Ruhollah Khomeini - Knowledge

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as much when, writing from exile, he had vowed to set the people free from the cruel despotism that blighted their lives", "Khomeini had developed his unorthodox personal philosophy during his time as a student and teacher at the ancient holy cities of Qom and Najaf, where he was drawn to an obscure interpretation of Shia Islam, which held that all power should ultimately derive from the will of a divinely appointed religious leader.", "Now that he was safely back in Tehran as the undisputed figurehead of the Iranian revolution, Khomeini was determined to implement the radical agenda he had championed for more than twenty years. It was of no concern to him that his programme bore little relation to the wishes of the majority of the Iranian people, and was firmly at odds with the desire of most Iranians for the establishment of a constitutional democracy to replace the Sha's highly dictatorial system of government." "He worried that the brave new world of Islamic rule that he intended for Iran might become compromised by the participation of Leftists, Nationalists and the various other anti-Shah groups who, for the moment at least, blindly supported Khomeini's leadership without fully comprehending what he stood for. The enthusiasm among the Iranian masses for opposing the Shah and his supporters was so infectious that few people bothered to consider the implications of Khomeini's controversial agenda, which the ayatollah, it should be said, had taken great care to conceal from the ordinary populace.""'This is not going to be an ordinary government,' Khomeini told Revolutionary Council members. 'This will be a government based on the Sharia. Opposing this government means opposing the Sharia of Islam … Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God, and revolt against God is Blasphemy'. The formation of the Revolutionary Guards would mark the start of one of the bloodiest periods in the recent history of the Middle East as Islamic zealots launched a bloody purge to rid the country of its middle-class professionals who, whilst welcoming the overthrow of the monarchy, had little enthusiasm for religious bigotry.

4104:, explains this contradiction as coming from Khomeini's belief that the huge turnout of Iranians in anti-Shah demonstrations during the revolution constituted a 'referendum' in favor of an Islamic republic, more important than any elections. Khomeini also wrote that since Muslims must support a government based on Islamic law, Sharia-based government will always have more popular support in Muslim countries than any government based on elected representatives. Khomeini's policies aimed to position Iran as the "champion of all Muslims, regardless of sect", by making Iran to be the main "hardline opponent of the Jewish state." Khomeini offered himself as a "champion of Islamic revival" and unity, emphasizing issues Muslims agreed upon – the fight against Zionism and imperialism – and downplaying Shia issues that would divide Shia from 2354: 4496: 2801: 2716: 3952: 2759: 3646:

melons." On another occasion emphasizing the importance of martyrdom over material prosperity, he said: "Could anyone wish his child to be martyred to obtain a good house? This is not the issue. The issue is another world." He also reportedly answered a question about his economic policies by declaring that 'economics is for donkeys'. This disinterest in economic policy is said to be "one factor explaining the inchoate performance of the Iranian economy since the revolution." Other factors include the long war with Iraq, the cost of which led to government debt and inflation, eroding personal incomes, and unprecedented unemployment, ideological disagreement over the economy, and "international pressure and isolation" such as

3233: 4424: 3630:, Khomeini encouraged the clerical courts to continue implementing their version of the Shari'a. As part of the campaign to "cleanse" the society, these courts executed over 100 drug addicts, prostitutes, homosexuals, rapists, and adulterers on the charge of "sowing corruption on earth." According to author Arno Schmitt, "Khomeini asserted that 'homosexuals' had to be exterminated because they were parasites and corruptors of the nation by spreading the 'stain of wickedness.'" In 1979, he had declared that the execution of homosexuals (as well as prostitutes and adulterers) was reasonable in a moral civilization in the same sense as cutting off decayed skin. 2989: 3884: 3315: 2848: 4184: 2962:". In the meantime, however, Khomeini talked only about "Islamic Government", never spelling out what exactly that meant. His network may have been learning about the necessity of rule by Jurists, but "in his interview, speeches, messages and fatvas during this period, there is not a single reference to velayat-e faqih." Khomenei was careful not to publicize his ideas for clerical rule outside of his Islamic network of opposition to the Shah and so not frighten away the secular middle class from his movement. His movement emphasized populism, talking about fighting for the 5039: 3402:(September 1980 – August 1988). A combination of fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces soon stalled the Iraqi advance and, despite Saddam's internationally condemned use of poison gas, Iran had by early 1982 regained almost all of the territory lost to the invasion. The invasion rallied Iranians behind the new regime, enhancing Khomeini's stature and allowing him to consolidate and stabilize his leadership. After this reversal, Khomeini refused an Iraqi offer of a truce, instead demanding reparations and the toppling of 2985:

polarized and opposition more radical, Khomeini "was able to mobilize the entire network of mosques in Iran", along with their pious faithful, regular gatherings, hitherto skeptical Mullah leaders, and supported by "over 20,000 properties and buildings throughout Iran"—a political resource the secular middle class and Shiite socialists could not hope to compete with. Aware of the importance of broadening his base, Khomeini reached out to Islamic reformist and secular enemies of the Shah, groups that were suppressed after he took and consolidated power.

3182:. Thus began the process of suppression of groups inside his broad coalition but outside his network, that had placed their hopes in Khomeini but whose support was no longer needed. This led to the purge or replacement of many secular politicians in Iran, with Khomeini and his close associates taking the following steps: Establishing Islamic Revolutionary courts; replacing the previous military and police force; placing Iran's top theologians and Islamic intellectuals in charge of writing a theocratic constitutions, with a central role for 3294:" helped to advance the cause of theocratic government and outflank politicians and groups who emphasized stability and normalized relations with other countries. Khomeini is reported to have told his president: "This action has many benefits ... this has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty, and carry out presidential and parliamentary elections." The new constitution was successfully passed by referendum a month after the hostage crisis began. 3594:

legitimate excuse. If she obeys the husband in these matters, it is obligatory on the husband to provide her food, clothes, house and other items mentioned in the books, and if he does not provide, he is indebted to the wife, whether he has the ability or not. Issue 2413- If a woman does not obey her husband in the matters mentioned in the previous issue, she is a sinner and has no right to food, clothing, housing, and co-sleeping, but her dowry is not lost. Issue 2414- A man has no right to force his wife to serve the house."

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literature. In the Western world it is said "his glowering visage became the virtual face of Islam in Western popular culture" and "inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam," making the word 'Ayatollah' "a synonym for a dangerous madman ... in popular parlance." This has particularly been the case in the United States where some Iranians complained that even at universities they felt the need to hide their Iranian identity for fear of physical attack. There Khomeini and the Islamic Republic are remembered for the

2211: 381: 90: 3637:, however, was designated by Khomeini as a sickness that was able to be cured through gender-affirming surgery. Since the mid-1980s, the Iranian government has legalized the practice of sex reassignment surgery (under medical approval) and the modification of pertinent legal documents to reflect the reassigned gender. In 1983, Khomeini passed a fatwa allowing gender reassignment operations as a cure for "diagnosed transsexuals", allowing for the basis of this practice becoming legal. 3089: 3005:

prophesied that "A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path". In late 1978, a rumour swept the country that Khomeini's face could be seen in the full moon. Millions of people were said to have seen it and the event was celebrated in thousands of mosques. The phenomenon was thought to demonstrate that by late 1978 he was increasingly regarded as a messianic figure in Iran, and perceived by many as the spiritual as well as political leader of the revolt.

4282:. At the time Khomeini was an anti-Shah revolutionary and his fatwas did not carry any weight with the Imperial government, which did not have any specific policies regarding transsexual individuals. However, after 1979, his fatwa "formed the basis for a national policy" and perhaps in part because of a penal code that "allows for the execution of homosexuals", as of 2005 Iran "permits and partly finances seven times as many gender reassignment operations as the entire 2618: 4770: 3042:, Khomeini's contact with the US "is part of a trove of newly declassified US government documents—diplomatic cables, policy memos, meeting records". The documents suggest that the Carter administration helped Khomeini return to Iran by preventing the Iranian army from launching a military coup, and that Khomeini told an American in France to convey a message to Washington that "There should be no fear about oil. It is not true that we wouldn't sell to the US." 1963: 4298: 18395: 18038: 12893: 3429:. Despite the high cost of the war – 450,000 to 950,000 Iranian casualties and US$ 300 billion – Khomeini insisted that extending the war into Iraq in an attempt to overthrow Saddam had not been a mistake. In a "Letter to Clergy" he wrote: "... we do not repent, nor are we sorry for even a single moment for our performance during the war. Have we forgotten that we fought to fulfill our religious duty and that the result is a marginal issue?" 3861:, and such. These people should not be called minorities because this term assumes there is a difference between these brothers." The following months saw numerous clashes between Kurdish militia groups and the Revolutionary Guards. The referendum on the Islamic Republic was massively boycotted in Kurdistan, where it was thought 85 to 90% of voters abstained. Khomeini ordered additional attacks later on in the year, and by September most of 5096:

therefore be unwise for him to spare his life in order to improve economy Those who keep bringing up economy and find economy the infrastructure of everything -not knowing what human means- think of human being as an animal who is defined by means of food and clothes Those who find economy the infrastructure of everything, find human beings animals. Animal too sacrifices everything for its economy and economy is its sole infrastructure.

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stormed the funeral procession, destroying Khomeini's wooden coffin in order to get a last glimpse of his body or touch of his coffin. In some cases, armed soldiers were compelled to fire warning shots in the air to restrain the crowds. At one point, Khomeini's body fell to the ground, as the crowd ripped off pieces of the death shroud, trying to keep them as if they were holy relics. According to journalist James Buchan:

2973: 3125:" (Nothing). This statement—much discussed at the time and since—was considered by some reflective of his mystical beliefs and non-attachment to ego. Others considered it a warning to Iranians who hoped he would be a "mainstream nationalist leader" that they were in for disappointment. To others, it was a reflection of Khomeini's disinterest in the desires, beliefs, or the needs of the Iranian populace. He was 4784: 3782:

remain non-Muslim. Iran's non-Muslim population has decreased. For example, the Jewish population in Iran dropped from 80,000 to 30,000. The Zoroastrian population has also decreased, due to suffering from renewed persecution and the revived legal contrasts between a Muslim and Zoroastrian, which mirrors the laws that Zoroastrians experienced under earlier Islamic regimes. The view that Zoroastrians are

4524:. Some sources claim that Khomeini married Saqafi when she was ten years old, while others claim she was fifteen years old. By all accounts their marriage was harmonious and happy. She died on 21 March 2009, at the age of 93. They had seven children, though only five survived infancy. His daughters all married into either merchant or clerical families, and both his sons entered into religious life. 4159:. "We would like to act according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We would like to be free. We would like independence." However once in power Khomeini took a firm line against dissent, warning opponents of theocracy for example: "I repeat for the last time: abstain from holding meetings, from blathering, from publishing protests. Otherwise I will break your teeth." 3657:, poverty is said to have risen by nearly 45% during the first 6 years of Khomeini's rule. Emigration from Iran also developed, reportedly for the first time in the country's history. Since the revolution and war with Iraq, an estimated "two to four million entrepreneurs, professionals, technicians, and skilled craftspeople (and their capital)" have emigrated to other countries. 3980:(a grand ayatollah), and of the dozen or so grand ayatollahs living in 1981 only Montazeri qualified as a potential Leader (this was either because only he accepted totally Khomeini's concept of rule by Islamic jurists, or, as at least one other source stated, because only Montazeri had the "political credentials" Khomeini found suitable for his successor). The execution of 4742: 3924:

Men jumped into the grave. At one point, the guards lost hold of the body. Firing in the air, the soldiers drove the crowd back, retrieved the body and brought it to the helicopter, but mourners clung on to the landing gear before they could be shaken off. The body was taken back to North Tehran to go through the ritual of preparation a second time.

2692:(religious scholars), and as Westernizing trends by traditionalists. Khomeini viewed them as "an attack on Islam". Ayatollah Khomeini summoned a meeting of the other senior marjas of Qom and persuaded them to decree a boycott of the referendum on the White Revolution. On 22 January 1963, Khomeini issued a strongly worded declaration denouncing both 3139: 11181: 6581: 6568: 526: 9579: 9392: 4475:... the electric effect he had on everybody, his charisma, was amazing. You just look at the man and tears come down your cheek. You just look at him and you get tears. I never saw a more handsome old man in my life, no picture, no video, no TV could do justice to this man, the handsomest old man I ever saw in my life was this man. 3900:. Large numbers of Iranians took to the streets to publicly mourn his death and in the scorching summer heat, fire trucks sprayed water on the crowds to cool them. At least 10 mourners were trampled to death, more than 400 were badly hurt and several thousand more were treated for injuries sustained in the ensuing pandemonium. 2453: 5056:

In "A Warning to the Nation" published in 1941, Khomeini wrote, "We have nothing to say to those ... have forfeited them faculties so completely to the foreigners that they even imitate them in matters of time; what is left for us to say to them? As you all know, noon is now officially reckoned in

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Many of Khomeini's political and religious ideas were considered to be progressive and reformist by leftist intellectuals and activists prior to the Revolution. However, once in power his ideas often clashed with those of modernist or secular Iranian intellectuals. This conflict came to a head during

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escalated the conflict, leading to increasing arrests, torture, and executions of thousands of Iranians. Targets also included "innocent, non political civilians, such as members of the Baha'i religious minority, and others deemed problematic by the IRP." The number of those executed between 1981 and

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In a speech on 1 February 1979 delivered to a huge crowd after returning to Iran from exile, Khomeini made a variety of promises to Iranians for his coming Islamic regime: a popularly elected government that would represent the people of Iran and with which the clergy would not interfere. He promised

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In March 1992, disabled war veterans protested against the mismanagement of the Foundation of the Disinherited. January and May 1992. In January 1992 a Tehran mob attacked grocery stores in a protest against the rise in subsidized milk prices. In May 1992 there were protests by squatters against the

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Another journalist tells the story of listening to bitter criticism of the regime by an Iranian who tells her of his wish for his son to leave the country and who "repeatedly" makes the point "that life had been better" under the Shah. When his complaint is interrupted by news that "the Imam" – over

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During the war, the Iranians used human wave attacks (people walking to certain death included child soldiers), with Khomeini promising that they would automatically go to paradise—al Janna— if they died in battle. Khomeini's pursuit of victory ultimately proved futile. By March 1984, two million of

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described as a "populist clerical version of Shii Islam". Khomeini modified previous Shii interpretations of Islam in a number of ways that included aggressive approaches to espousing the general interests of the mostazafin, forcefully arguing that the clergy's sacred duty was to take over the state

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As protests grew, so did his profile and importance. Although several thousand kilometers away from Iran in Paris, Khomeini set the course of the revolution, urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages against the regime. During the last few months of his exile, Khomeini received a

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With Khomeini's return, both Iran's liberal intelligentsia and the public at large looked forward to a new era where freedom of expression was enshrined in law, and the nation's vast oil wealth was used for the benefit of the entire nation, not only an unelected elite. Khomeini himself had promised

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system, every locality had its own time with 12 noon set to match the moment in that city when the sun was at its highest point in the sky. This was natural for an era when travel was relatively slow and infrequent but would have played havoc with railway timetables and general modern long-distance

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that the "body of the Ayatollah, wrapped in a white burial shroud, fell out of the flimsy wooden coffin, and in a mad scene people in the crowd reached to touch the shroud". A frail white leg was uncovered. The shroud was torn to pieces for relics and Khomeini's son Ahmad was knocked from his feet.

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delegation traveled to Qom to present the Kurds' demands to Khomeini. Their demands included language rights and the provision for a degree of political autonomy. Khomeini responded that such demands were unacceptable since it involved the division of the Iranian nation. In a speech during the same

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As Khomeini's movement gained momentum, soldiers began to defect to his side and Khomeini declared ill fortune on troops who did not surrender. On 11 February, as revolt spread and armories were taken over, the military declared neutrality and the Bakhtiar regime collapsed. On 30 and 31 March 1979,

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wrote that it "did not have access to the newly declassified documents and was not able to independently verify them," however it did confirm Khomeini's contact with the Kennedy administration and claims of support for US interest in Iran particularly oil through a CIA analysis report titled "Islam

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Khomeini took on extensive and proactive support of the female populace during the ousting of the Shah and his subsequent homecoming, advocating for mainstreaming of women into all spheres of life and even hypothesizing about a woman head of state. However, once he returned, his stances on women's

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Khomeini believed in Muslim unity and solidarity and the export of his revolution throughout the world. He believed Shia and (the significantly more numerous) Sunni Muslims should be "united and stand firmly against Western and arrogant powers." "Establishing the Islamic state world-wide belong to

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In 1983, the U.S. helped bring to the attention of Tehran the threat inherent in the extensive infiltration of the government by the communist Tudeh Party and Soviet or pro-Soviet cadres in the country. Using this information, the Khomeini government took measures, including mass executions, that

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The Imam, it was generally believed, had shown by his uncanny sweep to power, that he knew how to act in ways which others could not begin to understand. His timing was extraordinary, and his insight into the motivation of others, those around him as well as his enemies, could not be explained as

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He's so punctual that if he doesn't turn up for lunch at exactly ten past everyone will get worried, because his work is regulated in such a way that he turned up for lunch at exactly that time every day. He goes to bed exactly on time. He eats exactly on time. And he wakes up exactly on time. He

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and his family left Iran and escaped harm, but hundreds of former members of the overthrown monarchy and military were executed by firing squads, with exiled critics complaining of "secrecy, vagueness of the charges, the absence of defense lawyers or juries", or the opportunity of the accused "to

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and Western countries. The Persian Gulf Arabs and the West wanted to be sure the Islamic revolution did not spread across the Persian Gulf, while the Soviet Union was concerned about the potential threat posed to its rule in central Asia to the north. However, Iran had large amounts of ammunition

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Cassette copies of his lectures fiercely denouncing the Shah as (for example) "the Jewish agent, the American serpent whose head must be smashed with a stone", became common items in the markets of Iran, helping to demythologize the power and dignity of the Shah and his reign. As Iran became more

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in September 1987 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities was a blow to Ayatollah Montazeri, who knew Hashemi since their childhood. In 1989 Montazeri began to call for liberalization, freedom for political parties. Following the execution of thousands of political prisoners by the Islamic

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Senior government posts were reserved for Muslims. Schools set up by Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians had to be run by Muslim principals. Conversion to Islam was encouraged by entitling converts to inherit the entire share of their parents (or even uncle's) estate if their siblings (or cousins)

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As part of the pivot from guide of a broad political movement to strict clerical ruler, Khomeini's first expressed approval of the provisional constitution for the Islamic Republic that had no post of supreme Islamic clerical ruler. But after his supporters gained an overwhelming majority of the

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According to a 1980 CIA study, "in November 1963 Ayatollah Khomeini sent a message to the United States Government through Haj Mirza Khalil Kamarei", where he expressed "that he was not opposed to American interests in Iran", "on the contrary, he thought the American presence was necessary as a

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Figures about Khomeini's initial funeral attendance which took place on 4 June range around 2.5–3.5 million people. Early the following day, Khomeini's corpse was flown in by helicopter for burial at the Behesht-e Zahra. Iranian officials postponed Khomeini's first funeral after a huge mob

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and other Islamic groups. Women were required to cover their hair, and men were forbidden to wear shorts. Alcoholic drinks, most Western movies, and the practice of men and women swimming or sunbathing together were banned. The Iranian educational curriculum was Islamized at all levels with the

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would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages, and demanded that the United States hand over the Shah for trial in Iran for crimes against the nation. Although the Shah died a few months later, during the summer, the crisis continued. In Iran, supporters of Khomeini named the embassy a

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I cannot imagine and no wise person can presume the claim that we spared our bloods so watermelon becomes cheaper. No wise person would sacrifice his young offspring for affordable housing. People want everything for their young offspring. Human being wants economy for his own self; it would

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nations, believing the Islamic world should be its own bloc, or rather converge into a single unified power. He viewed Western culture as being inherently decadent and a corrupting influence upon the youth. The Islamic Republic banned or discouraged popular Western fashions, music, cinema, and

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was an important source of influence to Khomeini and the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The Islamic Republic of Iran under Khomeini honoured Qutb's "martyrdom" by issuing an iconic postage stamp in 1984, and before the revolution prominent figures in the Khomeini network translated Qutb's works into

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Khomeini is said to have stressed "the spiritual over the material". Six months after his first speech he expressed exasperation with complaints about the sharp drop in Iran's standard of living, saying that: "I cannot believe that the purpose of all these sacrifices was to have less expensive

3537:, the Japanese translator of the book, in 1991. Rushdie himself and two other translators of the book survived murder attempts, the last – in Rushdie's case – in August 2022. The controversy, and subsequent unrest associated with the fatwa has been linked to surges in sales for Rushdie's work. 2410:

Ali Akbar Yazdi, a scholar of philosophy and mysticism. Yazdi died in 1924, but Khomeini continued to pursue his interest in philosophy with two other teachers, Javad Aqa Maleki Tabrizi and Rafi'i Qazvini. However, perhaps Khomeini's biggest influences were another teacher, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali

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A whiskey-drinking professor told an American journalist that Khomeini brought pride back to Iranians. A women's rights activist told me that Khomeini was not the problem; it was his conservative allies who had directed him wrongly. A nationalist war veteran, who held Iran's ruling clerics in

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clergy of the time. Towards the 1979 Revolution, many clerics gradually became disillusioned with the rule of the Shah, although none came around to supporting Khomeini's vision of a theocratic Islamic Republic. Khomeini has been described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular

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Laws were passed that encouraged polygamy, made it impossible for women to divorce men, and treated adultery as the highest form of criminal offense. Women were compelled to wear veils and the image of Western women was carefully reconstructed as a symbol of impiety. Morality and modesty were

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and other opposition groups (including leftist and moderate groups) rallied against the takeover of the Islamic Republic Party through large demonstrations. On Khomeini's order, the Islamic Republic responded by shooting the demonstrators and arresting them, including their leaders. The 1981

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was not equivalent to rape or zina, declaring "Issue 2412- A woman who has entered into a permanent marriage should not go out of the house without her husband's permission, and she should surrender herself to whatever pleasure he wants and not prevent him from getting close to her without a

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among young educated Iranians), Khomeini became the most influential leader of the opposition to the Shah. Adding to his mystique was the circulation among Iranians in the 1970s of an old Shia saying attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kadhem. Prior to his death in 799, al-Kadhem was said to have

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A mere three weeks after assuming power, under the pretext of reversing the Shah's affinity for westernization and backed by a vocal conservative section of Iranian society, he revoked the divorce law. Under Khomeini the minimum age of marriage was lowered to 15 for boys and 13 for girls;

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Before the constitution was approved, on 22 October 1979, the United States admitted the exiled and ailing Shah into the country for cancer treatment. In Iran, there was an immediate outcry, with both Khomeini and leftist groups demanding the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution.

2774:", stipulating that U.S. servicemen facing criminal charges stemming from a deployment in Iran, were to be tried before a U.S. court martial, not an Iranian court. Khomeini was arrested in November 1964 and held for half a year. Upon his release, Khomeini was brought before Prime Minister 8107:

His position on divorce was much more in favor of women. Contrary to the majority of the clergy, Khomeini did not stigmatize divorce initiated by women. According to him: Although it is correct to say that Islam has granted men the right to divorce, but it has also given this right to

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with the aim of establishing a theocratic government and tearing down any secular opposition; replacing all secular laws with Islamic laws; neutralising or punishing top theologians ("Khomeini's competitors in the religious hierarchy"), whose ideas conflicted with Khomeini's, including

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On 16 January 1979, the Shah left the country for medical treatment (ostensibly "on vacation"), never to return. Two weeks later, on Thursday, 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned in triumph to Iran, welcomed by a joyous crowd reported to be of up to five million people. On his chartered

4606:. In 2003, he was quoted as saying: "Iranians need freedom now, and if they can only achieve it with American interference I think they would welcome it. As an Iranian, I would welcome it." In that same year Husain Khomeini visited the United States, where he met figures such as 2746:) at 3:00 am, two days after this public denunciation of the Shah, Khomeini was detained in Qom and transferred to Tehran. Following this action, there were three days of major riots throughout Iran and the deaths of some 400 people. That event is now referred to as the 2530:(Secret of the Prayer), where "the symbolic dimensions and inner meaning of every part of the prayer, from the ablution that precedes it to the salam that concludes it, are expounded in a rich, complex, and eloquent language that owes much to the concepts and terminology of 4618:, quoting "family sources", he was blackmailed into returning. In 2006, he called for an American invasion and overthrow of the Islamic Republic, telling Al-Arabiyah television station viewers, "If you were a prisoner, what would you do? I want someone to break the prison . 4378:

and he will summon people to the right path. There will rally to him people resembling pieces of iron, not to be shaken by violent winds, unsparing and relying on God" was repeated in Iran as a tribute to Khomeini. (In Lebanon, however, this saying was also attributed to

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Apart from philosophy, Khomeini was interested in literature and poetry. His poetry collection was released after his death. Beginning in his adolescent years, Khomeini composed mystic, political and social poetry. His poetry works were published in three collections:

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On 26 October 1964, Khomeini denounced both the Shah and the United States. This time it was in response to the "capitulations" or diplomatic immunity granted by the Shah to American military personnel in Iran. What Khomeini labeled a capitulation law, was in fact a

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religious scholars. Khomeini's manifesto argued that the Shah had violated the constitution in various ways, he condemned the spread of moral corruption in the country, and accused the Shah of submission to the United States and Israel. He also decreed that the

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Reception among women of his regime has been mixed. Whilst a section were dismayed at the increasing Islamisation and concurrent degradation of women's rights, others did notice more opportunities and mainstreaming of relatively religiously conservative women.

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This system of clerical rule is necessary to prevent injustice, corruption, oppression by the powerful over the poor and weak, innovation and deviation of Islam and Sharia law; and also to destroy anti-Islamic influence and conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign

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Hamid Algar, "Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran", paper presented at London Conference on vilayat al-faqih, in June 1988, quoted in "The Rule of the Religious Jurist in Iran" by Abdulaziz Sachedina, p. 133 in

2739:, who is perceived as a 'tyrant' by Shias, and the Shah, denouncing the Shah as a "wretched, miserable man," and warning him that if he did not change his ways the day would come when the people would offer up thanks for his departure from the country. 2931:), as well as having intelligence and administrative ability. Rule by monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives of the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) has been proclaimed "wrong" by Islam. 16997: 525: 3693:

defend themselves." In later years these were followed in larger numbers by the erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini's movement—Marxists and socialists, mostly university students—who opposed the theocratic regime. From 1980 to 1981, the

2538:, has remarked, the work is addressed only to the foremost among the spiritual elite (akhass-i khavass) and establishes its author as one of their number." The second book has been translated by Sayyid Amjad Hussain Shah Naqavi and released by 4351:, but simply 'The Imam'." Khomeini's cult of personality fills a central position in foreign- and domestically targeted Iranian publications. The methods used to create his personality cult have been compared to those used by such figures as 3058:, "these document show that in his long quest for power, he was tactically flexible; he played the moderate even pro-American card to take control but once change had come he put in place an anti-America legacy that would last for decades." 4056:), before finally insisting the ruling jurist need not be a leading one and Sharia rule could be overruled by that jurist if necessary to serve the interests of Islam and the "divine government" of the Islamic state. Khomeini's concept of 3928:

The second funeral was held under much tighter security five hours later. This time, Khomeini's casket was made of steel, and in accordance with Islamic tradition, the casket was only to carry the body to the burial site. In 1995, his son

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In a talk at the Fayzieah School in Qom on 30 August 1979, Khomeini warned pro-imperialist opponents: "Those who are trying to bring corruption and destruction to our country in the name of democracy will be oppressed. They are worse than

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As the revolution gained momentum, even some non-supporters exhibited awe towards Khomeini, called him "magnificently clear-minded, single-minded and unswerving." His image was as "absolute, wise, and indispensable leader of the nation":

2345:(lamentation recital), and other traditional subjects. Throughout his childhood, he continued his religious education with the assistance of his relatives, including his mother's cousin, Ja'far, and his elder brother, Morteza Pasandideh. 4347:, with the success of the revolution, not only had a personality cult developed around Khomeini, but he "had been transformed into a semi-divine figure. He was no longer a grand ayatollah and deputy of the Imam, one who represents the 4179:, freedom for everything, the freedom of parties, you who want all the freedoms, you intellectuals: freedom that will corrupt our youth, freedom that will pave the way for the oppressor, freedom that will drag our nation to the bottom. 527: 4203:

solidarity, giving it "precedence over Muslim fraternity." From the time Khomeini's supporters gained control of the media until his death, the Iranian media "devoted extensive coverage to non-Muslim revolutionary movements (from the

3522:

by not allowing the accused an opportunity to defend himself, and because "even the most rigorous and extreme of the classical jurist only require a Muslim to kill anyone who insults the Prophet in his hearing and in his presence."

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against Islam and Khomeini's juristic ruling (fatwā) prescribed Rushdie's assassination by any Muslim. The fatwā required not only Rushdie's execution, but also the execution of "all those involved in the publication" of the book.

518: 5064:

communications. In the decades after 1880 governments around the world replaced local time with 24 international time zones, each covering 15 degrees of the earth's longitude (with some exceptions for political boundaries).

3569:" carried this out thoroughly. The broadcasting of any music other than martial or religious on Iranian radio and television was banned by Khomeini in July 1979. The ban lasted 10 years (approximately the rest of his life). 4416:, religious terms used for enemies of the Twelfth Imam. Many of the officials of the overthrown Shah's government executed by Revolutionary Courts were convicted of "fighting against the Twelfth Imam". When a deputy in the 2484:

and Qom seminaries for decades before he was known on the political scene. He soon became a leading scholar of Shia Islam. He taught political philosophy, Islamic history and ethics. Several of his students – for example,

3609:

At the same time, amidst the religious orthodoxy, there was an active effort to rehabilitate women into employment. Female participation in healthcare, education and the workforce increased drastically during his regime.

5114:

It is not acceptable that a tributary changes his religion to another religion not recognized by the followers of the previous religion. For example, from the Jews who become Baháʼís nothing is accepted except Islam or

10417:

He was a charismatic leader of immmense popularity. Millions of Iranians massed to welcome him when he returned as the Imam from exile in 1979, and a million or more joined his funeral procession after he died 10 years

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unsuccessful operation Forough-e Javidan against the Islamic Republic, Khomeini issued an order to judicial officials to judge every Iranian political prisoner (mostly but not all Mujahedin) and kill those judged to be

3895:

Khomeini's health declined several years prior to his death. After spending eleven days in Jamaran hospital, he died on 3 June 1989 after suffering five heart attacks in ten days. He was succeeded as Supreme Leader by

3162:, demanding, "since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed." It was "God's government," he warned, disobedience against him or Bazargan was considered a "revolt against God," and "revolt against God is Blasphemy". 8056: 4004:, the new favoured jurist who had suitable revolutionary credentials but lacked scholarly ones and who was not a Grand Ayatollah, to be designated as successor. Ayatollah Khamenei was elected Supreme Leader by the 2477:(1929–2000), who "had spent many hours exchanging poems with Khomeini in the early 1960s". Naderpour remembered: "For four hours we recited poetry. Every single line I recited from any poet, he recited the next." 8271: 3845:

year, Khomeini hinted that the new government's attitudes were to curb contrasts instead of accepting them. Khomeini is quoted saying: "Sometimes the word minorities is used to refer to people such as Kurds,

10908:

Personal communications from Dr. Mansur Farhang, a biographer and supporter of Khomeini who was the former Iranian representative at the United Nations, with Ervand Abrahamian. Quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand,

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who firmly disapproved of his policies were said to feel the power of his "messianic" appeal. Comparing him to a father figure who retains the enduring loyalty even of children he disapproves of, journalist

3203:. Some newspapers were closed, and those protesting the closings were attacked. Opposition groups such as the National Democratic Front and Muslim People's Republican Party were attacked and finally banned. 4314:

Khomeini was also known for his aloofness and austere demeanor. He is said to have had "variously inspired admiration, awe, and fear from those around him." His practice of moving "through the halls of the

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in 1979 for his international influence, and Khomeini has been described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture", where he was known for his support of the hostage takers during the

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1980 April 8 – Broadcast call by Khomeini for the pious of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein and his regime. Al-Dawa al-Islamiya party in Iraqi is the hoped for catalyst to start rebellion. From: Mackey,

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holding that things like urine, excrement, blood, wine, and also non-Muslims were some of the eleven ritualistically "impure" things that physical contact with which while wet required ritual washing or

4621:

Another of Khomeini's grandchildren, Ali Eshraghi, was disqualified from the 2008 parliamentary elections on grounds of being insufficiently loyal to the principles of the Islamic revolution, but later

3814:(LSAs); prominent members of NSAs and LSAs were often detained and even executed. "Some 200 of whom have been executed and the rest forced to convert or subjected to the most horrendous disabilities." 3572:

According to Janet Afari, "the newly established regime of Ayatollah Khomeini moved quickly to repress feminists, ethnic and religious minorities, liberals, and leftists – all in the name of Islam."

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on 4 June 1989. Montazeri continued his criticism of the regime and in 1997 was put under house arrest for questioning what he regarded to be an unaccountable rule exercised by the supreme leader.

3585:, considering any divorce granted under this law to be invalid. Nevertheless, Khomeini supported women's right to divorce as allowed by Islamic law. Khomeini reaffirmed the traditional position of 2256:

origin. During their rule they extensively invited, and received, a steady stream of Persian scholars, poets, jurists, architects, and painters. The family eventually settled in the small town of

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There is much debate to as whether Khomeini's ideas are or are not compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be a democratic republic. According to the state-run

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The crisis had the effect of splitting of the opposition into two groups – radicals supporting the hostage taking, and the moderates opposing it. On 23 February 1980, Khomeini proclaimed Iran's

4040:

According to at least one scholar, politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran "are largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy" and that "staying faithful to his ideology has been the

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to replace the monarchy with an Islamic Republic—with the question: "should the monarchy be abolished in favour of an Islamic Government?"—passed with 98% voting in favour of the replacement.

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His seminary teaching often focused on the importance of religion to practical social and political issues of the day, and he worked against secularism in the 1940s. His first political book,

3483:. I call on all zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they find them, so that no-one will dare to insult Islam again. Whoever is killed in this path will be regarded as a martyr. 2866:-e taqlid (model for imitation) for "hundreds of thousands" of Shia, one of six or so models in the Shia world. While in the 1940s Khomeini accepted the idea of a limited monarchy under the 4044:

for all political activity" there. Throughout his many writings and speeches, Khomeini's views on governance evolved. Originally declaring rule by monarchs or others permissible so long as

9582:, In: Helden müssen sterben: Von Sinn und Fragwürdigkeit des heroischen Todes. Hg. von Cornelia Brink, Nicole Falkenhayner and Ralf von den Hoff, 231–45. Baden-Baden: Ergon, 2019, p. 240f. 9395:, In: Helden müssen sterben: Von Sinn und Fragwürdigkeit des heroischen Todes. Hg. von Cornelia Brink, Nicole Falkenhayner and Ralf von den Hoff, 231–45. Baden-Baden: Ergon, 2019, p. 239f. 2197:

of the Iran–Iraq War), as well as for using child soldiers extensively during the Iran–Iraq War for human wave attacks—estimates are as high as 100,000 for the number of children killed.

2181:

cemetery has become a shrine for his adherents, and he is legally considered "inviolable", with Iranians regularly punished for insulting him. His supporters view him as a champion of

17987: 14442: 3626:. Between February and March, sixteen Iranians were executed due to offenses related to sexual violations. Khomeini also created the "Revolutionary Tribunals". According to historian 5057:

Tehran twenty minutes before the sun has reached the meridian, in imitation of Europe. So far no one has stood up to ask, "what nightmare is this into which we are being plunged?"

4437:

ordinary knowledge. This emergent belief in Khomeini as a divinely guided figure was carefully fostered by the clerics who supported him and spoke up for him in front of the people.

3479:, which has been compiled, printed and published in opposition to Islam, the Prophet and the Qur'an, as well as those publishers who were aware of its contents, have been declared 9734: 3985:

government, Montazeri told Khomeini: "Your prisons are far worse than those of the Shah and his SAVAK." After a letter of his complaints was leaked to Europe and broadcast on the

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by Ayatollah Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini, Translated by J. Borujerdi, with a Foreword by Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Westview Press/ Boulder and London c1984, p.48.

3414:

provided by the United States of America during the Shah's era and the United States illegally smuggled arms to Iran during the 1980s despite Khomeini's anti-Western policy (see

2604:. Khomeini saw Fazlollah Nuri as a "heroic figure", and his own objections to constitutionalism and a secular government derived from Nuri's objections to the 1907 constitution. 2173:

was attended by up to 10 million people, or 1/6 of Iran's population, the largest funeral at the time and one of the largest human gatherings in history. In Iran, his gold-domed

2388:, and invited his students to follow. Khomeini accepted the invitation, moved, and took up residence at the Dar al-Shafa school in Qom. Khomeini's studies included Islamic law ( 3391:

leader, was eager to take advantage of Iran's weakened military and (what he assumed was) revolutionary chaos, and in particular to occupy Iran's adjacent oil-rich province of

6571:, In Sakralität und Heldentum. Edited by Felix Heinzer, Jörn Leonhard and von den Hoff, Ralf, 229–44. Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen 6. Würzburg: Ergon, 2017, p. 229-244. 2150:

of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Most of his period in power was taken up by the

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perceived as fundamental womanly traits that needed state protection, and concepts of individual gender rights were relegated to women's social rights as ordained in Islam.

9953: 17803: 11184:, in Sakralität und Heldentum. Edited by Felix Heinzer, Jörn Leonhard and von den Hoff, Ralf, 229–44. Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen 6. Würzburg: Ergon, 2017, p. 230. 6584:, In Sakralität und Heldentum. Edited by Felix Heinzer, Jörn Leonhard and von den Hoff, Ralf, 229–44. Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen 6. Würzburg: Ergon, 2017, p. 229. 2221:

Ruhollah Khomeini came from a lineage of small land owners, clerics, and merchants. His ancestors migrated towards the end of the 18th century from their original home in

2495:. As a scholar and teacher, Khomeini produced numerous writings on Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics. He showed an exceptional interest in subjects like philosophy and 2185:, anti-racism and anti-imperialism. Critics accuse him of human rights violations (including his ordering of attacks against demonstrators, and execution of thousands of 16990: 8784: 6071: 4460:

85 years old at the time and known to be ailing – might be dying, the critic becomes "ashen faced" and speechless, pronouncing the news to be "terrible for my country."

4199:

In contrast to his alienation from Iranian intellectuals, and "in an utter departure from all other Islamist movements," Khomeini embraced international revolution and

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is democratic as Khomeini intended it to be. Khomeini himself also made statements at different times indicating both support and opposition to democracy. One scholar,

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cemetery on 11 June 1989, for the funeral of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Western agencies estimated that 2 million paid their respects as the body lay in state.

3453:

had opposed his proposal for beginning work on both nuclear and chemical weapons by a fatwa which had never been made public in details of when and how it was issued.

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that "no one should remain homeless in this country," and that Iranians would have free telephone, heating, electricity, bus services and free oil at their doorstep.

2874:– by the 1970s he had rejected the idea. In early 1970, Khomeini gave a series of lectures in Najaf on Islamic government, later published as a book titled variously 5507: 2688:

in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools. Some of these initiatives were regarded as dangerous, especially by the powerful and privileged Shi'a

2050:

from a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including his mother's cousin and older brother. Khomeini was a high ranking cleric in

18059: 12913: 11648: 18608: 18041: 17796: 7157: 3996:, Khomeini called for an 'Assembly for Revising the Constitution' to be convened. An amendment was made to Iran's constitution removing the requirement that the 2640:

At the age of 61, Khomeini found the arena of leadership open following the deaths of Ayatollah Sayyed Husayn Borujerdi (1961), the leading, although quiescent,

8325: 7590: 2334:. He was raised by his mother, Agha Khanum, and his aunt, Sahebeth, following the murder of his father, Mustafa Musawi, over two years after his birth in 1903. 17957: 8476: 6284:), the Shah did not ask France to expel Khomeini for fear that the cleric should move to Syria or Libya. (source: Christine Ockrent et Alexandre de Marenches, 2380:. In 1920, Khomeini moved to Arak and commenced his studies. The following year, Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi transferred to the Islamic seminary in the holy city of 2007:(17 May 1900 or 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first 8427: 3966:, a former student of Khomeini and a major figure of the Revolution, was chosen by Khomeini to be his successor as Supreme Leader and approved as such by the 3158:, promising "I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government." On 11 February (Bahman 22), Khomeini appointed his own competing interim prime minister, 14628: 10727: 9455: 10629: 14059: 8621:

Based on the government's own Planning and Budget Organization statistics, from: Jahangir Amuzegar, 'The Iranian Economy before and after the Revolution,'

7002: 6913: 6277: 5861: 5795: 5723: 4540:, who died in 1995 at the age of 50, was also rumoured to be a victim of foul play, but at the hands of the regime. Perhaps his "most prominent daughter", 3178:

While in Paris, Khomeini had "promised a democratic political system" for Iran, but once in power, he advocated for the creation of theocracy based on the

4275:, who allegedly wears "his contempt for economic orthodoxy as a badge of honour", and has overseen sluggish growth and rising inflation and unemployment. 2828:. In October 1965, after less than a year, he was allowed to move to Najaf, Iraq, where he stayed until 1978, when he was expelled by then-Vice President 12582: 9020: 3799:

that Khomeini oversaw. Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. Sunni Muslims make up 9% of the entire Muslim population in Iran.

3409:

Although Iran's population and economy were three times the size of Iraq's, the latter was aided by neighboring Persian Gulf Arab states, as well as the

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Like most conservative Muslims, Khomeini believed Baháʼí to be apostates. He claimed they were a political rather than a religious movement, declaring:

2966:, a Quranic term for the oppressed or deprived, that in this context came to mean "just about everyone in Iran except the shah and the imperial court". 17013: 16859: 15929: 14107: 11588: 8970: 4885: 10671: 3821:

the Baháʼís are not a sect but a party, which was previously supported by Britain and now the United States. The Baháʼís are also spies just like the

10630:"Letter from Oliver Tambo to Ayatollah Khomeini, 13 February 1979, Iran, Maputo, People's Republic of Mozambique | South African History Online" 9478: 4880: 7876: 4271:, etc. Khomeini's disdain for the science of economics is said to have been "mirrored" by the populist redistribution policies of former president, 18518: 15762: 15289: 14039: 11621: 11320: 7415: 4602:(Sayid Husain Khomeini), Khomeini's other grandson, son of Sayid Mustafa Khomeini, is a mid-level cleric who is strongly against the system of the 3212:

seats in the body making final changes in the draft (the Assembly of Experts), they rewrote the proposed constitution to include an Islamic jurist

9927: 9873: 2888:). This principle, though not known to the wider public before the revolution, was appended to the new Iranian constitution after the revolution. 2791: 13606: 9900: 9837: 6223: 1991: 12359: 8560:(2001), p. 125)(pp. 124–5 source: 'Khomeini to the Craftsmen' broadcast on Teheran Domestic Service 13 December 1979, FBIS-MEA-79-242) 4220:." Khomeini's supporters and pro-government media in Iran also claim that he was a fighter against racism. Khomeini was a staunch critic of the 3253:

was elected as the first president of Iran. Critics complained that Khomeini had gone back on his word to advise, rather than rule the country.

17819: 15848: 13357: 13166: 12936: 12577: 12447: 10554: 10445:, Elaine Sciolino |quote=Those intellectuals who say that the clergy should leave politics and go back to the mosque speak on behalf of Satan." 8895:

The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran

8128:] (in Persian) (2nd ed.). Iran-Tehran: Imam Khomeini (PBUH) Editing and Publishing Institute (published 2013–2014). pp. 430–431. 7617: 6688: 3707: 3272: 2906:), which are sufficient because they cover "all human affairs" and "provide instruction and establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life." 2186: 5952: 5839: 3306:", publicizing details regarding armaments, espionage equipment and many volumes of official and classified documents which they found there. 7511: 7275: 6809: 3245:

In November 1979, the new constitution of the Islamic Republic was adopted by national referendum. Khomeini himself became instituted as the

8502: 7903: 7457: 5773: 5444: 3989:, a furious Khomeini ousted him in March 1989 from his position as official successor. His portraits were removed from offices and mosques. 15838: 12940: 12848: 10051:

Hamid Algar, 'Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,' paper presented at London Conference on

9237: 9053: 8944: 5231: 4667: 4057: 3874: 3796: 3225: 2880: 2170: 2012: 9742: 15812: 14699: 12593: 12487: 11816: 11381: 9508: 3287: 3229:(Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist) (mentioned above), that had been distributed to his supporters and kept from the public. 2825: 2648:(1962), an activist cleric. The clerical class had been on the defensive ever since the 1920s when the secular, anti-clerical modernizer 2441:, whose views "in the field of divinity" he regarded as "grave and solid". Among Islamic philosophers, Khomeini was mainly influenced by 12354: 11354: 10753: 17952: 15802: 12557: 12367: 9378: 8870: 8653: 6706: 5701: 4890: 3694: 3566: 2326:

although his brother Mortaza (later known as Ayatollah Pasandideh) gives his birth date of 24 September 1902, the birth anniversary of

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asked Khomeini directly if he was the 'promised Mahdi', Khomeini did not answer, "astutely" neither confirming nor denying the title.

4278:

In 1963, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini wrote a book in which he stated that there is no religious restriction on corrective surgery for

18558: 18463: 15891: 12697: 12587: 9558:"Iranians – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions" 7541: 6511:

Khomeini on a cassette tape [source: Gozideh Payam-ha Imam Khomeini (Selections of Imam Khomeini's Messages), Tehran, 1979, (Taheri,

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the writing of the Islamic constitution when many newspapers were closed by the government. Khomeini angrily told the intellectuals:

3510:

Khomeini's fatwā was condemned across the Western world by governments on the grounds that it violated the universal human rights of

10606: 7737: 3806:. Starting in late 1979 the new government systematically targeted the leadership of the Baháʼí community by focusing on the Baháʼí 18453: 15843: 13876: 10643: 4707: 3167: 2712:

celebrations for the Iranian year 1342 (which fell on 21 March 1963) be canceled as a sign of protest against government policies.

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According to his birth certificate, Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, whose first name means "spirit of Allah", was born on 17 May 1900 in

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Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013). "Identities in the Middle East: Ethno-national and Other Minorities".

3729:). Almost all of those interrogated were killed, 1,000 to 30,000 of them. Because of the large number, prisoners were loaded into 15279: 13923: 12547: 9961: 5666: 2703:

Khomeini continued his denunciation of the Shah's programmes, issuing a manifesto that bore the signatures of eight other senior

2546: 1548: 11548: 11520: 6782: 4495: 15922: 15772: 14044: 11492: 10580:

p.47, Wright. source: Speech at Feyziyeh Theological School, 24 August 1979; reproduced in Rubin, Barry and Judith Colp Rubin,

5396: 3279:. In the United States, the hostage-taking was seen as a flagrant violation of international law and aroused intense anger and 3117:, asked: "Ayatollah, would you be so kind as to tell us how you feel about being back in Iran?" Khomeini answered via his aide 2306:. Khomeini's grandfather, Mirza Ahmad Mojtahed-e Khonsari was the cleric issuing a fatwa to forbid usage of tobacco during the 2146:

as the "Lesser Satan". Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the

692: 7240:"Khomeini's Reversals of Promises (although not an academic research, this article contains a handful of reliable references)" 6069: 6005: 3623: 18553: 17280: 15767: 13702: 13389: 13367: 12880: 12537: 12249: 11980: 11931: 11476: 11445: 11420: 11122: 11097: 11072: 11044: 11019: 10988: 10960: 10932: 10816: 10763: 10544:

Magnus Ranstorp, Department of International Relations University of St. Andrews St. Martins Press, New York, 1997, p.54, 117

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system was adopted after Khomeini and his followers took power, and Khomeini was the Islamic Republic's first "Guardian" or "

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and elementary Persian at the age of six. The following year, he began to attend a local school, where he learned religion,

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never smiling at anybody or anything; his practice of ignoring his audience while he taught, contributed to his charisma."

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agents and collaborators operating in Iran to Khomeini, who then executed up to 200 suspects and closed down the Communist

2795: 2087: 1772: 11722: 5497: 3383:, including Iran's Arab neighbor Iraq, the one large state besides Iran with a Shia majority population. At the same time 2696:

and his reform plan. Two days later, the Shah took an armored column to Qom, and delivered a speech harshly attacking the

2581:. In addition, he went from Qom to Tehran to listen to Ayatullah Hasan Mudarris, the leader of the opposition majority in 1689: 18528: 18468: 15807: 14214: 13347: 12875: 10059:, Tehran, 7 January 1988. Quoted in "The Rule of the Religious Jurist in Iran," by Abdulaziz Sachedina, from p.135–36 of 6723: 4463:

Non-Iranians were not immune from the effect. In 1982, after listening to a half-hour-long speech on the Quran by him, a

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In Iran, a number of missteps by the Shah including his repression of opponents began to build opposition to his regime.

2499:

that not only were usually absent from the curriculum of seminaries but were often an object of hostility and suspicion.

1984: 1842: 1468: 1159: 13456: 13384: 11951: 11875: 10131: 10112: 6958: 3634: 380: 18493: 15896: 15249: 14344: 13322: 13207: 13161: 13156: 13102: 12657: 10273: 9430: 8811: 6736: 5300: 4607: 4387: 4053: 3903:

According to Iran's official estimates, 10.2 million people lined the 32-kilometre (20 mi) route to Tehran's

2988: 2758: 2103: 1859: 1669: 1129: 448: 17: 10442: 9535: 5152:

Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Mirza, Mahan, eds. (2012).

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took control of the American Embassy in Tehran, holding 52 embassy staff hostage for 444 days – an event known as the

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Parviz Sabeti, head of SAVAK's 'anti-subversion unit', believed the number of cassettes "exceeded 100,000." (Taheri,

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Khomeini was the first and only Iranian cleric to be addressed as "Imam", a title hitherto reserved in Iran for the

3069:(Khomeini's spokesman and adviser at the time of the revolution) have denounced the documents and the BBC's report. 18598: 18593: 18588: 18568: 18533: 18483: 18398: 14684: 14679: 14174: 14137: 13866: 13312: 8601: 4559: 4323: 4241: 1817: 1488: 14362: 14224: 13908: 11862: 11748: 10724: 9447: 4335:. He is reported to have refused to eat or drink in a restaurant unless he knew for sure the waiter was a Muslim. 4124:

Khomeini has also been lauded as politically astute, a "charismatic leader of immense popularity", a "champion of

4048:

law was followed Khomeini later adamantly opposed monarchy, arguing that only rule by a leading Islamic jurist (a

3811: 2633:

In the late 19th century, the clergy had shown themselves to be a powerful political force in Iran initiating the

1729: 17962: 15404: 14785: 14714: 14614: 14492: 14264: 14254: 13841: 13228: 12702: 12611: 12480: 11576: 10007: 8880: 6089:"Organization, Leadership and Revolution: Religiously-Oriented Opposition in the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979" 5315: 4860: 4267:

and disabled war veterans rioted on several occasions, protesting the demolition of their shantytowns and rising

3582: 3232: 17389: 14179: 14066: 14054: 6923: 4614:. Later that year, Husain returned to Iran after receiving an urgent message from his grandmother. According to 3526:

Though Rushdie publicly regretted "the distress that publication has occasioned to sincere followers of Islam",

16380: 14835: 14604: 14184: 14086: 13819: 13263: 13258: 12843: 12618: 11656: 10867: 7213:"A Detailed Analysis of Iran's Constitution, by Richard Horowitz, World Policy Institute Blog, 12 October 2010" 4827: 4593: 4035: 4017: 3934: 3878: 3527: 3462: 2174: 1977: 823: 301: 14504: 14234: 13745: 13517: 12216: 12071: 10690: 6308: 3746: 3009:

constant stream of reporters, supporters, and notables, eager to hear the spiritual leader of the revolution.

1744: 18603: 18538: 18458: 16794: 15782: 14797: 14750: 14514: 14437: 14169: 10363:"The vicious schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years – and it's getting worse" 10064: 5889: 3711: 3021: 2645: 1114: 183: 14229: 13938: 13861: 13532: 10082: 8948: 7709: 1724: 18613: 18478: 17900: 16203: 14815: 14775: 14745: 14694: 14554: 14472: 14468: 14339: 14269: 14034: 13851: 13617: 13512: 13444: 10537: 8945:"A survivor tells of 1988 massacre in Islamic Republic Thousands of men, women, children secretly executed" 6189: 4845: 4423: 3557: 3192: 2867: 1939: 1902: 1822: 1782: 1684: 1679: 16982: 11155: 9623: 7866: 6319:

to propose to the Shah the elimination of Khomeini. (source: Christine Ockrent et Alexandre de Marenches,

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sent a letter to congratulate Khomeini for the success of the revolution. Former South African President

4077: 3674: 3647: 3562: 2577:, as well as a condemnation of innovations such as international time zones, and the banning of hijab by 1674: 11625: 11329: 10702: 8992: 8724: 6088: 6046: 5927: 4132:

scholars, and a major innovator in political theory and religious-oriented populist political strategy.

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This was his best known and most influential work, and laid out his ideas on governance (at that time):

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Iran's Foreign Policy: Elite Factionalism, Ideology, the Nuclear Weapons Program, and the United States

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Shortly after his accession as supreme leader in February 1979, Khomeini imposed capital punishment on

3395:, and to undermine Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shi'a majority of his country. 3220:

to veto un-Islamic legislation and screen candidates for office, disqualifying those found un-Islamic.

3000:(an Islamic reformist and political revolutionary author/academic/philosopher who greatly assisted the 2771: 2166: 2028: 1777: 1478: 1149: 355: 168: 9848: 9592:

Ayatollah Khomeini's funeral: The funeral of Ayatollah Khomeini was not a tragedy but a gruesome farce

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Understanding Angry Groups: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Their Motivations and Effects on Society

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and accused of sponsoring hostage-taking and terrorist attacks, and which continues to apply economic

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Kazemzadeh, Masoud (2020). "5: The sources of the Middle East's crises and American grand strategy".

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In July 1988, Khomeini, in his words, "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the

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denied the report, and described the documents as "fabricated". Other Iranian politicians including

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Aghtaie, Nadia (2011). "Breaking the silence". In Westmarland, Nicole; Gangoli, Geetanjali (eds.).

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The anniversary of Khomeini's death is a public holiday. To commemorate Khomeini, people visit his

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as a secular political party that employs Jewish symbols and ideals and Judaism as the religion of

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from exile in 1979, he issued a fatwa ordering that Jews and other minorities (except those of the

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term for the oppressed or deprived), but not always results that aided them. During the 1990s the

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I would like to inform all the intrepid Muslims in the world that the author of the book entitled

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http://english.khamenei.ir/news/7744/When-did-Imam-Khomeini-let-out-the-cry-of-Black-Lives-Matter

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Khomeini's legacy to the economy of the Islamic Republic has been expressions of concern for the

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In Iran, the takeover was immensely popular and earned the support of Khomeini under the slogan "

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The principles of Islamic Republic from viewpoint of Imam Khomeini in the speeches of the leader

9244: 9057: 7461: 4117:, he is accused by some of privately rebuking Sunni Islam as heretical and covertly promoted an 3883: 17087: 16424: 16318: 15499: 15003: 14397: 14071: 13547: 13307: 13302: 13095: 12601: 12415: 10780: 8172:. International Approaches to Rape (1st ed.). Bristol University Press. pp. 121–146. 7239: 6273: 4870: 4149: 4041: 3415: 3280: 3246: 3213: 3196: 2747: 2680:

of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to

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Jews, and they must be hanged. We will oppress them by God's order and God's call to prayer."

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Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

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demolition of shantytowns in Mashhad. Government buildings were set alight. (Mackey, Sandra,

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Unpaved Road: An Iranian Girl's Real Life Story of Struggle, Deception and Breaking the Rules

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by Ayatollah Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini, Westview Press/ Boulder and London, c1984, p.432

4850: 4640: 4581: 4555: 4213: 4192: 4183: 3963: 3689: 3556:(Islamic law) was introduced, with the Islamic dress code enforced for both men and women by 3200: 2913:, or Islamic law, is the proper law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of 2720: 2622: 2024: 1892: 1714: 1528: 1409: 1021: 1001: 911: 755: 637: 207: 188: 12364: 11920: 11821:. The Institute for Compilation and publication of the work of Imam Khomeini. Archived from 11468: 11462: 10388: 10081:

by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk Harvard University Press, 1994, p.173–74 quoted in

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Khomeini on how Laws in Iran will strictly adhere to God's perfect and unchanging divine law

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to a private circle, around the same time, in 1928, he also released his first publication,

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However, a significant degree of this can be attributed to Iranians fleeing during the war.

8446: 7747: 6582:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty." 6569:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty." 6426: 4855: 4802: 4172: 3850: 3763: 3751: 3716: 3217: 2582: 2147: 1877: 1619: 1558: 921: 843: 750: 717: 11700: 11182:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty" 10735: 10160:

Siavoshi, S. (21 July 2006). "Ayatollah Khomeini and the Contemporary Debate on Freedom".

7975:"Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. Brief history of the SCCR" 6331:, p. 156, Ms Ockrent to Mr de Marenches: " for instance, the mission of Mr Poniatowski to 5227: 3803: 3767: 8: 18376: 18226: 18206: 18141: 18019: 17967: 17869: 17614: 17561: 17333: 16957: 15719: 15634: 15629: 15529: 15392: 15189: 15073: 14988: 14876: 14729: 14724: 14704: 14689: 14599: 14594: 14499: 14432: 14422: 14334: 14329: 14319: 14219: 14159: 14132: 13958: 13943: 13913: 13891: 13677: 13667: 13394: 13317: 13287: 13271: 13046: 12687: 12440: 9215: 9026: 4589: 4272: 4245: 4176: 4145: 4005: 3967: 3682: 3586: 3515: 3276: 3262: 3250: 2601: 2284:) and never returned. According to Moin, this migration was to escape from the spread of 2162: 2127: 2042:, his father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old. He began studying the 1852: 1797: 1719: 1629: 1518: 1031: 813: 803: 798: 687: 173: 129: 17895: 14574: 14487: 8814:, "Wavelength – Vol. 03, No. 04 – Spring 1982" (1982). Wavelength (1979–1984). Paper 12. 4216:) and downplayed the role of the Islamic movements considered conservative, such as the 3379:

Shortly after assuming power, Khomeini began calling for Islamic revolutions across the

3113:, he was accompanied by 120 journalists, including three women. One of the journalists, 18366: 18286: 18276: 18241: 18196: 18116: 18096: 18024: 17910: 17734: 17417: 17136: 16187: 16163: 16120: 16088: 15873: 15669: 15654: 15579: 15559: 15554: 15539: 15386: 15134: 14886: 14770: 14524: 14427: 14412: 14324: 14314: 14289: 14284: 14049: 14003: 13918: 13903: 13846: 13662: 13585: 13461: 13352: 13342: 13021: 12853: 12838: 12754: 12719: 12542: 12041: 11589:

Grandchildren of the revolution. By von Najmeh Bozorgmehr and Roula Khalaf 4 March 2009

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Encounters with Islam: On Religion, Politics and Modernity (Library of Modern Religion)

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The Supreme Leader followed closely but not completely Khomeini ideas in his 1970 book

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On the afternoon of 'Ashura (3 June 1963), Khomeini delivered a speech at the Feyziyeh

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pilot. When asked about his feelings of returning from exile in the plane, he replied

2543: 2400:), but by that time, Khomeini had also acquired an interest in poetry and philosophy ( 2288:

in India. In 1834 Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi visited Persia, and in 1839 he settled in

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Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran

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Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...

10467: 10408: 10398: 10341: 10322: 10269: 10177: 9933: 9906: 9879: 9813: 9701: 9580:"Die Drohung der ungewissen Zukunft: Der Tod Nassers und Khomeinis als Epochenbruch." 9393:"Die Drohung der ungewissen Zukunft: Der Tod Nassers und Khomeinis als Epochenbruch." 8923: 8898: 8857: 8832: 8768: 8679: 8660: 8508: 8406: 8381: 8356: 8331: 8304: 8277: 8250: 8226: 8212: 8129: 8070: 8061:. A Critical Introduction to Khomeini. Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–255. 8018: 8000: 7807: 7751: 7596: 7566: 7366: 7112: 7008: 6877: 6845: 6815: 6650: 6625: 6324: 6289: 6253: 6197: 6163: 6144: 6011: 5984: 5958: 5855: 5789: 5717: 5477: 5296: 5268: 5207: 5182: 5157: 5088:

Sourced from: The original quote which is part of a speech made in 1979 can be found

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intellectuals: You intellectuals do not want us to go back 1400 years. You, who want

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Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran

11622:"Veiled Threats Lure Ayatollah's Grandson Home By Michael A. Ledeen, 6 January 2004" 11007:

Liberation and Purity: Race, New Religious Movements and the Ethics of Postmodernity

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A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael,

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during the early 1970s and started funding their armed operations against the Shah.

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Iranian Revolution § 1970s: Pre-revolutionary conditions and events inside Iran

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The Mystery of Prayer: The Ascension of the Wayfarers and the Prayer of the Gnostics

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A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael

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A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael

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Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini: political, philosophical, social, and religious

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Dr. Jalal Matini, Translation & Introduction by Farhad Mafie (5 August 2003).

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Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left

2832:. By this time discontent with the Shah was becoming intense and Khomeini visited 1259: 1169: 444: 18335: 18315: 18266: 18236: 18216: 18211: 18187: 18166: 18107: 17972: 17762: 17755: 17621: 17505: 17491: 17375: 17308: 17245: 17217: 17182: 17143: 16902: 16826: 16750: 16566: 16446: 16438: 16404: 16310: 16302: 16289: 16179: 16128: 16112: 16104: 16036: 16004: 15964: 15868: 15724: 15714: 15699: 15679: 15664: 15639: 15584: 15349: 15317: 15209: 15169: 14931: 14926: 14866: 14807: 14539: 14417: 14244: 14209: 14117: 14112: 13836: 13730: 13404: 13337: 13327: 13292: 13248: 13235: 13187: 12809: 12773: 12765: 12371: 11858: 11595: 10731: 10291:"Sayyid Quṭb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic" 10238:

Losing Legitimacy: The End of Khomeini's Charismatic Shadow and Regional Security

10135: 10116: 9654:, translated by Carol Volk Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 173–74. Quoted in 9088: 8750: 8657: 8066: 7978: 7908: 7797: 7783: 7280: 6918: 6075: 5471: 5350: 4935: 4817: 4775: 4599: 4569: 4541: 4517: 4506: 4485: 4412: 4125: 4113:

Persian. While he publicly spoke of Islamic unity and minimized differences with

4020:

placed on Behesht-e Zahra to hear sermons and practice prayers on his death day.

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who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and justice, (known as a

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A treatise explaining the verdicts of Grand Ayatollah Imam Khomeini (Quds Sera)

7714: 7622: 6753: 5502: 4726: 4615: 4577: 4551: 4537: 4502: 4417: 4283: 4237: 4088:) believe he did not, while regime officials and supporters like Ali Khamenei, 3997: 3930: 3792: 3533:

The fatwa was followed by a number of deaths, including the lethal stabbing of

3493: 3426: 3403: 3384: 3369: 3159: 3143: 3114: 2959: 2829: 2685: 2569:(Secrets of a Thousand Years), a tract written by a disciple of Iran's leading 2502:

Inaugurating his teaching career at the age of 27 by giving private lessons on

2268:, was born in Kintoor. He left Lucknow in 1830, on a pilgrimage to the tomb of 2253: 2242: 2135: 1897: 1624: 1590: 1389: 1379: 1334: 1294: 1289: 1234: 1224: 1219: 1204: 1134: 1119: 1104: 1094: 1006: 906: 896: 886: 469: 359: 155: 12326: 12315: 12304: 12290: 12280: 11863:"Zoroastrianism ii. Historical Review: from the Arab Conquest to Modern Times" 10412: 9875:

Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days ...

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https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin/page/241/mode/2up?q=bombing

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Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis

6007:

A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 3: The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984

5074:. Translated and Annotated by Hamid Algar. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. p. 3398:

In September 1980, Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran, beginning the

2917:

Since Islamic jurists or faqih have studied and are the most knowledgeable in

2782:, a Shia militia sympathetic to Khomeini, were later executed for the murder. 2565:(Uncovering of Secrets) published in 1942, was a point-by-point refutation of 1189: 18412: 18330: 18294: 18201: 17977: 17915: 17874: 17849: 17769: 17603: 17568: 17533: 17498: 17484: 17445: 17403: 17315: 17294: 17273: 17252: 17203: 17115: 16941: 16876: 16867: 16746: 16732: 16669: 16652: 16640: 16574: 16558: 16554: 16530: 16514: 16408: 16396: 16281: 16261: 16257: 16237: 16080: 16056: 15972: 15858: 15704: 15599: 15564: 15549: 15509: 15051: 14881: 14619: 14529: 14392: 14372: 14259: 14020: 13998: 13963: 13542: 13537: 13492: 13414: 13374: 13123: 10181: 10128: 10109: 9596: 8746: 8058:

Khomeini's Legacy on Women's Rights and Roles in the Islamic Republic of Iran

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Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam

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Khomeini was a writer and speaker (200 of his books are online) who authored

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Iran's Economic Morass: Mismanagement and Decline under the Islamic Republic

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writes that defenses of Khomeini are "heard in the most unlikely settings":

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from power. In 1982, there was an attempted military coup against Khomeini.

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Example of anti-theocratic support for the hostage crisis in Nafisi, Azar,

5614:, p. 28. "Khomeini's madraseh in Qom was known as the Dar al-Shafa..." 4644: 4468: 4401: 4380: 4360: 4233: 4188: 4140: 4136: 4118: 4114: 4001: 3956: 3897: 3755: 3667: 3590: 3410: 3380: 3062: 3043: 2997: 2841: 2452: 2277: 2190: 2155: 2143: 1404: 1384: 1369: 1329: 1314: 1274: 1209: 1194: 1084: 986: 652: 369: 224: 211: 39: 12112:

The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic

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Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World

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Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism

7416:"Imam Emphasized Unity Between Shia and Sunni: Ayatollah Mousawi Jazayeri" 6724:"On This Day, 1 February. 1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran" 3598:

nevertheless, the average age of women at marriage continued to increase.

3271:

On 4 November, a group of Iranian college students calling themselves the

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R. Khomeini 'The Report Card on Jews Differs from That on the Zionists,'

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Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards

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to propose to the Shah to eliminate Khomeini, then a refugee in France".)

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One non-Muslim group treated differently were the 300,000 members of the

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are officially recognized and protected by the government. Shortly after

3511: 3388: 3291: 2820:. Initially, he was sent to Turkey on 4 November 1964 where he stayed in 2681: 2673: 2507: 2446: 2419: 2362: 2139: 1882: 1419: 1359: 1309: 1254: 1049: 981: 707: 702: 11943:

The priest and the king: an eyewitness account of the Iranian revolution

11039:(illustrated ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 68. 10306: 8170:

Breaking the silence: rape law in Iran and controlling women's sexuality

7777:

Marzorati, Gerald, "Salman Rushdie: Fiction's Embattled Infidel". Named

7187:"Omar Sial: A Guide to the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran" 4769: 4297: 3017:

so that it could implement shari'a, and exhorting followers to protest.

1962: 18246: 17741: 17660: 17582: 17459: 17368: 17361: 17259: 17108: 16961: 16781: 16705: 16622: 16450: 16371: 16144: 15448: 15159: 15129: 15083: 14998: 14966: 14958: 14901: 14589: 14304: 13993: 13881: 13487: 12948: 12639: 12028:

Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (translator and editor) (ed.).

11752: 10063:, Edited by John Esposito and R.K. Ramazani, Palgrave, 2001. Quoted in 8742: 5983:. International Journal of Politics & Economics. 2011. p. 45. 4840: 4656: 4611: 4566:

party in the country, and is considered a pro-reform character herself.

4442: 4396:

or 12th Imam of Shia belief in a number of ways. One of his titles was

4356: 4344: 4205: 4064:) as Islamic government did not win the support of the leading Iranian 4029: 3106: 3093: 2724: 2370: 1922: 1912: 1374: 1339: 1264: 1249: 1184: 1109: 1054: 956: 901: 780: 765: 14102: 12355:

Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini – Islamic Government (Hukumat-i Islami)

12073:

The Final Word!: An American Refutes the Sayings of Ayatollah Khomeini

11090:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

8807: 8805: 8638:

by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, pp. 78–9

6647:

Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps

6388:"NYU Law: A Guide to the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran" 6048:

Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatollah

5929:

Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatullah

3795:

were reserved for each three non-Muslim minority religions, under the

3309: 2292:. Although he stayed and settled in Iran, he continued to be known as 17706: 17231: 16949: 16937: 16697: 15744: 15589: 15438: 15411: 15224: 15179: 15088: 15056: 15036: 15028: 14357: 14147: 13009: 12990: 11775:"Adab as-Salat: The Disciplines of the Prayer Second Revised Edition" 6874:

Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day

5204:

Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis

5060: 4822: 4636: 4240:

claimed several times that Khomeini served as an inspiration for the

4221: 4049: 3725: 3703:

1985's "reign of terror" is reported to be between 8,000 and 10,000.

3503: 3392: 3020:

Despite their ideological differences, Khomeini also allied with the

2928: 2863: 2641: 2578: 2496: 2491: 2434: 2423: 2415: 2374: 2365:, arrangements were made for him to study at the Islamic seminary in 2338: 2062: 2056: 1394: 1074: 770: 662: 583: 55: 12465: 11953:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution

11297: 11065:

The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture

10569:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution

7618:"Exclusive: CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran" 5228:"Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Chapter 1, Article 1" 4294:

Khomeini was described as "slim", but athletic and "heavily boned".

2900:

That the laws of society should be made up only of the laws of God (

18081: 17382: 17157: 16759: 16677: 16359: 15323: 15164: 15061: 14936: 14755: 14659: 13799: 13657: 13111: 12935: 12630: 12284: 11515: 8802: 8428:"The Gay Sons of Allah: Wave of Homophobia Sweeps the Muslim World" 8426:

Mittelstaedt, Juliane von; Steinvorth, Daniel (17 September 2009).

6480: 4065: 3976:

and the Islamic constitution called for the Supreme Leader to be a

3858: 3854: 3730: 3450: 3347: 3331: 3323: 2939: 2732: 2693: 2442: 2327: 2264:, the capital of Awadh. Ayatollah Khomeini's paternal grandfather, 2222: 2067: 1239: 996: 760: 697: 17988:

Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

17818: 14443:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

11328:. New York: New York University Press. p. 410. Archived from 3364: 3330:

the great goals of the revolution." He declared the birth week of

3240: 2072: 38:"Khomeini" redirects here. Not to be confused with his successor, 17776: 16910: 16834: 15269: 15154: 15144: 15093: 14634: 13379: 11117:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305. 10582:

Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader

10542:

Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis

9735:"Translation of Ayatollah Khomeini's Letter Dismissing Montazeri" 9296:"U.S. Jews Hold Talks With Khomeini Aide on Outlook for Rights". 6672:"Two Weeks in January: America's secret engagement with Khomeini" 4316: 3888: 3771: 3343: 2743: 2736: 2473:. His knowledge of poetry is further attested by the modern poet 2366: 2319: 2294: 2289: 2261: 2257: 2246: 2215: 2035: 569: 264: 17748: 11774: 8831:. Routledge/BIPS Persian Studies Series. Routledge. p. 48. 2972: 2298:, indicating his stay in India, and Ruhollah Khomeini even used 15337: 15139: 15078: 14013: 12385: 12275: 12032:

Islam and Revolution: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini

11010:(Illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 10010:

by Ali Reza Eshraghi, 20 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.

8504:

An Introduction to the Modern Middle East, By David S. Sorenson

6332: 6316: 6250:

The great war for civilisation: the conquest of the Middle East

6036:

Michael M.J. Fischer, Harvard University Press, 1980 p. 31

5070:

Islam and Revolution: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini

4648: 4632: 4544:, is a professor at the University of Tehran, and still alive. 4521: 4464: 4406: 4367: 4045: 3603: 3550: 3319: 3298: 3186:; creating the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) through Khomeini's 3110: 2902: 2812:

Khomeini spent more than 14 years in exile, mostly in the holy

2763: 2709: 2519: 2390: 2385: 2331: 2303: 2078: 2047: 916: 287: 60: 12720:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

9536:"Mourners Rip Shroud, Khomeini's Body Falls – Chicago Tribune" 9243:. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. 2007. Archived from 8667: 6336: 6297: 6182: 4783: 3518:. The fatwā has also been attacked for violating the rules of 15822: 15778:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

15284: 15067: 13146: 12682: 11493:"Despite Outrage, No End in Sight For Child Marriage in Iran" 11438:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

9271:, by Said Amir Arjomand, Oxford University Press, 1988, p.169 8725:"CIA Support for Exiles, Other Covert Iran Activity Reported" 7904:"UK sales of the Satanic Verses surge after Rushdie stabbing" 4652: 4573: 4533: 4529: 4332: 4328: 4260: 4105: 3915:

Yet even here, the crowd surged past the makeshift barriers.

3822: 3784: 3775: 3489: 2923: 2852: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2805: 2697: 2689: 2503: 2481: 2438: 2406:). So, upon arriving in Qom, Khomeini sought the guidance of 2402: 2273: 2238: 2131: 2095: 2091: 2043: 434: 414: 11832:

The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution

9722:

The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution

8403:

The Origins of Sex: A History of the First Sexual Revolution

7609: 6498: 6496: 6494: 5202:

Jebnoun, Noureddine; Kia, Mehrdad; Kirk, Mimi, eds. (2013).

3887:

Mourning men in residence of Khomeini around his seat area,

3770:) be treated well. In power, Khomeini distinguished between 2169:

Khomeini inside Iran and by his supporters internationally.

17646: 16777: 15362: 15244: 13136: 13080: 13038: 12337: 10703:""Economics is for donkeys" Robert Tait. 11 September 2008" 10644:"How did Iran's Islamic revolution inspire Nelson Mandela?" 9656:

The Islamic Republic Will Be Run By the Most Learned Jurist

8780:

virtually eliminated the pro-Soviet infrastructure in Iran.

7311:""Inside Iran", Maziar Bahari, Published 11 September 2008" 6281: 5602:, p. 45. "By 1920, the year Khomeini moved to Arak..." 4994: 4991: 4962: 4956: 4944: 4310:

changes his cloak every time he comes back from the mosque.

4129: 3846: 3519: 2856: 2813: 2704: 2522:, on the prayer recited before dawn during Ramadan by Imam 2412: 2396: 2281: 2249: 2082:), and author of more than 40 books. His opposition to the 291: 63: 10571:

by Fereydoun Hoveyda, Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003, p.88

10268:. London: C. Hurst & co. (Publishers) ltd. p. 3. 8122:رساله توضیح المسائل حضرت آیةالله العظمی امام خمینی قدس سره 5291:(2010). "A short biography". In Koya, Abdar Rahman (ed.). 4947: 4023: 3290:." The seizure of the embassy of a country he called the " 3173: 3051:

counterbalance to Soviet and possibly British influence".

2357:

Khomeini as a student with his friends (second from right)

392: 15817: 15797: 15792: 10862:(1. Plume print ed.). New York: Plume. p. 224. 8300:

Unspeakable Love: Gay and Lesbian Life in the Middle East

7999:

The ban started with the revolution and lasted 10 years.

7937:"Iranian women - before and after the Islamic Revolution" 6491: 5181:(Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 29. 5098:

A donkey too considers economy as its only infrastructure

4375: 3986: 3678: 3154:

Khomeini adamantly opposed the provisional government of

3055: 3039: 2626: 2381: 2269: 10897:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

10808:

The spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic revolution

10381: 9238:"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baháʼís of Iran" 8971:"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baháʼís of Iran" 8199:

Khomeini, Ruhollah (2019) . "Resaleh Towzih al-Masael".

7276:"The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred. 7 January 1980" 6348:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

5151: 18042:

Category:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners

11156:"BBC: Historic Figures: Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)" 11143:

The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon

10658:"Imam Khomeini gave us impetus to topple apartheid gov" 9281:

Cockroft, James (23 February 1979). "Iran's Khomeini".

8378:

Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies

6543:

The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon

5154:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

4155:

Before taking power Khomeini expressed support for the

3992:

To deal with the disqualification of the only suitable

2947: 10811:(1st U.S ed.). Bethesda, Md.: Adler & Adler. 9509:"Largest percentage of population to attend a funeral" 9379:"Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search" 9198: 9196: 8680:"Huge cost of Iranian brain drain By Frances Harrison" 8425: 7542:"Iran Says an Attempted Coup by Army Group Was Foiled" 7460:. Opendemocracy.net. 18 September 2009. Archived from 5739:

Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran

5330:

by Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Som Prakash Verma, Mohammad Habib

4135:

Khomeini strongly opposed close relations with either

3092:

Arrival of Khomeini on 1 February 1979 escorted by an

2637:

against a concession to a foreign (British) interest.

1596: 12396:, 1993 by the Regents of the University of California 11841:

Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran

11749:"Forty Hadith, An Exposition, Second Revised Edition" 11679:"Khomeini grandson returns to poll, 13 February 2008" 11649:"Ayatollah's grandson calls for US overthrow of Iran" 11112: 10397:. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. p. 663. 9700:. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. p. 260. 9501: 9448:"Which Famous Figure Had the Biggest Public Funeral?" 8096: 8055:

Osanloo, Arzoo (2014). Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin (ed.).

7736:

Knowles, Elizabeth, ed. (2008). "Ruhollah Khomeini".

7458:"Iran's unfinished crisis Nazenin Ansari, 16–09–2009" 7258:"The Iranian: Khomeini before & after revolution" 7096:. Belknap Harvard University Press. pp. 111–118. 5023: 5003: 4971: 4959: 4681:: A sort of manifesto of Khomeini's political thought 2750:. Khomeini remained under house arrest until August. 2663: 2596:

Khomeini also valued the ideals of Islamists such as

2489:– later became leading Islamic philosophers and also 12093:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

11298:"Sunni-Shia Unity, A lecture by Sheikh Ahmad Deedat" 11037:

Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East

10860:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the soul of a nation

10687:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the soul of a nation

10391:(2012). Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (eds.). 9269:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

8741: 7584: 7582: 7305: 7303: 7071:"World: Middle East Analysis: The forces for change" 6278:

External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service

5815:"Ruhollah Khomeini – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 5100:. These people did not realize what human being is. 4737: 4610:, the son of the last Shah and the pretender to the 4390:

of the early Shi'a. He was also associated with the

3606:

was widely presented as the ideal emulatable woman.

3422:

Iran's most educated citizens had left the country.

9976:"Iran arrests 11 over SMS Khomeini insults: report" 9348: 9337:

A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan

9193: 9021:"Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'" 8001:

Hossein Shahidi. 'BBC Persian Service 60 years on.'

7534: 7106: 6707:"Khomeini's secret dialogue with 'The Great Satan'" 5812: 5498:"Researcher's Note: Ruhollah Khomeini's birth date" 4953: 4950: 4455:

contempt, carried with him a picture of 'the Imam'.

3581:rights exhibited drastic changes. Khomeini revoked 3310:

Relationship with Islamic and non-aligned countries

17017:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 12237: 12060: 12029: 11919: 11896: 11701:"World: Middle East Ayatollah Khomeini on the Web" 11393: 11391: 11366: 11364: 11035:Sivan, Emmanuel; Friedman, Menachem, eds. (1990). 10927:(illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 200. 9688: 9019: 8822: 8820: 8702:"Democracy? I meant theocracy By Dr. Jalal Matini" 7642: 7640: 7384: 7382: 6914:"TIME Person of the Year 1979: Ayatullah Khomeini" 5840:"پایگاه اطلاع رسانی روابط عمومی سازمان صدا و سیما" 5367:Ruhollah Khomeini's brief biography by Hamid Algar 5067: 3012:While in exile, Khomeini developed what historian 2369:, but he was attracted instead to the seminary in 2134:calling for the murder of British Indian novelist 12360:Syed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini – The Last Will... 11460: 11410: 11372:"Khadijeh Saqafi, Khomeini's Wife, Is Dead at 93" 10981:Homeland Security: Assessing the First Five Years 10947: 10503:"A Revolution Misunderstood. Charlotte Wiedemann" 9056:. Iranfocus.com. 5 September 2004. Archived from 8922:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–8, 12–16, 19–82. 7867:"Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain" 7579: 7365:. United States Institute of Peace. p. 186. 7363:The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy 7300: 6644: 4881:Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini 4248:, Khomeini ordered the release of all female and 3937:is now housed within a larger mausoleum complex. 3432: 3027: 2138:, and for referring to the United States as the " 18410: 15763:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 12196: 11751:. Al-Islam.org. 25 February 2016. Archived from 10983:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 27. 10975: 10691:Class Division and Poverty Will Not Be Tolerated 9371: 7085: 6169: 5879:, University of California Press (1988), p. 269. 5860:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5794:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5752:"BBC – History – Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)" 5722:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4528:, the elder son, died in 1977 while in exile in 3496:, an India-born British author. Rushdie's book, 3034:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 2589:in 1963, following the death of Grand Ayatollah 2534:. As Sayyid Fihri, the editor and translator of 2437:, whom he regarded as the founder of logic, and 18082:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran 14200:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 13607:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 12306:Documentary about the life of Ruhollah Khomeini 12152:The Soul of Iran: a Nation's Journey to Freedom 11646: 11388: 11361: 10436: 10266:Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism 8817: 8636:Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope 8263: 7637: 7379: 6545:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 25 6541:(1996), p. 277; source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, 5842:. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 5808: 5806: 5704:. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 4886:Ruhollah Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev 4659:, poetry, literature, government and politics. 3677:(CIA) helped him by providing a list of Soviet 3241:Becoming Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic 18609:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 17820:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 12448:Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces 12149: 11145:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.25 9878:Bernan Press. 30 September 2018. p. 307. 9766:"الف – بخشنامه موسوي درباره عكس‌ منتظري/تصویر" 9720:Ahmad Khomeini's letter, in Resalat, cited in 8756:Report of the President's Special Review Board 7956: 7954: 7698: 7682:(2000), (estimate by Iranian officials) p. 252 7666:"Iranians Turn Away from the Islamic Republic" 6994: 6683: 6681: 5201: 5176: 5118:From Poll Tax, 8. Tributary conditions, (13), 3708:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2672:, a six-point programme of reform calling for 2660:, which was a further challenge to the Ulama. 18067: 17804: 16998: 15923: 13096: 12921: 12481: 12008: 11723:"The Works and Declarations of Imam Khomeini" 11034: 10689:, Dutton, c1996. p.361, 362, 366). Quoted in 9479:"The ten largest gatherings in human history" 8917: 7356: 5776:. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008 5328:Art and culture: endeavours in interpretation 4516:In 1929 (or possibly 1931), Khomeini married 4052:) would ensure Sharia was properly followed ( 2753: 2433:and was influenced by both the philosophy of 2229:in northeastern Iran for a short stay to the 1985: 78: 15937: 15839:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 13390:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 12011:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 11992:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 11577:"Khamenei vs. Khomeini" by Ali Reza Eshraghi 11572: 11570: 11435: 11003: 10360: 10074: 10072: 9905:. American Library Association. p. 95. 9763: 9698:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 9331: 9329: 8911: 8598:"The Iran Primer. The Revolutionary Economy" 8496: 8494: 8148: 8017:. University of Chicago Press. p. 163. 7826:Bernard Lewis's comment on Rushdie fatwa in 7091: 7000: 6908: 6906: 6777: 6775: 6377:, edited by John Esposito and R. K. Ramazani 6010:. Duke University Press Books. p. 159. 6003: 5950: 5803: 5442: 5414:Khomeini: life of the Ayatollah, Volume 1999 5232:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 4673:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 3875:Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini 3660: 2976:Ayatollah Khomeini in front of his house at 2881:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 2684:women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, 14700:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 11582: 11579:, 20 August 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009. 11087: 11059: 10798: 9954:"Iran arrests 11 over SMS Khomeini insults" 9682: 8240: 8238: 8236: 7951: 7403:Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books 7345:Reading Lolita in Tehran: a Memoir in Books 7051: 6807: 6678: 5741:, University of Texas Press (2010), p. 116. 5667:"Philosophy as Viewed by Ruhollah Khomeini" 5661: 5659: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5156:. Princeton University Press. p. 518. 4322:Khomeini adhered to traditional beliefs of 3502:, published in 1988, was alleged to commit 3273:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 2607: 18074: 18060: 17811: 17797: 17005: 16991: 15930: 15916: 15803:United States involvement in regime change 13358:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 13103: 13089: 12928: 12914: 12488: 12474: 12393:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 12317:Documentary: The man who changed the world 12293:(English Subtitles – Press TV Documentary) 11549:"Love the revolution, shame about reality" 11464:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 10922: 10911:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 10745: 10567:in Qom, Iran, 22 October 1979, quoted in, 10335: 9727: 8947:. Iran Focus. Toronto Star. Archived from 8400: 8350: 6619: 6086: 6032:Iran, From Religious Dispute to Revolution 5691:Kashful-Asrar, p. 33 by Ruhollah Khomeini. 5377: 5375: 5373: 5262: 4547:Khomeini's fifteen grandchildren include: 3567:Committee for Islamization of Universities 3445:, the eight-year war time minister of the 2824:in the home of Colonel Ali Cetiner of the 2348: 2094:in 1964. Nearly a year later, he moved to 1992: 1978: 88: 12009:Khomeini, Ruhollah; Algar, Hamid (2002). 11567: 10443:Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran 10069: 9925: 9476: 9365:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679492.003.0003 9326: 8589: 8491: 7742:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 7558: 7350: 7237: 7094:Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam 6903: 6841:Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran 6833: 6831: 6772: 6747: 6745: 6718: 6716: 6474: 6472: 5980:Globalisation, Religion & Development 5556: 5554: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5397:The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism 4798:1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory 4479: 4080:) and reformist opponents of the regime ( 3640: 3575: 3142:Khomeini and the interim prime minister, 3135:in 1979 for his international influence. 3072: 17958:Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian 16866:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 12594:America can't do a damn thing against us 12365:Books by and or about Rouhollah Khomeini 12348: 12027: 11917: 11838: 11141:, p.277. Source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, 10387: 10235: 10159: 10092: 10090: 9898: 9280: 8973:. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center 8943:Mistiaen, Veronique (5 September 2004). 8942: 8722: 8677: 8500: 8405:. Oxford University Press. p. 364. 8323: 8296: 8233: 8198: 8119: 7615: 6871: 6837: 6478: 6252:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 162. 6221: 6157: 5656: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5599: 5571: 5569: 5402: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5065: 4422: 4296: 4289: 4182: 3950: 3882: 3733:trucks in groups of six and hanged from 3363: 3313: 3288:America can't do a damn thing against us 3231: 3137: 3087: 2987: 2971: 2938: 2846: 2799: 2757: 2714: 2668:In January 1963, the Shah announced the 2616: 2451: 2373:. He was placed under the leadership of 2352: 2209: 27:Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979 to 1989 17953:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 13929:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 12548:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 12291:Imam Khomeini – Reformer of the Century 12240:In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade 12214: 12158: 11949: 11922:Revolutions And Revolutionary Movements 11873: 11829: 11318: 11285:In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade 10618:https://iranwire.com/en/politics/60189/ 10340:. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–77. 10263: 9646: 9644: 9533: 9418:In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade 8856:. Oxford University Press. p. 73. 8851: 8595: 8444: 8269: 8244: 8167: 8054: 7735: 6669: 5650: 5370: 5293:Imam Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy 5111:For example, he issued a fatwa stating: 4891:Ruhollah Khomeini's residency (Jamaran) 4024:Reception, political thought and legacy 3695:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 3206: 3174:Beginning of the consolidation of power 2098:, where speeches he gave outlining his 1549:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 18411: 15773:Russian espionage in the United States 14045:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12258: 12235: 12205: 12109: 12090: 11989: 11940: 11894: 11857: 11619: 11384:from the original on 17 November 2023. 10955:. Yale University Press. p. 255. 10913:University of California Press, (1993) 10899:, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.383 10857: 10804: 10301:(2). Indiana University Press: 35–60. 9926:Cavendish, Marshall (September 2006). 9741:. Iran Virtual Library. Archived from 9445: 9230: 9202: 8826: 8375: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8034: 7739:Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations 7704: 6828: 6751: 6742: 6713: 6663: 6649:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 27–28. 6469: 6350:, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.246 6190:"IRAN: The Unknown Ayatullah Khomeini" 6080: 5575: 5551: 5539: 5419: 5179:Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning 4404:). His enemies were often attacked as 3540: 3342:. Then he declared the last Friday of 2467:The Decanter of Love and Turning Point 118:3 December 1979 – 3 June 1989 18055: 17792: 17281:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 16986: 15911: 15768:Soviet espionage in the United States 13924:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 13703:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 13368:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 13084: 12909: 12495: 12469: 12177: 11970: 11620:Ledeen, Michael A. (6 January 2004). 10751: 10705:. Newstatesman.com. 11 September 2008 10584:, Oxford University Press, 2002, p.34 10295:Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies 10087: 9339:, Interlink Books, 1993. (p. 212–213) 9011: 8897:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 15. 8892: 8479:from the original on 22 February 2010 8453:from the original on 29 February 2008 8445:Barford, Vanessa (25 February 2008). 8012: 7802:. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 7710:"When the Ayatollah Said No to Nukes" 7588: 7509: 5877:Islam, Politics, and Social Movements 5629: 5566: 5560: 5545: 5356: 5333: 5287: 5032: 4913: 4911: 4580:, is a cleric and the trustee of the 4157:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4076:, both ultraconservative supporters ( 3740: 2735:drawing parallels between the Caliph 2411:Shahabadi, and a variety of historic 1700:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1640:Spanish American wars of independence 30:For other people named Khomeini, see 16343:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 15844:Soviet Union–United States relations 14195:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 12588:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory 12128: 11546: 11413:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 11357:from the original on 18 August 2012. 11088:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). 10778: 10288: 10168:(1). Jis.oxfordjournals.org: 14–42. 9812:Profile: Iran's dissident ayatollah 9641: 9489:from the original on 29 October 2021 9477:Philipson, Alice (19 January 2015). 9458:from the original on 30 October 2021 9208: 9101:The World's Most Notorious Dictators 9034:from the original on 11 January 2022 9017: 8876: 8678:Harrison, Frances (8 January 2007). 8353:Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin 7748:10.1093/acref/9780199208951.001.0001 7405:, Random House, 2003, p.105–106, 112 6622:Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin 6247: 6164:Khomeini's speech against capitalism 6138: 5623: 5611: 5587: 5469: 5430: 5265:Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin 4374:that said "A man will come out from 3947:1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election 3868: 3840:After the Shah left Iran in 1979, a 3829: 3617: 3216:of the country, and a more powerful 2948:Pre-revolutionary political activity 2851:The Entrance of Khomeini's House in 2585:during the 1920s. Khomeini became a 2556: 2480:Ruhollah Khomeini was a lecturer at 18519:Iranian people of the Iran–Iraq War 15808:Soviet involvement in regime change 12876:Imam Khomeini International Airport 12069: 11523:from the original on 24 March 2009. 11115:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini 10468:"Iran president bans Western music" 9982:. 22 September 2017. Archived from 9932:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 529. 9899:Trawicky, Bernard (30 April 2009). 9127:"Iran: Life of Jews Living in Iran" 9103:. Athlon Special Issue. 2017. p. 80 9018:Lamb, Christina (4 February 2001). 8099:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini 8097:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam, ed. (2014). 8031: 7795: 6876:. London: Penguin. pp. 265–6. 6752:Jerome, Carole (1 September 1980). 6307:Some sources report that president 6222:Sciolino, Elaine (27 August 2000). 5510:from the original on 12 April 2023. 5245: 5243: 5241: 5122:, volume 2, pp. 497–507, Quoted in 5013: 4584:and also has shown support for the 3970:in November 1985. The principle of 3788:("unclean") has also been renewed. 1469:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 606:Ayatullah al-Uzma Ruhollah Khomeini 79: 24: 15849:Soviet Union–United States summits 13323:1947 Polish parliamentary election 13208:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 12881:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 12244:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 11814: 10831:According to a daughter quoted in 10742:. Gives details on Molkara's plea. 9724:, rev. ed. by Shaul Bakhash, p.282 9352:Minority Rights in the Middle East 9319:, 'The Terror Facing the Baháʼís' 8812:University of Massachusetts Boston 8723:Woodward, Bob (19 November 1986). 8151:"the resale of Ayatollah Khomeini" 8149:Mousavi Khomeini, Sayed Rohullah. 7830:(2003), Bernard Lewis, pp. 141–142 7510:Smith, William E. (14 June 1982). 7443:, 25 March 1988) (quoted on p.69, 7189:. Nyulawglobal.org. Archived from 6844:. Simon and Schuster. p. 55. 6390:. Nyulawglobal.org. Archived from 5669:. www.imamreza.net. Archived from 5295:. Islamic Book Trust. p. 19. 4908: 4808:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 4576:Hasan Khomeini, son of the Seyyed 4305:He was known for his punctuality: 4224:regime in South Africa. After the 4108:. The Egyptian Jihadist ideologue 4058:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 3387:, Iraq's secular Arab nationalist 3334:(the week between 12th to 17th of 3084:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran 2921:, the country's ruler should be a 2862:By the late 1960s, Khomeini was a 2664:Opposition to the White Revolution 2526:", followed, some years later, by 2233:, a region in the modern state of 2214:Ruhollah Khomeini's birthplace at 2165:, Khomeini is officially known as 2154:of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by 25: 18625: 17946:Related parties and organizations 14610:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 14545:United States invasion of Grenada 13815:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 13756:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 12741:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 12563:Council of the Islamic Revolution 12269: 11511:"Iranians mourn Khomeini's widow" 11287:by Robin Wright c 1989, pp. 21–22 10361:Paul Vallely (19 February 2014). 10039:or Islamic Government, quoted in 9446:Pendle, George (29 August 2018). 9054:"Memories of a slaughter in Iran" 8447:"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'" 7977:. Iranculture.org. Archived from 7960:"Khomeini bans broadcast music", 7781:in 1979 by American newsmagazine 7004:Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979 6087:Vakili Zad, Cyrus (Spring 1990). 5954:Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979 5443:Staff writer (21 February 2015). 4668:Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih 3492:calling for the assassination of 3488:In early 1989, Khomeini issued a 3447:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 3256: 3226:Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih 3077: 2886:Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih 2796:Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile 18559:People of the Iranian Revolution 18464:Biographical evaluation scholars 18399:Category:People executed by Iran 18394: 18393: 18106:Politicians and noblemen of the 18037: 18036: 14685:United States invasion of Panama 14535:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 14175:1971 Turkish military memorandum 14138:Communist insurgency in Thailand 14108:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 14040:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 13867:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 13795:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 13313:Restatement of Policy on Germany 12892: 12891: 12629: 12276:Imam Khomeini's Official Website 11785: 11767: 11741: 11715: 11693: 11671: 11647:PHILIP SHERWELL (19 June 2006). 11640: 11613: 11601: 11540: 11527: 11503: 11485: 11467:. Univ. of California. pp. 11454: 11429: 11404: 11339: 11312: 11290: 11278: 11265: 11252: 11239: 11226: 11213: 11200: 11187: 11174: 11148: 11131: 11106: 11081: 11053: 11028: 10997: 10969: 10941: 10916: 10902: 10889: 10876: 10851: 10838: 10825: 10772: 10717: 10695: 10678: 10664: 10650: 10636: 10622: 10611: 10600: 10587: 10574: 10561: 10547: 10530: 10517: 10495: 10482: 10460: 10448: 10423: 10354: 10329: 10282: 10257: 10244: 10229: 10216: 10203: 10188: 10153: 10141: 10122: 10103: 10045: 10029: 10013: 9998: 9968: 9946: 9919: 9892: 9866: 9830: 9818: 9806: 9793: 9780: 9757: 9714: 9669: 9660: 9624:"Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)" 9616: 9603: 9585: 9572: 9550: 9527: 9470: 9439: 9423: 9411: 9398: 9385: 9342: 9306: 9289: 9274: 9262: 9180: 9167: 9154: 9141: 9119: 9106: 9094: 9072: 9046: 8985: 8963: 8936: 8886: 8845: 8789: 8735: 8716: 8694: 8671: 8641: 8628: 8615: 8602:United States Institute of Peace 8576: 8563: 8550: 8541: 8528: 8465: 8438: 8419: 8394: 8369: 8344: 8317: 8290: 8192: 8161: 8142: 8113: 8090: 8006: 7993: 7967: 7929: 7916: 7896: 7879:from the original on 2 June 2002 7859: 7833: 7820: 7789: 7771: 7729: 7685: 7672: 7658: 7552: 7503: 7490: 7476: 7450: 7447:by Asghar Schirazi, Tauris, 1997 7433: 7408: 7395: 7338: 7335:, Atlantic Monthly Press, (2006) 7325: 7284:. 7 January 1980. Archived from 7268: 7250: 7231: 7205: 7179: 7166: 7163:, (Tauris, 1997) pp. 22–23. 7151: 7138: 7125: 7100: 7063: 6922:. 7 January 1980. Archived from 5522:"Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)" 5238: 5105: 5082: 4987: 4940: 4782: 4768: 4754: 4740: 4560:Islamic Iran Participation Front 4494: 4324:Islamic hygienical jurisprudence 3456: 3353: 2785: 1961: 1489:Discourses Concerning Government 568: 523: 379: 18454:Anti-Zionism in the Middle East 15405:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 14786:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 14715:Fall of the inner German border 14615:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 14265:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 14255:Spanish transition to democracy 14215:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 13842:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 13348:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 13229:Occupation of the Baltic states 12132:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 11843:. University of Chicago Press. 10925:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 10394:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 9929:World and Its Peoples, Volume 1 9666:Mackay, Iranians, (1998), p.353 9420:by Robin Wright, (1989), p. 204 8380:. Routledge. pp. 185–186. 7038: 7025: 6981: 6951: 6938: 6890: 6865: 6801: 6730: 6699: 6670:Fattahi, Kambiz (3 June 2016). 6638: 6613: 6600: 6587: 6574: 6561: 6548: 6531: 6518: 6505: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6419: 6406: 6380: 6366: 6353: 6340: 6301: 6266: 6241: 6215: 6132: 6120: 6107: 6063: 6039: 6024: 5997: 5971: 5944: 5920: 5915:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 5907: 5882: 5869: 5832: 5766: 5744: 5731: 5694: 5685: 5644: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5514: 5490: 5473:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 5463: 5436: 5390: 5321: 5309: 5050: 5034:[ɾuːholˈlɒːhexomejˈniː] 4861:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai 4651:. He also released books about 4626: 4146:American embassy hostage taking 2808:, Turkey without clerical dress 2612: 1755:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 322: 17158:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 14185:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 13820:Mozambican War of Independence 13259:Indonesian National Revolution 12619:The Satanic Verses controversy 12221:. The Rosen Publishing Group. 12154:. New York: Norton paperbacks. 11973:Islamic Imperialism: A History 11725:. Imamreza.net. Archived from 11113:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2014). 10595:The Failure of Political Islam 10240:. Lexington Books. p. xi. 10197:"Democracy? I meant theocracy" 10110:Ganji, Sorush and Mesbah Yazdi 10079:The Failure of Political Islam 9652:The Failure of Political Islam 8993:"Raisi: Role in 1988 Massacre" 8330:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8003:The Iranian. 24 September 2001 7616:Shane Harris, Matthew M. AID. 7215:. World Policy. Archived from 5281: 5256: 5220: 5195: 5170: 5145: 4924: 4918: 4828:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 4520:, the daughter of a cleric in 4228:, anti-Apartheid activist and 4121:foreign policy in the region. 4036:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 4011: 3879:Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini 3865:was under direct martial law. 3650:following the hostage crisis. 3463:The Satanic Verses controversy 3433:Fatwa against chemical weapons 3028:Khomeini's contact with the US 2621:Khomeini's speech against the 2518:), "a detailed commentary, in 2200: 1690:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1670:German Revolution of 1918–1919 302:Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini 13: 1: 17024:Leaders & revolutionaries 15783:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 14798:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 14751:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 14473:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 14438:Seven Days to the River Rhine 14170:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 13457:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 13385:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 13073:indicate interim officeholder 12281:Documentary: Imam Khomeini P1 10779:Tait, Robert (27 July 2005). 10289:Unal, Yusuf (November 2016). 10236:Sherrill, Clifton W. (2018). 9538:. Articles.chicagotribune.com 8401:Dabhoiwala, Faramerz (2013). 8327:Failing the Crystal Ball Test 7361:. In Wright, Robin B. (ed.). 7111:. Praeger. pp. 342–353. 6783:"12 Bahman: Khomeini Returns" 6485:Digest of Middle East Studies 5399:by Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir 5133: 3940: 3149: 2826:Turkish Military Intelligence 2646:Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani 2302:as a pen name in some of his 2205: 18554:People from Markazi province 17901:Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili 14776:Fall of communism in Albania 14746:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 14695:Polish Round Table Agreement 14035:1968 Polish political crisis 13852:Eritrean War of Independence 13618:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 13513:East German uprising of 1953 13445:Chinese Communist Revolution 13110: 12703:Khomeini's 8-article command 12583:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 12377:Letter by Ayatollah Khomeini 12338:Rouhollah Khomeini's Website 12328:Documentary: I knew Khomeini 12300:article on Khomeini's poetry 12036:. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. 11681:. BBC News. 13 February 2008 11547:Fisk, Robert (5 June 1995). 10538:1983 Beirut barracks bombing 10470:. BBC News. 19 December 2005 10431:Iran Between Two Revolutions 9534:Moseley, Ray (7 June 1989). 8920:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988 8704:. Iranian.com. 5 August 2003 8475:. CBC News. 26 August 2008. 8249:. I.B. Tauris. p. 166. 8067:10.1017/cbo9780511998485.013 7799:God Or Allah, Truth Or Bull? 7512:"The $ 150 Billion Question" 7107:Susan C. Cloninger. (2017). 5384:A biography of the Ayatollah 5138: 4846:List of cults of personality 4572:, Khomeini's elder grandson 4554:, granddaughter, married to 4000:be a Marja and this allowed 3955:Khomeini and his successor, 3558:Islamic Revolutionary Guards 3193:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 2868:Persian Constitution of 1906 2337:Ruhollah began to study the 2313: 2015:. He was the founder of the 1940:Republic without republicans 1685:11 September 1922 Revolution 1680:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 7: 18499:Iranian emigrants to Turkey 18489:Iranian emigrants to France 18474:Commanders-in-chief of Iran 18157:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani 14650:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 14378:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 14123:Corrective Movement (Syria) 14087:New People's Army rebellion 14082:Sino-Soviet border conflict 13810:Angolan War of Independence 13673:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 13553:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 13198:Jamaican political conflict 12568:Islamic Revolutionary Court 12511:1963 demonstrations in Iran 12215:Willett, Edward C. (2004). 12161:Pioneers of Islamic Revival 12061:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1980). 11950:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 11598:. Retrieved 23 August 2009. 10835:by Robin Wright, 1989, p.45 10211:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 8797:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 8625:46, n.3 (summer 1992): 421) 8501:Sorenson, David S. (2007). 8355:. I.B. Tauris. p. 53. 8351:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). 8120:Khomeini, Ruhollah (2024). 7939:. BBC News. 8 February 2019 7146:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 7073:. BBC News. 2 February 1999 6624:. I.B. Tauris. p. 22. 6620:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). 6224:"nyt.com The People's Shah" 5445:"Imam Khomeini's Biography" 5387:, 14 June 1999, The Iranian 5267:. I.B. Tauris. p. 20. 5263:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). 5066:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). 5059:Prior to the International 5024: 4733: 4509:and left side Ali Eshraghi) 4467:scholar from South Africa, 4338: 4078:Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi 3808:National Spiritual Assembly 3675:Central Intelligence Agency 3563:Islamic Cultural Revolution 2870:– as evidenced by his book 2161:The subject of a pervasive 2066:("source of emulation"), a 2019:and the main leader of the 1675:Turkish War of Independence 1597: 285:3 June 1989 (aged 86 or 89) 10: 18630: 18529:20th-century Iranian poets 18469:Burials at Behesht-e Zahra 17175:Artists & entertainers 16204:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 14846:Sino-Indian border dispute 14675:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 14605:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 14363:1976 Argentine coup d'état 14275:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 14225:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 13909:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 13877:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 13566:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 13333:Asian Relations Conference 12792:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 12110:Milani, Mohsen M. (1994). 11990:Keddie, Nikkie R. (2003). 11880:. Transaction Publishers. 11818:The Narrative of Awakening 11807: 11461:Ervand Abrahamian (2005). 11415:. Routledge. p. 909. 11411:Thomas M. Leonard (2005). 11067:. Routledge. p. 427. 10162:Journal of Islamic Studies 9902:Anniversaries and Holidays 9216:"CIA – The World Factbook" 8827:Cronin, Stephanie (2013). 8103:Cambridge University Press 6872:Axworthy, Michael (2007). 6481:"The Constitution of Iran" 6321:Dans le secret des princes 6286:Dans le secret des princes 6143:. Routledge\. p. 48. 6141:Iran Under the Ayatollahs\ 5206:. Routledge. p. 168. 4701:The Disciplines of Prayers 4596:the 2009 election results. 4483: 4033: 4027: 3944: 3872: 3833: 3812:Local Spiritual Assemblies 3744: 3723:) or "waging war on God" ( 3712:People's Mujahedin of Iran 3460: 3357: 3260: 3081: 3031: 3022:People's Mujahedin of Iran 2789: 2772:status-of-forces agreement 2754:Opposition to capitulation 2652:rose to power. Reza's son 2542:in 2015, under the title " 2104:Guardianship of the Jurist 1730:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1479:The Commonwealth of Oceana 535:importance of spirituality 169:Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani 36: 29: 18494:Iranian emigrants to Iraq 18390: 18362:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani 18344: 18309:Other political opponents 18308: 18285: 18185: 18105: 18087: 18033: 18012: 17996: 17945: 17924: 17883: 17860:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani 17842: 17826: 17631: 17477:Scientists & thinkers 17476: 17325: 17174: 17023: 16724: 16490: 16155: 16145:The American Fighting-Man 15948: 15882: 15831: 15753: 15730:William Appleman Williams 15675:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 15457: 15429: 15378: 15310: 15303: 15237: 15102: 15027: 14957: 14950: 14859: 14806: 14738: 14451: 14190:Bangladesh Liberation War 14180:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 14095: 14067:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 14055:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 13718: 13493:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 13470: 13180: 13118: 13068: 13037: 13000: 12947: 12889: 12831: 12822:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 12764: 12711: 12638: 12627: 12503: 12454: 12445: 12437: 12432: 12422: 12413: 12407: 12402: 12197:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 12076:. Philosophical Library. 11994:. Yale University Press. 11975:. Yale University Press. 11895:Daniel, Elton L. (2001). 11839:Brumberg, Daniel (2001). 11624:. Aei.org. Archived from 11092:. ABC-CLIO. p. 483. 9435:. News & Media. 1989. 9188:The Last Great Revolution 9175:The Last Great Revolution 9162:The Last Great Revolution 9080:The Millimeter Revolution 8596:Maloney, Suzanne (2010). 7605:– via Google Books. 7575:– via Google Books. 7559:Mohammadi, Kamin (2012). 6838:Sciolino, Elaine (2001). 6502:Kepel, Jihad, 2092, p.111 6479:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 5894:Gemsofislamism.tripod.com 5813:Encyclopædia Britannica. 5774:"Imam Khomeini to Kuwait" 4896:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani 4388:twelve infallible leaders 4230:African National Congress 4210:African National Congress 3836:Ethnic minorities in Iran 3791:Four of the 270 seats in 3661:Suppression of opposition 3061:Supreme leader Ayatollah 2266:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 2088:state-sponsored expulsion 1903:The Emperor's New Clothes 1655:5 October 1910 revolution 1650:French Revolution of 1848 673:Liberty as non-domination 602: 594: 576: 567: 554: 546: 537:Recorded 24 November 1981 519:Ruhollah Khomeini's voice 512: 508: 498: 493: 454: 440: 430: 420: 410: 405: 401: 387: 375: 365: 342: 332: 307: 297: 274: 244:Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi 239: 234: 230: 218: 197: 182: 146: 122: 111: 103: 99: 87: 76: 50: 18584:Religious policy in Iran 18544:Male critics of feminism 18514:Iranian grand ayatollahs 16862:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 14505:1980 Turkish coup d'état 14340:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 14310:1978 Somali coup attempt 14270:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 14235:1973 Chilean coup d'état 14060:Revolutionary Government 13954:South African Border War 13746:1960 Turkish coup d'état 13663:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 13518:1953 Iranian coup d'état 13498:1952 Egyptian revolution 12786:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 12383:, dated 1 January 1989. 12199:The Constitution of Iran 11941:Harney, Desmond (1998). 11918:DeFronzo, James (2007). 11834:. New York: Basic Books. 11655:. London. Archived from 11440:. Praeger. p. 165. 10758:Macmillan. p. 251. 10725:A fatwa for transsexuals 9321:New York Review of Books 9315:, 30 May 1983; see also 8852:Ostovar, Afshon (2016). 8473:"Film – Iran's gay plan" 8324:Seliktar, Ofira (2000). 8297:Whitaker, Brian (2011). 8245:Ruthven, Malise (2012). 7445:The Constitution of Iran 7160:The Constitution of Iran 6309:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 6074:24 December 2007 at the 4901: 4876:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 4645:the roots of Islamic law 3933:was buried next to him. 3737:in half-hour intervals. 2996:After the 1977 death of 2952:A modified form of this 2719:Khomeini denouncing the 2608:Early political activity 2431:ancient Greek philosophy 2038:, in what is now Iran's 2017:Islamic Republic of Iran 2005:Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini 1745:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1705:1952 Egyptian revolution 683:Political representation 533:Khomeini speaking on the 503:Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi 463:Forty Hadith of Khomeini 18599:Time Person of the Year 18594:Supreme Leaders of Iran 18589:Simple living advocates 18569:Politicide perpetrators 18534:Iranian revolutionaries 18484:Iranian anti-communists 18372:Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi 17983:Communist Party of Iran 16360:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 14710:Fall of the Berlin Wall 14655:People Power Revolution 14640:Central American crisis 14580:1986 Black Sea incident 14230:1973 Afghan coup d'état 14128:Western Sahara conflict 13939:1966 Syrian coup d'état 13862:1963 Syrian coup d'état 13805:Portuguese Colonial War 13768:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 13533:1954 Syrian coup d'état 13410:Annexation of Hyderabad 13353:1947–1949 Palestine war 12849:Death and state funeral 12178:Reich, Bernard (1990). 12150:Molavi, Afshin (2005). 12091:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 11874:Dabashi, Hamid (2006). 11830:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 11703:. BBC News. 1 June 1998 11319:Dabashi, Hamid (1993). 11221:The Priest and the King 11210:, Norton, (2006), p.131 10858:Mackey, Sandra (1998). 10752:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 10134:28 January 2011 at the 10100:, Norton (2006), p. 138 10008:"Khamenei vs. Khomeini" 9357:Oxford University Press 8209:10.4324/9780429047114-1 7652:Encyclopedia Britannica 7333:Guests of the Ayatollah 7058:Encyclopædia Britannica 6126:"A History of Iran" by 6030:Fischer, Michael M.J., 5177:Malise Ruthven (2004). 4866:Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim 4813:Exiles of Imam Khomeini 4370:attributed to the Imam 4280:transgender individuals 4242:anti-apartheid movement 4226:1979 Iranian Revolution 4187:Murals of Khomeini and 3583:Iran's 1967 divorce law 3549:Under Khomeini's rule, 3471:issued 14 February 1989 3368:Ruhollah Khomeini with 2591:Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi 2349:Education and lecturing 2100:religiopolitical theory 1725:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1509:Discourse on Inequality 658:Consent of the governed 269:Sublime State of Persia 94:Official portrait, 1981 18564:Persecution of Bahá'ís 17088:Martin Luther King Jr. 16319:Martin Luther King Jr. 15004:Neoclassical economics 14515:Gulf of Sidra incident 14072:1969 Libyan revolution 13763:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 13548:1954 Geneva Conference 13308:Turkish straits crisis 13303:Corfu Channel incident 12602:Supreme Leader of Iran 12416:Supreme Leader of Iran 12259:Wright, Robin (2000). 12236:Wright, Robin (1989). 12159:Rāhnamā, 'Ali (1994). 12135:. St. Martin's Press. 11971:Karsh, Efraim (2007). 10264:Calvert, John (2018). 10254:, Norton (2006), p.137 10148:About Islamic republic 10061:Iran at the Crossroads 10055:, in June 1988] Also 9513:Guinness World Records 9323:, 1982, 29 (8): 43–44. 9129:. Sephardicstudies.org 8918:Karsh, Efraim (2002). 8178:10.2307/j.ctt9qgkd6.10 7926:, (2000), p. 258) 7589:Carol, Steven (2015). 7357:Katz, Mark N. (2010). 6789:. PBS. 1 February 2009 6645:Steven O'Hern (2012). 6375:Iran at the Crossroads 6274:Alexandre de Marenches 5117: 5102: 4871:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 4480:Family and descendants 4477: 4457: 4439: 4428: 4312: 4302: 4196: 4181: 4150:sanctions against Iran 3959: 3926: 3892: 3827: 3747:Persecution of Baháʼís 3673:However, in 1983, the 3641:Emigration and economy 3576:Women and child rights 3485: 3376: 3326: 3281:anti-Iranian sentiment 3237: 3197:Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi 3146: 3101: 3073:Supreme Leader of Iran 2993: 2981: 2944: 2859: 2809: 2766: 2748:Movement of 15 Khordad 2742:On 5 June 1963 (15 of 2728: 2644:religious leader; and 2630: 2598:Sheikh Fazlollah Noori 2457: 2378:Abdolkarim Haeri Yazdi 2358: 2218: 2009:Supreme Leader of Iran 164:Mohammad-Javad Bahonar 106:Supreme Leader of Iran 18252:Mohammad Taghi Majidi 17932:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 17855:Mostafa Pourmohammadi 17326:Builders & titans 17130:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16776:The Good Samaritans: 16073:Franklin D. Roosevelt 16013:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15997:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15854:Russia–NATO relations 15735:Jonathan Reed Winkler 15019:Democratic capitalism 15014:Supply-side economics 14982:American conservatism 14781:Breakup of Yugoslavia 14670:Bougainville conflict 14585:South Yemen civil war 14520:Martial law in Poland 14383:Nicaraguan Revolution 14358:Dirty War (Argentina) 14165:1971 JVP insurrection 13979:Years of Lead (Italy) 13857:North Yemen civil war 13775:Berlin Crisis of 1961 13751:Albanian–Soviet split 13683:1959 Tibetan uprising 13648:Syrian Crisis of 1957 13503:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 13363:1948 Arab–Israeli War 12349:Selected bibliography 12343:Who Is Imam Khomeini? 12206:Taheri, Amir (1985). 11956:. Praeger/Greenwood. 11867:Encyclopaedia Iranica 11436:Diane Morgan (2005). 11234:The Government of God 11004:Chetan Bhatt (1997). 10953:The Iranian Mojahedin 10805:Taheri, Amir (1986). 10781:"A fatwa for freedom" 10492:, Norton, 2006, p.138 8893:Cohen, Ronen (2009). 8586:, (2000), p. 267 8573:, (2006), p. 134 8547:(Khomeini July 1979) 8376:Schmid, Arno (1992). 8270:Goodwin, Jan (2002). 8013:Afari, Janet (2010). 7889:, WEISMAN, Steven R. 7796:Woo, Richard (2011). 7347:by Azar Nafisi, p.105 7092:Gilles Kepel (2002). 7035:, (2000), pp. 205–206 7001:Con Coughlin (2009). 6959:"امروز در آینه تاریخ" 6454:, (1981), pp. 31, 56. 6248:Fisk, Robert (2005). 6166:, IRIB World Service. 6004:Hamid Naficy (2011). 5951:Con Coughlin (2009). 5470:Moin, Baqer (2009) . 5112: 5093: 4851:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi 4679:The Little Green Book 4641:Islamic jurisprudence 4582:Mausoleum of Khomeini 4556:Mohammad Reza Khatami 4473: 4452: 4434: 4427:Khomeini and a child. 4426: 4307: 4301:Khomeini in the 1980s 4300: 4290:Appearance and habits 4252:staff working there. 4214:Irish Republican Army 4186: 4165: 3964:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 3954: 3913: 3886: 3819: 3690:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 3473: 3437:In an interview with 3367: 3317: 3235: 3201:Hossein Ali Montazeri 3141: 3091: 3032:Further information: 2991: 2980:in a media conference 2975: 2943:Khomeini in the 1970s 2942: 2850: 2804:Khomeini in exile at 2803: 2790:Further information: 2761: 2718: 2620: 2455: 2394:) and jurisprudence ( 2356: 2213: 2025:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1893:Criticism of monarchy 1715:North Yemen civil war 1529:The Federalist Papers 824:Federal parliamentary 208:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 189:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 18604:Critics of Wahhabism 18539:Islamic philosophers 18459:Anti-Zionism in Iran 18257:Manouchehr Khosrodad 18132:Abbas Ali Khalatbari 17963:Fedaian Organisation 17884:Influential sponsors 17467:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 16893:The Silence Breakers 16760:The American Soldier 16741:The Whistleblowers: 16599:The Endangered Earth 16381:The Middle Americans 16335:William Westmoreland 16228:Dwight D. Eisenhower 16097:Dwight D. Eisenhower 15275:Non-Aligned Movement 14897:Peaceful coexistence 14851:North Borneo dispute 14766:German reunification 14761:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 14459:Salvadoran Civil War 14408:Grand Mosque seizure 14403:Yemenite War of 1979 14295:Mozambican Civil War 14250:Carnation Revolution 14205:Yemenite War of 1972 14143:1970 Polish protests 13974:1967 Hong Kong riots 13949:Argentine Revolution 13899:Guatemalan Civil War 13827:Cuban Missile Crisis 13741:Bay of Pigs Invasion 13613:1956 Poznań protests 13591:Geneva Summit (1955) 13193:Hukbalahap Rebellion 13172:Non-Aligned Movement 12957:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah 12941:Iranian Armed Forces 12870:Homafaran Allegiance 12748:Islam and Revolution 12526:1978 Tabriz protests 12210:. Adler & Adler. 12129:Moin, Baqer (2000). 10846:Reinventing Khomeini 10224:Islam and Revolution 10115:29 June 2010 at the 10041:Islam and Revolution 10025:Islam and Revolution 9776:on 26 December 2009. 9432:Impact International 9313:Kayhan International 8656:17 June 2009 at the 8558:Reinventing Khomeini 8538:(2001), p. 125) 8536:Reinventing Khomeini 7176:Tauris, 1997 p.22–23 7174:Constitution of Iran 6808:Niki Baraha (2011). 6758:New Internationalist 6464:Islam and Revolution 6452:Islam and Revolution 6440:Islam and Revolution 6427:Islam and Revolution 6139:Hiro, Dilip (2013). 5340:Encyclopædia Iranica 5318:by Juan Ricardo Cole 4856:Mirza Husayn Tehrani 4803:Abdallah Mazandarani 4713:The Greater Struggle 3797:Islamic constitution 3717:apostates from Islam 3322:mosque by Ayatollah 3236:Khomeini with people 3218:Council of Guardians 3207:Islamic constitution 1878:Classical radicalism 1620:Republic of Florence 1559:Democracy in America 718:Separation of powers 693:Public participation 204:Position established 18614:Iranian republicans 18479:Iran hostage crisis 18377:Asadollah Lajevardi 18227:Seyyed Javad Zabihi 18207:Pervez Amini Afshar 18142:Gholamreza Kianpour 18020:Mothers of Khavaran 17968:Tudeh Party of Iran 17870:Asadollah Lajevardi 17615:Ludwig Wittgenstein 17562:John Maynard Keynes 17334:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 16958:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 15942:Persons of the Year 15720:Alex von Tunzelmann 15710:Vladimir Tismăneanu 15635:Thomas J. McCormick 15630:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 15530:Robert Hugh Ferrell 15393:Crusade for Freedom 15190:Illiberal democracy 15074:Ho Chi Minh Thought 14877:Eisenhower Doctrine 14730:Peaceful Revolution 14725:Romanian Revolution 14705:Revolutions of 1989 14690:1988 Polish strikes 14600:Operation INFEKTION 14595:1987 Lieyu massacre 14500:Eritrean Civil Wars 14483:Peruvian Revolution 14433:1979 Herat uprising 14423:Sino-Vietnamese War 14388:Uganda–Tanzania War 14368:Egyptian–Libyan War 14335:Third Indochina War 14330:Sino-Albanian split 14320:Ethiopian Civil War 14220:Eritrean Civil Wars 14160:Ping-pong diplomacy 14133:Cambodian Civil War 13959:Korean DMZ Conflict 13944:Cultural Revolution 13914:Dominican Civil War 13892:Tlatelolco massacre 13678:1959 Mosul uprising 13668:1958 Lebanon crisis 13395:Al-Wathbah uprising 13318:First Indochina War 13288:Iran crisis of 1946 12937:Commanders-in-Chief 12698:Letter to Gorbachev 12553:Cultural Revolution 12531:Neauphle-le-Château 12441:Abolhassan Banisadr 12370:17 May 2021 at the 12261:The Last Revolution 12208:The Spirit of Allah 12201:. New York: Tauris. 12182:. Greenwood Press. 12070:Lee, James (1984). 11903:. Greenwood Press. 11899:The History of Iran 11859:Choksy, Jamsheed K. 11653:The Daily Telegraph 11399:The Spirit of Allah 10923:Baqer Moin (1999). 10730:6 June 2011 at the 10527:, (2001), p.28, 33, 10457:, No.4 (1990), p.8) 10429:Ervand Abrahamian, 10389:Arjomand, Said Amir 10315:10.2979/jims.1.2.04 10307:10.2979/jims.1.2.04 10019:1942 book/pamphlet 9302:. 13 February 1979. 9250:on 27 November 2007 9087:18 May 2003 at the 9060:on 20 February 2008 9027:The Daily Telegraph 8951:on 20 February 2008 8623:Middle East Journal 7981:on 30 December 2007 7828:The Crisis of Islam 7708:(16 October 2014). 7648:"Ruhollah Khomeini" 7464:on 10 November 2014 7219:on 30 December 2010 6969:on 18 February 2006 6946:The Spirit of Allah 6556:The Spirit of Allah 6526:The Spirit of Allah 6513:The Spirit of Allah 5917:(2001), p. 60) 5875:Ervand Abrahamian, 5349:17 May 2017 at the 4662:His books include: 4590:Mir-Hossein Mousavi 4501:Khomeini with son ( 4469:Sheikh Ahmad Deedat 4273:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 4246:Iran hostage crisis 4006:Assembly of Experts 3968:Assembly of Experts 3683:Tudeh Party of Iran 3587:rape in Islamic law 3541:Life under Khomeini 3516:freedom of religion 3277:Iran hostage crisis 3263:Iran hostage crisis 3251:Abolhassan Banisadr 2978:Neauphle-le-Château 2844:on 6 October 1978. 2834:Neauphle-le-Château 2602:Abol-Ghasem Kashani 2549:6 July 2017 at the 2514:(Commentary on the 2512:Sharh Du'a al-Sahar 2187:political prisoners 2163:cult of personality 2128:Iran hostage crisis 2106:were compiled into 1968:Politics portal 1773:Antigua and Barbuda 1720:Zanzibar Revolution 1630:American Revolution 1519:The Social Contract 688:Popular sovereignty 174:Mir-Hossein Mousavi 130:Abolhassan Banisadr 56:The Grand Ayatollah 18504:Iranian dissidents 18434:20th-century imams 18367:Mohammad Reyshahri 18287:Left-wing politics 18277:Nematollah Nassiri 18242:Ali Hojjat Kashani 18197:Amir Hossein Rabii 18117:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda 18025:Raheleh Rahemipour 17911:Mohammad Reyshahri 17735:Emmeline Pankhurst 17654:Lady Diana Spencer 17632:Heroes & icons 17418:Charles E. Merrill 17137:Theodore Roosevelt 16523:Ayatollah Khomeini 16188:John Foster Dulles 15874:Russian Revolution 15670:Mary Elise Sarotte 15655:William B. Pickett 15580:Patrick J. Hearden 15560:Gabriel Gorodetsky 15555:Timothy Garton Ash 15540:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 15135:Ethnic nationalism 14887:Hallstein Doctrine 14771:Yemeni unification 14560:1985 Geneva Summit 14525:Casamance conflict 14428:New Jewel Movement 14413:Iranian Revolution 14398:Chadian–Libyan War 14345:Cambodian conflict 14325:Lebanese Civil War 14315:Western Sahara War 14290:June 1976 protests 14285:Cambodian genocide 14050:17 July Revolution 14004:Nigerian Civil War 13919:Rhodesian Bush War 13904:Colombian conflict 13847:Ramadan Revolution 13586:Bandung Conference 13462:Operation Valuable 13343:Partition of India 13028:Mohammad Reza Shah 13016:Mohammad Reza Shah 12854:Alef-Laam Khomeini 12839:Jamaran Hussainiya 12755:The Greatest Jihad 12658:Shiite clericalism 12573:Interim Government 12543:Iranian Revolution 12403:Political offices 12298:The New York Times 12263:. New York: Knopf. 12218:Ayatollah Khomeini 12114:. Westview Press. 12052:has generic name ( 11926:. Westview Press. 11793:"Journal Articles" 11781:. 12 October 2013. 11755:on 13 October 2013 11594:5 May 2009 at the 11499:. 28 January 2019. 11377:The New York Times 11262:, (1989) (p.21-22) 11260:In the Name of God 11232:Benard/Khalilzad, 10882:fatwa No. 83 from 10833:In the Name of God 10325:– via JSTOR. 10174:10.1093/jis/etl042 10037:Hukumat Islamiyyah 9986:on 5 February 2017 9764:Behnegarsoft.com. 9299:The New York Times 9082:By Elizabeth Rubin 7962:The New York Times 7891:The New York Times 7872:The New York Times 7847:. 19 February 1989 7845:The New York Times 7546:The New York Times 7522:on 15 October 2007 7498:In the Name of God 7313:. Newstatesman.com 7288:on 23 October 2007 7264:. 16 October 2008. 7158:Schirazi, Asghar, 6926:on 8 December 2006 6754:"Back to the Veil" 6430:(1981), pp. 29–30. 6313:Michel Poniatowski 6280:(now known as the 6228:The New York Times 6093:Conflict Quarterly 5754:. BBC. 4 June 1989 4837:(book by Khomeini) 4834:Islamic Government 4649:Islamic traditions 4429: 4303: 4244:. During the 1979 4197: 4086:Abdolkarim Soroush 3960: 3921:The New York Times 3893: 3741:Minority religions 3499:The Satanic Verses 3477:The Satanic Verses 3443:Mohsen Rafighdoost 3416:Iran–Contra affair 3377: 3374:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 3327: 3238: 3147: 3102: 2994: 2982: 2945: 2876:Islamic Government 2860: 2810: 2767: 2729: 2654:Mohammad Reza Shah 2631: 2567:Asrar-e Hezar Sale 2458: 2359: 2219: 2109:Islamic Government 2023:, which overthrew 2021:Iranian Revolution 1934:Primus inter pares 1750:Nepalese Civil War 1740:Iranian Revolution 1710:14 July Revolution 1665:Russian Revolution 1660:Chinese Revolution 1610:Republic of Venice 1459:Discourses on Livy 484:Islamic Government 160:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 135:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 18:Ayatollah Khomeini 18574:Iranian Islamists 18419:Ruhollah Khomeini 18406: 18405: 18352:Ruhollah Khomeini 18326:Mona Mahmudnizhad 18321:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 18222:Hossein-Ali Bayat 18177:Manutchehr Salimi 18172:Manouchehr Azmoun 18147:Gholamreza Nikpey 18049: 18048: 18004:Khavaran cemetery 17834:Ruhollah Khomeini 17786: 17785: 17714:Charles Lindbergh 17647:The American G.I. 17541:Robert H. Goddard 17527:Alexander Fleming 17151:Margaret Thatcher 17123:Eleanor Roosevelt 17081:Ruhollah Khomeini 17074:Pope John Paul II 17053:Mikhail Gorbachev 17039:Winston Churchill 16980: 16979: 16962:Spirit of Ukraine 16662:Pope John Paul II 16639:The Peacemakers: 16615:George H. W. Bush 16607:Mikhail Gorbachev 16591:Mikhail Gorbachev 16435:Susan Brownmiller 16351:Lyndon B. Johnson 16327:Lyndon B. Johnson 16236:U.S. Scientists: 16220:Charles de Gaulle 16212:Nikita Khrushchev 16164:Mohammed Mosaddeq 16137:Winston Churchill 16065:Winston Churchill 15957:Charles Lindbergh 15905: 15904: 15892:List of conflicts 15740:Rudolph Winnacker 15685:Giles Scott-Smith 15660:Ronald E. Powaski 15615:Melvyn P. Leffler 15545:John Lewis Gaddis 15520:Robert D. English 15485:Warren H. Carroll 15475:Michael Beschloss 15444:Nuclear arms race 15425: 15424: 15331:Neues Deutschland 15233: 15232: 15215:White nationalism 15185:Liberal democracy 14922:Ulbricht Doctrine 14912:Brezhnev Doctrine 14720:Velvet Revolution 14464:Soviet–Afghan War 14280:Angolan Civil War 14077:Goulash Communism 13934:ASEAN Declaration 13887:Mexican Dirty War 13785:Annexation of Goa 13736:1960 U-2 incident 13710:Sino-Soviet split 13688:Laotian Civil War 13528:Bricker Amendment 13508:Mau Mau rebellion 13452:Malayan Emergency 13440:Chinese Civil War 13400:Tito–Stalin split 13254:Division of Korea 13078: 13077: 12963:Mohammad Ali Shah 12903: 12902: 12727:Tahrir al-Wasilah 12688:Islamic democracy 12497:Ruhollah Khomeini 12464: 12463: 12455:Succeeded by 12433:Military offices 12423:Succeeded by 12381:Mikhail Gorbachev 12251:978-0-671-67235-5 11982:978-0-300-12263-3 11933:978-0-8133-4354-9 11519:. 22 March 2009. 11478:978-0-520-08503-9 11447:978-0-313-36025-1 11422:978-1-57958-388-0 11380:. 23 March 2009. 11124:978-1-107-01267-7 11099:978-1-59884-337-8 11074:978-1-317-45578-3 11046:978-0-7914-0158-3 11021:978-1-85728-423-2 10990:978-0-8122-0588-6 10962:978-0-300-05267-1 10949:Ervand Abrahamian 10934:978-1-85043-128-2 10895:Mottahedeh, Roy, 10818:978-0-917561-04-7 10765:978-0-09-952327-7 10736:a similar article 10404:978-0-7619-2729-7 10347:978-0-367-49545-9 9964:on 14 March 2016. 9939:978-0-7614-7571-2 9912:978-0-8389-1004-7 9885:978-1-64143-263-4 9707:978-0-300-09856-3 9335:Gérard Chaliand, 8929:978-1-84176-371-2 8904:978-1-84519-270-9 8863:978-0-19-049170-3 8838:978-1-134-32890-1 8783:Available online 8774:978-0-553-26968-0 8729:Los Angeles Times 8514:978-0-8133-4399-0 8412:978-0-19-989241-9 8387:978-0-918393-91-3 8362:978-1-85043-077-3 8337:978-0-275-96872-4 8310:978-0-86356-483-3 8283:978-0-452-28377-0 8256:978-1-78076-024-7 8218:978-0-429-04711-4 8135:978-964-335-025-3 8076:978-0-511-99848-5 8024:978-0-226-00786-1 7912:. 23 August 2022. 7841:"Rushdie regrets" 7813:978-1-60976-813-3 7757:978-0-19-920895-1 7602:978-1-4917-6658-3 7572:978-1-4088-3429-9 7565:. A&C Black. 7372:978-1-60127-084-9 7359:"Iran and Russia" 7193:on 7 January 2012 7118:978-1-4408-3350-2 7014:978-0-230-74310-6 7007:. Pan MacMillan. 6883:978-0-14-103629-8 6851:978-0-7432-1779-8 6821:978-1-4502-9182-8 6656:978-1-59797-701-2 6394:on 7 January 2012 6363:, (1982) p. 478–9 6346:Mottahedeh, Roy, 6150:978-0-415-66969-6 6117:, (2000), p. 112. 6017:978-0-8223-4877-1 5990:978-0-9568256-0-5 5964:978-0-230-74310-6 5957:. Pan MacMillan. 5483:978-1-84511-790-0 5213:978-1-135-00731-7 5188:978-0-19-151738-9 5163:978-1-4008-3855-4 5120:Tahrir al-Vasileh 5022: 4790:Shia Islam portal 4720:Tahrir al-Wasilah 4505:) and grandsons ( 4366:An eight-century 4331:before prayer or 4094:Mortaza Motahhari 3869:Death and funeral 3863:Iranian Kurdistan 3830:Ethnic minorities 3764:Khomeini's return 3700:Hafte Tir bombing 3628:Ervand Abrahamian 3618:LGBTQ persecution 3530:was not revoked. 3119:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 3054:According to the 3038:According to the 3014:Ervand Abrahamian 2776:Hassan Ali Mansur 2650:Reza Shah Pahlavi 2583:Iran's parliament 2557:Political aspects 2487:Morteza Motahhari 2429:Khomeini studied 2227:Khorasan province 2013:his death in 1989 2002: 2001: 1945:Republican empire 1918:List of republics 1767:National variants 1695:Spanish Civil War 1635:French Revolution 1615:Republic of Genoa 1499:The Spirit of Law 1432:Theoretical works 776:Neo-republicanism 610: 609: 588:Ayatullah al-Uzma 561:Ruhollah Khomeini 550: 549: 528: 477:Tahrir al-Wasilah 262:24 September 1902 71:Ruhollah Khomeini 16:(Redirected from 18621: 18524:Iranian Qutbists 18449:Anti-monarchists 18444:Anti-Americanism 18397: 18396: 18357:Sadegh Khalkhali 18272:Nasser Moghaddam 18186:Soldiers of the 18162:Mahmoud Jafarian 18152:Farrokhroo Parsa 18076: 18069: 18062: 18053: 18052: 18040: 18039: 17937:Sadiq al-Shirazi 17896:Akbar Rafsanjanī 17813: 17806: 17799: 17790: 17789: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17677: 17670: 17663: 17656: 17649: 17642: 17624: 17617: 17610: 17599: 17592: 17590:William Shockley 17585: 17578: 17571: 17564: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17513:Philo Farnsworth 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17469: 17462: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17427: 17420: 17413: 17406: 17399: 17392: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17318: 17311: 17304: 17302:Steven Spielberg 17297: 17290: 17283: 17276: 17269: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17167: 17160: 17153: 17146: 17139: 17132: 17125: 17118: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17032:David Ben-Gurion 17007: 17000: 16993: 16984: 16983: 16973: 16965: 16953: 16945: 16933: 16925: 16923: 16896: 16888: 16880: 16872: 16870: 16854: 16846: 16838: 16830: 16822: 16814: 16806: 16798: 16790: 16788: 16771: 16763: 16755: 16753: 16736: 16733:Rudolph Giuliani 16717: 16709: 16701: 16689: 16681: 16673: 16665: 16657: 16655: 16634: 16626: 16618: 16610: 16602: 16594: 16586: 16578: 16570: 16562: 16550: 16542: 16534: 16526: 16518: 16510: 16502: 16483: 16481: 16467:Billie Jean King 16433:American Women: 16428: 16420: 16412: 16400: 16392: 16384: 16376: 16374: 16354: 16346: 16338: 16330: 16322: 16314: 16306: 16298: 16296: 16278:William Shockley 16254:Joshua Lederberg 16250:Donald A. Glaser 16231: 16223: 16215: 16207: 16199: 16191: 16183: 16175: 16167: 16148: 16140: 16132: 16124: 16116: 16108: 16100: 16092: 16084: 16076: 16068: 16060: 16052: 16044: 16032: 16024: 16016: 16008: 16000: 15992: 15984: 15976: 15968: 15960: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15909: 15908: 15650:David S. Painter 15575:John Earl Haynes 15505:Nicholas J. Cull 15490:Adrian Cioroianu 15470:Thomas A. Bailey 15417:Voice of America 15308: 15307: 15220:White separatism 15200:Social democracy 15195:Guided democracy 15175:Authoritarianism 15125:Ultranationalism 15115:Anti-imperialism 15042:Marxism–Leninism 14955: 14954: 14942:Kinmen Agreement 14907:Johnson Doctrine 14892:Kennedy Doctrine 14808:Frozen conflicts 14791:1991 August Coup 14680:Afghan Civil War 14575:Reykjavík Summit 14570:Somali Rebellion 14510:Ugandan Bush War 14488:Gdańsk Agreement 14009:Protests of 1968 13989:War of Attrition 13698:Cuban Revolution 13634:We will bury you 13601:Cyprus Emergency 13581:Kashmir Princess 13571:Jebel Akhdar War 13420:Western betrayal 13105: 13098: 13091: 13082: 13081: 13039:Islamic Republic 12930: 12923: 12916: 12907: 12906: 12895: 12894: 12804:Hussein Khomeini 12780:Mostafa Khomeini 12663:Death to America 12633: 12521:1978 Qom protest 12490: 12483: 12476: 12467: 12466: 12438:Preceded by 12408:Preceded by 12400: 12399: 12329: 12318: 12307: 12264: 12255: 12243: 12232: 12211: 12202: 12193: 12174: 12155: 12146: 12125: 12106: 12087: 12066: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12045: 12037: 12035: 12024: 12005: 11986: 11967: 11946: 11937: 11925: 11914: 11902: 11891: 11870: 11854: 11835: 11826: 11801: 11800: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11719: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11628:on 24 April 2009 11617: 11611: 11605: 11599: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11544: 11538: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11408: 11402: 11395: 11386: 11385: 11368: 11359: 11358: 11351:Imam-khomeini.ir 11343: 11337: 11336: 11335:on 2 April 2015. 11334: 11327: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11275:, (2005), p. 256 11273:The Soul of Iran 11269: 11263: 11256: 11250: 11249:, (2000), p. 297 11243: 11237: 11230: 11224: 11223:(1998) pp. 173–4 11217: 11211: 11208:The Shia Revival 11204: 11198: 11191: 11185: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11152: 11146: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10977:Michael Chertoff 10973: 10967: 10966: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10920: 10914: 10906: 10900: 10893: 10887: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10855: 10849: 10842: 10836: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10749: 10743: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10699: 10693: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10660:. 2 August 2022. 10654: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10626: 10620: 10615: 10609: 10604: 10598: 10591: 10585: 10578: 10572: 10565: 10559: 10551: 10545: 10536:for example the 10534: 10528: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10499: 10493: 10490:The Shia Revival 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10261: 10255: 10252:The Shia Revival 10248: 10242: 10241: 10233: 10227: 10220: 10214: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10126: 10120: 10107: 10101: 10098:The Shia Revival 10094: 10085: 10076: 10067: 10053:wilayat al-faqih 10049: 10043: 10033: 10027: 10017: 10011: 10005:The New Republic 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9960:. Archived from 9950: 9944: 9943: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9853: 9847:. Archived from 9842: 9834: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9799:Mackey, Sandra, 9797: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9772:. Archived from 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9745:on 13 March 2007 9739:printed in Abrar 9731: 9725: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9690:Keddie, Nikki R. 9686: 9680: 9679:, (2000), p. 293 9673: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9648: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9620: 9614: 9613:, (1998), p. 353 9607: 9601: 9594:, James Buchan, 9589: 9583: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9402: 9396: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9324: 9317:Firuz Kazemzadeh 9310: 9304: 9303: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9191: 9184: 9178: 9171: 9165: 9158: 9152: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9123: 9117: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9023: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8890: 8884: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8824: 8815: 8809: 8800: 8793: 8787: 8782: 8751:Scowcroft, Brent 8739: 8733: 8732: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8675: 8669: 8645: 8639: 8632: 8626: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8593: 8587: 8580: 8574: 8571:The Shia Revival 8567: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8242: 8231: 8230: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8052: 8029: 8028: 8010: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7837: 7831: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7793: 7787: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7702: 7696: 7689: 7683: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7562:The Cypress Tree 7556: 7550: 7549: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7518:. Archived from 7507: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7454: 7448: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7393: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7155: 7149: 7144:Bakhash, Shaul, 7142: 7136: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7048:, (2000), p. 206 7042: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7022: 6998: 6992: 6991:, (2000), p. 204 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6965:. Archived from 6955: 6949: 6948:, (1985), p. 241 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6910: 6901: 6900:, (2001), p. 199 6894: 6888: 6887: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6617: 6611: 6610:, (2000), p. 203 6604: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6578: 6572: 6565: 6559: 6552: 6546: 6535: 6529: 6528:, (1985), p.193) 6522: 6516: 6515:, (1985), p.193) 6509: 6503: 6500: 6489: 6488: 6476: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6344: 6338: 6305: 6299: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6196:. 16 July 1979. 6186: 6180: 6177:Know Thine Enemy 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6136: 6130: 6128:Michael Axworthy 6124: 6118: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6084: 6078: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6043: 6037: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5890:"Kashf al-Asrar" 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5810: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5748: 5742: 5737:Farhang Rajaee, 5735: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5564: 5558: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5447:. Archived from 5440: 5434: 5428: 5417: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5368: 5365: 5354: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5236: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5149: 5127: 5109: 5103: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5025:Ruhollâh Xomeyni 5017: 5015: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4986: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4939: 4928: 4922: 4919:§ Childhood 4915: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4748:Biography portal 4745: 4744: 4743: 4691:Forty Traditions 4604:Islamic republic 4498: 4250:African-American 4218:Afghan mujahidin 4098:Islamic republic 4090:Mohammad Khatami 3962:Grand Ayatollah 3935:Khomeini's grave 3710:, following the 3591:rape by a spouse 3535:Hitoshi Igarashi 3449:, disclosed how 3318:Carpet given to 3304:Den of Espionage 3156:Shapour Bakhtiar 2992:Khomeini in 1978 2955:wilayat al-faqih 2670:White Revolution 2658:White Revolution 2456:Khomeini in 1938 2324:Markazi Province 2231:Kingdom of Awadh 2179:Behesht-e Zahrāʾ 2158:on 4 June 1989. 2086:resulted in his 2084:White Revolution 2040:Markazi province 2029:Iranian monarchy 2011:from 1979 until 1994: 1987: 1980: 1966: 1965: 1950:Republican Party 1928:Peasant republic 1888:Communitarianism 1605:Classical Athens 1600: 1574: 1564: 1554: 1544: 1534: 1524: 1514: 1504: 1494: 1484: 1474: 1464: 1454: 1444: 678:Mixed government 612: 611: 584:marji' al-taqlid 572: 562: 557: 552: 551: 530: 529: 397: 394: 383: 326: 324: 284: 282: 261: 259: 253: 251: 235:Personal details 221: 200: 193: 149: 116: 92: 83: 82: 81: 48: 47: 43: 21: 18629: 18628: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18620: 18619: 18618: 18409: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18386: 18340: 18336:Sirous Rowshani 18316:Khosrow Qashqai 18304: 18281: 18267:Nader Jahanbani 18237:Saeed Mehdiyoun 18217:Hassan Pakravan 18212:Habib Elghanian 18181: 18167:Mansour Rouhani 18101: 18083: 18080: 18050: 18045: 18029: 18008: 17992: 17941: 17920: 17879: 17838: 17822: 17817: 17787: 17782: 17775: 17768: 17763:Andrei Sakharov 17761: 17756:Jackie Robinson 17754: 17747: 17740: 17733: 17726: 17719: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17691: 17680: 17673: 17666: 17659: 17652: 17645: 17638: 17627: 17622:Wright brothers 17620: 17613: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17506:Albert Einstein 17504: 17497: 17492:Tim Berners-Lee 17490: 17483: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17451: 17444: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17402: 17395: 17388: 17381: 17376:Amadeo Giannini 17374: 17367: 17360: 17353: 17346: 17339: 17332: 17321: 17314: 17309:Igor Stravinsky 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17279: 17272: 17265: 17258: 17251: 17246:Aretha Franklin 17244: 17237: 17230: 17223: 17218:Charlie Chaplin 17216: 17209: 17202: 17195: 17188: 17183:Louis Armstrong 17181: 17170: 17163: 17156: 17149: 17144:Margaret Sanger 17142: 17135: 17128: 17121: 17114: 17107: 17100: 17093: 17086: 17079: 17072: 17065: 17058: 17051: 17044: 17037: 17030: 17019: 17011: 16981: 16976: 16968: 16956: 16948: 16936: 16928: 16903:Jamal Khashoggi 16901:The Guardians: 16900: 16899: 16891: 16883: 16875: 16858: 16857: 16849: 16841: 16833: 16827:Mark Zuckerberg 16825: 16817: 16809: 16801: 16793: 16775: 16774: 16766: 16758: 16751:Sherron Watkins 16740: 16739: 16731: 16720: 16712: 16704: 16692: 16684: 16676: 16668: 16660: 16638: 16637: 16629: 16621: 16613: 16605: 16597: 16589: 16581: 16573: 16567:Peter Ueberroth 16565: 16553: 16545: 16537: 16529: 16521: 16513: 16505: 16497: 16486: 16439:Kathleen Byerly 16432: 16431: 16423: 16415: 16405:Henry Kissinger 16403: 16395: 16387: 16379: 16358: 16357: 16349: 16341: 16333: 16325: 16317: 16311:Pope John XXIII 16309: 16303:John F. Kennedy 16301: 16294:Robert Woodward 16290:James Van Allen 16235: 16234: 16226: 16218: 16210: 16202: 16194: 16186: 16180:Konrad Adenauer 16178: 16170: 16162: 16151: 16143: 16135: 16129:Harry S. Truman 16127: 16121:George Marshall 16119: 16113:James F. Byrnes 16111: 16105:Harry S. Truman 16103: 16095: 16089:George Marshall 16087: 16079: 16071: 16063: 16055: 16047: 16037:Chiang Kai-shek 16035: 16027: 16019: 16011: 16005:Hugh S. Johnson 16003: 15995: 15987: 15981:Mohandas Gandhi 15979: 15971: 15965:Walter Chrysler 15963: 15955: 15944: 15936: 15906: 15901: 15878: 15869:Second Cold War 15827: 15755: 15749: 15725:Odd Arne Westad 15715:Patrick Vaughan 15700:Athan Theoharis 15680:Ellen Schrecker 15665:Yakov M. Rabkin 15640:Timothy Naftali 15585:Tvrtko Jakovina 15570:Jussi Hanhimäki 15453: 15431: 15421: 15399:Paix et Liberté 15374: 15318:Active measures 15299: 15229: 15210:White supremacy 15170:Totalitarianism 15098: 15023: 14946: 14932:Reagan Doctrine 14927:Carter Doctrine 14867:Truman Doctrine 14855: 14802: 14734: 14629:Soviet reaction 14540:Ndogboyosoi War 14447: 14418:Saur Revolution 14245:1973 oil crisis 14210:Munich massacre 14118:Alcora Exercise 14113:Black September 14091: 13837:Sino-Indian War 13731:Simba rebellion 13714: 13558:Capture of the 13466: 13405:Berlin Blockade 13338:May 1947 crises 13328:Truman Doctrine 13293:Greek Civil War 13282:Blacklist Forty 13249:Gouzenko Affair 13236:Cursed soldiers 13188:Morgenthau Plan 13176: 13114: 13109: 13079: 13074: 13064: 13033: 12996: 12943: 12934: 12904: 12899: 12885: 12827: 12818:(granddaughter) 12810:Hassan Khomeini 12774:Khadijeh Saqafi 12760: 12707: 12678:Sex segregation 12634: 12625: 12612:Israeli support 12578:1979 Referendum 12558:Supreme Council 12499: 12494: 12460: 12451: 12443: 12428: 12419: 12411: 12372:Wayback Machine 12351: 12327: 12316: 12305: 12272: 12267: 12252: 12229: 12190: 12171: 12143: 12122: 12103: 12084: 12049: 12048: 12039: 12038: 12021: 12002: 11983: 11964: 11934: 11911: 11888: 11851: 11825:on 14 May 2015. 11815:Ansari, Hamid. 11810: 11805: 11804: 11791: 11790: 11786: 11773: 11772: 11768: 11758: 11756: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11732: 11730: 11729:on 12 June 2010 11721: 11720: 11716: 11706: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11694: 11684: 11682: 11677: 11676: 11672: 11662: 11660: 11659:on 25 June 2006 11645: 11641: 11631: 11629: 11618: 11614: 11606: 11602: 11596:Wayback Machine 11587: 11583: 11575: 11568: 11558: 11556: 11553:The Independent 11545: 11541: 11537:, (2001), 184–5 11532: 11528: 11509: 11508: 11504: 11491: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11459: 11455: 11448: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11409: 11405: 11401:(1985), p. 90-1 11396: 11389: 11370: 11369: 11362: 11345: 11344: 11340: 11332: 11325: 11317: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11296: 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11270: 11266: 11257: 11253: 11244: 11240: 11231: 11227: 11218: 11214: 11205: 11201: 11192: 11188: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11136: 11132: 11125: 11111: 11107: 11100: 11086: 11082: 11075: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11033: 11029: 11022: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10946: 10942: 10935: 10921: 10917: 10907: 10903: 10894: 10890: 10881: 10877: 10870: 10856: 10852: 10843: 10839: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10777: 10773: 10766: 10750: 10746: 10732:Wayback Machine 10722: 10718: 10708: 10706: 10701: 10700: 10696: 10683: 10679: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10656: 10655: 10651: 10646:. 17 July 2023. 10642: 10641: 10637: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10601: 10592: 10588: 10579: 10575: 10566: 10562: 10558:(Vol. 2 p. 242) 10552: 10548: 10535: 10531: 10522: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10501: 10500: 10496: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10441: 10437: 10428: 10424: 10405: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10367:The Independent 10359: 10355: 10348: 10334: 10330: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10262: 10258: 10249: 10245: 10234: 10230: 10221: 10217: 10208: 10204: 10193: 10189: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10136:Wayback Machine 10127: 10123: 10117:Wayback Machine 10108: 10104: 10095: 10088: 10077: 10070: 10050: 10046: 10034: 10030: 10018: 10014: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9974: 9973: 9969: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9924: 9920: 9913: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9872: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9851: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9825:Leader Khamenei 9823: 9819: 9811: 9807: 9798: 9794: 9785: 9781: 9762: 9758: 9748: 9746: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9687: 9683: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9649: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9608: 9604: 9600:, 12 March 2009 9590: 9586: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9561: 9560:. Every Culture 9556: 9555: 9551: 9541: 9539: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9444: 9440: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9403: 9399: 9390: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9359:. p. 163. 9347: 9343: 9334: 9327: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9201: 9194: 9190:, (2000), p.207 9185: 9181: 9177:, (2000), p.216 9172: 9168: 9164:, (2000), p.210 9159: 9155: 9146: 9142: 9132: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9114:Last Revolution 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9089:Wayback Machine 9077: 9073: 9063: 9061: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9037: 9035: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8997:The Iran Primer 8991: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8974: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8891: 8887: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8825: 8818: 8810: 8803: 8794: 8790: 8775: 8740: 8736: 8721: 8717: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8676: 8672: 8658:Wayback Machine 8646: 8642: 8634:Ebadi, Shirin, 8633: 8629: 8620: 8616: 8606: 8604: 8594: 8590: 8581: 8577: 8568: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8499: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8443: 8439: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8268: 8264: 8257: 8243: 8234: 8219: 8197: 8193: 8166: 8162: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8118: 8114: 8105:. p. 186. 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8053: 8032: 8025: 8011: 8007: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7959: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7921: 7917: 7909:TheGuardian.com 7902: 7901: 7897: 7893:, 13 July 1991. 7882: 7880: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7794: 7790: 7779:Man of the Year 7776: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7690: 7686: 7677: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7548:. 28 June 1982. 7540: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7495: 7491: 7487:, (1996), p.317 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7400: 7396: 7392:, (2000), p.228 7387: 7380: 7373: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7238:Swenson Elmer. 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7171: 7167: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7135:, (2000), p.219 7130: 7126: 7119: 7105: 7101: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7043: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6750: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6601: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6575: 6567:see also Gölz, 6566: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6492: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6420: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6367: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6323:, Stock, 1986, 6306: 6302: 6288:, Stock, 1986, 6271: 6267: 6260: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6179:(1997), p. 207. 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6085: 6081: 6076:Wayback Machine 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5811: 5804: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5736: 5732: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5673:on 14 June 2011 5665: 5664: 5657: 5653:, pp. 70–1 5649: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5476:. I.B. Tauris. 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5451:on 3 April 2019 5441: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5412: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5380: 5371: 5366: 5357: 5351:Wayback Machine 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5110: 5106: 5087: 5083: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5029: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4818:Fazlullah Nouri 4788: 4781: 4776:Politics portal 4774: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4629: 4600:Husain Khomeini 4586:reform movement 4570:Hassan Khomeini 4542:Zahra Mostafavi 4518:Khadijeh Saqafi 4514: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4499: 4488: 4486:Khomeini family 4482: 4413:Mofsed-e-filarz 4400:(Deputy to the 4341: 4292: 4126:Islamic revival 4062:velayat-e faqih 4054:velâyat-e faqih 4038: 4032: 4026: 4014: 3973:velayat-e faqih 3949: 3943: 3905:Behesht-e Zahra 3881: 3871: 3838: 3832: 3749: 3743: 3663: 3643: 3620: 3578: 3543: 3486: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3435: 3362: 3356: 3312: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3209: 3184:Velayat-e faqih 3180:Velayat-e faqih 3176: 3152: 3133:Man of the Year 3109:flight back to 3086: 3080: 3075: 3036: 3030: 3002:Islamic revival 2950: 2892:Velayat-e faqih 2840:, France, on a 2798: 2788: 2780:Fadayan-e Islam 2756: 2678:nationalization 2666: 2656:instituted the 2635:Tobacco Protest 2615: 2610: 2559: 2551:Wayback Machine 2524:Ja'far al-Sadiq 2475:Nader Naderpour 2384:, southwest of 2363:First World War 2351: 2316: 2308:Tobacco Protest 2208: 2203: 2183:Islamic revival 2123:Man of the Year 2052:Twelver Shi'ism 1998: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1873: 1865: 1864: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1645:Trienio Liberal 1586: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1562: 1552: 1542: 1532: 1522: 1512: 1502: 1492: 1482: 1472: 1462: 1452: 1442: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1160:Flynn (Stephen) 1045: 1037: 1036: 877: 869: 868: 794: 786: 785: 741: 733: 732: 728:Social equality 723:Social contract 713:Self-governance 668:Democratization 643:Anti-corruption 638:Anti-monarchism 633: 617:Politics series 603:Religious style 578:Reference style 560: 558: 555: 542: 541: 540: 539: 538: 536: 534: 531: 524: 521: 489: 455:Notable work(s) 441:Notable idea(s) 391: 337:Khomeini family 328: 325: 1929) 320: 316: 314:Khadijeh Saqafi 286: 280: 278: 263: 257: 255: 254:17 May 1900 or 249: 247: 246: 245: 219: 198: 191: 178: 147: 142: 117: 112: 95: 77: 72: 69: 68: 44: 37: 35: 32:Khomeini (name) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18627: 18617: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18579:Shia Islamists 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18509:Iranian exiles 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18404: 18403: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18348: 18346: 18342: 18341: 18339: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18312: 18310: 18306: 18305: 18303: 18302: 18300:Hassan Azarfar 18297: 18291: 18289: 18283: 18282: 18280: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18193: 18191: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18137:Abdollah Riazi 18134: 18129: 18124: 18122:Parviz Nikkhah 18119: 18113: 18111: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18099: 18094: 18088: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18078: 18071: 18064: 18056: 18047: 18046: 18034: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18027: 18022: 18016: 18014: 18010: 18009: 18007: 18006: 18000: 17998: 17994: 17993: 17991: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17949: 17947: 17943: 17942: 17940: 17939: 17934: 17928: 17926: 17922: 17921: 17919: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17891:Ahmad Khomeini 17887: 17885: 17881: 17880: 17878: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17846: 17844: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17836: 17830: 17828: 17824: 17823: 17816: 17815: 17808: 17801: 17793: 17784: 17783: 17781: 17780: 17773: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17731: 17728:Marilyn Monroe 17724: 17717: 17710: 17703: 17700:Kennedy family 17696: 17689: 17686:Tenzing Norgay 17682:Edmund Hillary 17678: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17650: 17643: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17628: 17626: 17625: 17618: 17611: 17600: 17593: 17586: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17516: 17509: 17502: 17495: 17488: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17449: 17442: 17435: 17432:Walter Reuther 17428: 17421: 17414: 17411:Louis B. Mayer 17407: 17400: 17397:William Levitt 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17365: 17358: 17351: 17348:Willis Carrier 17344: 17337: 17329: 17327: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17319: 17312: 17305: 17298: 17291: 17284: 17277: 17270: 17263: 17256: 17249: 17242: 17235: 17228: 17221: 17214: 17207: 17200: 17193: 17186: 17178: 17176: 17172: 17171: 17169: 17168: 17161: 17154: 17147: 17140: 17133: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17105: 17102:Nelson Mandela 17098: 17095:Vladimir Lenin 17091: 17084: 17077: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17049: 17046:Mahatma Gandhi 17042: 17035: 17027: 17025: 17021: 17020: 17010: 17009: 17002: 16995: 16987: 16978: 16977: 16975: 16974: 16966: 16954: 16946: 16934: 16930:Greta Thunberg 16926: 16897: 16889: 16881: 16873: 16860:Ebola Fighters 16855: 16847: 16839: 16831: 16823: 16815: 16807: 16803:Vladimir Putin 16799: 16791: 16772: 16768:George W. Bush 16764: 16756: 16743:Cynthia Cooper 16737: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16718: 16714:George W. Bush 16710: 16702: 16690: 16682: 16674: 16666: 16658: 16649:Nelson Mandela 16645:F. W. de Klerk 16635: 16627: 16619: 16611: 16603: 16595: 16587: 16583:Corazon Aquino 16579: 16571: 16563: 16551: 16543: 16535: 16527: 16519: 16511: 16503: 16494: 16492: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16484: 16463:Barbara Jordan 16429: 16421: 16413: 16401: 16393: 16385: 16377: 16364:William Anders 16355: 16347: 16339: 16331: 16323: 16315: 16307: 16299: 16286:Charles Townes 16266:Edward Purcell 16242:Charles Draper 16232: 16224: 16216: 16208: 16200: 16196:Harlow Curtice 16192: 16184: 16176: 16168: 16159: 16157: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16141: 16133: 16125: 16117: 16109: 16101: 16093: 16085: 16077: 16069: 16061: 16053: 16045: 16041:Soong Mei-ling 16033: 16029:Wallis Simpson 16025: 16021:Haile Selassie 16017: 16009: 16001: 15993: 15985: 15977: 15969: 15961: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15935: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15912: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15835: 15833: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15759: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15695:Timothy Snyder 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15625:Vojtech Mastny 15622: 15620:Geir Lundestad 15617: 15612: 15610:Walter Laqueur 15607: 15605:Walter LaFeber 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15535:André Fontaine 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15465:Gar Alperovitz 15461: 15459: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15435: 15433: 15427: 15426: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15408: 15407: 15402: 15395: 15390: 15382: 15380: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15365: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15320: 15314: 15312: 15305: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15241: 15239: 15235: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15205:Third-Worldism 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15106: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15033: 15031: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14994:Libertarianism 14991: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14974: 14972:Chicago school 14969: 14963: 14961: 14952: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14917:Nixon Doctrine 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14863: 14861: 14860:Foreign policy 14857: 14856: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14812: 14810: 14804: 14803: 14801: 14800: 14795: 14794: 14793: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14742: 14740: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14645:Operation RYAN 14642: 14637: 14632: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14550:Able Archer 83 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14496: 14495: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14466: 14461: 14455: 14453: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14300:Oromo conflict 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14240:Yom Kippur War 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14099: 14097: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14063: 14062: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14023: 14018: 14017: 14016: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13872:Aden Emergency 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13790:Papua conflict 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13722: 13720: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13695: 13693:Kitchen Debate 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13653:Sputnik crisis 13650: 13645: 13637: 13630: 13625: 13623:Polish October 13620: 13615: 13610: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13523:Pact of Madrid 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13478:Bamboo Curtain 13474: 13472: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13448: 13447: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13277: 13269: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13238: 13233: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13218: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13127: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13108: 13107: 13100: 13093: 13085: 13076: 13075: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13061:(1989–present) 13056: 13050: 13043: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13025: 13019: 13013: 13006: 13004: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12978:Abolqasem Khan 12974: 12966: 12960: 12953: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12933: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12910: 12901: 12900: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12819: 12816:Zahra Eshraghi 12813: 12807: 12801: 12798:Ahmad Khomeini 12795: 12789: 12783: 12777: 12770: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12751: 12744: 12737: 12734:Kashf al-Asrar 12730: 12723: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12648:American Islam 12644: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12540: 12538:Return to Iran 12535: 12534: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12513: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12493: 12492: 12485: 12478: 12470: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12453: 12444: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12421: 12412: 12409: 12405: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12389: 12374: 12362: 12357: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12324: 12313: 12302: 12294: 12288: 12278: 12271: 12270:External links 12268: 12266: 12265: 12256: 12250: 12233: 12227: 12212: 12203: 12194: 12188: 12175: 12169: 12156: 12147: 12141: 12126: 12120: 12107: 12101: 12088: 12082: 12067: 12058: 12025: 12019: 12006: 12000: 11987: 11981: 11968: 11962: 11947: 11945:. I.B. Tauris. 11938: 11932: 11915: 11909: 11892: 11886: 11871: 11855: 11849: 11836: 11827: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11784: 11766: 11740: 11714: 11692: 11670: 11639: 11612: 11600: 11581: 11566: 11539: 11526: 11502: 11484: 11477: 11453: 11446: 11428: 11421: 11403: 11387: 11360: 11347:"Marital life" 11338: 11311: 11289: 11277: 11264: 11251: 11238: 11236:, 1984, p. 121 11225: 11212: 11199: 11186: 11173: 11147: 11130: 11123: 11105: 11098: 11080: 11073: 11052: 11045: 11027: 11020: 10996: 10989: 10968: 10961: 10940: 10933: 10915: 10901: 10888: 10875: 10868: 10850: 10837: 10824: 10817: 10797: 10771: 10764: 10744: 10716: 10694: 10677: 10663: 10649: 10635: 10621: 10610: 10599: 10586: 10573: 10560: 10546: 10529: 10516: 10494: 10481: 10459: 10447: 10435: 10433:(1982), p. 479 10422: 10403: 10380: 10353: 10346: 10328: 10281: 10275:978-1849049498 10274: 10256: 10243: 10228: 10215: 10202: 10199:. Iranian.com. 10187: 10152: 10140: 10121: 10102: 10086: 10068: 10044: 10028: 10021:Kashf al-Asrar 10012: 9997: 9980:The Daily Star 9967: 9945: 9938: 9918: 9911: 9891: 9884: 9865: 9854:on 12 May 2019 9845:calendar.ut.ac 9829: 9817: 9805: 9803:(1996), p. 353 9792: 9779: 9756: 9726: 9713: 9706: 9681: 9668: 9659: 9650:Roy, Olivier, 9640: 9615: 9602: 9584: 9571: 9549: 9526: 9515:. 11 June 1989 9500: 9469: 9438: 9422: 9410: 9408:(2000), p. 312 9397: 9384: 9370: 9341: 9325: 9305: 9288: 9273: 9261: 9229: 9207: 9192: 9179: 9166: 9153: 9151:, 11 May 1979] 9140: 9118: 9105: 9093: 9071: 9045: 9010: 8999:. 21 July 2021 8984: 8962: 8935: 8928: 8910: 8903: 8885: 8869: 8862: 8844: 8837: 8816: 8801: 8788: 8773: 8747:Muskie, Edmund 8734: 8715: 8693: 8670: 8640: 8627: 8614: 8588: 8575: 8562: 8549: 8540: 8527: 8513: 8490: 8464: 8437: 8432:Spiegel Online 8418: 8411: 8393: 8386: 8368: 8361: 8343: 8336: 8316: 8309: 8303:. Saqi Books. 8289: 8282: 8262: 8255: 8232: 8217: 8191: 8186:j.ctt9qgkd6.10 8160: 8141: 8134: 8112: 8089: 8075: 8030: 8023: 8005: 7992: 7966: 7964:, 24 July 1979 7950: 7928: 7915: 7895: 7858: 7832: 7819: 7812: 7788: 7770: 7756: 7728: 7715:Foreign Policy 7706:Porter, Gareth 7697: 7695:(2000), p. 285 7684: 7671: 7657: 7654:. 30 May 2023. 7636: 7623:Foreign Policy 7608: 7601: 7578: 7571: 7551: 7533: 7502: 7489: 7475: 7449: 7432: 7407: 7394: 7378: 7371: 7349: 7337: 7331:Bowden, Mark, 7324: 7299: 7267: 7249: 7230: 7204: 7178: 7165: 7150: 7137: 7124: 7117: 7099: 7084: 7062: 7050: 7037: 7024: 7013: 6993: 6980: 6950: 6937: 6902: 6889: 6882: 6864: 6850: 6827: 6820: 6800: 6771: 6741: 6729: 6712: 6698: 6677: 6662: 6655: 6637: 6630: 6612: 6599: 6586: 6573: 6560: 6547: 6530: 6517: 6504: 6490: 6468: 6466:(1981), p. 54. 6456: 6444: 6442:(1981), p. 59. 6432: 6418: 6416:(2000), p. 218 6405: 6379: 6365: 6352: 6339: 6300: 6265: 6258: 6240: 6214: 6181: 6168: 6156: 6149: 6131: 6119: 6106: 6079: 6062: 6051:. Bookrags.com 6038: 6023: 6016: 5996: 5989: 5970: 5963: 5943: 5932:. Bookrags.com 5919: 5906: 5881: 5868: 5831: 5819:Britannica.com 5802: 5765: 5743: 5730: 5693: 5684: 5655: 5643: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5565: 5550: 5538: 5513: 5503:Britannica.com 5489: 5482: 5462: 5435: 5418: 5401: 5389: 5382:From Khomein, 5369: 5355: 5353:, E. Yarshater 5332: 5320: 5308: 5302:978-9675062254 5301: 5280: 5273: 5255: 5253:(2001), p. 201 5237: 5219: 5212: 5194: 5187: 5169: 5162: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5104: 5081: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5014:روح‌الله خمینی 5007: 4930: 4923: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4779: 4765: 4751: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4727:Kashf al-Asrar 4723: 4716: 4704: 4694: 4682: 4676: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616:Michael Ledeen 4597: 4578:Ahmad Khomeini 4567: 4558:, head of the 4552:Zahra Eshraghi 4538:Ahmad Khomeini 4500: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4484:Main article: 4481: 4478: 4340: 4337: 4291: 4288: 4284:European Union 4238:Nelson Mandela 4171:, and you are 4028:Main article: 4025: 4022: 4013: 4010: 3998:Supreme Leader 3945:Main article: 3942: 3939: 3891:, 4 June 1989. 3870: 3867: 3834:Main article: 3831: 3828: 3742: 3739: 3662: 3659: 3642: 3639: 3619: 3616: 3577: 3574: 3542: 3539: 3494:Salman Rushdie 3467: 3466: 3458: 3455: 3434: 3431: 3427:United Nations 3404:Saddam Hussein 3385:Saddam Hussein 3370:Ahmad Khomeini 3358:Main article: 3355: 3352: 3336:Rabi' al-awwal 3311: 3308: 3261:Main article: 3258: 3257:Hostage crisis 3255: 3247:Supreme Leader 3242: 3239: 3214:Supreme Leader 3208: 3205: 3175: 3172: 3160:Mehdi Bazargan 3151: 3148: 3144:Mehdi Bazargan 3115:Peter Jennings 3082:Main article: 3079: 3078:Return to Iran 3076: 3074: 3071: 3029: 3026: 2960:Supreme Leader 2949: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2872:Kashf al-Asrar 2836:, a suburb of 2830:Saddam Hussein 2787: 2784: 2755: 2752: 2686:profit-sharing 2665: 2662: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2563:Kashf al-Asrar 2558: 2555: 2350: 2347: 2315: 2312: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2136:Salman Rushdie 2076:(an expert in 2027:and ended the 2000: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1898:Egalitarianism 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1872:Related topics 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1843:United Kingdom 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625:Dutch Republic 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1593: 1591:Roman Republic 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1555: 1545: 1535: 1525: 1515: 1505: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1445: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 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18005: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17995: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17944: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17927: 17923: 17917: 17916:Mohsen Rezaee 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17876: 17875:Alireza Avayi 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17850:Ebrahim Raisi 17848: 17847: 17845: 17841: 17835: 17832: 17831: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17814: 17809: 17807: 17802: 17800: 17795: 17794: 17791: 17778: 17774: 17771: 17770:Mother Teresa 17767: 17764: 17760: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17746: 17743: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17718: 17715: 17711: 17708: 17704: 17701: 17697: 17694: 17690: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17676: 17672: 17669: 17665: 17662: 17658: 17655: 17651: 17648: 17644: 17641: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17630: 17623: 17619: 17616: 17612: 17609: 17605: 17604:Francis Crick 17601: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17587: 17584: 17580: 17577: 17573: 17570: 17569:Leakey family 17566: 17563: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17538: 17535: 17534:Sigmund Freud 17531: 17528: 17524: 17521: 17517: 17514: 17510: 17507: 17503: 17500: 17499:Rachel Carson 17496: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17485:Leo Baekeland 17482: 17481: 17479: 17475: 17468: 17464: 17461: 17457: 17454: 17450: 17447: 17446:David Sarnoff 17443: 17440: 17436: 17433: 17429: 17426: 17422: 17419: 17415: 17412: 17408: 17405: 17404:Lucky Luciano 17401: 17398: 17394: 17391: 17387: 17384: 17380: 17377: 17373: 17370: 17366: 17363: 17359: 17356: 17352: 17349: 17345: 17342: 17338: 17335: 17331: 17330: 17328: 17324: 17317: 17316:Oprah Winfrey 17313: 17310: 17306: 17303: 17299: 17296: 17295:Frank Sinatra 17292: 17289: 17285: 17282: 17278: 17275: 17274:Pablo Picasso 17271: 17268: 17264: 17261: 17257: 17254: 17253:Martha Graham 17250: 17247: 17243: 17240: 17236: 17233: 17229: 17226: 17222: 17219: 17215: 17212: 17208: 17205: 17204:Marlon Brando 17201: 17198: 17194: 17191: 17187: 17184: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17173: 17166: 17162: 17159: 17155: 17152: 17148: 17145: 17141: 17138: 17134: 17131: 17127: 17124: 17120: 17117: 17116:Ronald Reagan 17113: 17110: 17106: 17103: 17099: 17096: 17092: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17078: 17075: 17071: 17068: 17064: 17061: 17057: 17054: 17050: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17036: 17033: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17016: 17008: 17003: 17001: 16996: 16994: 16989: 16988: 16985: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16955: 16951: 16947: 16943: 16942:Kamala Harris 16939: 16935: 16931: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16916: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16898: 16894: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16878: 16877:Angela Merkel 16874: 16869: 16868:Salome Karwah 16865: 16861: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16835:The Protester 16832: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16787: 16786:Melinda Gates 16783: 16779: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16761: 16757: 16752: 16748: 16747:Coleen Rowley 16744: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16723: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16670:Newt Gingrich 16667: 16663: 16659: 16654: 16653:Yitzhak Rabin 16650: 16646: 16642: 16641:Yasser Arafat 16636: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16620: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16596: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16575:Deng Xiaoping 16572: 16568: 16564: 16560: 16559:Yuri Andropov 16556: 16555:Ronald Reagan 16552: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16532: 16531:Ronald Reagan 16528: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16515:Deng Xiaoping 16512: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16489: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16418: 16414: 16410: 16409:Richard Nixon 16406: 16402: 16398: 16397:Richard Nixon 16394: 16390: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16361: 16356: 16352: 16348: 16344: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16282:Edward Teller 16279: 16275: 16271: 16267: 16263: 16262:Linus Pauling 16259: 16258:Willard Libby 16255: 16251: 16247: 16243: 16239: 16238:George Beadle 16233: 16229: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16213: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16172:Elizabeth II 16169: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16146: 16142: 16138: 16134: 16130: 16126: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16106: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16081:Joseph Stalin 16078: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16057:Joseph Stalin 16054: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16018: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15973:Owen D. Young 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15941: 15933: 15928: 15926: 15921: 15919: 15914: 15913: 15910: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15881: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15859:War on terror 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15754:Espionage and 15752: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15705:Andrew Thorpe 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15600:Gabriel Kolko 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15565:Fred Halliday 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15550:Lloyd Gardner 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15510:Norman Davies 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15495:John Costello 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15456: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15430:Technological 15428: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15400: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15388: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15371: 15370: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15354: 15352: 15351: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15335: 15333: 15332: 15328: 15326: 15325: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15311:Pro-communist 15309: 15306: 15302: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15238:Organizations 15236: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15069: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15052:Eurocommunism 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14956: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14882:Domino theory 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14862: 14858: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14836:South Ossetia 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14799: 14796: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14630: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14620:8888 Uprising 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14565:Iran–Iraq War 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14530:Falklands War 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14393:NDF Rebellion 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14373:German Autumn 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14260:Metapolitefsi 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14024: 14022: 14021:Prague Spring 14019: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13999:Al-Wadiah War 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13964:12-3 incident 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13717: 13711: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13635: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13561: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13543:Domino theory 13541: 13539: 13538:Petrov Affair 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13469: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13415:Madiun Affair 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13375:Marshall Plan 13373: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13126: 13125: 13124:United States 13121: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13106: 13101: 13099: 13094: 13092: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13072: 13067: 13060: 13057: 13054: 13051: 13048: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13029: 13026: 13023: 13020: 13017: 13014: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12967: 12964: 12961: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12931: 12926: 12924: 12919: 12917: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12898: 12888: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12824:(grandfather) 12823: 12820: 12817: 12814: 12811: 12808: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12793: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12738: 12736: 12735: 12731: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12710: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12632: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12607:Iran–Iraq War 12605: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12595: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12516:Life in exile 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12479: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12459: 12450: 12449: 12442: 12436: 12431: 12427: 12418: 12417: 12406: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12314: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12262: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12242: 12241: 12234: 12230: 12228:0-8239-4465-4 12224: 12220: 12219: 12213: 12209: 12204: 12200: 12195: 12191: 12189:0-313-26213-6 12185: 12181: 12176: 12172: 12170:1-85649-254-0 12166: 12163:. Macmillan. 12162: 12157: 12153: 12148: 12144: 12142:0-312-26490-9 12138: 12134: 12133: 12127: 12123: 12121:0-8133-8476-1 12117: 12113: 12108: 12104: 12102:0-525-94005-7 12098: 12094: 12089: 12085: 12083:0-8022-2465-2 12079: 12075: 12074: 12068: 12064: 12059: 12055: 12050:|editor= 12043: 12034: 12033: 12026: 12022: 12020:964-335-499-7 12016: 12013:. Alhoda UK. 12012: 12007: 12003: 12001:0-300-09856-1 11997: 11993: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11974: 11969: 11965: 11963:0-275-97858-3 11959: 11955: 11954: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11929: 11924: 11923: 11916: 11912: 11910:0-313-30731-8 11906: 11901: 11900: 11893: 11889: 11887:1-4128-0516-3 11883: 11879: 11878: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11850:0-226-07758-6 11846: 11842: 11837: 11833: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11754: 11750: 11744: 11728: 11724: 11718: 11702: 11696: 11680: 11674: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11627: 11623: 11616: 11610: 11604: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11585: 11578: 11573: 11571: 11554: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11530: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11506: 11498: 11494: 11488: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11457: 11449: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11424: 11418: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11394: 11392: 11383: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11331: 11324: 11323: 11315: 11300:. inminds.com 11299: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11268: 11261: 11255: 11248: 11242: 11235: 11229: 11222: 11216: 11209: 11203: 11197:(2000), p.201 11196: 11190: 11183: 11177: 11162:. 4 June 1989 11161: 11157: 11151: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11126: 11120: 11116: 11109: 11101: 11095: 11091: 11084: 11076: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11031: 11023: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11000: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10936: 10930: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10905: 10898: 10892: 10885: 10879: 10871: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10841: 10834: 10828: 10820: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10801: 10786: 10782: 10775: 10767: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10748: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10723:Robert Tait, 10720: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10673: 10667: 10659: 10653: 10645: 10639: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10614: 10608: 10603: 10597:. 1994, p.175 10596: 10590: 10583: 10577: 10570: 10564: 10557: 10556: 10550: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10526: 10520: 10504: 10498: 10491: 10485: 10469: 10463: 10456: 10451: 10444: 10439: 10432: 10426: 10419: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10247: 10239: 10232: 10226:(1982), p. 56 10225: 10219: 10212: 10206: 10198: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10125: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10106: 10099: 10093: 10091: 10084: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10009: 10006: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9922: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9895: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9876: 9869: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9833: 9826: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9802: 9796: 9790:(2000) p. 293 9789: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9760: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9723: 9717: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9678: 9672: 9663: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9645: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9598: 9597:New Statesman 9593: 9588: 9581: 9575: 9559: 9553: 9537: 9530: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9488: 9484: 9483:The Telegraph 9480: 9473: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9434: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9414: 9407: 9401: 9394: 9388: 9380: 9374: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9292: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9246: 9239: 9233: 9217: 9211: 9204: 9203:Choksy (2015) 9199: 9197: 9189: 9183: 9176: 9170: 9163: 9157: 9150: 9144: 9128: 9122: 9116:(2000), p.207 9115: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9022: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8972: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8931: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8878: 8873: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8821: 8813: 8808: 8806: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8703: 8697: 8681: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8665:0-944029-67-1 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8631: 8624: 8618: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8582:Moin, Baqer, 8579: 8572: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8544: 8537: 8531: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8497: 8495: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8155:2412 Sentence 8152: 8145: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7938: 7932: 7925: 7922:Moin, Baqer, 7919: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7823: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7694: 7688: 7681: 7675: 7667: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7641: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7598: 7595:. iUniverse. 7594: 7593: 7585: 7583: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7500:(1989), p.126 7499: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7421: 7420:Imam Khomeini 7417: 7411: 7404: 7398: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7374: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7328: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7088: 7072: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6990: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6947: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6853: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6817: 6814:. iUniverse. 6813: 6812: 6804: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6733: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6633: 6631:1-85043-077-2 6627: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6508: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6487:. Tauris: 24. 6486: 6482: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6415: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6329:2-234-01879-X 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6294:2-234-01879-X 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6272:According to 6269: 6261: 6259:1-4000-7517-3 6255: 6251: 6244: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6050: 6049: 6042: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5913:Moin, Baqer, 5910: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5863: 5857: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5807: 5797: 5791: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5725: 5719: 5703: 5697: 5688: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5639:Brumberg 2001 5635: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5600:Brumberg 2001 5596: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5563:, p. 311 5562: 5557: 5555: 5548:, p. 310 5547: 5542: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5416:by Baqer Moin 5415: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5276: 5274:1-85043-077-2 5270: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4999: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4967: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4752: 4749: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4697:Adab as Salat 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588:in Iran, and 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4487: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4448:Afshin Molavi 4444: 4438: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4372:Musa al-Kazim 4369: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353:Joseph Stalin 4350: 4346: 4343:According to 4336: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169:reactionaries 4164: 4160: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4115:Sunni Muslims 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102:Shaul Bakhash 4099: 4096:maintain the 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060:(ولایت فقیه, 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3982:Mehdi Hashemi 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3668:Bani-Ghorizeh 3658: 3656: 3655:Iran–Iraq War 3651: 3649: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3482: 3481:madhur el dam 3478: 3470: 3464: 3457:Rushdie fatwa 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439:Gareth Porter 3430: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400:Iran–Iraq War 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3360:Iran–Iraq War 3354:Iran–Iraq War 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3070: 3068: 3067:Ebrahim Yazdi 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2786:Life in exile 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2727:(3 June 1963) 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575:Ahmad Kasravi 2572: 2571:anti-clerical 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536:Sirr al-Salat 2533: 2529: 2528:Sirr al-Salat 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:The Confidant 2454: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2330:'s daughter, 2329: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2286:British power 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235:Uttar Pradesh 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191:war criminals 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152:Iran–Iraq War 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1860:United States 1858: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735:Metapolitefsi 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1570: 1569:On Revolution 1566: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539:Rights of Man 1536: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1449:De re publica 1446: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1255:Jones (Lynne) 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1050:Adams (Gerry) 1048: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 873: 872: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 849:Revolutionary 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:Parliamentary 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 790: 789: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 737: 736: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 648:Civil society 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 625: 624:Republicanism 622: 621: 618: 614: 613: 605: 601: 598:Imam Khomeini 597: 593: 590:Imam Khumayni 589: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 563: 553: 545: 520: 511: 507: 504: 501: 497: 494:Muslim leader 492: 486: 485: 481: 479: 478: 474: 472: 471: 467: 465: 464: 460: 459: 457: 453: 450: 446: 443: 439: 436: 433: 429: 426: 425:Twelver Shiʿa 423: 419: 416: 413: 409: 404: 400: 396: 393:imam-khomeini 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346:7, including 345: 341: 338: 335: 331: 315: 310: 306: 303: 300: 298:Resting place 296: 293: 289: 277: 273: 270: 266: 242: 238: 233: 229: 226: 223: 217: 213: 209: 205: 202: 196: 190: 187: 185: 181: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 145: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 125: 121: 115: 110: 107: 102: 98: 91: 86: 75: 65: 62: 59: 57: 54: 53: 49: 46: 41: 33: 19: 18549:Pan-Islamism 18424:1900s births 18392: 18351: 18345:Perpetrators 18262:Mehdi Rahimi 18035: 17973:Worker's Way 17906:Ali Khamenei 17865:Majid Ansari 17843:Perpetrators 17833: 17693:Helen Keller 17668:Billy Graham 17640:Muhammad Ali 17608:James Watson 17555:Edwin Hubble 17520:Enrico Fermi 17439:Pete Rozelle 17390:Estée Lauder 17288:Bart Simpson 17225:Le Corbusier 17190:Lucille Ball 17080: 17060:Adolf Hitler 17014: 16970:Taylor Swift 16918: 16885:Donald Trump 16864:Kent Brantly 16851:Pope Francis 16843:Barack Obama 16819:Ben Bernanke 16811:Barack Obama 16725:2001–present 16694:Bill Clinton 16686:Andrew Grove 16631:Bill Clinton 16547:The Computer 16522: 16499:Jimmy Carter 16475:Carol Sutton 16443:Alison Cheek 16389:Willy Brandt 16368:Frank Borman 16274:Emilio Segrè 16049:Adolf Hitler 15989:Pierre Laval 15939: 15864:Brinkmanship 15756:intelligence 15645:Marius Oprea 15595:Harvey Klehr 15525:Herbert Feis 15515:Willem Drees 15480:Archie Brown 15397: 15385: 15367: 15357:Trybuna Ludu 15355: 15348: 15344:Radio Moscow 15336: 15329: 15322: 15150:Anti-Zionism 15066: 14989:Keynesianism 14977:Conservatism 14841:Transnistria 14821:China-Taiwan 14478:Gera Demands 14351: 14152: 14027: 13832:El Porteñazo 13726:Congo Crisis 13641: 13576:Algerian War 13559: 13435:Western Bloc 13430:Eastern Bloc 13425:Iron Curtain 13281: 13273: 13265: 13242: 13222: 13214: 13131:Soviet Union 13129: 13122: 13070: 13052: 13002:Pahlavi Iran 12976: 12970:Alireza Khan 12968: 12868: 12864:Refah School 12753: 12746: 12739: 12732: 12725: 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Dutton. 10869:0452275636 10844:Brumberg, 10790:2 December 10413:1029087338 10222:Khomeini, 10035:1970 book 10023:quoted in 9990:4 February 9958:GlobalPost 9283:Seven Days 9222:4 December 9030:. London. 8955:1 February 8879:, p. 8763:. p. 8682:. BBC News 8607:3 December 8507:. Avalon. 8483:22 October 8082:26 October 7883:16 October 7425:3 December 7244:tripod.com 7223:12 October 7172:Schirazi, 6737:My century 6595:The Priest 5561:Reich 1990 5546:Reich 1990 5134:References 5115:execution. 5030:pronounced 4841:Khomeinism 4657:gnosticism 4653:philosophy 4612:Sun Throne 4441:Even many 4357:Mao Zedong 4345:Baqer Moin 4265:mustazafin 4257:mustazafin 4232:president 4195:in Isfahan 4119:anti-Sunni 4074:Aftab News 4069:culture". 4034:See also: 4030:Khomeinism 3941:Succession 3873:See also: 3810:(NSA) and 3793:parliament 3760:Christians 3745:See also: 3461:See also: 3340:Unity week 3150:Revolution 3107:Air France 3094:Air France 3047:in Iran". 2964:mustazafin 2613:Background 2532:Ibn 'Arabi 2361:After the 2206:Background 2142:" and the 1923:Monarchism 1913:Liberalism 1908:Jacobinism 1598:Gaṇasaṅgha 1453:(54–51 BC) 937:Harrington 814:Democratic 804:Capitalist 799:Autonomous 781:Venizelism 766:Khomeinism 281:1989-06-03 258:1902-09-24 250:1900-05-17 18232:Reza Naji 17925:Opponents 17707:Bruce Lee 17232:Bob Dylan 16950:Elon Musk 16938:Joe Biden 16698:Ken Starr 16491:1976–2000 16156:1951–1975 15949:1927–1950 15745:Ken Young 15590:Tony Judt 15439:Arms race 15412:Red Scare 15280:NN States 15225:Apartheid 15180:Autocracy 15089:Stalinism 15057:Guevarism 15047:Castroism 15037:Communism 15029:Socialism 14555:Star Wars 14148:Koza riot 13274:Beleaguer 13266:Masterdom 13055:(1981–89) 13049:(1980–81) 13030:(1953–79) 13024:(1952–53) 13022:Mosaddegh 13018:(1941–52) 13012:(1925–41) 13010:Reza Shah 12991:Reza Khan 12987:(1914–25) 12981:(1910–14) 12973:(1909–10) 12965:(1907–09) 12959:(1906–07) 12844:Mausoleum 12640:Positions 12410:New title 12065:. Bantam. 12042:cite book 10323:157443230 10209:Bakhash, 10182:0955-2340 10150:(Persian) 10138:(Persian) 10119:(Persian) 9519:25 August 9254:6 October 9218:. Cia.gov 8795:Bakhash, 8276:. 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