29:
817:), is obviously a mythical city, because it is said to be surrounded by a pool of nectar, and is described as the location of "the golden treasure-dome of the celestial world". According to Joshi, this Ayodhya is similar to the mythical places such as Samavasarana and Nandishvaradvipa, which appear in the
420:
Hans T. Bakker notes that no place called
Ayodhya is attested by any epigraphic or other archaeological evidence before the 2nd century CE. The earliest extant inscriptions mentioning a place called Ayodhya are from the Gupta period. For example, a 436 CE inscription describes a donation to Brahmins
1413:
Gopal, Sarvepalli; Thapar, Romila; Chandra, Bipan; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi; Jaiswal, Suvira; Mukhia, Harbans; Panikkar, K. N.; Champakalakshmi, R.; Saberwal, Satish; Chattopadhyaya, B. D.; Verma, R. N.; Meenakshi, K.; Alam, Muzaffar; Singh, Dilbagh; Mukherjee, Mridula; Palat, Madhavan; Mukherjee,
611:
started gaining prominence. Several inscriptions dated between 5th and 8th centuries mention the town, but do not mention its association with Rama. The writings of
Xuanzang (c. 602–664 CE) associate the town with Buddhism. It has also been an important Jain pilgrimage centre, and an ancient Jain
561:
came searching for it. On the advice of a sage, Vikrama determined that the site of ancient
Ayodhya as the place where the milk would flow from the udder of a calf. He cut down the forests that had covered the ancient ruins, established a new city, erected the Ramgar fort, and built 360 temples.
685:
The JNU historians agree that an ancient historical city called "Ayodhya" (Pali: Ayojjha or
Ayujjha) existed, but argue that it was not same as the modern Ayodhya, or the legendary city described in the Ramayana. This theory is based on the fact that according to the ancient Buddhist texts, the
565:
According to the JNU historians, this myth of "re-discovery" seems to recognize that modern
Ayodhya is not same as the ancient Ayodhya, and appears to be an attempt to impart the modern town a religious sanctity that it originally lacked. These historians theorize that the 5th century emperor
470:. On the other hand, the Sanskrit sources that mention Saketa but not Ayodhya are of "semi-scientific or factual nature". The Buddhist Pali-language texts name a city called Ayojjha or Ayujjha (Pali for Ayodhya), but suggest that it was located on the banks of the Ganges river (
598:
argues that
Kalidasa's mention of "Saketa" and "Ayodhya" do not prove any connection between the legendary Ayodhya and the present-day Ayodhya, as he lived in the Gupta period (c. 5th century CE), presumably after the Guptas had changed the name of Saketa to "Ayodhya".
640:
of the
Ramayana, Bharata takes a geographically "non-sensical" route while traveling to Ayodhya from the kingdom of his uncle Kekeya (located in the extreme west of the Indian subcontinent). During this journey, he passes through places located in present-day
726:
states that he reached
Ayodhya ("A-yu-te") after crossing the Ganga river, while traveling southwards (Ayodhya is actually located to the north of the Ganges river). Xuanzang seems to have used the term Ganga to describe "a long affluent of the great river".
681:
and chariots, which according to Bakker, suggests that Sarayu was located at some distance from the city. According to Bakker, only the newer (5th century and later) parts of
Ramayana explicitly describe Ayodhya as located on the banks of the Sarayu river.
623:
mentions
Varanasi, not Ayodhya, as the capital of Dasharatha and Rama. Thus, the association of Rama with Ayodhya may be a result the claim that he was a member of the Ikshvaku family, and this family's association with Ayodhya.
1414:
Aditya; Ratnagar, S. F.; Bhattacharya, Neeladri; Trivedi, K. K.; Sharma, Yogesh; Chakravarti, Kunal; Josh, Bhagwan; Gurukkal, Rajan; Ray, Himanshu (1990). "The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute".
394:(JNU), among others. According to these scholars, the process of identifying the legendary Ayodhya with Saketa (an ancient name of present-day Ayodhya) began in the early centuries CE, and was completed during the
636:, "a critical examination of the geographical data available in Valmiki's narratives does not justify the commonly accepted identification of the ancient city with the modern one". For example, in the
493:. The Jain text Paumachariya (dated before 4th century CE) first incorporates the Rama legend into Jain mythology. During this period, the Jains linked the mythology of the Ikshvaku dynasty with their
478:
describes it as the capital of Gandhilavati, a district of the "largely mythological" Mahavideha country. This indicates that the Ayodhya of Sanskrit epic literature is a fictional city.
152:, a descendant of king Ikshvaku. His son Rama was exiled to the forest, and returned to the city after several travails, establishing an ideal rule in the kingdom. According to
77:
city. According to another theory, it is a fictional city, and the present-day Ayodhya (originally called Saketa) was renamed after it around the 4th or 5th century, during the
677:
that it was located in the vicinity of the Sarayu river. For example, Ramayana 2.70.19 states that the funeral processions of Dasharatha traveled from the city to Sarayu using
574:. According to Bakker, the Guptas moved their capital to Saketa either during the reign of Kumaragupta I or Skandagupta, and this event is possibly alluded to in the
525:
also identifies Ayodhya with a Saketa, based on a verse that supposedly describes Dasharatha as the king of "Saketa-nagara". However, this verse was fabricated by a
369:
issued by Dhanadeva, who describes himself as the lord of Kosala, has been found at present-day Ayodhya. Several later inscriptions also mention the city of Ayodhya.
311:
use "Ayodhya" as another name for Saketa, which was the ancient name of present-day Ayodhya. This identification also occurs in the later Sanskrit texts, including
409:
The JNU historians argue that according to the archaeological evidence, the earliest possible settlements at Ayodhya can be dated to c. 8th century BCE, while the
1526:
The Geographical Encyclopaedia of Ancient and Medieval India: Based on Vedic, Puranic, Tantric, Jain, Buddhistic Literature and Historical Records
669:
mention Ayodhya as the capital of the Ikshvaku kings, but do not state that it was situated on the banks of the Sarayu river. The older parts of
570:(who adopted the title Vikramditya) moved his residence to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya, probably to associate himself with the legendary
584:
argues that there is no historical evidence to support the theory that Saketa was renamed as "Ayodhya" by Skandagupta. He notes that the
832:
in this context is not a proper noun (the name of a city), but an adjective, meaning "impregnable". The verse describes the human body (
417:
depicts Ayodhya as an urban centre with palaces and buildings, while the excavations at present-day Ayodhya indicate a primitive life.
710:
argues that the word "Ganga" is also used as common noun for a holy river in Sanskrit. In his support, he presents another verse from
1401:
481:
Among the Sanskrit sources, the identification of Ayodhya with Saketa first appears in texts from the Gupta period, including the
458:'s analysis, the Sanskrit sources that mention Ayodhya but not Saketa are predominantly fictional in nature: these texts include
607:
The rise of the modern Ayodhya town as a centre of Rama worship is relatively recent, dating back to the 13th century, when the
425:(4th century CE), but possibly an 8th century fabrication according to modern historians, describes Ayodhya as a garrison town.
1647:
1601:
1545:
1513:
421:
hailing from Ayodhya. A 533–534 CE inscription mentions a nobleman from Ayodhya. The Gaya inscription, said to be issued by
498:
273:, have identified the legendary Ayodhya with the present-day Ayodhya town, but this theory is not universally accepted.
1567:
894:
appear in Atharvaveda 19.13.3 and 19.13.7 respectively, in similar sense of "invincible". The 14th century commentator
401:
The various arguments made in favour of identifying the legendary Ayodhya as a fictional city include the following:
594:
clearly refers to the same city by the names "Saketa" and "Ayodhya", while narrating the legend of Rama. Historian
1642:
296:, mention that the legendary Ayodhya was located on the banks of the Sarayu river, just like the modern Ayodhya.
518:
718:
on the bank of the Ganga river". The ancient city of Kaushambi was actually located on the banks of the river
474:). In the early Jain canonical literature, "Aujjha" (a Prakrit form of "Ayodhya") is mentioned only once: the
904:
also describes the human body as a city with nine doors, in which the soul resides. This confirms that the
781:
within it there is the golden treasure-dome, the celestial world, ever-illuminated with light (north pole).
595:
366:
178:, along with all the inhabitants of the city, and ascended to heaven. The location where they ascended is
633:
391:
383:
779:
Ayodhya (impregnable), the city of the gods, consists of eight circles (also cycles) and nine entrances;
686:
ancient Ayodhya town was located on the banks of the river Ganga (Ganges), not Sarayu. For example, the
619:
Bakker notes that the legend of Rama was not always connected with Ayodhya: for example, the Buddhist
1582:
825:
785:
will have long life, fame, and offspring bestowed on him, by Brahma (the sun), and Brahma (the moon).
266:
546:
174:, and installed his two sons (Lava and Kusha) to rule them. Rama himself entered the waters of the
612:
figure (dated 4th-3rd century BCE) has been found here. The 11th century texts refer to Gopataru
191:
Several other literary works based on the story of Rama also mention Ayodhya. These include the
878:
175:
382:
is a purely mythical city, and is not same as the present-day Ayodhya. These scholars include
1497:
1535:
722:, not Ganga. S. N. Arya similarly points out that the 7th century Chinese Buddhist traveler
608:
514:
8:
744:
255:
1620:
1485:
1431:
1597:
1563:
1541:
1509:
1489:
1453:
613:
342:
33:
1652:
1477:
1423:
483:
307:
235:
114:
59:
549:
in 1838, mentions that the city was deserted after the death of Rama's descendant
1591:
1524:
1447:
692:
states "Once Lord Buddha was walking in Ayodhya on the bank of the Ganga river".
688:
286:
96:
70:
1555:
1481:
1465:
1443:
787:
Into this city ever shining, moving, and pervaded with Yasas (fame and lustre),
658:
455:
387:
270:
163:
445:, which mention Ayodhya as the capital of Kosala, simply follow the legendary
1636:
1457:
900:
707:
581:
571:
336:
330:
227:
138:
513:), which are identified as Ayodhya (Aojhha) or Saketa. In the 19th century,
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
841:
719:
693:
554:
422:
395:
292:
222:
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312:
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243:
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205:
184:
54:
1624:
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1435:
944:
942:
940:
550:
347:
231:
171:
126:
863:
in that is a golden vessel, heaven-going (swarga), covered with light
861:
Eight-wheeled, nine-doored, is the impregnable stronghold of the gods;
1505:
678:
434:
365:
The epics describe the legendary Ayodhya as the capital of Kosala. A
321:
167:
149:
1427:
937:
723:
585:
502:
447:
210:
134:
91:
48:
43:
783:
Whoever knows it as the Creator's city ever surrounded with nectar
730:
200:
715:
530:
526:
359:
217:
74:
20:
1014:
990:
954:
545:
A local oral tradition of Ayodhya, first recorded in writing by
378:
A section of scholars have argued that the legendary Ayodhya of
28:
1271:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1129:
1094:
1084:
1082:
895:
837:
701:
642:
558:
442:
438:
118:
101:
1259:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
714:(4.35.241.205), which states "Once Lord Buddha was walking in
1364:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1288:
1286:
1218:
1026:
927:
925:
923:
921:
700:
mentions that the citizens of Ayodhya (Ayujjha-pura) built a
646:
1298:
1230:
1206:
1141:
1079:
69:
The historicity of this legendary city is of concern to the
1310:
1194:
1177:
1158:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1002:
978:
908:
uses "ayodhya" as an adjective, not as the name of a city.
818:
122:
63:
1376:
1349:
1334:
1283:
1247:
918:
602:
276:
Arguments cited in favour of this identification include:
260:
966:
188:. Ayodhya was subsequently repopulated by king Rishabha.
73:. According to one theory, it is same as the present-day
1468:(1982). "The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage".
1452:. Institute of Indian Studies, University of Groningen.
1067:
1050:
1038:
809:
Joshi argues that the Ayodhya city, as described in the
616:
in Ayodhya, but do not refer to the birthplace of Rama.
553:. It remained deserted for several centuries until King
505:
is said to have been born in Ikkhagabhumi (according to
471:
1412:
1123:
948:
898:
also confirms this meaning of the word. the later text
748:
verse, which is also found with some variations in the
32:
Gold carving depiction of the legendary Ayodhya at the
652:
1589:
1020:
373:
166:
at the end of his reign, with respective capitals at
742:
M. C. Joshi asserted that Ayodhya is mentioned in a
437:
and Saketa, not Ayodhya, as the major cities of the
428:
768:
tasmai brahma ca brāhmā ca āyuḥ kirtim prajāṃ daduḥ
404:
358:situated on the confluence of the Sarayau and the
1634:
1576:
1265:
704:for the Buddha "in a curve of the river Ganga".
162:, Rama divided the kingdom into North and South
58:. These texts describe it as the capital of the
19:For the city of modern India named Ayodhya, see
764:tasyāṃ hiraṇyayaḥkośaḥ svargo loko jyotiṣāvṛtaḥ
354:mentions that he took bath on the Svarga-dvara
99:, the progenitor of mankind, and measured 12x3
1554:
1464:
1442:
1277:
1241:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1171:
1152:
1135:
1100:
1088:
996:
984:
960:
931:
346:). The 1092 CE Chandrawati inscription of the
1611:S. N. Arya (1990). "Historicity of Ayodhya".
1533:
1304:
1292:
1253:
1224:
1008:
42:is a legendary city mentioned in the ancient
1522:
1399:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1343:
1328:
972:
540:
1496:
1032:
854:tasyāṃ hiraṇyayaḥkośaḥ svargo jyotiṣāvṛtaḥ
203:(dated 2nd century CE or earlier), and the
1613:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1610:
1400:B. B. Lal (1978–79). K. N. Dikshit (ed.).
1316:
1073:
1061:
1044:
340:mention Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage (
133:also describes the city as the capital of
770:vibhrājamānām hariṇīṃ yaśasā saṃparīvṛtām
766:yo vai tāṃ brahmaṇo vedāmṛtenāvṛtāṃ puram
772:puraṃ hiraṇyayīṃ brahmā viveśāparājitām
390:, and a group of 25 historians from the
299:The Gupta-era texts, such as Kalidasa's
27:
627:
603:Relatively recent association with Rama
261:Identification with present-day Ayodhya
148:states that the city was ruled by king
113:describe Ayodhya as the capital of the
84:
1635:
886:Lal points out that two cognate forms
852:aṣṭācakrā navadvārā devānāṃ pūrayodhyā
762:aṣṭācakrā navadvārā devānāṃ pūrayodhyā
433:Early Buddhist and Jain texts mention
824:According to other scholars, such as
501:. For example, the first tirthankara
328:Several ancient texts, including the
280:Several ancient texts, including the
1408:(10). Indian Archaeological Society.
846:
756:
441:region. The later texts such as the
653:Location on the banks of the Ganges
13:
1619:. Indian History Congress: 44–48.
533:: it is not found in the original
374:Identification as a legendary city
14:
1664:
429:Lack of ancient literary evidence
265:Many modern scholars, including
226:were born at Ayodhya, including
16:Legendary city in Sanskrit texts
1502:Key Issues in Historical Theory
1392:
405:Lack of archaeological evidence
319:and Yashodhara's commentary on
46:-language texts, including the
1590:Paras Kumar Choudhary (2004).
1402:"Was Ayodhyā a mythical city?"
519:Archaeological Survey of India
249:
1:
1648:Mythological populated places
911:
1124:Sarvepalli Gopal et al. 1995
949:Sarvepalli Gopal et al. 1995
803:—Translation by M. C. Joshi
7:
392:Jawaharlal Nehru University
367:1st century BCE inscription
10:
1669:
1562:. New Delhi: Aryan Books.
1482:10.1163/000000082790081267
1021:Paras Kumar Choudhary 2004
509:) or Viniya (according to
253:
158:, a later addition to the
18:
1583:Stanford University Press
1577:Gyanendra Pandey (2006).
789:the Creator has entered.
541:Local Vikramaditya legend
413:is set much earlier. The
95:, Ayodhya was founded by
850:
760:
547:Robert Montgomery Martin
1596:. Kalpaz Publications.
1643:Places in the Ramayana
1534:Kishore Kunal (2016).
879:William Dwight Whitney
859:
777:
667:Purana-pancha-lakshana
511:Jambu-dvipa-prajnapati
468:Purana-pancha-lakshana
131:Purana-pancha-lakshana
36:
1593:Sociology of Pilgrims
1523:K. D. Bajpai (1967).
1266:Gyanendra Pandey 2006
696:'s commentary on the
661:, the older parts of
557:(or Vikramaditya) of
254:Further information:
213:(c. 5th century CE).
31:
1470:Indo-Iranian Journal
628:Analysis of Ramayana
515:Alexander Cunningham
317:Abhidhana-Chintamani
85:Legendary depictions
1278:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1242:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1213:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1201:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1189:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1172:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1153:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1136:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1101:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1089:Hans T. Bakker 1984
1035:, pp. 113–114.
997:Hans T. Bakker 1982
985:Meenakshi Jain 2013
961:Hans T. Bakker 1982
932:Hans T. Bakker 1984
811:Taittiriya Aranyaka
798:Taittiriya Aranyaka
745:Taittiriya Aranyaka
732:Taittiriya Aranyaka
256:Historicity of Rama
182:, according to the
1305:Kishore Kunal 2016
1293:Kishore Kunal 2016
1254:Kishore Kunal 2016
1225:Kishore Kunal 2016
1009:Kishore Kunal 2016
999:, p. 103–104.
963:, p. 103–126.
836:) as having eight
362:rivers at Ayodhya.
105:in area. Both the
37:
1603:978-81-7835-243-5
1547:978-81-8430-357-5
1537:Ayodhya Revisited
1515:9-781-31751-945-4
1383:B. B. Lal 1978–79
1373:, pp. 47–48.
1371:B. B. Lal 1978–79
1359:B. B. Lal 1978–79
1344:B. B. Lal 1978–79
1331:, pp. 46–47.
1329:B. B. Lal 1978–79
1319:, pp. 44–45.
1126:, pp. 76–81.
1103:, pp. 11–12.
973:K. D. Bajpai 1967
884:
883:
807:
806:
216:According to the
137:kings, including
89:According to the
34:Ajmer Jain temple
1660:
1628:
1607:
1586:
1579:Routine Violence
1573:
1560:Rama and Ayodhya
1551:
1530:
1529:. Indic Academy.
1519:
1493:
1461:
1439:
1416:Social Scientist
1409:
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1308:
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1296:
1290:
1281:
1280:, p. 7, 10.
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1227:, pp. 9–10.
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1156:
1150:
1139:
1138:, p. 9, 11.
1133:
1127:
1121:
1104:
1098:
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1071:
1065:
1059:
1048:
1042:
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1033:Herman Paul 2015
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1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
935:
929:
877:—Translation by
847:
757:
621:Dasaratha-jataka
596:Gyanendra Pandey
484:Brahmanda Purana
308:Brahmanda Purana
287:Bhagavata Purana
236:Abhinandananatha
220:tradition, five
180:Gopratara Tirtha
115:Ikshvaku dynasty
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1604:
1570:
1548:
1540:. Ocean Books.
1516:
1428:10.2307/3517330
1395:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1317:S. N. Arya 1990
1315:
1311:
1307:, pp. 5–6.
1303:
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1252:
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1107:
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1087:
1080:
1074:S. N. Arya 1990
1072:
1068:
1062:S. N. Arya 1990
1060:
1051:
1045:S. N. Arya 1990
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:, pp. 8–9.
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
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967:
959:
955:
947:
938:
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788:
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784:
782:
780:
774:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
740:
712:Samyutta Nikaya
698:Samyutta Nikaya
689:Samyutta Nikaya
655:
630:
605:
543:
487:and Kalidasa's
431:
407:
376:
263:
258:
252:
87:
71:Ayodhya dispute
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1608:
1602:
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1574:
1569:978-8173054518
1568:
1556:Meenakshi Jain
1552:
1546:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1494:
1476:(2): 103–126.
1466:Hans T. Bakker
1462:
1444:Hans T. Bakker
1440:
1422:(1/2): 76–81.
1410:
1396:
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1258:
1246:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1176:
1157:
1140:
1128:
1105:
1093:
1078:
1066:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
953:
936:
916:
915:
913:
910:
882:
881:
875:
867:
866:
857:
805:
804:
801:
793:
792:
775:
739:
729:
659:Hans T. Bakker
654:
651:
629:
626:
609:Ramanandi sect
604:
601:
542:
539:
521:believed that
456:Hans T. Bakker
430:
427:
406:
403:
388:Hans T. Bakker
375:
372:
371:
370:
363:
326:
297:
271:H. D. Sankalia
262:
259:
251:
248:
86:
83:
60:Ikshvaku kings
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1385:, p. 48.
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1361:, p. 47.
1360:
1355:
1353:
1346:, p. 46.
1345:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1268:, p. 97.
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1244:, p. 30.
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1215:, p. 11.
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1155:, p. 12.
1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1091:, p. 10.
1090:
1085:
1083:
1076:, p. 45.
1075:
1070:
1064:, p. 46.
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1047:, p. 44.
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
987:, p. 91.
986:
981:
975:, p. 42.
974:
969:
962:
957:
951:, p. 76.
950:
945:
943:
941:
933:
928:
926:
924:
922:
917:
909:
907:
903:
902:
901:Bhagavad Gita
897:
893:
889:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
858:
855:
849:
848:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
802:
799:
795:
794:
790:
776:
773:
759:
758:
755:
753:
752:
747:
746:
737:
733:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Kishore Kunal
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:According to
650:
648:
644:
639:
638:Ayodhya Kanda
635:
632:According to
625:
622:
617:
615:
610:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
582:Kishore Kunal
579:
577:
573:
572:solar dynasty
569:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:chakravartins
496:
492:
491:
486:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:According to
452:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
418:
416:
412:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
337:Matsya Purana
333:
332:
331:Vishnu Smriti
327:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
268:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Rishabhanatha
225:
224:
219:
214:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:Pratimanataka
194:
189:
187:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
142:
140:
139:Harishchandra
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1616:
1612:
1592:
1578:
1559:
1536:
1525:
1501:
1473:
1469:
1448:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1393:Bibliography
1378:
1366:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1295:, p. 6.
1273:
1261:
1256:, p. 9.
1249:
1220:
1208:
1203:, p. 3.
1196:
1191:, p. 5.
1174:, p. 9.
1131:
1096:
1069:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
956:
934:, p. 7.
905:
899:
891:
887:
885:
871:
860:
851:
833:
829:
823:
814:
810:
808:
797:
778:
761:
749:
743:
741:
735:
731:
711:
706:
697:
694:Buddhaghosha
687:
684:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
637:
631:
620:
618:
606:
589:
580:
575:
564:
544:
534:
522:
510:
506:
495:tirthankaras
488:
482:
480:
475:
467:
463:
459:
453:
446:
432:
423:Samudragupta
419:
414:
410:
408:
400:
396:Gupta period
379:
377:
355:
341:
335:
329:
320:
316:
306:
300:
293:Padma Purana
291:
285:
281:
275:
264:
223:tirthankaras
221:
215:
204:
199:by the poet
196:
192:
190:
183:
179:
176:Sarayu river
159:
155:Uttara Kanda
153:
145:
143:
130:
121:, including
110:
106:
100:
90:
88:
79:Gupta period
68:
62:, including
53:
47:
39:
38:
25:
1498:Herman Paul
906:Atharvaveda
872:Atharvaveda
828:, the word
821:mythology.
815:Atharvaveda
751:Atharvaveda
738:description
736:Atharvaveda
663:Mahabharata
634:M. C. Joshi
591:Raghuvamsha
576:Raghuvamsha
568:Skandagupta
490:Raghuvamsha
476:Thana Sutta
460:Mahabharata
384:M. C. Joshi
352:Chandradeva
313:Hemachandra
302:Raghuvamsha
250:Historicity
244:Anantanatha
240:Sumatinatha
206:Raghuvamsha
185:Mahabharata
111:Mahabharata
55:Mahabharata
1637:Categories
1406:Purātattva
912:References
679:palanquins
551:Brihadbala
507:Kalpasutra
348:Gahadavala
290:, and the
232:Ajitanatha
150:Dasharatha
127:Dasharatha
1506:Routledge
1490:161957449
1458:769116023
888:ayodhyena
840:and nine
826:B. B. Lal
716:Kaushambi
472:see below
435:Shravasti
322:Kamasutra
267:B. B. Lal
193:Abhisheka
172:Kushavati
168:Shravasti
1625:44148186
1558:(2013).
1500:(2015).
1446:(1984).
892:ayodhyaḥ
874:10.2.31
842:orifices
724:Xuanzang
671:Ramayana
586:Kalidasa
535:Ramayana
523:Ramayana
503:Rishabha
464:Ramayana
448:Ramayana
415:Ramayana
411:Ramayana
380:Ramayana
334:and the
305:and the
282:Ramayana
211:Kalidasa
160:Ramayana
146:Ramayana
135:Ikshvaku
109:and the
107:Ramayana
92:Ramayana
52:and the
49:Ramayana
44:Sanskrit
1653:Ayodhya
1449:Ayodhya
1436:3517330
838:chakras
830:ayodhya
675:suggest
555:Vikrama
531:Lucknow
527:Brahmin
443:Puranas
360:Ghaghra
102:yojanas
75:Ayodhya
40:Ayodhya
21:Ayodhya
1623:
1600:
1566:
1544:
1512:
1488:
1456:
1434:
896:Sayana
720:Yamuna
702:vihara
643:Odisha
614:tirtha
559:Ujjain
537:text.
466:, and
439:Kosala
356:tirtha
343:tirtha
284:, the
242:, and
164:Kosala
129:. The
119:Kosala
1621:JSTOR
1486:S2CID
1432:JSTOR
813:(and
800:1.27
673:only
647:Assam
350:king
201:Bhāsa
1598:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1454:OCLC
890:and
819:Jain
734:and
665:and
645:and
497:and
269:and
218:Jain
195:and
170:and
144:The
125:and
123:Rama
97:Manu
64:Rama
1478:doi
1424:doi
834:pur
588:'s
529:of
517:of
315:'s
209:of
117:of
1639::
1617:51
1615:.
1581:.
1508:.
1504:.
1484:.
1474:24
1472:.
1430:.
1420:18
1418:.
1404:.
1351:^
1336:^
1285:^
1232:^
1179:^
1160:^
1143:^
1108:^
1081:^
1052:^
939:^
920:^
844::
754::
649:.
578:.
462:,
451:.
398:.
386:,
246:.
238:,
234:,
230:,
141:.
81:.
66:.
1627:.
1606:.
1585:.
1572:.
1550:.
1518:.
1492:.
1480::
1460:.
1438:.
1426::
1023:.
870:—
796:—
325:.
23:.
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