica
1893:Sir George Robertson
1827:strength during the
911:Mirza Muhammad Hakim
815:Early modern history
734:Necropolis of Thebes
195:improve this article
1950:Badakhshan Province
1763:Autonomous Province
1751:Autonomous Republic
1505:Mohammad Afzal Khan
1409:Amir Nasrullah Khan
1221:. They wintered at
930:Shakr al-Nisa Begum
849:Sultan Mahmud Mirza
839:. He was killed by
837:Alexander the Great
799:. The mineralogist
414:music of Badakhshan
398:Badakhshan Province
367:Badakhshan Province
311:Badakhshan Province
162:Badakhshan Province
65:"Pōmīr pe sar tīr!"
2826:Historical regions
2720:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2309:Christine Noelle.
2140:– via JStor.
2044:2008-05-17 at the
2017:2016-03-04 at the
1916:connecting Afghan
1833:Afghan Badakhashan
1719:
1668:Emirate of Bukhara
1483:Mohammad Azam Khan
1401:Dost Muhammad Khan
1321:Mir Sultan Shah II
1317:
1297:Emirate of Bukhara
1098:
1086:
1055:Ahmad Shah Durrani
976:, governor of the
942:
829:mirs of Badakhshan
825:
666:
578:possibly contains
375:
353:
331:
281:, divided between
125:Gregorian calendar
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2786:Nuristan Province
2769:Panjshir Province
2468:978-1-84511-283-7
2266:978-92-3-102846-5
2175:978-92-3-100539-8
2034:G. Morgenstierne
1837:Northern Alliance
1672:Russian Turkestan
1496:Mir Jahandar Shah
1260:to Shah Wali and
1211:Mir Muhammad Shah
1198:of Badakhshan at
1017:Like neighboring
853:Amir Khusroe Khan
635:4th millennium BC
623:
622:
615:
580:original research
400:is one of the 34
382:historical region
271:
270:
263:
245:
158:
157:
82:Persian languages
16:(Redirected from
2838:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:Gilgit-Baltistan
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:Khatlon Province
2662:
2661:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2509:Ludwig W. Adamec
2506:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2370:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2323:Ludwig W. Adamec
2320:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1829:Afghan Civil War
1664:Gorno-Badakhshan
1621:Tagdumbash Pamir
1076:as sovereign in
1004:Abdullah Khan II
880:Sultan Wais Khan
863:in 1506 CE from
704:Gorno Badakhshan
618:
611:
607:
604:
598:
595:inline citations
571:
570:
563:
463:
451:
443:
431:
365:
364:
363:
343:
342:
341:
321:
319:
318:
305:
303:
302:
289:
287:
286:
266:
259:
255:
252:
246:
244:
203:
179:
171:
76:Pamiri languages
52:Marco Polo sheep
37:
30:
29:
21:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2755:
2752:Takhar Province
2725:
2723:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2675:
2673:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2607:
2593:
2590:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2428:Holdich, Thomas
2415:
2413:
2412:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2268:, pp. 33-34 in
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2122:10.2307/4199836
2102:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:Wayback Machine
2033:
2029:
2019:Wayback Machine
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1946:
1845:
1736:Gorno-Badakshan
1699:
1689:. In 1895, the
1683:Northern Bureau
1666:became part of
1625:Pamir Mountains
1589:Panjshir valley
1550:Eventually the
1413:society of boys
1397:
1369:Mian Fazal Azim
1233:Mir of Shighnan
1157:Turrah Baz Khan
1102:Mir Sultan Shah
1043:Kishim District
1039:
954:Muhtarim Khanum
865:Shah Beg Arghun
843:, the ruler of
841:Abu Sa'id Mirza
833:Sultan Muhammad
817:
809:mountain valley
769:Airyanem Vaejah
619:
608:
602:
599:
584:
572:
568:
561:
556:
532:ethnic identity
520:Pamir languages
492:
468:official title
422:
361:
359:
339:
337:
316:
314:
300:
298:
284:
282:
267:
256:
250:
247:
204:
202:
192:
180:
169:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2783:
2766:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2701:
2686:
2684:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2635:
2618:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2546:External links
2544:
2541:
2540:
2521:
2501:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2436:Chisholm, Hugh
2391:
2344:
2335:
2315:
2299:
2281:
2250:
2223:
2200:
2198:via Wikisource
2188:
2179:
2155:
2143:
2096:
2081:
2049:
2027:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Nazif Shahrani
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1908:, through the
1844:
1841:
1698:
1695:
1539:to create the
1452:Yusuf Ali Khan
1448:Mir Atalik Beg
1436:Mir Ahmad Shah
1396:
1393:
1184:Khoja Jarghatu
1108:, governor of
1038:
1035:
958:Mirza Shahrukh
869:Mirza Sulaiman
845:Timurid Empire
816:
813:
662:British Museum
656:, "Triumph of
621:
620:
575:
573:
566:
560:
557:
555:
552:
491:
488:
421:
418:
297:in the north,
269:
268:
183:
181:
174:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
109:
103:
97:
96:
95:
90:
79:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
48:
44:
43:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2843:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2799:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2423:public domain
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:92-3-102846-4
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2085:
2071:on 2007-09-26
2067:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:Hazrat-i-Imam
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Dahan-i-Ghori
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:In 1902, the
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1648:Russian Pamir
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1417:Sher Ali Khan
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1303:as prisoner.
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:Kurghan Tappa
1285:
1281:
1278:, brother of
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:Sarai Bahadur
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:was given to
1251:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1238:Kurghan Tappa
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Khurram Begum
939:
938:Mughal Empire
935:
931:
928:'s daughter,
927:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
821:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:A. E. Fersman
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
758:
753:
750:
746:
741:
739:
738:caravan route
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
617:
614:
606:
596:
592:
588:
582:
581:
576:This article
574:
565:
564:
559:Early history
551:
549:
548:Nasir Khusraw
545:
541:
540:Ismaili Islam
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
487:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
455:
447:
439:
435:
427:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
372:
368:
357:
350:
346:
335:
328:
324:
312:
308:
296:
292:
280:
275:
265:
262:
254:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212: –
211:
207:
206:Find sources:
200:
196:
190:
189:
184:This article
182:
178:
173:
172:
167:
163:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2692:
2621:Osh Province
2534:
2524:
2512:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2477:
2457:
2450:
2439:
2382:. Retrieved
2377:
2338:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2293:
2284:
2269:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2209:
2203:
2191:
2182:
2166:
2158:
2146:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2066:the original
2052:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2010:W. Eilers, "
2006:
1994:
1960:Lapis lazuli
1930:
1881:Kunduz River
1877:Kokcha River
1874:
1846:
1831:circa 2000,
1818:
1774:Pul-i-Khumri
1767:
1742:
1740:
1732:Soviet Union
1720:
1697:20th century
1676:
1660:
1656:Abdul Rahman
1653:
1637:
1633:
1593:
1549:
1534:
1526:
1493:
1488:
1476:
1468:
1440:Sulaiman Beg
1433:
1422:
1398:
1372:
1342:
1318:
1311:
1284:Aliwardi Beg
1274:
1269:
1242:
1208:
1195:
1165:
1148:
1132:
1113:
1099:
1051:Kokcha River
1040:
1016:
986:
943:
904:
888:Kamran Mirza
884:Hindal Mirza
873:
871:in 1514 CE.
826:
805:lapis lazuli
762:
754:
742:
730:Mohenjo-Daro
724:Through the
723:
716:
699:
685:Central Asia
680:
667:
631:lapis lazuli
624:
609:
600:
577:
493:
481:
477:
473:
469:
453:
433:
423:
377:
376:
329:in the east.
278:
257:
248:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:"Badakhshan"
205:
193:Please help
188:verification
185:
56:Snow leopard
2798:Afghanistan
2781:Afghanistan
2764:Afghanistan
2177:, 413 pages
1965:Mount Imeon
1914:trade route
1898:Khawak Pass
1585:Khawak Pass
1573:Khulm River
1361:Tashqurghan
1338:Mir Yar Beg
1293:Emir Haidar
1286:, Chief of
1223:Sang i Mohr
1172:Takhta Band
1019:Balkh Subah
797:Lake Baikal
785:Achaemenids
726:Khyber Pass
700:bālasūryaka
671:wrote that
544:Sunni Islam
386:Afghanistan
371:Afghanistan
307:Afghanistan
84:(Minority)
2815:Categories
2693:Badakhshan
2682:Tajikistan
2633:Kyrgyzstan
2616:Tajikistan
2494:2011-10-15
2294:www.rct.uk
2218:B002A9M6QU
2075:2006-08-25
1986:References
1906:Panj River
1885:Dorah Pass
1857:Hindu Kush
1853:Kafiristan
1755:Tajikistan
1715:Shuro-obod
1707:Panj river
1691:Panj River
1631:(Kunduz).
1601:Dorah Pass
1581:Hindu Kush
1552:Great Game
1387:, Mashad,
1215:Kabad Khan
1137:Ailu Basit
1106:Khizri Beg
1027:Shah Jahan
1025:(emperor)
1006:, king of
1000:Hindu Kush
974:Khan Jahan
757:Bronze Age
732:), Egypt (
708:Tajikistan
706:region of
693:Oxus River
689:Panj River
673:Balas ruby
669:Marco Polo
652:Badakshan
603:April 2022
587:improve it
454:Badakhshon
406:Tajikistan
396:in China.
390:Tajikistan
388:, eastern
378:Badakhshan
349:Tajikistan
291:Tajikistan
279:Badakhshan
251:March 2022
221:newspapers
139:Instrument
114:(Minority)
108:(Minority)
102:(Minority)
78:(Majority)
2432:Badakshan
2430:(1911). "
2138:130955760
1975:Silk Road
1918:Turkestan
1902:Ishkashim
1843:Geography
1747:Tajik SSR
1609:Ishkashim
1565:Turkestan
1561:Amu Darya
1522:Takhtapul
1490:presents.
1373:Sahibzada
1353:Kokan Beg
1349:Darah Aim
1319:In 1812,
1117:Shah Wali
1100:In 1750,
989:Ismail II
948:, of the
915:Jalalabad
765:Silk Road
749:Neolithic
745:Stone Age
719:Amu Darya
639:Silk Road
627:antiquity
591:verifying
50:Čorxüna,
18:Badakshan
2732:Pakistan
2716:Pakistan
2638:Xinjiang
2488:Archived
2484:"1 book"
2384:17 March
2243:28 April
2042:Archived
2015:Archived
1944:See also
1938:Ferghana
1866:Fayzabad
1851:(former
1849:Nuristan
1723:Bukharan
1629:Khanabad
1537:Qataghan
1517:Gulaugan
1500:Peshawar
1479:Mir Shah
1469:Shahzada
1465:Dara Aim
1461:Mir Shah
1456:Mir Shah
1444:Fayzabad
1365:Mir Wali
1330:Farghana
1280:Darab Bi
1254:Mir Khan
1250:Iskashim
1219:Kubadcha
1204:Xinjiang
1129:Kashghar
1082:Xinjiang
1047:Khamchan
861:Kandahar
781:Elamites
697:Sanskrit
681:Balascia
677:Shighnan
516:Pashtuns
466:Sasanian
462:Бадахшан
450:Бадахшон
434:Badaxšân
121:Calendar
106:Mandarin
70:Language
2438:(ed.).
2425::
2239:: 30–33
2237:InColor
2130:4199836
2036:Iranica
1934:Bukhara
1922:Kashgar
1825:Taliban
1806:Baghlan
1802:Taloqan
1790:Andarab
1786:Kanabad
1770:Baghlan
1711:Khwahan
1640:Shugnan
1617:Sarikol
1613:Muztagh
1429:Farkhar
1389:Daraaim
1377:Sirhind
1357:Kashkar
1326:Chitral
1301:Bukhara
1176:Khalpan
1145:Pasakoh
1121:Taloqan
1096:, 1769.
1078:Kashgar
1023:padshah
993:Safavid
962:Kashgar
950:Kipchak
876:Humayun
789:Khorezm
777:Khatlon
712:spinels
658:Bacchus
585:Please
554:History
536:Pamiris
522:of the
512:Hazaras
504:Kyrgyzs
500:Pamiris
458:Russian
426:Persian
277:Map of
235:scholar
2795:
2778:
2761:
2729:
2713:
2679:
2647:
2630:
2613:
2465:
2434:". In
2419:
2380:. 1895
2342:拔達克山回民
2276:
2264:
2216:
2173:
2136:
2128:
1926:Darwaz
1910:Pamirs
1870:Kunduz
1814:Takhar
1810:Kunduz
1800:, and
1794:Kunduz
1743:oblast
1644:Darwaz
1596:Kafirs
1577:Kunduz
1569:Kunduz
1557:Wakhan
1513:Akhcha
1472:Mahmud
1425:Rustak
1405:Khulam
1385:Zardeo
1262:Warduj
1258:Rushan
1196:Akskal
1192:Daryun
1188:Mashad
1161:Kunduz
1147:. The
1125:Kalmak
1012:Lahore
982:Bengal
978:Punjab
966:Makkah
791:, and
773:Avesta
654:patera
514:, and
508:Uzbeks
496:Tajiks
490:People
483:badaxš
474:badaxš
470:bēdaxš
442:بدخشان
438:Pashto
430:بدخشان
392:, and
320:
304:
288:
237:
230:
223:
216:
208:
134:Šīrčōy
112:Kyrgyz
100:Pashto
47:Emblem
2650:China
2134:S2CID
2126:JSTOR
2069:(PDF)
2062:(PDF)
1920:with
1889:Zebak
1778:Dushi
1687:Kabul
1605:Zebak
1530:Kulab
1509:Herat
1334:Khiva
1313:万国来朝图
1228:Sindh
1180:Kotal
1153:Kabul
1149:Wazir
1141:Chiab
1133:Wazir
1114:Wazir
1110:Balkh
1031:subah
1008:Turan
970:Indus
934:Malwa
926:Akbar
907:Akbar
905:When
900:Balkh
896:Sindh
892:Kabul
857:Babur
795:from
446:Tajik
380:is a
323:China
242:JSTOR
228:books
149:River
143:Rabōb
93:Tajik
62:Motto
2517:Graz
2499:>
2463:ISBN
2386:2011
2331:Graz
2274:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2245:2021
2214:ASIN
2171:ISBN
2110:Iraq
2039:Link
1936:and
1875:The
1862:Oxus
1812:and
1713:and
1615:and
1607:and
1454:and
1381:Jirm
1332:and
1246:Ragh
1200:Alti
1168:Saki
1143:and
1127:and
1074:Alti
1070:Qing
1059:Jurm
996:Iran
793:jade
755:The
643:silk
542:and
498:and
420:Name
214:news
153:Panj
131:Food
88:Dari
40:Flag
2604:RRP
2118:doi
2021:",
1709:in
1685:in
1543:in
1524:.
1375:of
1295:of
1202:in
1182:of
991:of
660:",
589:by
534:as
472:or
408:'s
197:by
2817::
2788:,
2771:,
2754:,
2722:,
2706:,
2672:,
2640:,
2623:,
2606:,
2533:.
2515:.
2511:.
2486:.
2394:^
2376:.
2347:^
2329:.
2325:.
2302:^
2292:.
2235:.
2132:.
2124:.
2114:30
2112:.
2108:.
1839:.
1816:.
1808:,
1796:,
1792:,
1788:,
1784:,
1780:,
1776:,
1772:,
1738:.
1658:.
1547:.
1474:.
1415:.
1383:,
1379:.
1371:,
1272:.
1256:;
1174:,
878:,
831:.
714:.
546:;
510:,
506:,
486:.
478:ān
460::
456:;
452:,
448::
444:;
440::
436:;
432:,
428::
369:,
347:,
54:,
2585:e
2578:t
2571:v
2537:.
2497:.
2471:.
2388:.
2296:.
2247:.
2220:.
2120::
2078:.
1717:.
1084:.
940:.
616:)
610:(
605:)
601:(
583:.
373:.
351:.
325:-
309:-
293:-
264:)
258:(
253:)
249:(
239:·
232:·
225:·
218:·
191:.
168:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
