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581:. Photographic backscatter can result from snowflakes, rain or mist, or airborne dust. Due to the size limitations of the modern compact and ultra-compact cameras, especially digital cameras, the distance between the lens and the built-in flash has decreased, thereby decreasing the angle of light
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Sometimes, the scattering is more or less isotropic, i.e. the incoming particles are scattered randomly in various directions, with no particular preference for backward scattering. In these cases, the term "backscattering" just designates the detector location chosen for some practical reasons:
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Backscattering properties of a target are wavelength dependent and can also be polarization dependent. Sensor systems using multiple wavelengths or polarizations can thus be used to infer additional information about target properties.
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The loss measurement by the backscattering method allows measurement of a fiber-optic cable at one end without cutting the optical fiber hence it can be conveniently used for the construction and maintenance of optical fibers.
424:). Water is almost 4 times more reflective than ice but droplets are much smaller than snow flakes or hail stones. So the backscattering is dependent on a mix of these two factors. The strongest backscatter comes from
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has rather weak backscatter. Dual polarization weather radars measure backscatter at horizontal and vertical polarizations to infer shape information from the ratio of the vertical and horizontal signals.
420:, backscattering is proportional to the 6th power of the diameter of the target multiplied by its inherent reflective properties, provided the wavelength is larger than the particle diameter (
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to the lens and increasing the likelihood of light reflection off normally sub-visible particles. Hence, the orb artifact is commonplace with small digital or film camera photographs.
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or video lights reflecting back from particles in the lens's field of view causing specks of light to appear in the photo. This gives rise to what are sometimes referred to as
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Backscattering can occur in quite different physical situations, where the incoming waves or particles are deflected from their original direction by different mechanisms:
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of the graph is steep, then power loss is high. If the slope is gentle, then optical fiber has a satisfactory loss characteristic.
510:. Faults are thus detected by monitoring the variation of part of the Rayleigh backscattered light. Since the backscattered light
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198:, although specular backscattering can occur at normal incidence with a surface. Backscattering has important applications in
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in inelastic neutron or X-ray spectroscopy, backscattering geometry is chosen because it optimizes the energy resolution;
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In other cases, the scattering intensity is enhanced in backward direction. This can have different reasons:
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in X-ray imaging, backscattering means just the opposite of transmission imaging;
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443:) effects can confuse interpretation. Another strong return is from melting
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is a moderate backscatter, being stronger with large drops (such as from a
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Reflection which reverses the direction of a wave, particle, or signal
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applications to detect optical faults. Light propagating through a
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397:(FSA) coordinate system is primarily used in optical applications
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is observed in random media; for visible light most typically in
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Adobe
Photoshop Forensics: Sleuths, Truths, and Fauxtography
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back to the direction from which they came. It is usually a
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The term backscatter in photography refers to light from a
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between electromagnetic waves and the transmitting medium (
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from crystals, used in inelastic scattering experiments (
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338:, backscattered light is that which is reflected with a
602:(in security scanning applications, e.g. at airports)
521:, the attenuation characteristic is represented in a
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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636:"Flash reflections from floating dust particles"
315:, and described by a class of solutions to the
498:The backscattering method is also employed in
365:, constructive interference might play a role.
459:than actually occurring in what is called a
386:(BSA) coordinate system is often used in
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
658:
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439:) due to their sizes, but non-Rayleigh (
271:), important in fiber optics, see below;
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412:Backscattering is the principle behind
277:between accelerated ions and a sample (
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230:Backscatter of waves in physical space
143:Backscatter in photography, showing a
65:adding citations to reliable sources
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293:X-ray backscattering spectroscopy
616:Electron backscatter diffraction
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408:Radar, especially weather radar
218:material like a cloud diffuses
52:needs additional citations for
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473:) and much weaker with small
506:gradually attenuates due to
395:Forward Scattering Alignment
32:Backscatter (disambiguation)
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642:. Fuji Film. Archived from
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10:
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673:. Cengage Learning; 2008.
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29:
546:Backscatter (photography)
384:Back Scattering Alignment
279:Rutherford backscattering
241:from large particles and
210:. The opposite effect is
517:as it travels along the
369:Coherent backscattering
208:medical ultrasonography
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309:Stimulated backscatter
289:neutron backscattering
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147:within the rings of a
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265:Brillouin scattering
261:Inelastic collisions
253:, and showing up in
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
595:Backscatter (email)
519:optical fiber cable
508:Rayleigh scattering
422:Rayleigh scattering
356:Rayleigh scattering
317:three-wave equation
192:specular reflection
606:Forward scattering
567:
375:like milk. Due to
299:Compton scattering
275:Elastic collisions
239:Diffuse reflection
184:diffuse reflection
152:
600:Backscatter X-ray
558:flash reflecting
523:logarithmic scale
504:fiber-optic cable
377:weak localization
342:of less than 90°.
313:non-linear optics
303:Backscatter X-ray
285:Bragg diffraction
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16:(Redirected from
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646:on July 27, 2005
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269:Raman scattering
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544:Main article:
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540:In photography
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441:Mie scattering
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18:Backscattering
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494:In waveguides
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117:December 2007
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78: –
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76:"Backscatter"
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
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19:
668:
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648:. Retrieved
644:the original
640:Fujifilm.com
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500:fiber optics
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471:thunderstorm
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416:systems. In
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390:applications
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
373:suspensions
363:gegenschein
340:phase angle
251:gegenschein
216:translucent
204:photography
160:backscatter
698:Scattering
681:. p. 310–.
622:References
611:Scattering
583:reflection
556:smartphone
512:attenuates
462:brightband
428:and large
301:, used in
245:, causing
224:soft light
194:as from a
188:scattering
168:reflection
87:newspapers
563:particles
528:. If the
477:(such as
352:alpenglow
336:astronomy
247:alpenglow
222:, giving
200:astronomy
176:particles
166:) is the
692:Category
589:See also
475:droplets
305:imaging.
220:sunlight
650:19 June
483:drizzle
447:or wet
430:graupel
186:due to
180:signals
156:physics
101:scholar
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575:strobe
206:, and
196:mirror
103:
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74:
571:flash
530:slope
526:graph
453:rates
449:sleet
434:solid
414:radar
388:radar
178:, or
172:waves
149:glory
108:JSTOR
94:books
675:ISBN
652:2017
573:,or
560:sand
487:Snow
479:mist
467:Rain
445:snow
426:hail
393:The
382:The
267:and
249:and
162:(or
80:news
485:).
481:or
455:of
437:ice
361:In
350:In
334:in
170:of
154:In
63:by
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295:);
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257:;
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124:(
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115:(
105:·
98:·
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