860:
441:
592:
880:
3617:
2952:
2349:
3607:
549:
728:, which did not have such legal ambiguity, gained greater support. The lawsuit was settled in January 1994, largely in Berkeley's favor. Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release.
54:
2964:
2359:
892:
584:'s virtual memory implementation, and a complete operating system including the new kernel, ports of the 2BSD utilities to the VAX, and the utilities from 32V was released as 3BSD at the end of 1979. 3BSD was also alternatively called Virtual VAX/UNIX or VMUNIX (for Virtual Memory Unix), and BSD kernel images were normally called
526:. Other universities became interested in the software at Berkeley, and so in 1977 Joy started compiling the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD), which was released on March 9, 1978. 1BSD was an add-on to Version 6 Unix rather than a complete operating system in its own right. Some thirty copies were sent out.
986:
to be run at effectively full speed. This makes BSDs not only suitable for server environments, but also for workstation ones, given the increasing availability of commercial or closed-source software for Linux only. This also allows administrators to migrate legacy commercial applications, which may
663:
proposed that more non-AT&T sections of the BSD system be released under the same license as Net/1. To this end, he started a project to reimplement most of the standard Unix utilities without using the AT&T code. Within eighteen months, all of the AT&T utilities had been replaced, and it
802:
at Bell Labs had a close relationship to BSD. This began when 4.1cBSD for the VAX was used as the basis for
Research Unix 8th Edition. This continued in subsequent versions, such as the 9th Edition, which incorporated source code and improvements from 4.3BSD. The result was that these later versions
639:
Until then, all versions of BSD used proprietary AT&T Unix code, and were therefore subject to an AT&T software license. Source code licenses had become very expensive and several outside parties had expressed interest in a separate release of the networking code, which had been developed
840:
Most university and government computer centers that use UNIX use
Berkeley UNIX, rather than System V. There are several reasons for this, but perhaps the two most significant are that Berkeley UNIX provides networking capabilities that until recently (Release 3.0) were completely unavailable in
835:
In 1989, David A. Curry wrote about the differences between BSD and System V. He characterized System V as being often regarded as the "standard Unix." However, he described BSD as more popular among university and government computer centers, due to its advanced features and performance:
723:
on the distribution of Net/2 until the validity of USL's copyright claims on the source could be determined. The lawsuit slowed development of the free-software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a result systems based on the
811:
Research Unix 8th
Edition started from (I think) BSD 4.1c, but with enormous amounts scooped out and replaced by our own stuff. This continued with 9th and 10th. The ordinary user command-set was, I guess, a bit more BSD-flavored than SysVish, but it was pretty
664:
was determined that only a few AT&T files remained in the kernel. These files were removed, and the result was the June 1991 release of
Networking Release 2 (Net/2), a nearly complete operating system that was freely distributable.
529:
The second
Berkeley Software Distribution (2BSD), released in May 1979, included updated versions of the 1BSD software as well as two new programs by Joy that persist on Unix systems to this day: the
950:
library, which incorporated much of the same functionality in a software stack with a different architecture, but the wide distribution of the existing sockets library reduced the impact of the new
472:
to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify and extend Unix. The operating system arrived at
Berkeley in 1974, at the request of computer science professor
987:
have only supported commercial Unix variants, to a more modern operating system, retaining the functionality of such applications until they can be replaced by a better alternative.
1900:
4198:
841:
System V, and that
Berkeley UNIX is much more suited to a research environment, which requires a faster file system, better virtual memory handling, and a larger variety of
621:
port (June 1988) proved valuable, as it led to a separation of machine-dependent and machine-independent code in BSD which would improve the system's future portability.
3110:
3189:
2016:
735:, after which the CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased. Since then, several variants based directly or indirectly on 4.4BSD-Lite (such as
3408:
3030:
1546:
4178:
3247:
3179:
996:
3706:
1385:
484:
was bought to run the system, but for budgetary reasons, this machine was shared with the mathematics and statistics groups at
Berkeley, who used
359:
and familiarity to many technology company founders and engineers. These proprietary BSD derivatives were largely superseded in the 1990s by UNIX
2362:
3199:
3085:
1004:
932:
522:
implementation for the system. Graduate students Chuck Haley and Bill Joy improved
Thompson's Pascal and implemented an improved text editor,
3184:
3167:
2314:
1203:
435:
1580:
3137:
3035:
2009:
406:), which used (at least) part of its TCP/IP code, which was legal. Code from FreeBSD was also used to create the operating systems for the
4203:
3653:
3313:
3147:
3120:
3100:
935:
in 1975, and was available at
Berkeley. However, the memory scarcity on the PDP-11 forced a complicated design and performance problems.
1430:
3125:
1523:
3075:
3045:
477:
1703:
Quarterman, John S.; Silberschatz, Abraham; Peterson, James L. (December 1985). "4.2BSD and 4.3BSD as examples of the Unix system".
4183:
3222:
4168:
2352:
2002:
1942:
4188:
1474:
3982:
3953:
3194:
3152:
3095:
1875:
1857:
1839:
1818:
1793:
1774:
1759:
1000:
633:
610:
1324:
488:, so that Unix only ran on the machine eight hours per day (sometimes during the day, sometimes during the night). A larger
3610:
3558:
3488:
3172:
3132:
3025:
2309:
1272:
1143:
1032:
596:
1298:
832:
and technical people tended to line up with Berkeley and BSD, more business-oriented types with AT&T and System V."
4193:
3513:
3365:
920:
299:
503:, began developing in the late 1970s. It included extra features, which were intertwined with code owned by AT&T.
3428:
3338:
3333:
1354:
609:
After 4.3BSD was released in June 1986, it was determined that BSD would move away from the aging VAX platform. The
3757:
3701:
3157:
3065:
2217:
2044:
660:
499:
BSD began life as a variant of Unix that programmers at the University of California at Berkeley, initially led by
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2334:
295:
66:
2373:
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3002:
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3011:
2222:
2213:
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1148:
1105:
519:
453:
342:
3742:
3727:
3686:
3584:
3438:
3232:
2329:
1153:
3908:
3855:
3546:
3453:
3288:
2933:
2739:
2643:
1074:
356:
197:
136:
3923:
3762:
3639:
3443:
3328:
3105:
2598:
1377:
787:
617:
seemed promising at the time, but was abandoned by its developers shortly thereafter. Nonetheless, the
3958:
3777:
3737:
3732:
3691:
3578:
3493:
3478:
2927:
2882:
2513:
2163:
1572:
1470:
1062:
775:
577:
375:
230:
184:
17:
1905:
1717:
1550:
4001:
3888:
3752:
3573:
3370:
3323:
3308:
3260:
3070:
2628:
2288:
1496:
McKusick, M.K.; Karels, M.J.; Sklower, Keith; Fall, Kevin; Teitelbaum, Marc; Bostic, Keith (1989).
1089:
706:
691:
78:
970:
Some BSD operating systems can run native software of several other operating systems on the same
3747:
1925:
864:
1914:
1250:
4173:
4135:
4074:
3963:
3943:
3892:
3850:
3620:
3508:
3355:
3318:
3217:
2773:
2049:
1804:
1800:
1712:
924:
767:
614:
2861:
3918:
3884:
3786:
3722:
3483:
3278:
3270:
3209:
3142:
2968:
2921:
1497:
1418:
971:
807:
posting from 2000, Dennis Ritchie described this relationship between BSD and Research Unix:
640:
entirely outside AT&T and would not be subject to the licensing requirement. This led to
4115:
4089:
3568:
3503:
3498:
3060:
2916:
2819:
1519:
842:
786:, is based on 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD. Various commercial Unix operating systems, such as
759:
684:
371:
111:
73:
35:
859:
8:
4084:
4036:
3913:
3448:
3050:
2833:
2415:
975:
581:
4021:
3928:
2995:
2848:
2388:
2283:
2278:
1730:
766:
used BSD code in its implementation of TCP/IP and bundles recompiled versions of BSD's
1939:
4130:
4079:
4011:
3968:
3809:
3606:
3528:
3375:
3055:
2854:
2426:
2079:
2054:
1871:
1853:
1835:
1814:
1808:
1789:
1770:
1755:
1073:(also known as "Jolix"), and merged the 4.4BSD-Lite source code in 1994. OpenBSD was
1016:
910:
763:
493:
395:
190:
1969:
mdoc.su – short manual page URLs for FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD
591:
4110:
3662:
3293:
2461:
2411:
1734:
1722:
1687:
1668:
1462:
1081:
955:
943:
915:
628:
network protocol stack, improvements to the kernel virtual memory system and (with
538:
530:
523:
419:
349:
287:
261:
156:
107:
946:
as it was to access a disk. The AT&T laboratory eventually released their own
514:
from Bell Labs and came to Berkeley as a visiting professor. He helped to install
4054:
4016:
3987:
3563:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2403:
1994:
1946:
1895:
1781:
1320:
1177:
1080:
BSD was also used as the basis for several proprietary versions of Unix, such as
1069:. Both NetBSD and FreeBSD were created in 1993. They were initially derived from
1020:
939:
821:
423:
2980:
4140:
4064:
4026:
3898:
3360:
3283:
2694:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2069:
2064:
1972:
1863:
1845:
1827:
1805:"Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix – From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable"
1691:
1414:
694:(BSDi). 386BSD itself was short-lived, but became the initial code base of the
676:
573:
515:
247:
1294:
1268:
4162:
4049:
4006:
3845:
3799:
3591:
3552:
3458:
3115:
3040:
2988:
2956:
2801:
2792:
2655:
2506:
2446:
2381:
2143:
2074:
1890:
1066:
799:
748:
649:
534:
461:
415:
411:
407:
382:. These, in turn, have been used by proprietary operating systems, including
315:
291:
222:
1750:
Marshall K. McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, John S. Quartermain,
828:
and BSD, stating, "The divide was roughly between longhairs and shorthairs;
3933:
3433:
3390:
3303:
2623:
2618:
2319:
2094:
1673:
1656:
1138:
1012:
771:
755:
725:
680:
653:
629:
507:
399:
302:. The term "BSD" commonly refers to its open-source descendants, including
266:
31:
1930:
1346:
4059:
4041:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3523:
3350:
3345:
2889:
2700:
2148:
1050:
898:
715:
668:
469:
338:
326:
177:
1965:, a conference in Tokyo, held annually in March of each year, since 2007
1077:
from NetBSD in 1995, and DragonFly BSD was forked from FreeBSD in 2003.
624:
In addition to portability, the CSRG worked on an implementation of the
2910:
2807:
2714:
2689:
2633:
2603:
2451:
2324:
1133:
1117:
1113:
909:
Berkeley's Unix was the first Unix to include libraries supporting the
879:
872:
829:
720:
511:
403:
383:
254:
61:
1726:
1011:
standards, while retaining most of the traditional BSD behavior. Like
648:), which was made available to non-licensees of AT&T code and was
440:
3996:
3903:
3829:
3794:
3380:
2745:
2408:
2293:
2153:
2039:
1520:"The Art of Unix Programming: Origins and History of Unix, 1969–1995"
1498:"Current Research by The Computer Systems Research Group of Berkeley"
1178:"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project"
1158:
1054:
895:
803:
of Research Unix were closer to BSD than they were to System V. In a
710:
625:
489:
481:
473:
465:
374:
operating systems including FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD,
334:
3631:
1603:
548:
30:"BSD" redirects here. For the family of free software licenses, see
4125:
3418:
3298:
2903:
2755:
2721:
2608:
2563:
2548:
2198:
2158:
2126:
2059:
1985:
1224:
1101:
1058:
979:
868:
825:
636:) new TCP/IP algorithms to accommodate the growth of the Internet.
569:
500:
492:
was installed at Berkeley the following year, using money from the
226:
2896:
580:
of 32V was largely rewritten to include Berkeley graduate student
4120:
3819:
2875:
2868:
2706:
2672:
2543:
2528:
2501:
2491:
2193:
2178:
2133:
2121:
1786:
The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System
1426:
1042:
1038:
995:
Current BSD operating system variants support many of the common
947:
902:
744:
736:
699:
565:
542:
307:
303:
218:
214:
1931:
The Unix Tree: Source code and manuals for old versions of Unix
2843:
2762:
2638:
2613:
2577:
2533:
2496:
2485:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2183:
2138:
1956:
1938:, an annual event in Europe in September, October or November,
1919:
1909:
1109:
1070:
1046:
928:
804:
740:
695:
687:
672:
556:, a typical minicomputer used for early BSD timesharing systems
485:
379:
345:
311:
210:
169:
53:
1702:
1505:
Proceedings of the European Unix Users Group Spring Conference
762:
and proprietary, to incorporate BSD source code. For example,
4069:
3385:
2813:
2780:
2767:
2677:
2589:
2570:
2556:
2518:
2248:
2168:
1989:
1976:
1959:, Canada, held annually in May since 2004, in June since 2015
1767:
The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System
1121:
1093:
1085:
1008:
983:
959:
884:
779:
449:
387:
364:
352:
1926:
The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System
1780:
Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall K. McKusick, Michael J. Karels,
1752:
The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System
891:
2683:
2666:
2538:
2404:
2188:
1984:, a userland and kernel source code search engine based on
1097:
942:, it became almost as easy to read and write data across a
919:. A Unix implementation of IP's predecessor, the ARPAnet's
445:
360:
330:
240:
88:
1643:
Using C on the UNIX System: A Guide to System Programming.
4105:
2786:
2750:
2523:
2173:
1962:
1935:
1495:
951:
783:
667:
Net/2 was the basis for two separate ports of BSD to the
561:
553:
391:
341:
vendors in the form of proprietary Unix variants such as
173:
962:, founding the first wave of popular Unix workstations.
938:
By integrating sockets with the Unix operating system's
705:
BSDi soon found itself in legal trouble with AT&T's
1037:
Several operating systems are based on BSD, including
1952:
1807:. In DiBona, Chris; Ockman, Sam; Stone, Mark (eds.).
1347:"任天堂製品に関連するオープンソースソフトウェアのソースコード配布ページ｜サポート情報｜Nintendo"
370:
Later releases of BSD provided the basis for several
4199:
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
3031:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
564:
computer was installed at Berkeley in 1978, but the
545:. Some 75 copies of 2BSD were sent out by Bill Joy.
1019:, meaning that device drivers in the kernel run in
982:; for example, it allows applications intended for
3399:
2024:
1968:
709:(USL) subsidiary, then the owners of the System V
3010:
1981:
824:summarizes the longstanding relationship between
4160:
793:
1696:
1547:"Microsoft, TCP/IP, Open Source, and Licensing"
1321:"Open Source Software used in PlayStation Vita"
1023:, as part of the core of the operating system.
758:has allowed many other operating systems, both
702:projects that were started shortly thereafter.
1982:BXR.SU – Super User's BSD Cross Reference
1922: – History of UNIX and BSD using diagrams
1765:Marshall K. McKusick, George V. Neville-Neil,
1604:"alt.folklore.computers: BSD (Dennis Ritchie)"
1601:
1204:"Apple Kernel Programming Guide: BSD Overview"
476:who had been on the program committee for the
3647:
2996:
2389:
2010:
436:History of the Berkeley Software Distribution
3036:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1295:"Open Source Software used in PlayStation 3"
1269:"Open Source Software used in PlayStation 4"
1116:). NeXTSTEP later became the foundation for
1517:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
816:
798:Starting with the 8th Edition, versions of
731:The final release from Berkeley was 1995's
4179:Products and services discontinued in 1995
3654:
3640:
3003:
2989:
2396:
2382:
2017:
2003:
1225:"Actually, Windows DOES use some BSD code"
954:. Early versions of BSD were used to form
613:platform (codenamed "Tahoe") developed by
337:. In the 1980s, BSD was widely adopted by
1834:(Reed Media Services, September 1, 2008;
1716:
1672:
1454:
478:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
1899:) is being considered for deletion. See
1810:Open Sources: Voices from the Revolution
1799:
1489:
1400:
890:
878:
858:
719:lawsuit was filed in 1992 and led to an
590:
547:
439:
1654:
1565:
978:. This is much simpler and faster than
965:
14:
4161:
1327:from the original on December 12, 2017
1301:from the original on November 11, 2017
1275:from the original on December 12, 2017
1184:. BSD (Berkeley Standard Distribution)
572:, did not take advantage of the VAX's
3661:
3635:
2984:
2377:
1998:
1832:The Daemon, the GNU & The Penguin
1413:
3559:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
2963:
2358:
1583:from the original on August 25, 2008
1544:
1526:from the original on October 5, 2014
3026:Alternative terms for free software
1915:A timeline of BSD and Research UNIX
1661:ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
1602:Dennis Ritchie (October 26, 2000).
1423:The Daemon, the Gnu and the Penguin
1375:
1231:from the original on March 25, 2018
1144:Comparison of BSD operating systems
1033:Comparison of BSD operating systems
854:
294:, developed and distributed by the
24:
4204:University of California, Berkeley
3366:Python Software Foundation License
1610:from the original on July 14, 2014
1460:
1433:from the original on June 14, 2020
1388:from the original on July 26, 2020
1357:from the original on July 26, 2020
1026:
931:clients, had been produced at the
480:where Unix was first presented. A
300:University of California, Berkeley
25:
4215:
3429:Definition of Free Cultural Works
3046:Free software project directories
1903:to help reach a consensus. ›
1882:
1769:(Addison Wesley, August 2, 2004;
1477:from the original on July 9, 2006
568:of Unix to the VAX architecture,
3758:Object-oriented operating system
3616:
3615:
3605:
3066:Open-source software development
2962:
2951:
2950:
2357:
2348:
2347:
1788:(Addison Wesley, November 1989;
656:. It was released in June 1989.
52:
4184:Free software operating systems
3424:Debian Free Software Guidelines
3256:Free Software Movement of India
2949:indicate discontinued systems.
2335:Computer Systems Research Group
1852:(Addison Wesley, June 1, 1994;
1744:
1681:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1595:
1538:
1511:
1445:
296:Computer Systems Research Group
67:Computer Systems Research Group
4169:Berkeley Software Distribution
3768:Supercomputer operating system
2026:Berkeley Software Distribution
1906:Berkeley Software Distribution
1463:"Details of the PUPS archives"
1378:"Nintendo Switch runs FreeBSD"
1369:
1339:
1313:
1287:
1261:
1243:
1217:
1196:
1170:
394:, which derived from them and
280:Berkeley Standard Distribution
276:Berkeley Software Distribution
13:
1:
4189:Free software programmed in C
3414:Contributor License Agreement
3228:Open-source-software movement
3012:Free and open-source software
1888:
1870:(Addison-Wesley, March 1995;
1419:"Chapter 7. BSD and the CSRG"
1164:
1149:List of BSD operating systems
849:
794:Relationship to Research Unix
790:, also incorporate BSD code.
754:The permissive nature of the
599:
454:PlayStation 3 system software
3743:Just enough operating system
3728:Distributed operating system
3585:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
3439:The Free Software Definition
1813:(first ed.). O'Reilly.
1630:The Art of Unix Programming.
1545:Barr, Adam (June 19, 2001).
1154:Lumina (desktop environment)
990:
713:and the Unix trademark. The
456:and other proprietary forks.
325:because it was based on the
7:
3856:User space and kernel space
3489:Mozilla software rebranding
3454:Permissive software license
2934:Windows Subsystem for Linux
1127:
659:After Net/1, BSD developer
605:. System startup and login.
143:; 29 years ago
10:
4220:
3763:Real-time operating system
3494:Proprietary device drivers
3444:The Open Source Definition
1030:
887:4.1.1, a 4.3BSD derivative
690:(later renamed BSD/OS) by
468:in the 1970s included the
433:
429:
141:4.4-Lite2 / June 1995
29:
4194:Operating system families
4098:
4035:
3981:
3959:Multilevel feedback queue
3954:Fixed-priority preemptive
3942:
3877:
3868:
3838:
3785:
3776:
3738:Hobbyist operating system
3733:Embedded operating system
3715:
3669:
3601:
3579:Source-available software
3537:
3479:Digital rights management
3471:
3269:
3246:
3208:
3084:
3018:
2942:
2928:Windows Services for UNIX
2883:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
2832:
2731:
2652:
2587:
2471:
2460:
2422:
2343:
2302:
2271:
2231:
2114:
2107:
2032:
1850:A Quarter Century of UNIX
1657:"The network Unix system"
1471:The Unix Heritage Society
518:and started working on a
321:BSD was initially called
260:
246:
236:
206:
196:
183:
165:
155:
135:
117:
102:
94:
84:
72:
60:
51:
4002:General protection fault
3753:Network operating system
3707:User features comparison
3574:Shared Source Initiative
3371:Shared Source Initiative
3324:Free Software Foundation
3261:Free Software Foundation
3111:Configuration management
2289:Berkeley Software Design
2218:PS Vita operating system
1901:templates for discussion
817:Relationship to System V
778:, the basis for Apple's
751:) have been maintained.
707:Unix System Laboratories
692:Berkeley Software Design
595:"4.3 BSD UNIX" from the
444:Simplified evolution of
3748:Mobile operating system
3509:SCO/Linux controversies
1801:McKusick, Marshall Kirk
1754:(Addison Wesley, 1996;
1655:Chesson, G. L. (1976).
865:University of Wisconsin
770:networking tools since
671:architecture: the free
652:under the terms of the
597:University of Wisconsin
448:systems. Not shown are
3851:Loadable kernel module
3409:Comparison of licenses
3218:Free software movement
2050:Marshall Kirk McKusick
1945:June 20, 2020, at the
1674:10.1145/1067629.806522
1255:PlayStation 5 Dev Wiki
933:University of Illinois
906:
901:running the BSD-based
888:
876:
847:
814:
650:freely redistributable
615:Computer Consoles Inc.
606:
557:
462:earliest distributions
457:
123:; 46 years ago
34:. For other uses, see
3919:Process control block
3885:Computer multitasking
3723:Disk operating system
3484:License proliferation
2922:UserLAnd Technologies
1573:"BSD Code in Windows"
1376:Cao (March 8, 2017).
894:
882:
862:
843:programming languages
838:
809:
733:4.4BSD-Lite Release 2
594:
551:
443:
27:Unix operating system
4090:Virtual tape library
3682:Forensic engineering
3569:Open-source hardware
3504:Proprietary software
3499:Proprietary firmware
3200:Formerly open-source
3195:Formerly proprietary
3061:Open-source software
2917:UNIX System Services
2416:compatibility layers
1553:on November 14, 2005
1451:Salus (1994), p. 142
1015:, the BSD kernel is
966:Binary compatibility
642:Networking Release 1
357:permissive licensing
286:) is a discontinued
36:BSD (disambiguation)
4099:Supporting concepts
4085:Virtual file system
3449:Open-source license
3051:Gratis versus libre
2644:Other distributions
1182:The FreeBSD Project
1112:and OSF/1 AXP (now
976:compatibility layer
496:database project.
48:
4022:Segmentation fault
3870:Process management
2284:Walnut Creek CDROM
2279:Sleepycat Software
1955:, a conference in
1782:John S. Quarterman
1579:. March 20, 2001.
1351:www.nintendo.co.jp
907:
889:
877:
607:
576:capabilities. The
558:
458:
121:March 9, 1978
46:
4156:
4155:
4012:Memory protection
3983:Memory management
3977:
3976:
3969:Shortest job next
3864:
3863:
3663:Operating systems
3629:
3628:
3529:Trusted Computing
3519:Software security
3467:
3466:
3148:Operating systems
3056:Long-term support
2978:
2977:
2828:
2827:
2412:operating systems
2371:
2370:
2267:
2266:
2080:Poul-Henning Kamp
2055:Michael J. Karels
1876:978-0-201-87674-1
1858:978-0-201-54777-1
1840:978-0-9790342-3-7
1820:978-1-56592-582-3
1794:978-0-201-06196-3
1775:978-0-201-70245-3
1760:978-0-201-54979-9
1727:10.1145/6041.6043
1705:Computing Surveys
1628:Raymond, Eric S.
1518:Eric S. Raymond.
974:, using a binary
911:Internet Protocol
867:. Displaying the
863:4.3 BSD from the
764:Microsoft Windows
396:Microsoft Windows
272:
271:
16:(Redirected from
4211:
4111:Computer network
3875:
3874:
3783:
3782:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3514:Software patents
3397:
3396:
3309:Creative Commons
3168:Web applications
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2469:
2468:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2112:
2111:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1971:, a web-service
1824:
1803:(January 1999).
1739:
1738:
1720:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1461:Toomey, Warren.
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1373:
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1343:
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1311:
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1291:
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1265:
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1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1174:
956:Sun Microsystems
940:file descriptors
916:Berkeley sockets
905:operating system
855:Berkeley sockets
604:
601:
587:
420:PlayStation Vita
398:(since at least
350:Sun Microsystems
329:of the original
288:operating system
151:
149:
144:
131:
129:
124:
108:source-available
56:
49:
45:
43:Operating system
21:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4094:
4055:Defragmentation
4040:
4031:
4017:Protection ring
3986:
3973:
3945:
3938:
3860:
3834:
3772:
3711:
3665:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3597:
3564:Open-core model
3539:
3533:
3463:
3401:
3395:
3265:
3242:
3204:
3087:
3080:
3014:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2938:
2835:
2824:
2727:
2648:
2583:
2463:
2456:
2418:
2402:
2372:
2367:
2339:
2298:
2263:
2227:
2103:
2028:
2023:
1957:Ottawa, Ontario
1947:Wayback Machine
1904:
1885:
1868:Casting the Net
1821:
1747:
1742:
1718:10.1.1.117.9743
1701:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1577:everything2.com
1571:
1570:
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1554:
1543:
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1516:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1480:
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1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1415:Salus, Peter H.
1412:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1382:FreeBSDNews.com
1374:
1370:
1360:
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1345:
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1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1130:
1035:
1029:
1027:BSD descendants
1021:privileged mode
993:
968:
857:
852:
822:Eric S. Raymond
819:
796:
602:
585:
533:text editor (a
438:
432:
424:Nintendo Switch
249:
147:
145:
142:
127:
125:
122:
118:Initial release
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4141:User interface
4138:
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4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
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4087:
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4065:File attribute
4062:
4057:
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4046:
4044:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4027:Virtual memory
4024:
4019:
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3999:
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3899:Context switch
3896:
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3405:
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3321:
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3296:
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3267:
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3258:
3252:
3250:
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3206:
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3202:
3197:
3192:
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3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Bioinformatics
3098:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
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3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3008:
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3000:
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2975:
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2943:
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2937:
2936:
2931:
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2256:
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2207:
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2191:
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2171:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2099:William Jolitz
2092:
2090:Ozalp Babaoglu
2087:
2085:Matthew Dillon
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Jordan Hubbard
2067:
2065:Samuel Leffler
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1884:
1883:External links
1881:
1880:
1879:
1864:Peter H. Salus
1861:
1846:Peter H. Salus
1843:
1828:Peter H. Salus
1825:
1819:
1797:
1778:
1763:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1711:(4): 379–418.
1695:
1680:
1647:
1641:Curry, David.
1634:
1621:
1594:
1564:
1537:
1510:
1488:
1453:
1444:
1399:
1368:
1338:
1312:
1286:
1260:
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1168:
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1163:
1162:
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1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1028:
1025:
992:
989:
967:
964:
856:
853:
851:
848:
818:
815:
795:
792:
588:until 4.4BSD.
582:Özalp Babaoğlu
574:virtual memory
516:Version 6 Unix
434:Main article:
431:
428:
298:(CSRG) at the
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
250:user interface
244:
243:
238:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:1977 software
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
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4028:
4025:
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4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Memory paging
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3967:
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3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Device driver
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
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3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3787:Architectures
3784:
3781:
3779:
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3766:
3764:
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3650:
3645:
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3638:
3637:
3634:
3622:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3592:Revolution OS
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:GNU Manifesto
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
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3517:
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3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3459:Public domain
3457:
3455:
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3450:
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3259:
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3249:
3248:Organisations
3245:
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3143:Office suites
3141:
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3127:
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3119:
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3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Free software
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
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3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
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2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2834:Compatibility
2831:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:Research Unix
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:BlackBerry 10
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
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2778:
2776:
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2527:
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2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:DragonFly BSD
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
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2487:
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2240:
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2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:DragonFly BSD
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
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2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:Theo de Raadt
2073:
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2056:
2053:
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2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
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1974:
1970:
1967:
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1651:
1645:1989. pp. 2–3
1644:
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1125:
1123:
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1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:DragonFly BSD
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:AT&T Unix
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
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866:
861:
846:
844:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:Research Unix
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
749:DragonFly BSD
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
722:
718:
717:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
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657:
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647:
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631:
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612:
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583:
579:
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563:
555:
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546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:of Unix from
463:
455:
451:
447:
442:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:PlayStation 3
413:
412:PlayStation 4
409:
408:PlayStation 5
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
333:developed at
332:
328:
324:
323:Berkeley Unix
319:
317:
316:DragonFly BSD
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:Research Unix
289:
285:
281:
277:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
251:
245:
242:
239:
237:Influenced by
235:
232:
228:
224:
223:DragonFly BSD
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
158:
154:
140:
138:
137:Final release
134:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:Working state
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4042:file systems
3934:Time-sharing
3590:
3583:
3551:
3434:Free license
3180:Android apps
2967:
2955:
2946:
2926:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2812:
2800:
2791:
2779:
2772:
2738:
2720:
2713:
2699:
2682:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2588:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2427:Architecture
2303:Other topics
2232:Discontinued
2045:Keith Bostic
2025:
1920:UNIX History
1894:
1867:
1849:
1831:
1809:
1785:
1766:
1751:
1745:Bibliography
1708:
1704:
1698:
1683:
1667:(5): 60–66.
1664:
1660:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1447:
1437:September 6,
1435:. Retrieved
1422:
1390:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1139:BSD licenses
1079:
1036:
994:
972:architecture
969:
937:
914:
908:
839:
834:
820:
810:
797:
772:Windows 2000
768:command-line
753:
732:
730:
726:Linux kernel
714:
704:
681:Lynne Jolitz
666:
661:Keith Bostic
658:
645:
641:
638:
630:Van Jacobson
623:
619:4.3BSD-Tahoe
618:
608:
559:
528:
508:Ken Thompson
505:
498:
459:
369:
322:
320:
283:
279:
275:
273:
157:Available in
103:Source model
98:Discontinued
40:
32:BSD licenses
4060:Device file
4050:Boot loader
3964:Round-robin
3889:Cooperative
3825:Rump kernel
3815:Multikernel
3805:Microkernel
3702:Usage share
3524:Tivoization
3163:Video games
3138:Mathematics
2890:MKS Toolkit
2701:OpenSolaris
2149:MidnightBSD
2108:Derivatives
1889:‹ The
1632:2003. p. 38
1587:January 20,
1331:December 8,
1305:December 8,
1051:MidnightBSD
899:workstation
830:programmers
760:open-source
756:BSD license
716:USL v. BSDi
685:proprietary
669:Intel 80386
654:BSD license
603: 1987
537:version of
470:source code
372:open-source
355:due to its
339:workstation
327:source code
178:Intel 80386
112:open-source
106:Originally
4163:Categories
3990:protection
3946:algorithms
3944:Scheduling
3893:Preemptive
3839:Components
3810:Monolithic
3677:Comparison
3472:Challenges
3190:Commercial
3173:E-commerce
3158:Television
2911:PWS/VSE-AF
2808:SerenityOS
2715:Tru64 UNIX
2690:OpenServer
2442:Philosophy
2432:Filesystem
2325:BSD Daemon
2310:Comparison
1963:AsiaBSDCon
1936:EuroBSDCon
1481:October 6,
1279:October 3,
1165:References
1134:BSD Daemon
1118:Apple Inc.
1114:Tru64 UNIX
1031:See also:
1017:monolithic
873:Franz Lisp
850:Technology
721:injunction
683:, and the
611:Power 6/32
554:VAX-11/780
541:) and the
512:sabbatical
255:Unix shell
207:Influenced
191:Monolithic
128:1978-03-09
74:Written in
4080:Partition
3997:Bus error
3924:Real-time
3904:Interrupt
3830:Unikernel
3795:Exokernel
3402:standards
3400:Types and
3381:Unlicense
3376:Sleepycat
3210:Community
2746:Domain/OS
2462:Operating
2409:Unix-like
2320:Licensing
2294:iXsystems
2272:Companies
2223:Full list
2154:MirOS BSD
2040:Bob Fabry
1713:CiteSeerX
1235:March 24,
1209:March 27,
1188:August 3,
1159:Unix wars
1055:MirOS BSD
991:Standards
980:emulation
896:Sony NEWS
883:Tape for
812:eclectic.
711:copyright
506:In 1975,
490:PDP-11/70
482:PDP-11/45
474:Bob Fabry
466:Bell Labs
335:Bell Labs
290:based on
166:Platforms
85:OS family
62:Developer
18:BSD-based
4126:Live USB
3988:resource
3878:Concepts
3716:Variants
3697:Timeline
3621:Category
3538:Related
3419:Copyleft
3339:GNU LGPL
3334:GNU AGPL
3299:Beerware
3294:Artistic
3271:Licenses
3238:Advocacy
3185:iOS apps
3126:Wireless
3121:Graphics
3088:packages
3086:Software
3076:Timeline
2957:Category
2904:P.I.P.S.
2740:Coherent
2722:UnixWare
2656:System V
2609:ChromeOS
2564:NeXTSTEP
2549:bridgeOS
2447:Security
2353:Category
2199:bridgeOS
2159:Junos OS
2127:GhostBSD
2060:Bill Joy
1986:OpenGrok
1943:Archived
1891:template
1608:Archived
1581:Archived
1530:July 18,
1524:Archived
1475:Archived
1467:tuhs.org
1431:Archived
1417:(2005).
1392:July 26,
1386:Archived
1361:July 26,
1355:Archived
1325:Archived
1299:Archived
1273:Archived
1251:"Kernel"
1229:Archived
1128:See also
1102:NeXTSTEP
1059:GhostBSD
913:stacks:
869:man page
826:System V
570:UNIX/32V
501:Bill Joy
227:NeXTSTEP
198:Userland
110:, later
4121:Live CD
4075:Journal
4039:access,
4037:Storage
3914:Process
3820:vkernel
3687:History
3670:General
3547:Forking
3329:GNU GPL
3223:History
3153:Routing
3116:Drivers
3071:Outline
3019:General
2969:Commons
2947:Italics
2876:MachTen
2869:Interix
2849:Darling
2820:more...
2707:Illumos
2695:Solaris
2629:Red Hat
2599:Android
2544:watchOS
2529:audioOS
2502:OpenBSD
2492:FreeBSD
2464:systems
2437:History
2363:Commons
2315:History
2194:watchOS
2179:audioOS
2134:OpenBSD
2122:FreeBSD
1973:written
1949:in 2001
1940:founded
1893:below (
1735:5700897
1614:July 3,
1557:June 7,
1427:Groklaw
1090:Sequent
1043:OpenBSD
1039:FreeBSD
948:STREAMS
944:network
923:, with
903:NEWS-OS
788:Solaris
745:OpenBSD
737:FreeBSD
700:FreeBSD
688:BSD/386
677:William
586:/vmunix
543:C shell
510:took a
430:History
308:OpenBSD
304:FreeBSD
262:License
248:Default
219:OpenBSD
215:FreeBSD
161:English
148:1995-06
146: (
126: (
3929:Thread
3800:Hybrid
3778:Kernel
3611:Portal
3540:topics
3361:Python
3284:Apache
3233:Events
3133:Health
3106:Codecs
2855:Eunice
2844:Cygwin
2836:layers
2763:LynxOS
2639:Ubuntu
2624:Gentoo
2619:Fedora
2614:Debian
2578:Ultrix
2534:iPadOS
2514:Darwin
2497:NetBSD
2486:386BSD
2330:Lumina
2259:Ultrix
2254:TrueOS
2244:BSD/OS
2239:386BSD
2184:iPadOS
2164:Darwin
2139:NetBSD
2115:Active
2033:People
1953:BSDCan
1910:Curlie
1896:Curlie
1874:
1856:
1838:
1817:
1792:
1773:
1758:
1733:
1715:
1690:
1110:Ultrix
1075:forked
1071:386BSD
1063:Darwin
1047:NetBSD
1007:, and
929:Telnet
805:Usenet
776:Darwin
741:NetBSD
696:NetBSD
673:386BSD
578:kernel
535:visual
520:Pascal
494:Ingres
422:, and
380:TrueOS
376:Darwin
346:Ultrix
314:, and
312:NetBSD
231:Darwin
211:NetBSD
185:Kernel
170:PDP-11
4131:Shell
4070:Inode
3386:WTFPL
3096:Audio
2814:Xenix
2781:OSF/1
2768:Minix
2732:Other
2678:HP-UX
2590:Linux
2571:SunOS
2557:DYNIX
2519:macOS
2452:Shell
2249:SunOS
2169:macOS
2095:Lynne
1990:nginx
1977:nginx
1731:S2CID
1501:(PDF)
1122:macOS
1094:DYNIX
1086:SunOS
1009:POSIX
984:Linux
960:SunOS
885:SunOS
780:macOS
646:Net/1
450:Junos
388:macOS
384:Apple
365:OSF/1
353:SunOS
3692:List
3391:zlib
3314:CDDL
3289:APSL
2897:PASE
2756:Hurd
2684:IRIX
2667:A/UX
2634:SUSE
2604:Arch
2539:tvOS
2414:and
2407:and
2405:Unix
2189:tvOS
2097:and
1988:and
1872:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1616:2014
1589:2009
1559:2019
1532:2014
1483:2010
1439:2017
1394:2020
1363:2020
1333:2022
1307:2022
1281:2019
1237:2018
1211:2021
1190:2021
1098:NeXT
1065:and
1001:ANSI
997:IEEE
927:and
871:for
782:and
747:and
698:and
679:and
566:port
552:The
486:RSTS
460:The
446:Unix
402:and
400:2000
390:and
378:and
363:and
361:SVR4
348:and
331:Unix
274:The
241:Unix
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