1333:
1190:. Hetzron demonstrated that the Awngi verbal morphology is most economically described when it is assumed that for every verb there are four distinct stems, marked A, B, C, and D in the following table. The first stem (A) is for
900:. A falling tone (high-mid) appears on word-final syllables only. Joswig reanalyzes the system as having only two distinctive tone levels, with the low tone being a phonetic variant of the mid tone.
1162:
past and perfective non-past. There are various other coordinate and subordinate forms which are all marked through suffixes to the verb stems. The following distinctions are maintained for person:
908:
The Awngi syllable in most cases fits the maximum syllable template CVC (C standing for a consonant, V for a vowel). This means there is only one (if any) consonant each in the
876:
are phonetically realized as fricatives and in many environments, they are very much the voiced counterparts of the voiceless affricates with respect to phonological rules.
1222:
and serve as the basis for all other verbal morphology. The stems remain the same throughout all verbal paradigms, and it is possible to predict the surface form of each
294:, has been suspected to be a separate language. It has now been shown to be linguistically close to Awngi, and it should be classified as a dialect of that language.
1709:
1554:
African
Languages and Cultures. Supplement No. 3, Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Essays in Honour of B. W. Andrzejewski
896:
both identified three distinctive tone levels in Awngi: high, mid and low. The low tone, however, only appears in word-final position on the vowel
1813:
1740:
1305:
is always at the end. The basic word order is therefore SOV. Subordination and coordination is achieved exclusively through verbal affixation.
2401:
1754:
1578:
2896:
1806:
784:
777:
224:
1609:
977:, until a different vowel is encountered. Then the vowel harmony is blocked. Hetzron provides the following example:
2513:
2394:
669:
601:
2561:
1728:
655:
368:
214:
2901:
2656:
1799:
1681:
Hetzron, Robert (1995). "Genitival agreement in Awngi: Variation on an
Afroasiatic theme". In Plank, F. (ed.).
630:
347:
1552:
Appleyard, David L. (1996). "'Kaïliña' – A 'New' Agaw
Dialect and Its Implications for Agaw Dialectology".
1032:
662:
594:
382:
200:
982:
978:
970:
966:
962:
950:
938:
897:
880:
873:
869:
858:
854:
844:
834:
823:
813:
695:
690:
404:
400:
392:
2612:
2387:
1875:
340:
958:
791:
494:
487:
375:
2521:
1966:
807:
Palatal and velar together in Awngi form only one place of articulation, which is called palato-velar.
1923:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
879:
The labialization contrast in the palato-velar and uvular consonants is found only before the vowels
838:
623:
1332:
2809:
2368:
2169:
2159:
2134:
1699:
Joswig, Andreas (2006). "The Status of the High
Central Vowel in Awngi". In Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.).
1131:
1020:
515:
354:
287:
2783:
2722:
2224:
862:
545:
538:
501:
2906:
2707:
2579:
2570:
2234:
1302:
1757:(Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2011–047. SIL International. Archived from
1822:
1044:
755:
721:
714:
566:
93:
2252:
810:
Post-stopped fricatives are assumed to be single segments in Awngi for phonotactic reasons.
552:
961:. The vowel harmony only takes place if the underlying vowel of the last stem syllable is
8:
1758:
974:
848:
250:
2845:
1755:
A Sociolinguistic Survey Report; Revisiting the
Southern Agaw Language areas of Ethiopia
1701:
Proceedings of the XVth
International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg July 2003
2669:
2410:
2307:
2001:
1953:
1720:
1669:
1557:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1008:
728:
430:
253:
98:
1928:
192:
2695:
2622:
2541:
2455:
2214:
2204:
2109:
2094:
2066:
2021:
1938:
1856:
1724:
1673:
1627:
1600:
1584:
1574:
1151:
435:
2287:
290:. Until recently, Kunfäl, another Southern Agaw language spoken in the area west of
220:
2829:
2748:
2675:
2629:
2602:
2592:
2536:
2465:
2347:
2099:
2089:
2076:
2016:
2006:
1898:
1888:
1661:
1083:
998:
917:
443:
425:
256:
399:
vowel of the language and almost totally predictable in its occurrence. Likewise,
2834:
2824:
2778:
2664:
2639:
2607:
2551:
2546:
2503:
2473:
2436:
2352:
2282:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2031:
1976:
1913:
1903:
1851:
1134:
marker seems to be more appropriate. Number, gender, and case are marked through
1130:. Hetzron also mentions adverbial as a case of Awngi, but an interpretation as a
438:
85:
1779:
Tubiana, J. (1957). "Note sur la distribution géographique des dialectes agaw".
205:
156:
2877:
2839:
2753:
2743:
2717:
2681:
2646:
2617:
2597:
2587:
2531:
2526:
2431:
2418:
2317:
2297:
2292:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2209:
2179:
2174:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2036:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1933:
1918:
1846:
1619:
1604:
993:
Awngi is used as Medium of
Instruction from Grade 1 to 6 in primary schools of
954:
909:
893:
827:
747:
149:
108:
103:
1665:
2890:
2862:
2793:
2788:
2773:
2712:
2448:
2442:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2267:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2164:
2154:
2119:
2084:
2046:
1961:
1908:
1836:
1596:
994:
735:
573:
559:
522:
508:
456:
322:
279:
275:
56:
52:
407:, is fossilized in some words and might be justified as a separate phoneme.
2818:
2478:
2219:
1971:
1943:
1715:. In Ege, Svein; Aspen, Harald; Teferra, Birhanu; Bekele, Shiferaw (eds.).
1155:
283:
282:, but there are also communities speaking the language in various areas of
1320:
1049:. Various aspects of the Awngi orthography are yet to be finally decided.
176:
1127:
1123:
997:. It is written with an orthography based on the Ethiopian Script. Extra
771:
334:
317:
1791:
1573:. Kuschitische Sprachstudien. Vol. 24. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
1652:
Hetzron, Robert (1978). "The
Nominal System of Awngi (Southern Agaw)".
1325:
1159:
1147:
1119:
1099:
934:
708:
396:
362:
327:
260:
66:
1561:
2634:
2379:
1717:
Proceedings of the 16th
International Conference of Ethiopian Studies
1071:
953:
is added to a stem, a productive vowel harmony process is triggered.
644:
581:
480:
416:
291:
185:
169:
1690:
Hetzron, Robert (1997). "Awngi
Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.).
1595:
1223:
1115:
1111:
1107:
817:
268:
232:
42:
1893:
1588:
1086:. The nominative is unmarked for one class of nouns, or marked by
1883:
1841:
1219:
474:
228:
1631:
1135:
1103:
1079:
531:
264:
1218:
only. These four stems need to be noted for every verb in the
1191:
1171:
2727:
1766:
Palmer, Frank R. (1959). "The Verb Classes of Agaw (Awiya)".
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1211:
1175:
913:
308:
1694:. Vol. 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 477–491.
1438:
231:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1351:
1518:
1226:
member with these stems and the simple tense suffixes.
1654:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1506:
933:
In positions other than word-initial, Awngi contrasts
916:. Exceptions to this happen at word boundaries, where
1614:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
1470:
1392:
1390:
1339:
826:
does not occur word-initially. It is pronounced as a
1719:. Vol. 4. Trondheim: NTNU. pp. 1417–1425.
1685:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 325–335.
1482:
1375:
1363:
1748:. SIL Electronic Working Papers. SIL International.
1530:
1426:
1494:
1414:
1402:
1387:
2888:
1207:
1167:
1768:Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung
1752:
1639:Hetzron, Robert (1976). "The Agaw Languages".
1571:A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages
1357:
1203:
1163:
2395:
1807:
1195:
1183:
1703:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 786–793.
1626:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1215:
1199:
1187:
1179:
1146:The Awngi verbal morphology has a wealth of
965:. This vowel and all preceding instances of
937:and non-geminate consonants. The consonants
245:language, in older publications also called
1753:Joswig, Andreas; Mohammed, Hussein (2011).
1093:
1087:
957:calls this process regressive vowel height
941:, however, have no contrast in gemination.
2402:
2388:
1814:
1800:
274:Most speakers of the language live in the
1821:
1568:
1551:
923:
949:Whenever a suffix containing the vowel
1778:
1689:
1680:
1651:
1638:
1618:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1488:
1464:
1451:
1396:
1345:
225:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2889:
2409:
1765:
1738:
1707:
1698:
1500:
1476:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1381:
1369:
2383:
1795:
903:
847:is pronounced retracted, with slight
422:
1098:for feminine nouns. Other cases are
16:Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia
13:
1624:The Verbal System of Southern Agaw
1610:World Atlas of Language Structures
1314:
263:, traditionally living in Central
249:(an inappropriate ethnonym), is a
14:
2918:
1781:Cahiers de l'Afrique et de l'Asie
790:
783:
776:
754:
734:
727:
720:
713:
668:
661:
654:
629:
622:
600:
593:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
381:
374:
367:
353:
346:
339:
1331:
944:
1545:
1457:
1692:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
988:
820:, but it can also be left out.
1:
1308:
1206:only, the third stem (C) for
1202:. The second stem (B) is for
1158:past, imperfective non-past,
1052:
928:
410:
1569:Appleyard, David L. (2006).
1094:
1088:
297:
7:
1141:
1057:
816:is found word-initially in
403:, normally an allophone of
10:
2923:
2897:Central Cushitic languages
1358:Joswig & Mohammed 2011
1214:, and the fourth stem for
861:are usually pronounced as
78:490,000 (2007 census)
2871:
2855:
2808:
2766:
2736:
2703:
2694:
2655:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2512:
2464:
2417:
2361:
2340:
2233:
2075:
1952:
1874:
1865:
1829:
1666:10.1017/S0041977X00057815
1296:
1269:
1258:
1247:
1234:
839:voiced bilabial fricative
770:
746:
707:
643:
580:
473:
442:
434:
429:
424:
302:
211:
199:
183:
167:
162:
146:
128:
82:
72:
62:
48:
38:
31:
26:
21:
2369:Ethiopian sign languages
1739:Joswig, Andreas (2010).
1708:Joswig, Andreas (2009).
1092:for masculine nouns and
887:
863:voiced uvular fricatives
288:Benishangul-Gumuz Region
1710:"Rethinking Awngi Tone"
1641:Afroasiatic Linguistics
1062:The noun is marked for
920:consonants may appear.
259:language spoken by the
1742:The Phonology of Awngi
924:Phonological processes
213:This article contains
2902:Languages of Ethiopia
1823:Languages of Ethiopia
1774:(2). Berlin: 270–297.
1150:forms. The four main
939:/ɢ,ɢʷ,t͡s,t͡ʃ,j,w,ʒ/
1454:, pp. 478–479.
1301:The main verb of a
1231:
1138:to the noun stems.
1001:used for Awngi are
973:will take over the
837:is pronounced as a
419:
311:
2411:Cushitic languages
1830:Official languages
1601:Haspelmath, Martin
1229:
904:Syllable structure
830:when not geminate.
415:
391:The central vowel
307:
2884:
2883:
2878:extinct languages
2804:
2803:
2762:
2761:
2690:
2689:
2377:
2376:
2341:Foreign languages
2336:
2335:
1597:Dryer, Matthew S.
1580:978-3-89645-481-2
1329:(27th ed., 2024)
1294:
1293:
1126:, invocative and
883:and word-finally.
804:
803:
685:
651:
617:
588:
534:
483:
469:
464:
459:
452:
389:
388:
239:
238:
221:rendering support
217:phonetic symbols.
2914:
2701:
2700:
2630:Somali languages
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
1924:Sebat Bet Gurage
1872:
1871:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1747:
1735:
1733:
1727:. Archived from
1714:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1648:
1635:
1615:
1605:"Awngi language"
1592:
1565:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:, p. 125ff.
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1318:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1097:
1091:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
984:
980:
972:
968:
964:
952:
940:
899:
882:
875:
871:
860:
856:
846:
836:
833:Between vowels,
825:
815:
794:
787:
780:
758:
738:
731:
724:
717:
697:
692:
683:
672:
665:
658:
649:
633:
626:
615:
604:
597:
586:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
530:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
479:
467:
462:
455:
450:
420:
414:
406:
402:
394:
385:
378:
371:
357:
350:
343:
312:
306:
267:in northwestern
257:Central Cushitic
195:
179:
172:
152:
88:
19:
18:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2867:
2851:
2800:
2758:
2732:
2686:
2651:
2556:
2508:
2460:
2413:
2408:
2378:
2373:
2357:
2332:
2229:
2160:Kachama-Ganjule
2135:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
2071:
1948:
1867:
1861:
1825:
1820:
1745:
1731:
1712:
1620:Hetzron, Robert
1603:, eds. (2013).
1581:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1236:
1144:
1114:, directional,
1060:
1055:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
991:
947:
931:
926:
906:
890:
413:
395:is the default
305:
300:
219:Without proper
191:
175:
168:
153:
148:
124:
89:
86:Language family
84:
75:
74:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:Southern Oromo
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2362:Sign languages
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2225:Zayse-Zergulla
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1761:on 2014-09-07.
1750:
1736:
1734:on 2020-02-18.
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1660:(1): 121–141.
1649:
1636:
1616:
1593:
1579:
1566:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1515:, p. 485.
1505:
1493:
1481:
1479:, p. 273.
1469:
1456:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1384:, p. 792.
1374:
1372:, p. 786.
1362:
1350:
1348:, p. 121.
1338:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
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1266:
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1260:
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1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1143:
1140:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1041:for the sound
1017:for the sound
1005:for the sound
990:
987:
946:
943:
930:
927:
925:
922:
910:syllable onset
905:
902:
889:
886:
885:
884:
877:
866:
852:
842:
831:
821:
811:
808:
802:
801:
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781:
774:
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428:
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409:
387:
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379:
372:
365:
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351:
344:
337:
331:
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320:
315:
304:
301:
299:
296:
237:
236:
223:, you may see
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
189:
181:
180:
173:
165:
164:
163:Language codes
160:
159:
154:
150:Writing system
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:Northern Awngi
138:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
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73:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2919:
2908:
2907:Amhara Region
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2860:
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2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Eastern Oromo
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
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2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:Rendille–Boni
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
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2565:
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2548:
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2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2514:Highland East
2511:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
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2329:
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2301:
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2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Kacipo-Balesi
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
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2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2074:
2068:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
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1951:
1945:
1942:
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1937:
1935:
1932:
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1927:
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1912:
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1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1435:, p. 15.
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
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1239:
1233:
1227:
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1221:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1082:) as well as
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1000:
996:
986:
976:
960:
956:
945:Vowel harmony
942:
936:
921:
919:
918:extrametrical
915:
911:
901:
895:
878:
867:
864:
853:
850:
843:
840:
832:
829:
822:
819:
812:
809:
806:
805:
800:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
773:
769:
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749:
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733:
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723:
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710:
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689:
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664:
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648:
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621:
619:
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603:
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583:
579:
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557:
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536:
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510:
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489:
485:
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478:
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466:
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449:
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440:
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384:
380:
377:
373:
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366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
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349:
345:
342:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:
310:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Amhara Region
277:
276:Agew Awi Zone
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
216:
210:
207:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
171:
166:
161:
158:
155:
151:
145:
139:
136:
133:
132:
131:
127:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
57:Amhara Region
54:
53:Agew Awi Zone
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
34:
32:Pronunciation
30:
25:
20:
2873:
2844:
2817:
2674:
2580:Macro-Somali
2562:Lowland East
2441:
2426:
2235:Nilo-Saharan
1981:
1876:Ethiosemitic
1784:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1759:the original
1741:
1729:the original
1716:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1623:
1608:
1570:
1553:
1546:Bibliography
1537:Hetzron 1978
1532:
1525:Hetzron 1978
1520:
1513:Hetzron 1997
1508:
1496:
1491:, p. 6.
1489:Hetzron 1969
1484:
1472:
1467:, p. 7f
1465:Hetzron 1969
1459:
1452:Hetzron 1997
1428:
1423:, p. 9.
1416:
1411:, p. 2.
1404:
1397:Hetzron 1969
1377:
1365:
1353:
1346:Hetzron 1978
1341:
1324:
1316:
1300:
1156:imperfective
1148:inflectional
1145:
1132:derivational
1061:
1037:, the fidel
1029:is used for
1025:. The fidel
992:
959:assimilation
948:
932:
907:
891:
849:retroflexion
684:post-stopped
390:
284:Metekel Zone
273:
246:
242:
240:
212:
184:
157:Geʽez script
113:
94:Afro-Asiatic
2150:Hamer-Banna
1683:Double case
1556:(3): 1–19.
1501:Joswig 2009
1477:Palmer 1959
1433:Joswig 2010
1421:Joswig 2010
1409:Joswig 2010
1382:Joswig 2006
1370:Joswig 2006
1128:translative
1124:comparative
989:Orthography
983:/muliqís-í/
979:/moleqés-á/
892:Palmer and
772:Approximant
227:instead of
2891:Categories
1787:: 297–306.
1589:2006483079
1326:Ethnologue
1309:References
1160:perfective
1120:comitative
1100:accusative
1053:Morphology
981:‘nun’ vs.
929:Gemination
457:labialized
417:Consonants
411:Consonants
397:epenthetic
261:Awi people
254:indigenous
251:endangered
27:አውጚ (Awŋi)
2876:indicate
2784:Saho–Afar
2670:Daasanach
2635:Maay Maay
2308:Nyangatom
2253:Daatsʼiin
2205:Shekkacho
2002:Daasanach
1868:languages
1725:146370463
1674:162925064
1072:masculine
868:Although
818:loanwords
645:Fricative
587:voiceless
582:Affricate
481:voiceless
298:Phonology
292:Lake Tana
186:Glottolog
170:ISO 639-3
63:Ethnicity
2623:Rendille
2571:Omo–Tana
2542:Kambaata
2492:Gollango
2456:Xamtanga
2215:Wolaitta
2095:Bambassi
2067:Xamtanga
2022:Kambaata
1954:Cushitic
1939:Tigrinya
1866:Regional
1857:Tigrinya
1632:70014968
1622:(1969).
1303:sentence
1240:Singular
1224:paradigm
1142:The Verb
1136:suffixes
1116:ablative
1112:locative
1108:genitive
1076:feminine
1058:The Noun
995:Awi Zone
985:‘monk’.
935:geminate
912:and the
431:Alveolar
269:Ethiopia
233:Help:IPA
193:awng1244
129:Dialects
109:Southern
99:Cushitic
43:Ethiopia
2874:Italics
2846:Kwʼadza
2830:Burunge
2749:Dirasha
2737:Konsoid
2696:Oromoid
2676:El Molo
2657:Western
2603:Girirra
2593:Dabarre
2537:Hadiyya
2495:Gorrose
2489:Gergere
2479:Gawwada
2348:English
2175:Koorete
2100:Basketo
2090:Anfillo
2017:Hadiyya
2007:Dirasha
1889:Argobba
1884:Amharic
1842:Amharic
1243:Plural
1235:Person/
1220:lexicon
975:feature
955:Hetzron
894:Hetzron
881:/i,e,a/
475:Plosive
436:Palato-
323:Central
286:of the
278:of the
229:Unicode
104:Central
2856:Others
2835:Gorowa
2825:Alagwa
2779:Dahalo
2767:Others
2665:Arbore
2640:Somali
2608:Jiiddu
2552:Sidama
2547:Libido
2504:Tsamai
2483:Dihina
2474:Dobase
2466:Dullay
2437:Qimant
2353:Arabic
2283:Majang
2077:Omotic
2062:Tsamai
2057:Somali
2052:Sidamo
2042:Qimant
2032:Libido
1977:Arbore
1929:Siltʼe
1914:Mesqan
1904:Harari
1899:Gurage
1852:Somali
1723:
1672:
1630:
1612:Online
1587:
1577:
1562:586650
1560:
1297:Syntax
1237:Gender
1230:Stems
1198:, and
1186:, and
1152:tenses
1104:dative
1080:plural
1068:gender
1064:number
999:fidels
616:voiced
532:voiced
444:Uvular
426:Labial
309:Vowels
303:Vowels
265:Gojjam
137:Kwolla
49:Region
2840:Iraqw
2819:Aasáx
2810:South
2754:Konso
2744:Bussa
2728:Waata
2718:Oromo
2682:Yaaku
2647:Tunni
2598:Garre
2588:Baiso
2532:Gedeo
2527:Burji
2522:Alaba
2498:Harso
2449:Qwara
2443:Kayla
2432:Bilen
2427:Awngi
2318:Shabo
2313:Opuuo
2298:Mursi
2293:Murle
2288:Meʼen
2278:Kwegu
2273:Kwama
2258:Gumuz
2248:Berta
2243:Anuak
2220:Yemsa
2210:Sheko
2180:Maale
2145:Gayil
2140:Ganza
2130:Dorze
2115:Chara
2105:Bench
2037:Oromo
2027:Konso
2012:Gedeo
1997:Burji
1992:Bussa
1987:Baiso
1982:Awngi
1967:Alaba
1934:Soddo
1919:Muher
1894:Geʽez
1847:Oromo
1746:(PDF)
1732:(PDF)
1721:S2CID
1713:(PDF)
1670:S2CID
1558:JSTOR
1321:Awngi
1273:Masc
1192:3masc
1172:3masc
914:rhyme
888:Tones
874:/d͡ʒ/
870:/d͡z/
865:and .
709:Nasal
650:plain
468:labzd
463:plain
451:plain
439:velar
335:Close
318:Front
247:Awiya
243:Awngi
206:Awngi
114:Awngi
22:Awngi
2863:Beja
2794:Saho
2789:Afar
2774:Boon
2713:Orma
2618:Boni
2486:Gaba
2419:Agaw
2328:Uduk
2323:Suri
2303:Nuer
2268:Komo
2200:Seze
2195:Oyda
2190:Nayi
2185:Melo
2170:Karo
2165:Kafa
2155:Hozo
2125:Dizi
2120:Dime
2110:Boro
2085:Aari
2047:Saho
1962:Afar
1909:Inor
1837:Afar
1647:(3).
1628:LCCN
1585:LCCN
1575:ISBN
1463:see
1284:Fem
1212:3fem
1210:and
1176:3fem
1154:are
1084:case
1066:and
1013:and
969:and
872:and
859:/ɢʷ/
857:and
828:flap
748:Flap
363:Open
328:Back
241:The
134:Dega
1972:Ale
1944:Zay
1662:doi
1323:at
1216:1pl
1208:2sg
1204:1sg
1200:3pl
1196:2pl
1188:3pl
1184:2pl
1180:1pl
1168:2sg
1164:1sg
1078:or
855:/ɢ/
845:/d/
835:/b/
824:/r/
814:/h/
696:ʃ͡t
691:s͡t
631:d͡ʒ
624:d͡z
602:t͡ʃ
595:t͡s
405:/a/
401:/æ/
393:/ɨ/
215:IPA
201:ELP
177:awn
67:Awi
2893::
1783:.
1770:.
1668:.
1658:41
1656:.
1643:.
1607:.
1599:;
1583:.
1440:^
1389:^
1290:A
1279:A
1265:A
1259:2
1254:D
1248:1
1194:,
1182:,
1178:,
1174:,
1170:,
1166:,
1122:,
1118:,
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1095:-a
1089:-i
1074:,
1033:ts
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