412:
22:
372:
333:
395:
427:
that in applications where high gas velocities (due to high pressure ratio) are unavoidable, it is advisable to employ impulse stages to achieve practical and convenient values of the size and speed of the machine. Sometimes it is more convenient to use an isentropic velocity ratio. This is the ratio of the blade velocity and the isentropic gas velocity that would be obtained in its isentropic expansion through the stage pressure ratio.
348:) is due to the energy transfer; the slight decrease in the fluid velocity through the fixed guide blades (F) is due to losses. Since the turbine is of the impulse type, the pressure of the fluid remains constant after its expansion in the nozzle blade row. Such stage is referred to as velocity or Curtis stage that each Curtis turbine (nozzle-moving blade-fix blade-moving blade) is counted as one stage.
213:
390:
Figure shows two reaction stages and the variation of pressure and velocity of the gas in them. The gas pressure decreases continuously over both fixed and moving rows of blades. Since the pressure drop in each stage is smaller as compared to the impulse stages, the gas velocities are relatively low.
426:
The performance of steam turbines is often presented in this form. The curves in Figure also show the optimum values of the velocity ratio and the range of off-design for various types of stages. The fifty per cent reaction stage shows a wider range. Another important aspect that is depicted here is
223:
The absolute velocity of the fluid increases corresponding to the pressure drop through the nozzle blade row in which the only transformation of energy occurs. The transfer of energy occurs only across the rotor blade row. Therefore, the absolute fluid velocity decreases through this as shown in the
328:
One of the methods to employ multi-stage expansion in impulse turbines is to generate high-velocity of the fluid by causing it to expand through a large pressure drop in the nozzle blade row. This high-velocity fluid then transfers its energy in a number of stages by employing many rotor blade rows
367:
To avoid these problems, another method of utilizing a ratio is employed in which the total pressure drop is divided into a number of impulse stages. These are known as pressure-compounded or Rateau stages. On account of the comparatively lower pressure drop, the nozzle blade rows are subsonic (M
324:
When the pressure drop available is large, it cannot all be used in one turbine stage. A single-stage utilizing a large pressure drop will have an impractically high peripheral speed of its rotor. This would lead to either a larger diameter or a very high rotational speed. Therefore, machines with
448:
402:
Multi-stage reaction turbines employ a large pressure drop by dividing it to smaller values in individual stages. Thus the reaction stages are like the pressure-compounded stages with a new element of “reaction” introduced in them, i.e. of accelerating the flow through rotor blade rows also.
224:
figure. In the absence of any pressure drop through the rotor blades, the relative velocities at their entry and exit are the same for frictionless flow. To obtain this condition the rotor blade angles must be equal. Therefore, the utilization factor is given by
435:
The losses occur in an actual turbine due to disc and bearing friction. Figure shows the energy flow diagram for the impulse stage of an axial turbine. Numbers in brackets indicate the order of energy or loss corresponding to 100 units of isentropic work
130:
391:
Besides this the flow is accelerating throughout. These factors make the reaction stages aerodynamically more efficient though the tip leakage loss is increased on account of the relatively higher pressure difference across the rotor blades.
455:
It is seen that the energy reaching the shaft after accounting for stage cascade losses (nozzle and rotor blade aerodynamic losses) and leaving loss is about 85% of the ideal value; shaft losses are a negligible proportion of this value.
117:
The angles in the absolute system are noted by alpha (α) and the angles in the relative system are noted by beta (β). Axial and tangential components of both absolute and relative velocities are shown in the figure. Static and
314:
379:
Figure shows the variation of pressure and velocity of steam through the two pressure stages of an impulse turbine. The nozzle blades in each stage receive flow in the axial direction.
360:
The nozzles have to be of the convergent-divergent type for generating high (supersonic) steam velocity. This results in a more expensive and difficult design of the nozzle blade rows.
447:
220:
There is no change in the static pressure through the rotor of an impulse machine. The variation of pressure and velocity of the fluid through the stage is also shown in Figure.
382:
Some designers employ pressure stages up to the last stage. This gives a turbine of shorter length as compared to the reaction type, with a penalty on efficiency.
109:
A set of static guide vanes or nozzle vanes accelerates and adds swirl to the fluid and directs it to the next row of turbine blades mounted on a turbine rotor.
363:
High velocity at the nozzle exit leads to higher cascade losses. Shock waves are generated if the flow is supersonic which further increase the losses.
423:. Efficiencies of the turbine stages can also be plotted against this ratio. Such plots for some impulse and reaction stages are shown in the figure.
51:
129:
230:
411:
511:
492:
137:
It is often assumed that the axial velocity component remains constant through the stage. From this condition we get,
73:
44:
34:
544:
38:
30:
329:
separated by rows of fixed guide blades. A velocity compounded impulse turbine is shown in Figure
106:, but it operates in the reverse, converting flow of the fluid into rotating mechanical energy.
371:
332:
470:
368:< 1). Therefore, such a stage does not suffer from the disabilities of the velocity stages.
55:
8:
539:
507:
488:
340:
The decrease in the absolute velocity of the fluid across the two rotor blade rows (R
465:
119:
103:
415:
Variation of utilization factor and stage efficiency with blade-to-gas speed ratio
212:
95:
94:
in which the flow of the working fluid is parallel to the shaft, as opposed to
533:
394:
99:
123:
309:{\displaystyle E=U{\frac {(c_{y2}+c_{y3})}{{\frac {1}{2}}c_{2}}}}
91:
419:
The blade-to-gas speed ratio parameter (velocity ratio) σ = u/c
336:
One-stage velocity-compounded impulse turbine - Curtis
Turbine
451:
Energy flow diagram for the impulse stage of an axial turbine
356:
There are two major problems in velocity-compounded stages:
183:
Also, for constant axial velocity yields a useful relation:
351:
319:
233:
126:
in the absolute and relative systems are also shown.
102:. An axial turbine has a similar construction as an
525:. New Age International(P) Ltd., New Delhi - 2009.
308:
209:A single-stage impulse turbine is shown in Figure
325:large pressure drops employ more than one stage.
531:
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
98:, where the fluid runs around a shaft, as in a
375:Two-stage pressure-compounded impulse turbine
406:
485:Turbines, Compressors and Fans 4th Edition
430:
112:
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
501:
410:
393:
370:
331:
211:
352:Multi stage pressure compounded impulse
204:
532:
482:
133:Velocity triangle for a turbine stage
15:
320:Velocity-compounded impulse turbine
13:
446:
385:
128:
14:
556:
520:
20:
504:Fundamentals of Turbomachinery
487:. TATA McGraw-Hill Education.
278:
246:
1:
476:
216:Single-stage impulse turbine
7:
459:
10:
561:
506:. Prentice-Hall Of India.
398:Two-stage reaction turbine
502:Venkanna, B. K. (2009).
407:Blade-to-gas speed ratio
29:This article includes a
431:Losses and efficiencies
122:values of pressure and
113:Stage velocity triangle
58:more precise citations.
523:Applied Thermodynamics
471:Centrifugal compressor
452:
416:
399:
376:
337:
310:
217:
134:
450:
414:
397:
374:
335:
311:
215:
132:
231:
205:Single impulse stage
483:Yahya, S M (2010).
453:
417:
400:
377:
338:
306:
218:
135:
31:list of references
304:
291:
84:
83:
76:
552:
526:
517:
498:
466:Axial compressor
315:
313:
312:
307:
305:
303:
302:
301:
292:
284:
281:
277:
276:
261:
260:
244:
104:axial compressor
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:this article by
45:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
551:
550:
549:
545:Gas compressors
530:
529:
514:
495:
479:
462:
443:
439:
433:
422:
409:
388:
386:Reaction stages
354:
347:
343:
322:
297:
293:
283:
282:
269:
265:
253:
249:
245:
243:
232:
229:
228:
207:
201:
197:
193:
189:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
115:
96:radial turbines
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
35:related reading
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
558:
548:
547:
542:
528:
527:
521:Onkar, Singh.
518:
512:
499:
493:
478:
475:
474:
473:
468:
461:
458:
441:
437:
432:
429:
420:
408:
405:
387:
384:
365:
364:
361:
353:
350:
345:
341:
321:
318:
317:
316:
300:
296:
290:
287:
280:
275:
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
252:
248:
242:
239:
236:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
114:
111:
82:
81:
39:external links
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
557:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
535:
524:
519:
515:
513:9788120337756
509:
505:
500:
496:
494:9780070707023
490:
486:
481:
480:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
457:
449:
445:
428:
424:
413:
404:
396:
392:
383:
380:
373:
369:
362:
359:
358:
357:
349:
334:
330:
326:
298:
294:
288:
285:
273:
270:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
240:
237:
234:
227:
226:
225:
221:
214:
210:
202:
184:
131:
127:
125:
121:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:axial turbine
78:
75:
67:
64:December 2019
57:
53:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
18:
17:
522:
503:
484:
454:
434:
425:
418:
401:
389:
381:
378:
366:
355:
339:
327:
323:
222:
219:
208:
185:
136:
116:
108:
87:
85:
70:
61:
50:Please help
42:
56:introducing
534:Categories
477:References
120:stagnation
100:watermill
540:Turbines
460:See also
124:enthalpy
198:+ tan β
194:= tan β
190:+ tan α
92:turbine
52:improve
510:
491:
344:and R
186:tan α
179:cos α
171:cos α
163:cos β
155:cos α
147:cos α
90:is a
37:, or
508:ISBN
489:ISBN
442:03ss
159::= w
444:).
440:– h
175:= w
167:= c
151:= c
143:= c
86:An
536::
438:01
436:(h
41:,
33:,
516:.
497:.
421:2
346:2
342:1
299:2
295:c
289:2
286:1
279:)
274:3
271:y
267:c
263:+
258:2
255:y
251:c
247:(
241:U
238:=
235:E
200:3
196:2
192:3
188:2
181:3
177:3
173:3
169:3
165:2
161:2
157:2
153:2
149:1
145:1
141:x
139:c
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
48:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
