History of aviation

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not fly, but suggested it as a start and was confident that the problem would be solved. He wrote: "It seems easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it requires greater force and less weight than exists in a human body. The science of mechanics might perhaps suggest a means, namely, a strong spiral spring. If these advantages and requisites are observed, perhaps in time to come someone might know how better to utilise our sketch and cause some addition to be made so as to accomplish that which we can only suggest. Yet there are sufficient proofs and examples from nature that such flights can take place without danger, although when the first trials are made you may have to pay for the experience, and not mind an arm or leg". Swedenborg would prove prescient in his observation that a method of powering of an aircraft was one of the critical problems to be overcome.

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wing-warping as a means of lateral control was used only briefly during the early history of aviation, the principle of combining lateral control in combination with a rudder was a key advance in aircraft control. While many aviation pioneers appeared to leave safety largely to chance, the Wrights' design was greatly influenced by the need to teach themselves to fly without unreasonable risk to life and limb, by surviving crashes. This emphasis, as well as low engine power, was the reason for low flying speed and for taking off in a headwind. Performance, rather than safety, was the reason for the rear-heavy design because the

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separate control handle. When flights resumed the results were immediate. The serious pitch instability that hampered Flyers I and II was significantly reduced, so repeated minor crashes were eliminated. Flights with the redesigned Flyer III started lasting over 10 minutes, then 20, then 30. Flyer III became the first practical aircraft (though without wheels and needing a launching device), flying consistently under full control and bringing its pilot back to the starting point safely and landing without damage. On 5 October 1905, Wilbur flew 24 miles (39 km) in 39 minutes 23 seconds.

2311: 2676: 1795: 1546:, a Frenchman, advanced the theory of wing contours and aerodynamics and constructed successful models of aeroplanes, helicopters and ornithopters. In 1871 he flew the first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, a model monoplane he called the "Planophore", a distance of 40 m (130 ft). Pénaud's model incorporated several of Cayley's discoveries, including the use of a tail, wing dihedral for inherent stability, and rubber power. The planophore also had longitudinal stability, being trimmed such that the tailplane was set at a smaller 3378: 2213: 1398: 3454: 3105: 1558: 2568: 2082:

accumulation of experiences", including gradual progression from gliders to powered flight, and from straight flights to circuits requiring turning the aeroplane. The account reported "some slight success in flying through the air at the end of the Summer of 1903". The Wrights were said to have solved flight control issues to achieve controlled turns on a one-mile circuit on 20 September 1904, followed by five-minute flights in the ensuing weeks, and a 24-mile, 38-minute flight in summer 1905.

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then flew to Suva, Fiji 3,100 miles (5,000 km) away, taking 34 hours 30 minutes. This was the toughest part of the journey as they flew through a massive lightning storm near the equator. They then flew on to Brisbane in 20 hours, where they landed on 9 June 1928 after approximately 7,400 miles (11,900 km) total flight. On arrival, Kingsford Smith was met by a huge crowd of 25,000 at Eagle Farm Airport in his hometown of Brisbane. Accompanying him were Australian aviator

2696: 1431:. In 1848, Stringfellow achieved the first powered flight using an unmanned 10 feet (3.0 m) wingspan steam-powered monoplane built in a disused lace factory in Chard, Somerset. Employing two contra-rotating propellers on the first attempt, made indoors, the machine flew ten feet before becoming destabilised, damaging the craft. The second attempt was more successful, the machine leaving a guidewire to fly freely, achieving thirty yards of straight and level powered flight. 791:, begging for support for his invention of an airship, in which he expressed the greatest confidence. The public test of the machine, which was set for 24 June 1709, did not take place. According to contemporary reports, however, Gusmão appears to have made several less ambitious experiments with this machine, descending from eminences. It is certain that Gusmão was working on this principle at the public exhibition he gave before the Court on 8 August 1709, in the hall of the 1533: 826: 815: 1592: 1301: 503: 3185: 3023: 83: 42: 3692: 2704: 2011: 3200: 1473: 185: 1678: 1508: 2151:

the machine could be put in condition for flight again in about a day or two". They flew only about ten feet above the ground as a safety precaution, so they had little room to manoeuvre, and all four flights in the gusty winds ended in a bumpy and unintended "landing". Modern analysis by Professor Fred E. C. Culick and Henry R. Rex (1985) has demonstrated that the 1903

232: 714:, although his work remained unknown until 1797, and so had no influence on developments over the next three hundred years. While his designs are rational, they are not scientific. He particularly underestimated the amount of power that would be needed to propel a flying object, basing his designs on the flapping wings of a bird rather than an engine-powered propeller. 1621: 2747:, flying into small towns across the country and showing off their flying abilities, as well as taking paying passengers for rides. Eventually, the barnstormers grouped into more organized displays. Air shows sprang up around the country, with air races, acrobatic stunts, and feats of air superiority. The air races drove engine and airframe development—the 1443:. He advanced Cayley's work on cambered wings, making important findings. To test his ideas, from 1858 he had constructed several gliders, both manned and unmanned, and with up to five stacked wings. He realised that long, thin wings are better than bat-like ones because they have more leading edge for their area. Today this relationship is known as the 2517:(September 1911 – October 1912). In addition, the first warplane shot down in history was shot down by Ottoman soldiers' rifle fire during this war. The first mission (a reconnaissance) occurred on 23 October 1911. The first bombing mission was flown on 1 November 1911. Then Bulgaria followed this example. Its aeroplanes attacked and reconnoitred the 609:(Gongshu Ban). Later designs often emulated flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. Some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying. Ancient and mediaeval Chinese sources describe kites being used to measure distances, test the wind, lift men, signal, and communicate and send messages. 3278:. Although anecdotal evidence exists that some fighter pilots may have done so while dive-bombing ground targets during the war, this was the first controlled, level flight to exceed the speed of sound. Further barriers of distance fell in 1948 and 1952 with the first jet crossing of the Atlantic and the first nonstop flight to Australia. 1150:'s daughter. As Evliya Celebi wrote, Lagari proclaimed before launching his craft "O my sultan! Be blessed, I am going to talk to Jesus!"; after ascending in the rocket, he landed in the sea, swimming ashore and joking "O my sultan! Jesus sends his regards to you!"; he was rewarded by the Sultan with silver and the rank of 3532:. Additionally, much of the developing world that did not have good access to air transport has been steadily adding aircraft and facilities, though severe congestion remains a problem in many up and coming nations. Around 20,000 city pairs are served by commercial aviation, up from less than 10,000 as recently as 1996. 1996:

for these claims remains open to interpretation and dispute, and Pearse himself never made such claims. In a newspaper interview in 1909, he said he did not "attempt anything practical ... until 1904". If he did fly in 1903, the flight appears to have been poorly controlled in comparison to the Wrights'.

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again, and, in one of its darts downward, struck the ground. The distance over the ground was measured to be 852 feet (260 m); the time of the flight was 59 seconds. The frame supporting the front rudder was badly broken, but the main part of the machine was not injured at all. We estimated that

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control with a steerable rear rudder. Almost as an afterthought, they designed and built a low-powered internal combustion engine. They also designed and carved wooden propellers that were more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain adequate performance from their low engine power. Although

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At the same time that non-rigid airships were starting to have some success, the first successful rigid airships were also being developed. These would be far more capable than fixed-wing aircraft in terms of pure cargo carrying capacity for decades. Rigid airship design and advancement was pioneered

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Orville described the final flight of the day: "The first few hundred feet were up and down, as before, but by the time three hundred feet had been covered, the machine was under much better control. The course for the next four or five hundred feet had but little undulation. However, when out about

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Starting in 1891, he became the first person to make controlled untethered glides routinely, and the first to be photographed flying a heavier-than-air machine, stimulating interest around the world. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing. His flights in the year 1891

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proposed a monoplane with a tailplane and retractable undercarriage. Developing his ideas with a model powered first by clockwork and later by steam, he eventually achieved a short hop with a full-size manned craft in 1874. It achieved lift-off under its own power after launching from a ramp, glided

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published in 1717. This flying machine consisted of a light frame covered with strong canvas and provided with two large oars or wings moving on a horizontal axis, arranged so that the upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided lifting power. Swedenborg knew that the machine would

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flew from Edwards AFB in the US to Australia non-stop and unrefuelled. This is the longest point-to-point flight ever undertaken by an unmanned aircraft and took 23 hours and 23 minutes. In October 2003, the first totally autonomous flight across the Atlantic by a computer-controlled model aircraft

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non-stop crossing of the Atlantic. This caused what was known in aviation at the time as the "Lindbergh boom", where the volume of mail moving by air increased 50 percent, applications for pilots' licences tripled, and the number of planes quadrupled all within six months of the flight. About three

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in France. The first demonstration, made on 8 August, attracted an audience including most of the major French aviation experimenters, who were astonished by the clear superiority of the Wright Brothers' aircraft, particularly its ability to make tight controlled turns. The importance of using roll

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made the first successful sustained flight of an unpiloted, engine-driven heavier-than-air craft of substantial size. It was launched from a spring-actuated catapult mounted on top of a houseboat on the Potomac River near Quantico, Virginia. Two flights were made that afternoon, one of 1,005 metres

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Its first flight, on 2 July 1900, lasted for only 18 minutes, as LZ 1 was forced to land on the lake after the winding mechanism for the balancing weight had broken. Upon repair, the technology proved its potential in subsequent flights, bettering the 6 m/s speed attained by the French airship

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English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as

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had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin and eventually

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as the relief pilot, and the Americans James Warner and Captain Harry Lyon (who were the radio operator, navigator and engineer). A week after they landed, Kingsford Smith and Ulm recorded a disc for Columbia talking about their trip. With Ulm, Kingsford Smith later continued his journey being the

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Richard Pearse was a New Zealand farmer and inventor who performed pioneering aviation experiments. Witnesses interviewed many years afterward claimed that Pearse flew and landed a powered heavier-than-air machine on 31 March 1903, nine months before the Wright brothers flew. Documentary evidence

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Gustave Weißkopf was a German who emigrated to the U.S., where he soon changed his name to Whitehead. From 1897 to 1915, he designed and built early flying machines and engines. On 14 August 1901, two and a half years before the Wright Brothers' flight, he claimed to have carried out a controlled,

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each delivering 180 hp (130 kW). The overall weight was 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg). It was intended as a test rig to investigate aerodynamic lift: lacking flight controls it ran on rails, with a second set of rails above the wheels to restrain it. Completed in 1894, on its third run it

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In 1804, Cayley constructed a model glider which was the first modern heavier-than-air flying machine, having the layout of a conventional modern aircraft with an inclined wing towards the front and adjustable tail at the back with both tailplane and fin. A movable weight allowed adjustment of the

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number 2390 volume 66 page 702, 12 November 1954. Retrieved: 29 May 2010. "In thinking of how to construct the lightest possible wheel for aerial navigation cars, an entirely new mode of manufacturing this most useful part of locomotive machines occurred to me: vide, to do away with wooden spokes

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was the first to fly across the larger Pacific Ocean in the Southern Cross. His crew left Oakland, California to make the first trans-Pacific flight to Australia in three stages. The first (from Oakland to Hawaii) was 2,400 miles (3,900 km), took 27 hours 25 minutes, and was uneventful. They

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and true three-axis control. They flew it successfully hundreds of times in 1902, and it performed far better than the previous models. By using a rigorous system of experimentation, involving wind-tunnel testing of airfoils and flight testing of full-size prototypes, the Wrights not only built a

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was an American engineer who had moved to England. He built his own whirling arm rig and wind tunnel and constructed a large machine with a wingspan of 105 feet (32 m), a length of 145 feet (44 m), fore and aft horizontal surfaces and a crew of three. Twin propellers were powered by two

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In 1809, goaded by the farcical antics of his contemporaries (see above), he began the publication of a landmark three-part treatise titled "On Aerial Navigation" (1809–1810). In it he wrote the first scientific statement of the problem, "The whole problem is confined within these limits, viz. to

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From the last years of the 15th century until 1505, Leonardo wrote about and sketched many designs for flying machines and mechanisms, including ornithopters, fixed-wing gliders, rotorcraft (perhaps inspired by whirligig toys), parachutes (in the form of a wooden-framed pyramidal tent) and a wind

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wings in 1647. Described as "four pairs of wings attached to an elaborate 'dragon'", it was said to have successfully lifted a cat in 1648 but not Burattini himself. He promised that "only the most minor injuries" would result from landing the craft. His "Dragon Volant" is considered "the most

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In the latter part of the 20th century, the advent of digital electronics produced great advances in flight instrumentation and "fly-by-wire" systems. The 21st century saw the large-scale use of pilotless drones for military, civilian and leisure use. With digital controls, inherently unstable

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While the concept of using the aeroplane as an offensive weapon was generally discounted before World War I, the idea of using it for photography was one that was not lost on any of the major forces. All of the major forces in Europe had light aircraft, typically derived from pre-war sporting

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and rudder and moved them about twice the distance from the wings. They added two fixed vertical vanes (called "blinkers") between the elevators and gave the wings a very slight dihedral. They disconnected the rudder from the wing-warping control, and as in all future aircraft, placed it on a

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Around the last decade of the 19th century, a number of key figures were refining and defining the modern aeroplane. Lacking a suitable engine, aircraft work focused on stability and control in gliding flight. In 1879, Biot constructed a bird-like glider with the help of Massia and flew in it

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magazine, the Wright brothers seemed to have the most advanced knowledge of heavier-than-air navigation at the time. However, the same magazine issue also claimed that no public flight had been made in the United States before its April 1907 issue. Hence, they devised the Scientific American

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of a powered heavier-than-air machine in Europe and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize for the first officially observed flight greater than 25 m (82 ft). On 12 November 1906, Santos-Dumont set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale by flying

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This 1906 article describes how the Wrights' experiments were conducted in "strict secrecy for several years", with "not more than a dozen persons" being in on the secret. One insider stated that the brothers had "not sought for spectacular success", and instead described their "progressive

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Using a methodical approach and concentrating on the controllability of the aircraft, the brothers built and tested a series of kite and glider designs from 1898 to 1902 before attempting to build a powered design. The gliders worked, but not as well as the Wrights had expected based on the

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With the basic design apparently successfully tested, he then turned to the problem of a suitable engine. He contracted Stephen Balzer to build one, but was disappointed when it delivered only 8 hp (6.0 kW) instead of the 12 hp (8.9 kW) he expected. Langley's assistant,

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started his project in 1880 and after 16 years, he designed a flying machine and in 1894 won a patent for a "Frost Aircraft Glider". Reports say witnesses claimed the craft flew at Saundersfoot in 1896, travelling 500 yards before colliding with a tree and falling in a field.

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successfully incorporated all of the required elements to create and fly the first aeroplane. The basic configuration with its characteristic tail was established by 1909, followed by rapid design and performance improvements aided by the development of more powerful engines.

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after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 36 km. After Robert alighted Charles decided to ascend alone. This time he ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 9,800 feet (3,000 m), where he saw the sun again, suffered extreme pain in his ears, and never flew

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Leonardo studied bird and bat flight, claiming the superiority of the latter owing to its unperforated wing. He analyzed these and anticipating many principles of aerodynamics. He understood that "An object offers as much resistance to the air as the air does to the object."

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experiments and writings of their predecessors. Their first full-size glider, launched in 1900, had only about half the lift they anticipated. Their second glider, built the following year, performed even more poorly. Rather than giving up, the Wrights constructed their own

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took up aircraft design after an early retirement, and funded the development of several gliders. In the summer of 1896, his team flew several of their designs eventually deciding that the best was a biplane design. Like Lilienthal, he documented and photographed his work.

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was established in 1999 to encourage the broadest national and international participation in the celebration of 100 years of powered flight. It publicized and encouraged a number of programmes, projects and events intended to educate people about the history of aviation.

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He went on to publish in 1852 the design for a full-size manned glider or "governable parachute" to be launched from a balloon and then to construct a version capable of launching from the top of a hill, which carried the first adult aviator across Brompton Dale in 1853.

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and created a number of sophisticated devices to measure lift and drag on the 200 wing designs they tested. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations regarding drag and lift. Their testing and calculating produced a third glider with a higher

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Balloon jumping replaced tower jumping, also demonstrating with typically fatal results that man-power and flapping wings were useless in achieving flight. At the same time scientific study of heavier-than-air flight began in earnest. In 1801, the French officer

1577:. In 1879, he flew a model which, like Pénaud's project, was a monoplane with twin tractor propellers but also had a separate horizontal tail. It was powered by compressed air. Flown tethered to a pole, this was the first model to take off under its own power. 3593:. He subsequently succeeded in crossing the English Channel on his device on 4 August 2019, covering the 35-kilometre (22 mi) journey from Sangatte in northern France to St Margaret's Bay in Kent, UK, in 22 minutes, with a midpoint fueling stop included. 3203: 631:, a Chinese prince, in the 6th century AD. Stories of man-carrying kites also occur in Japan, following the introduction of the kite from China around the seventh century AD. It is said that at one time there was a Japanese law against man-carrying kites. 2330:

could be constructed in only 15 days and became the world's first series production aircraft. The Demoiselle achieved 120 km/h. The fuselage consisted of three specially reinforced bamboo booms: the pilot sat in a seat between the main wheels of a

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The last quarter of the 20th century saw a change of emphasis. No longer was revolutionary progress made in flight speeds, distances and materials technology. This part of the century instead saw the spreading of the digital revolution both in flight

747:, he wrote, "Tomorrow morning, on the second day of January, 1496, I will make the thong and the attempt." According to one commonly repeated, albeit presumably fictional story, in 1505 Leonardo or one of his pupils attempted to fly from the summit of 475:

The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis "bird" with suffix -ation meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812–1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons".

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with the exception of Clément Ader, who had visionary views about this: "L'affaire de l'aviation militaire" (Military aviation concern), 1898 and "La première étape de l'aviation militaire en France" (The first step of military aviation en France),

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on Mars, humanity's first controlled powered aircraft flight on another planet. The helicopter rose to a height of three metres and hovered in a stable holding position for 30 seconds; a video of the flight was made by its accompanying rover,

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as the lifting gas. This has half the lifting power of hydrogen so the balloons had to be larger, however, coal gas was far more readily available and the local gas works sometimes provided a special lightweight formula for ballooning events.

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Almost as soon as they were invented, aeroplanes were used for military purposes. The first country to use them for military purposes was Italy, whose aircraft made reconnaissance, bombing and artillery correction flights in Libya during the

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control in making turns was recognised by almost all the European experimenters: Henri Farman fitted ailerons to his Voisin biplane and shortly afterwards set up his own aircraft construction business, whose first product was the influential

1886:, then reworked the design into a five-cylinder water-cooled radial that delivered 52 hp (39 kW) at 950 rpm, a feat that took years to duplicate. Now with both power and a design, Langley put the two together with great hopes. 431:. By the early 20th century, advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. In 1903, following their pioneering research and experiments with wing design and aircraft control, the 1281:

Cayley's first innovation was to study the basic science of lift by adopting the whirling arm test rig for use in aircraft research and using simple aerodynamic models on the arm, rather than attempting to fly a model of a complete design.

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speed gauge. His early designs were man-powered and included ornithopters and rotorcraft; however he came to realise the impracticality of this and later turned to controlled gliding flight, also sketching some designs powered by a spring.

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is one of the earliest known; others originated from ancient Asia and the European Middle Age. During this early period, the issues of lift, stability and control were not understood, and most attempts ended in serious injury or death.

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The Wrights appear to be the first to make serious studied attempts to simultaneously solve the power and control problems. Both problems proved difficult, but they never lost interest. They solved the control problem by inventing

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broke from the rail, became airborne for about 200 yards at two to three feet of altitude and was badly damaged upon falling back to the ground. It was subsequently repaired, but Maxim abandoned his experiments shortly afterwards.

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flew 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds. The flights were witnessed by three coastal lifesaving crewmen, a local businessman, and a boy from the village, making these the first public flights and the first well-documented ones.

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On 21 November, the Montgolfiers launched the first free flight with human passengers. King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, along with the

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He rigorously documented his work, including photographs, and for this reason is one of the best known of the early pioneers. Lilienthal made over 2,000 glides until his death in 1896 from injuries sustained in a glider crash.

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stated, "Aviation will be successful only if one finds an engine whose ratio with the weight of the device to be supported will be larger than current steam machines or the strength developed by humans or most of the animals".

1757:. In 1894, Hargrave linked four of his kites together, added a sling seat, and was the first to obtain lift with a heavier than air aircraft, when he flew up 16 feet (4.9 m). Later pioneers of manned kite flying included 1041:. Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. The subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his great contribution to the development of airships. 2059:' invention has accomplished" — after years of glider tests, four successful flights in a powered flier that has "no balloon attachments of any kind, but is supported in the air by a pair of aerocurves, or wings", placing " 3392:, often referred to as just "Harrier" or "the jump jet", is a British designed military jet aircraft capable of Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) via thrust vectoring. It first flew in 1969, the same year that 3003:. By 14 August 1932, Cheremukhin managed to get the 1-EA up to an unofficial altitude of 605 meters (1,985 feet) with what is likely to be the first successful single-lift rotor helicopter design ever tested and flown. 1889:

To his dismay, the resulting aircraft proved to be too fragile. Simply scaling up the original small models resulted in a design that was too weak to hold itself together. Two launches in late 1903 both ended with the

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Work on developing a steerable (or dirigible) balloon continued sporadically throughout the 19th century. The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have taken place in 1852 when

3041:, flew fighter and bomber planes becoming the first Turkish, female aviator and the world's first, female, combat pilot. During her flying career, she achieved some 8,000 hours, 32 of which were combat missions. 2988:

Less than a decade after the development of the first practical rotorcraft of any type with the autogyro, in the Soviet Union, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, two aeronautical engineers working at the

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Aeronautic Trophy in order to encourage the development of a heavier-than-air flying machine. Glenn H. Curtiss won the trophy in 1908 with the first pre-announced and officially recorded flight of the June Bug.

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saw great advancements in aircraft technology. Airplanes evolved from low-powered biplanes made from wood and fabric to sleek, high-powered monoplanes made of aluminium, based primarily on the founding work of

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immediately crashing into the water. The pilot, Manly, was rescued each time. Also, the aircraft's control system was inadequate to allow quick pilot responses, and it had no method of lateral control, and the

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saw a great increase in the pace of development and production, not only of aircraft but also the associated flight-based weapon delivery systems. Air combat tactics and doctrines took advantage. Large-scale

2922:, made a number of flights, primarily over Germany, from 1938 to 1939, but was grounded when Germany began World War II. Both remaining German zeppelins were scrapped in 1940 to supply metal for the German 2869:

in September and in October, the same aircraft inaugurated the first commercial transatlantic service. However, the age of the rigid airship ended following the destruction by fire of the zeppelin LZ 129

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on 18 March and 19 August 1906 when he flew 12 and 24 metres, respectively, in a self-designed, fully self-propelled, fixed-wing aircraft, that possessed a fully wheeled undercarriage. He was followed by

557:'s 9th-century court poet Mu'min ibn Said, recounts that Firnas flew some distance before landing with some injuries, attributed to his lacking a tail (as birds use to land). Writing in the 12th century, 6832: 3535:

There appears to be newfound interest in returning to the supersonic era whereby waning demand in the turn of the 20th century made flights unprofitable, as well as the final commercial stoppage of the

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recorded a total of over 225,000 flights that day. It includes helicopters, private jets, gliders, sight-seeing flights, as well as personal aircraft. The website has been tracking flights since 2006.

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Since antiquity, there have been stories of men strapping birdlike wings, stiffened cloaks or other devices to themselves and attempting to fly, typically by jumping off a tower. The Greek legend of

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whose pair of wire-spoked mainwheels were located at the lower front of the airframe, with a tailskid half-way back beneath the rear fuselage structure. The Demoiselle was controlled in flight by a

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In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).

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detailing his research, and then turned to building his designs. He hoped to achieve automatic aerodynamic stability, so he gave little consideration to in-flight control. On 6 May 1896, Langley's

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than the wings, an original and important contribution to the theory of aeronautics. Pénaud's later project for an amphibian aeroplane, although never built, incorporated other modern features. A

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monoplane with a single vertical fin and twin tractor propellers, it also featured hinged rear elevator and rudder surfaces, retractable undercarriage and a fully enclosed, instrumented cockpit.

5647: 1961:, an authoritative source for contemporary aviation, published an editorial which accepted Whitehead's flight as the first manned, powered, controlled flight of a heavier-than-air craft. The 4833: 2740:

and first flown in 1919. In this design, the rotor is not powered but is spun like a windmill by its passage through the air. A separate powerplant is used to propel the aircraft forwards.

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of 1897, notable only for having twin steam engines, failed to fly: Ader would later claim success and was not debunked until 1910 when the French Army published its report on his attempt.

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are believed to have been used extensively in ancient China, for both civil and military purposes and sometimes enforced as a punishment. An early recorded flight was that of the prisoner

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was perhaps the most famous of those on the barnstorming/air show circuit. She was also the first female pilot to achieve records such as the crossing of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

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noted that: "All available evidence fails to support the claim that Gustave Whitehead made sustained, powered, controlled flights predating those of the Wright brothers." The editors of

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impeded development of the aviation industry in the United States compared to Europe. The patent war ended during World War I when the government pressured the industry into forming a

2435: 669:. A sky lantern consists of a paper balloon under or just inside which a small lamp is placed. Sky lanterns are traditionally launched for pleasure and during festivals. According to 3158:. However, jet and rocket aircraft had only limited impact due to their late introduction, fuel shortages, the lack of experienced pilots and the declining war industry of Germany. 768:

published a work that suggested lighter than air flight would be possible by using copper foil spheres that, containing a vacuum, would be lighter than the displaced air to lift an

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It was not long before aircraft were shooting at each other, but the lack of any sort of steady point for the gun was a problem. The French solved this problem when, in late 1914,

1006:

However, these aircraft were generally short-lived and extremely frail. Routine, controlled flights would not occur until the advent of the internal combustion engine (see below.)

3543:

At the beginning of the 21st century, digital technology allowed subsonic military aviation to begin eliminating the pilot in favour of remotely operated or completely autonomous

3223:

grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. This growth was accelerated by the glut of heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes like the B-29 and

772:. While theoretically sound, his design was not feasible: the pressure of the surrounding air would crush the spheres. The idea of using a vacuum to produce lift is now known as 6710: 6679: 5626: 1088:

Although airships were used in both World War I and II, and continue on a limited basis to this day, their development has been largely overshadowed by heavier-than-air craft.

7481: 1264:

Conducting scientific aerodynamic experiments demonstrating drag and streamlining, movement of the centre of pressure, and the increase in lift from curving the wing surface.

6951: 3560: 2302:

prize for a flight in which the aircraft flew a distance of more than a kilometre and landed at the point where it had taken off. The flight lasted 1 minute and 28 seconds.

6506:. With 100,000 circulation it is largest-selling of U. S. air publications." "Editor of Aeronautics is equally airwise Harley W. Mitchell, no relative of General Mitchell." 1870:, the U.S. government granted him $ 50,000 to develop a man-carrying flying machine for aerial reconnaissance. Langley planned on building a scaled-up version known as the 6863: 2343:

at the aft end of the fuselage structure to function as elevator and rudder, with roll control provided through wing warping (No. 20), with the wings only warping "down".

2239:

in January 1906, the importance of this advance was not recognised, and European experimenters generally concentrated on attempting to produce inherently stable machines.

1839:

landed in the water as planned, because, in order to save weight, it was not equipped with landing gear. On 28 November 1896, another successful flight was made with the

1670:

sections, proving the principles of aerodynamic lift foreseen by Cayley and Wenham. His findings underpin all modern aerofoil design. Between 1883 and 1886, the American

6628: 2634:

Aviators were styled as modern-day knights, doing individual combat with their enemies. Several pilots became famous for their air-to-air combat; the most well known is

1003:. The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000-cubic-foot (1,900 m) airship covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes with the aid of an 8½ horsepower electric motor. 922:

Ballooning became a major "rage" in Europe in the late 18th century, providing the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere.

6589: 5983: 6893: 7273: 6768: 5949: 3412:. The Boeing 747 was the largest commercial passenger aircraft ever to fly, and still carries millions of passengers each year, though it has been superseded by the 2204:

This period saw the development of practical aeroplanes and airships and their early application, alongside balloons and kites, for private, sport and military use.

4030: 5563: 4902: 5416: 1691:

became known as the "Glider King" or "Flying Man" of Germany. He duplicated Wenham's work and greatly expanded on it in 1884, publishing his research in 1889 as

6822: 1611:. On 9 October 1890, Ader made an uncontrolled hop of around 50 metres (160 ft); this was the first manned aeroplane to take off under its own power. His 6550: 6516: 1309:

make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air". He identified the four vector forces that influence an aircraft:

206: 5386: 5532: 5468: 3630: 3439:

became the first human-powered aircraft to cross the English channel. This achievement finally saw the realization of centuries of dreams of human flight.

5226: 1078:

by 3 m/s, but could not yet convince possible investors. It would be several years before the Count was able to raise enough funds for another try.

5304: 3240:

led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage. By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies.

3147:—with attained velocities of up to 1,130 km/h (700 mph) in test flights—and the first vertical take-off manned point-defence interceptor, the 4634: 2653:

France, Britain, Germany, and Italy were the leading manufacturers of fighter planes that saw action during the war, with German aviation technologist

5643: 3961: 2358:

The following year saw the widespread recognition of powered flight as something other than the preserve of dreamers and eccentrics. On 25 July 1909,

1254:

and would later design the first modern heavier-than-air craft. Among his many achievements, his most important contributions to aeronautics include:

4573:"Will it be possible to improve the aerostatic art, by a better combination of means used until now, in order to leave up aerostats and conduct them" 2687:"Map of Air Routes and Landing Places in Great Britain, as temporarily arranged by the Air Ministry for civilian flying", published in 1919, showing 2075: 5685: 4468: 3996: 5927: 4759: 3304:. However, the approach diametrically changed when a new type of nuclear-carrying platform appeared that could not be stopped in any feasible way: 1250:

was first called the "father of the aeroplane" in 1846. During the last years of the previous century he had begun the first rigorous study of the

1981:

agree: "The data show that not only was Whitehead not first in flight, but that he may never have made a controlled, powered flight at any time."

1835:(3,297 ft) and a second of 700 metres (2,300 ft), at a speed of approximately 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). On both occasions, the 565:

attached wings to his hands and feet and flew a short distance, but broke both legs while landing, also having neglected to make himself a tail.

2985:

with a wingspan of 48 m. On its 70th test flight on 21 October 1929, there were 169 people on board, a record that was not broken for 20 years.

1719:

are seen as the beginning of human flight and because of that he is often referred to as either the "father of aviation" or "father of flight".

6479: 5356: 2227: 7427: 6791: 2283:

220 m (720 ft) in 21.5 seconds. Only one more brief flight was made by the 14-bis in March 1907, after which it was abandoned.

2119: 7533: 684:

There is evidence that the Chinese also "solved the problem of aerial navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before the 18th century.

5072: 3878: 1921:

and flew this very different aircraft in 1914. Without acknowledging the modifications, the Smithsonian Institution asserted that Langley's

1674:

developed a series of three manned gliders, before conducting his own independent investigations into aerodynamics and circulation of lift.

6305: 5800: 5763: 4697: 4686: 4675: 2381: 967: 710:'s construction, some investigators began to discover and define some of the basics of rational aircraft design. Most notable of these was 7488:. University of Washington Libraries. in the Pacific Northwest region and Western United States during the first half of the 20th century. 6650: 6375: 5717:"An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers' Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight" 4715: 4426: 3861:(Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", 2170:. After a severe crash on 14 July 1905, they rebuilt the Flyer III and made important design changes. They almost doubled the size of the 7219: 7100:(Spring 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". 3259:

which established new levels of comfort, safety and passenger expectations, ushered in the age of mass commercial air travel, dubbed the

2902:(1935) had already cast doubt on airship safety, but with the disasters of the U.S. Navy's rigids showing the importance of solely using 2786:. The first flight across the South Atlantic and the first aerial crossing using astronomical navigation, was made by the naval aviators 741:), Leonardo describes a flying machine called "the bird" which he built from starched linen, leather joints, and raw silk thongs. In the 6915: 4794: 1905:

Langley's attempts to gain further funding failed, and his efforts ended. Nine days after his second abortive launch on 8 December, the

7633: 6702: 6671: 5622:

Gustave Whitehead: An RAeS statement regarding claims that Gustave Whitehead successfully flew an aeroplane before the Wright brothers

3552:

occurred. UAVs are now an established feature of modern warfare, carrying out pinpoint attacks under the control of a remote operator.

3465:

following the end of all Concorde flying. This aircraft flew for 22,296 hours between its first flight in 1976 and final flight in 2000

1952:

local newspaper. About 30 years later, several people questioned by a researcher claimed to have seen that or other Whitehead flights.

6461: 6391: 5016: 3582:. The flight took nearly five days; during the nights the aircraft used its batteries and the potential energy gained during the day. 193: 7711: 4564: 2683: 4087: 989:

Another advance was made in 1884, when the first fully controllable free-flight was made in a French Army electric-powered airship,

840:

1783 was a watershed year for ballooning and aviation. Between 4 June and 1 December, five aviation firsts were achieved in France:

7493: 3064: 7376: 6941: 6213: 4516: 3676:

last flight was 18 January 2024, a span of 2 years, 333 days since its first takeoff (the duration in Martian days, or

2422: 147: 7451: 5623: 5601: 2596: 1227: 6855: 5879:"Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights, 1903 December 17" 119: 6738: 5256: 4319:

Winter, Frank H. (1992). "Who First Flew in a Rocket?", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 (July 1992), p. 275-80

3780: 3037:

After enrolling in the Military Aviation Academy in Eskisehir in 1936 and undertaking training at the First Aircraft Regiment,

6612: 1454:" who represented most research efforts until the 20th century. Among them was the British scientist-philosopher and inventor 913:

in Paris, as a crowd of 400,000 witnessed. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in

423:

Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for learning the dynamics of heavier-than-air craft, most notably by Cayley,

7073: 6622: 6583: 6573: 5979: 5855: 5056: 4896: 4772:

altogether, and refer the whole firmness of the wheel to the strength of the rim only, by the intervention of tight cording."

4408: 4375: 4233: 4128: 4097: 3811: 3633:

as well as slump in demand among travellers, and may also affect the future of air travel. For example, the mandatory use of

3505: 1957: 1416: 1060:. This was intended to ease the starting procedure, as the hall could easily be aligned with the wind. The prototype airship 6885: 6042: 6013: 5282: 4932: 4547: 2863:, England. By 1929, airship technology had advanced to the point that the first round-the-world flight was completed by the 1013:

Santos-Dumont's "Number 6" rounding the Eiffel Tower in the process of winning the Deutsch de la Meurthe Prize, October 1901

373:. Kite flying in China dates back to several hundred years BC and is thought to be the earliest example of man-made flight. 6124: 5442: 3589:

attracted worldwide attention when he participated at the Bastille Day military parade riding his invention, a jet-powered

3236: 250: 126: 100: 55: 6760: 5946: 4601: 3568: 3351:

in 1963, Canada became the third country to send a satellite into space. The space race between the United States and the

3012:

in the Soviet Union by 1934, as the largest aircraft ever built using the Junkers methods of metal aircraft construction.

1365: 601:

may have been the first form of man-made aircraft. It was invented in China possibly as far back as the 5th century BC by

7629: 4247: 2461:. It rose to a height of 13 metres (43 feet), where it remained for 20 seconds, after a vertical take-off from a park in 6071: 5716: 4482: 3339:

25 using friction and converting the kinetic energy of the velocity into heat. The United States responded by launching

2322:

between the wings in an effort to gain more lateral stability. His final design, first flown in 1907, was the series of

7682: 7650: 7507:(Documentary on the first powered flight by a Briton in Britain, JTC Moore Brabazon, in 1909). Countrywide Productions. 5571: 4886: 3710: 3578:

flew a record distance of 4,481 miles (7,211 km) from Nagoya, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii in a solar-powered plane,

3305: 2484:, also French, made the first rotary-winged free flight at Lisieux, France. However, these were not practical designs. 2155:

was so unstable as to be almost unmanageable by anyone but the Wrights, who had trained themselves in the 1902 glider.

1174: 5408: 5334: 5168: 4985: 4863: 3161:

Not only aeroplanes, but also helicopters saw rapid development in the Second World War, with the introduction of the

1066:(LZ for "Luftschiff Zeppelin") had a length of 128 m (420 ft) was driven by two 10.6 kW (14.2 hp) 7526: 7146: 7088: 7050: 7009: 6986: 6283: 6245: 6194: 6166: 5506: 5210: 5142: 5114: 4362: 4342: 3751: 3006:

Only five years after the German Dornier Do-X had flown, Tupolev designed the largest aircraft of the 1930s era, the

2766:

Other prizes, for distance and speed records, also drove development forwards. For example, on 14 June 1919, Captain

2396: 1547: 286: 268: 166: 133: 69: 7167: 5822: 4022: 2947:, during the 1920s. In its various forms, in the 21st-century sailplane aviation now has over 400,000 participants. 2806:

for aeronautical use, an invention that revolutionized air navigation at the time (Gago Coutinho invented a type of

2137:, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, was recorded in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day, 899: 661:

From ancient times the Chinese have understood that hot air rises and have applied the principle to a type of small

653:, an ancient Chinese toy. The similar "moulinet à noix" (rotor on a nut) appeared in Europe in the 14th century AD. 7369: 6546: 6434: 3680:, was 1035). Broken and damaged rotor blades suffered during its final landing forced the helicopter's retirement. 3068: 3060: 2123: 1971:) and many aviation historians continue to maintain that Whitehead did not fly as suggested. The historians of the 1021:(sometimes called "blimps".) The most successful early pioneering pilot of this type of aircraft was the Brazilian 902:, successfully petitioned for the honour. They drifted 8 km (5.0 mi) in a balloon-powered by a wood fire. 17: 6094: 5382: 4626: 1394:

broke new ground. Although only a design, it was the first in history for a propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft.

880:

On 19 October, the Montgolfiers launched the first manned flight, a tethered balloon with humans on board, at the

7571: 5540: 5464: 3432:

Blackbird had set the record for crossing the Atlantic in under 2 hours, and Concorde followed in its footsteps.

3019:

began in Germany and in Britain – both countries would go on to develop jet aircraft by the end of World War II.

2732:. The age of the great rigid airships came and went. The first successful rotorcraft appeared in the form of the 2670: 2592: 2550: 2476:

The first time a manned helicopter is known to have risen off the ground was on a tethered flight in 1907 by the

590: 5888: 2847:

The first lighter-than-air crossings of the Atlantic were made by airship in July 1919 by His Majesty's Airship

1866:, Langley started looking for funding to build a full-scale man-carrying version of his designs. Spurred by the 377:'s 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several rational designs, but which relied on poor science. 301: 115: 7716: 7706: 7617: 3293:

could deliver a deadly blow to the enemy, so great efforts were made to develop countermeasures. At first, the

2743:

After World War I, experienced fighter pilots were eager to show off their skills. Many American pilots became

1331:

and distinguished stability and control in his designs. He also identified and described the importance of the

1025:

who effectively combined a balloon with an internal combustion engine. On 19 October 1901, he flew his airship

612:

Kites spread from China around the world. After its introduction into India, the kite further evolved into the

104: 3247:

became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the

2166:, a heavier and improved version of the original Flyer. On 23 June 1905, they first flew a third machine, the 7670: 5741: 5308: 4575:, thus showing the interest of the scientists of that time (first half of the 19th) century on that question. 3231:

also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British

2841: 2505:, operated by most of the world's air forces before WW1 for reconnaissance and bombing, including during the 2346:

In 1908, Wilbur Wright travelled to Europe, and starting in August gave a series of flight demonstrations at

1493:

for a short time and returned safely to the ground, making it the first successful powered glide in history.

693: 673:, such lanterns were known in China from the 3rd century BC. Their military use is attributed to the general 518: 6792:"Wednesday was one of the busiest recorded days in aviation history — and it's going to keep getting busier" 3953: 1529:

pulled by a horse on a beach. He reportedly achieved a height of 100 metres, over a distance of 200 metres.

7701: 7607: 7519: 5924:"Airplane Stability and Control, Second Edition: A History of the Technologies That Made Aviation Possible" 4331:

Flying's strangest moments: extraordinary but true stories from over one thousand years of aviation history

2525:. The first war to see major use of aeroplanes in offensive, defensive and reconnaissance capabilities was 1369: 1144: 1067: 944:

In the early 1900s, ballooning was a popular sport in Britain. These privately owned balloons usually used

934: 324: 2498: 2049: 7655: 7586: 7561: 6233: 6182: 6154: 5198: 5130: 5102: 5038: 3983: 3618:

In the early 21st Century, the first fifth-generation military fighters were produced, starting with the

3448: 3056: 2802:, Brazil, with only internal means of navigation, in an aircraft specifically fitted for himself with an 2199: 1194: 1038: 242: 5923: 4756: 4458: 3524:

21st-century aviation has seen increasing interest in fuel savings and fuel diversification, as well as

2613:", getting credit for five victories before also becoming the first ace to die in action, it was German 3715: 2882: 2783: 2407: 2270:

with pronounced wing dihedral, and covered a distance of 60 m (200 ft) on the grounds of the

2251:

who built a monoplane which he tested with a tether in Denmark on 12 September 1906, flying 42 metres.

2127: 1972: 1469:

using a fan, driven by a steam engine, to propel air down a 12 ft (3.7 m) tube to the model.

1455: 1436: 1159: 405: 4827: 3416:, which is capable of carrying up to 853 passengers. In 1975, Aeroflot started regular service on the 1699:), which is seen as one of the most important works in aviation history. He also produced a series of 978:

Airships were originally called "dirigible balloons" and are still sometimes called dirigibles today.

891: 7721: 6946: 6261: 3529: 2332: 2310: 1794: 550: 313: 6489: 3085:

introduced and the more flexible aircraft and weapons allowed precise attacks on small targets with

2880:

on 6 May 1937, killing 35 of the 97 people aboard. Previous spectacular airship accidents, from the

7576: 7434: 7097: 4225:

Heroes of History: A Brief History of Civilization from Ancient Times to the Dawn of the Modern Age

3858: 3544: 3501: 3050: 2971: 2779: 2477: 2469:, as well as the nearby park, the Parco Forlanini. In Milan he also has an avenue named after him, 2323: 2278:

before a large crowd of witnesses. This well-documented event was the first flight verified by the

2122:(FAI), the Wrights made the first sustained, controlled, powered heavier-than-air manned flight at 1867: 1855:

greatly modified. So little remained of the original aircraft that it was given a new designation.

1823: 1708: 930: 61: 2108: 1878:, which flew twice on 18 June 1901, and then again with a newer and more powerful engine in 1903. 554: 455:, the flying boats were in their turn replaced by land planes, and the new and immensely powerful 7624: 7602: 7566: 6326:

Ferdinando Pedriali. "Aerei italiani in Libia (1911–1912)"(Italian planes in Libya (1911–1912)).

4784: 3892: 3604: 3462: 2906:

as the lifting medium; following the destruction of the Hindenburg, the remaining airship making

2831: 2602: 2562: 2147: 2115: 1962: 1819: 1815: 1789: 765: 367: 331: 198: 140: 93: 7235: 5792: 5755: 4694: 4683: 4672: 3082: 1646: 1267:

Defining the modern aeroplane configuration comprising a fixed-wing, fuselage and tail assembly.

1206: 784: 698: 7333:

Publications relating to the history of aeronautics, (1,800 titles dispersed in the collection)

6656: 6368: 5048: 4757:

Summary of First Cayley Memorial Lecture at the Brough Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society

4712: 3650: 3301: 3094: 2928: 2725: 2635: 2470: 1945: 1671: 1497: 1432: 1178: 1046: 1009: 440: 30: 7265: 7211: 5624:

http://aerosociety.com/Assets/Docs/Publications/SpecialistPapers/GustaveWhiteheadStatement.pdf

5496: 4367: 4118: 2279: 1116: 7612: 7556: 5883: 4400: 3162: 2877: 2530: 2493: 2255: 2235:

Although full details of the Wright Brothers' system of flight control had been published in

2060: 1844: 1428: 1407: 1391: 1376:

in which all compression loads are carried by the rim, allowing a lightweight undercarriage.

1332: 1274: 1097: 1022: 804: 723: 558: 485: 306: 7410: 2675: 1659:, France, and is claimed to be the earliest man-carrying flying machine still in existence. 1450:

The latter part of the 19th century became a period of intense study, characterized by the "

6465: 6399: 5008: 4767: 4463: 3720: 3705: 3564: 3300:

were produced in considerable numbers. By 1955, most development efforts shifted to guided

3297: 3144: 3124: 3108: 2936: 2912: 2907: 2865: 2628: 2271: 2267: 2104: 1776: 1758: 1170: 1056:

airship began in 1899 in a floating assembly hall on Lake Constance in the Bay of Manzell,

910: 845: 562: 491: 381: 6732: 5085: 4561: 4092:. Cambridge aerospace. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–9. 1357:

large and safe enough to carry a child. A local boy was chosen but his name is not known.

1342:, diagonal bracing and drag reduction, and contributed to the understanding and design of 887: 8: 7398: 7365: 7328: 5693: 4103: 3802:

Cassard, Jean-Christophe; Croix, Alain; Le Quéau, Jean-René; Veillard, Jean-Yves (2008).

3332: 3220: 3135:, followed afterwards, but saw only brief use in World War II. The first cruise missile ( 2871: 2650:

is credited with the most all-time victories at 75, even when later wars are considered.

2514: 2506: 2291: 2180: 2171: 1977: 1451: 1444: 1339: 1286: 1030: 991: 938: 569: 2614: 2373: 1214: 1210: 914: 7261: 7207: 7125: 7117: 7039: 6998: 6210: 4508: 4431: 3991: 3883: 3657: 3436: 3327:

orbited once around the planet within 108 minutes, and then used the descent module of

3232: 3188: 3038: 3027: 2975: 2803: 2688: 2377: 2111:

wings were less affected by crosswinds and were consistent with the low yaw stability.

1666:

made key contributions to aerodynamics. He conducted extensive wind tunnel research on

1519: 1511: 1420: 1198: 926: 788: 359: 7310: 5593: 3776: 2981:

1929 also saw the first flight of by far the largest plane ever built until then: the

2647: 1543: 1489: 1476: 1234:

and broke only one leg on arrival. In 1837 French mathematician and brigadier general

7581: 7142: 7129: 7069: 7046: 7005: 6982: 6618: 6579: 6241: 6190: 6162: 5735: 5502: 5206: 5138: 5110: 5052: 4892: 4540:"Rapport sur la plus grande vitesse que l'on peut obtenir par la navigation aérienne" 4404: 4371: 4338: 4239: 4229: 4124: 4093: 3807: 3747: 3677: 3626: 3525: 3428:

began supersonic service across the Atlantic, with Concorde. A few years earlier the

3377: 3078: 2996: 2962: 2897: 2891: 2811: 2737: 2639: 2553:, as communication between pilots and ground commander grew more and more important. 2400: 1934: 1750: 1656: 1551: 1424: 1402: 1294: 1247: 1235: 1163: 1018: 777: 711: 460: 417: 413: 374: 335: 7463: 5252: 3370:

6.1. Aside from vehicles designed to fly in outer space, this record was renewed by

2966:

magazine), which became the largest aviation magazine with a circulation of 100,000.

2810:

incorporating two spirit levels to provide an artificial horizon). Five years later

1128: 568:

Many others made well-documented jumps in the following centuries. As late as 1811,

538: 319: 7349: 7109: 5533:"Executive Overview: Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production" 4597: 3608: 3490: 3389: 3214: 3155: 2956: 2918: 2771: 2767: 2756: 2748: 2522: 2481: 2450: 2431: 2275: 2248: 2167: 2064: 1941: 1883: 1704: 1663: 1481: 1323: 743: 646: 624: 534: 393: 7041:

Taking Flight:Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War

5851: 5044:

Aviation: An Historical Survey From Its Origins To The End Of The Second World War

3504:. Initially used to increase the manoeuvrability of military aircraft such as the 2359: 2212: 2055:

Within weeks of the first powered flight, this Ohio newspaper described "what the

1843:. This flight, of 1,460 metres (4,790 ft), was witnessed and photographed by 1108: 792: 7502: 7357: 7240: 7171: 7065: 6484: 6379: 6217: 6034: 6005: 5953: 5931: 5859: 5630: 5278: 5042: 4959: 4924: 4763: 4719: 4701: 4690: 4679: 4568: 4539: 3777:"Online Etymology Dictionary | Origin, history and meaning of English words" 3697: 3453: 3421: 3344: 3192: 3166: 3136: 2791: 2369: 2340: 2163: 2056: 2005: 1906: 1739: 1711:, which is considered to be the first air plane in series production, making the 1688: 1681: 1641: 1186: 1057: 906: 869: 864: 860: 849: 662: 584: 432: 424: 385: 6132: 5438: 3366:

set the air speed record for an aircraft at 4,534 mph (7,297 km/h) or

3104: 2827:

was the first to solo the Caribbean Sea and went missing flying over Venezuela.

2372:, and in August around half a million people, including the President of France 1604: 1522:

made the first flight higher than his point of departure, by having his glider "

439:

The first great ships of the air were the rigid dirigible balloons pioneered by

7414: 7320: 7083: 5330: 4357: 3393: 3248: 3224: 3132: 3116: 3090: 3007: 2799: 2760: 2729: 2606: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2518: 2466: 2336: 2287: 2236: 2134: 1990: 1727: 1613: 1385: 1258:

Clarifying our ideas and laying down the principles of heavier-than-air flight.

1112: 996: 773: 670: 428: 401: 6823:"Pipistrel Velis Electro earns first all-electric aircraft type certification" 3000: 2759:. With pilots competing for cash prizes, there was an incentive to go faster. 2567: 1557: 1435:

presented the first paper to the newly formed Aeronautical Society (later the

1419:

and two years later the world's first aeronautical exhibition was held at the

7695: 7665: 6827: 6421: 6350:

Nevin, David (1993). "Two Daring Flyers Beat the Atlantic before Lindbergh".

6063: 4798:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 502–519. 4789: 4486: 4396: 4243: 3844:, Biography of Wang Mang, 或言能飞, 一日千里, 可窥匈奴.莽辄试之, 取大鸟翮为两翼, 头与身皆著毛, 通引环纽, 飞数百步堕 3634: 3597: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3486: 3409: 3275: 3148: 3120: 2950: 2848: 2787: 2620: 2138: 2095: 1914: 1803: 1770: 1735: 1353:

In 1848, he had progressed far enough to construct a glider in the form of a

983: 874: 650: 640: 628: 502: 1488:

Meanwhile, the British advances had galvanised French researchers. In 1857,

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elaborate and sophisticated aeroplane to be built before the 19th Century".

7306: 5756:"Machine That Flies / What the Wright Brothers' Invention Has Accomplished" 5644:"Scientific American Debunks Claim Gustave Whitehead Was "First in Flight"" 5176: 4975: 4955: 4855: 3668: 3590: 3482: 3352: 3340: 3324: 3313: 3282: 3267: 3173: 3143:), the first (and to date only) operational rocket-powered combat aircraft 3128: 3073: 2982: 2852: 2824: 2815: 2775: 2744: 2721: 2716: 2695: 2654: 2572: 2458: 2295: 2159: 2091: 2037: 2031: 2016: 1967: 1634: 1574: 1566: 1532: 1317: 1251: 1155: 1062: 1034: 1000: 748: 719: 613: 452: 409: 370: 29:

This article is about aviaton history. For the history of spaceflight, see

4223: 1231: 1143:. The flight was said to have been undertaken at the time of the birth of 7192: 7187: 7177: 7164: 5830: 4334: 4219: 3841: 3619: 3548: 3497: 3413: 3397: 3367: 3336: 3169: 3086: 2944: 2860: 2856: 2836: 2712: 2658: 2643: 2526: 2502: 2411: 2392: 2243: 2026: 1700: 1629: 1466: 1373: 1343: 882: 674: 666: 573: 448: 339: 7285:

Includes photos and specifics of many c. 1908 dirigibles and aeroplanes.

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also allowed more coordinated and controlled deployment of air defence.

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flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.

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managed a 300-metre glide by starting from the top of the city walls of

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flew 15 miles (24 km) in France, with a steam engine driven craft.

873:) launched the world's first unmanned hydrogen-filled balloon, from the 107: in this template. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7377:"Alberto Santos-Dumont Est Peut-Être Le Véritable 'Père De L'aviation'" 7121: 5227:"Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst - Bibliothek Deutsches Museum" 3556: 3478: 3425: 3401: 3348: 3317: 3308:. The possibility of these was demonstrated in 1957 with the launch of 3294: 3285:

briefly increased the strategic importance of military aircraft in the

3252: 3140: 3031: 3016: 2624: 2610: 2588: 2465:. Milan has dedicated to Enrico Forlanini its city airport, also named 2454: 2427: 2364: 2352: 1822:

started a serious investigation into aerodynamics at what is today the

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Includes photos, diagrams and specifications of many c. 1910 aircraft.

4483:"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics – History – Spain" 3622:

and currently Russia, America and China have 5th gen aircraft (2019).

1300: 825: 814: 6942:"After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends" 3381: 3371: 3356: 3309: 3123:

in 1939, followed by the world's first operational jet aircraft, the

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The Biot-Massia glider, restored and on display in the Musee de l'Air

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Reaching a scientific understanding of the principles of bird flight.

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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

7216:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

7113: 6916:"NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight" 5878: 3184: 3022: 2724:

during the World War I period and its adoption by American designer

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with several different planes, the most celebrated of which was the

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won worldwide fame by winning a £1,000 prize offered by the British

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Short powered flights were performed in France by Romanian engineer

1458:, who studied lateral flight control and was the first to patent an 388:

and began manned flights. At almost the same time, the discovery of

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due to reduced demand following a fatal accident and rising costs.

3537: 3471: 3405: 3328: 3286: 3271: 3244: 2733: 2617: 2099: 2041:, but also helped advance the science of aeronautical engineering. 1746: 1677: 1667: 1591: 1588:), although the flying machine he later constructed failed to fly. 1573:

Equally authoritative as a theorist was Pénaud's fellow countryman

1354: 1335: 1147: 1132: 1053: 962: 945: 506: 389: 351: 3191:, the world's first jet airliner. As in this picture, it also saw 2605:

attached a fixed machine gun to the front of his plane, but while

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Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci

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engines and balanced by moving a weight between its two nacelles.

7660: 7174:, NASA Office of Aerospace Technology HQ, United States Air Force 5980:"Scientific American Trophy | National Air and Space Museum" 4737: 3508:, this is now being used to reduce drag on commercial airliners. 3260: 2940: 2807: 2449:

In 1877, the Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer

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Drawing directly from Cayley's work, Henson's 1842 design for an

958: 853: 769: 546: 542: 444: 7340: 7236:"How To Learn To Fly: The Different Machines And What They Cost" 6761:"Franky Zapata Crosses English Channel on Hoverboard on 2nd Try" 6412:

Includes a photograph of a Gago Coutinho spirit level attachment

6095:"Alberto Santos Dumont in France: The Very Earliest Early Birds" 4546:(in French). Congrès scientifique de France, 5th Session, Metz. 2703: 2294:. On 13 January 1908, a second example of the type was flown by 2020:: the first sustained flight with a powered, controlled aircraft 2010: 1738:, who had worked for Maxim, built and successfully flew several 649:

for vertical flight has existed since 400 BC in the form of the

184: 7203:. New York: Frederic C. Beil / Annapolis:Naval Institute Press. 3637:

on aeroplanes was a common feature of flying in 2020 and 2021.

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In 1961, the sky was no longer the limit for crewed flight, as

3290: 2932:, which had not flown since 1932, was dismantled in late 1939. 2903: 2795: 2623:

who, on 1 July 1915, scored the very first aerial victory by a

2259: 2217: 1703:, including bat-wing, monoplane and biplane forms, such as the 1607:

completed the first of three steam-driven flying machines, the

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in Lisbon, when he propelled a ball to the roof by combustion.

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feathers and attaching two wings to his arms. The 17th-century

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and dominated long-distance flight until the 1930s, when large

5498:

Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers & Their Predecessors

4427:"In Short: Nonfiction; Man Was Meant to Fly, But Not at First" 3489:, around the world unrefuelled, and without landing. In 1999, 2638:, better known as the "Red Baron", who shot down 80 planes in 1642:

Learning to glide; Otto Lilienthal and the first human flights

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In 1799, he set down the concept of the modern aeroplane as a

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extends for more than 2000 years, from the earliest forms of

6981:. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally and Company. 6027: 5998: 5748: 5594:"Statement Regarding The Gustave Whitehead Claims of Flight" 4578: 4277: 4120:

Bugaboo Dreams: A Story of Skiers, Helicopters and Mountains

3801: 2916:

was retired (June 1937). Its replacement, the rigid airship

1427:

was awarded a £100 prize for the steam engine with the best

681:), who is said to have used them to scare the enemy troops. 5823:"The Wright Brothers & the Invention of the Aerial Age" 5080: 4980: 4888:

First to Fly: North Carolina and the Beginnings of Aviation

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between East and West. Even a moderate fleet of long-range

3256: 3228: 2887: 1372:. By 1808, he had even re-invented the wheel, devising the 1017:

The first aircraft to make routine controlled flights were

616:, which has an abrasive line used to cut down other kites. 602: 598: 355: 6886:"EU to make face masks compulsory on all European flights" 6575:

The New Turkey: The Quiet Revolution on the Edge of Europe

5723:, USNA-334, archived from the original on 5 September 2011 3493:

became the first person to circle the earth in a balloon.

2751:, for example, led to a series of ever faster and sleeker 834:

Lithographic depiction of pioneering events (1783 to 1846)

7201:

Flights of Passage: Reflections of a World War II Aviator

6703:"Japan Airlines buys into US start-up's supersonic dream" 3629:

had a significant impact on the aviation industry due to

3567:, and the closing of most of European airspace after the 3127:, in July 1942 and world's first jet-powered bomber, the 3744:

Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age

1620: 7293:

Empire of the Air: Aviation and the American Ascendancy

4509:"Premier vol humain - Angoulême 1801 | Aérostèles" 4149: 4045: 3934: 3912: 3910: 3209:

A 1945 newsreel covering various firsts in human flight

1085:(Deutsche-Luftschiffahrts AG) was established in 1910. 6655:, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, archived from 6211:"Clément-Bayard, sans peur et sans reproche" (French). 3227:

that could be converted into commercial aircraft. The

2314:

Alberto Santos-Dumont flying the Demoiselle over Paris

2305: 3649:

successfully flew its diminutive unmanned helicopter

3474:

and in aircraft design and manufacturing techniques.

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The Wrights continued flying at Huffman Prairie near

2067:, with their dirigible balloons ... in eclipse". 1715:

the first air plane production company in the world.

1500:

published an influential book The Empire Of The Air (

6814: 5793:"Another Attempt to Solve Aerial Navigation Problem" 4627:"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)" 3907: 3687: 2999:

rotary radial engine of World War I, the TsAGI 1-EA

2782:

to Clifden, Ireland, winning the £13,000 ($ 65,000)

2549:

were also being explored on aeroplanes, notably the

6976: 6856:"How Covid-19 will change air travel as we know it" 5852:"100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality" 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5000: 4743: 4725: 4173: 4137: 3922: 2380:, attended one of the first aviation meetings, the 588:Woodcut print of a kite from John Bate's 1635 book 323:of 1796, the oldest existing flying device, in the 7449: 7409: 7182:Wings over America: The Story of American Aviation 7038: 6997: 5762:. Newark, Ohio, U.S. 28 December 1903. p. 7. 4832:. Munn & Company. 13 March 1869. p. 169. 4811: 3596:24 July 2019 was the busiest day in aviation, for 3384:lifts off on its mission to land a man on the Moon 2939:in its development of powered aircraft, developed 6672:"Global city pairs top 20,000 for the first time" 6330:(Military History), N° 170/novembre 2007, p.31–40 5913:Chp. IV, p.101–102 (Dover Publications, NY 1943). 4269:Da Vinci, Leonardo (1971). Taylor, Pamela (ed.). 1761:in England and Captain Génie Saconney in France. 937:first flew as a balloon passenger with the Union 7693: 6758: 5778: 5031: 4161: 3607:became the first electric aeroplane to secure a 3420:—the first supersonic passenger plane. In 1976, 2935:Meanwhile, Germany, which was restricted by the 1158:. Evliya Çelebi also wrote of Lagari's brother, 925:Non-steerable balloons were employed during the 909:launched their manned hydrogen balloon from the 759: 7500: 7396: 6908: 6472: 5490: 5488: 5486: 4228:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 209. 3891:(1): 8–9. January–February 1964. Archived from 3806:(in French). Morlaix: Vreizh Skol. p. 77. 3131:, in June 1943. British developments, like the 2537:both used aeroplanes and airships extensively. 1753:would lead to the development of the practical 1243:Sir George Cayley and the first modern aircraft 537:(810–887 AD) is claimed to have made a jump in 467:aircraft such as flying wings became possible. 245:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 7496:. University of Houston Digital Library. 1911. 7425: 6934: 5865:, 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007. 3500:systems allow an aircraft to be designed with 3400:set foot on the Moon, and Boeing unveiled the 1948:, Connecticut. The flight was reported in the 561:stated that the 11th-century Benedictine monk 400:by physicists during the same period, such as 7527: 7403:WW1 AERO - The Journal of the Early Aeroplane 7321:"The Gaston and Albert Tissandier Collection" 7027: 6415: 6264:(in Italian). Mille anni di scienza in Italia 4953: 4584: 4283: 3442: 2414:, and major litigants had left the industry. 1814:and shortly before becoming Secretary of the 1580:In 1884, Alexandre Goupil published his work 1368:, which provided a reliable power source for 1217:, flying 300 – 400 m, with a flying machine. 7305: 7266:"The Present Status of Military Aeronautics" 6547:"Turkey's first woman aviator Sabiha Gökçen" 5677: 5662: 5483: 5151: 4968: 4424: 4417: 3746:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 3547:(UAVs). In April 2001 the unmanned aircraft 3001:made several successful low altitude flights 2162:in 1904–05. In May 1904 they introduced the 694:Early flying machines § The Renaissance 7428:"First Flyers—They're not who you think..." 7338: 7028:Fairlie, Gerard; Cayley, Elizabeth (1965). 6977:Angelucci, Enzo; Matricardi, Paolo (1977). 6371:A Primeira Travessia Aérea do Atlântico Sul 6232: 6181: 6153: 5673:(4 ed.). Thornbury, UK: C.G. Rodliffe. 5197: 5129: 5101: 5037: 4802: 4027:Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia 3854: 3852: 3850: 3737: 3735: 3044: 2992:Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut 2679:Map of record breaking flights of the 1920s 1925:was the first machine "capable of flight". 1697:Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst 1195:"Sketch of a Machine for Flying in the Air" 70:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7534: 7520: 7295:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6502:"Monthly magazine until this month called 5714: 5564:"Who Was First? The Wrights or Whitehead?" 5409:"Remembering Germany's first "flying man"" 4425:O'Conner, Patricia T. (17 November 1985). 4384: 4020: 3179: 2657:showing the way to the future through his 2556: 2193: 1193:The first published paper on aviation was 1102: 1081:German airship passenger service known as 886:in Paris. The aviators were the scientist 7347: 6820: 5922:Abzug, Malcolm J. and E. Eugene Larrabee. 5641: 4884: 4781: 4705:Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy 4662: 4485:. Aiaa.org. 22 April 2019. Archived from 4205:. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 102. 4123:. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. p. 249. 2699:Qantas De Havilland biplane, c. 1930 2266:(French for "bird of prey"). This was of 2178:According to the April 1907 issue of the 2035:working aircraft the following year, the 1514:and his flying machine, Albatros II, 1868 1270:Demonstrations of manned, gliding flight. 1185:, built a model aircraft with four fixed 287:Learn how and when to remove this message 269:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 7482:"Transportation Photographs - Airplanes" 7206: 7082: 6995: 6392:"The History of the Sextant (continued)" 6362: 6286:(in Italian). Aeroporto di Milano Linate 5683: 5668: 5561: 5494: 4390: 4268: 4155: 4085: 4051: 3940: 3847: 3732: 3452: 3376: 3198: 3183: 3103: 3065:List of helicopters used in World War II 3021: 2949: 2702: 2694: 2682: 2674: 2566: 2497: 2421: 2309: 2226: 2211: 2009: 1793: 1676: 1645: 1619: 1590: 1556: 1539:model aeroplane by Alphonse Pénaud, 1871 1531: 1506: 1471: 1396: 1299: 1209:managed to cross the river Arandilla in 1037:and back in under 30 minutes to win the 1008: 966: 776:but remains unfeasible with any current 697: 583: 501: 330: 312: 300: 209:of all important aspects of the article. 7541: 7241:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 7184:, Halcyon House, Garden City, New York. 7059: 7036: 6614:The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey 6610: 5530: 4356: 4328: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4116: 4110: 3916: 3343:into space on a suborbital flight in a 2926:; the last American rigid airship, the 2597:Aerial victory standards of World War I 2258:made a public flight in Paris with the 1135:) in a 7-winged rocket propelled by 50 905:On 1 December, Jacques Charles and the 479: 14: 7694: 7260: 6571: 6203: 5873: 5871: 5708: 5019:from the original on 21 September 2015 4947: 4537: 4295: 4289: 4218: 4079: 4066: 3760: 3741: 3408:supersonic passenger airliner had its 3347:space capsule. With the launch of the 3115:The first jet aircraft to fly was the 2406:Historians disagree about whether the 2395:captained the inaugural flight of the 2120:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 1726:Picking up where Lilienthal left off, 205:Please consider expanding the lead to 7515: 7452:"Airplanes that Transformed Aviation" 7136: 7096: 7045:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6802:from the original on 15 December 2019 6700: 6669: 6349: 6254: 6006:"Nouveaux essais de l'Aéroplane Vuia" 5986:from the original on 5 September 2023 5891:from the original on 25 December 2018 5445:from the original on 26 February 2022 5389:from the original on 26 February 2022 5363:from the original on 26 February 2022 5285:from the original on 20 December 2021 5259:from the original on 26 February 2022 5233:from the original on 27 February 2022 4988:from the original on 13 November 2004 4885:Parramore, Thomas C. (1 March 2003). 4866:from the original on 28 February 2018 4731: 4550:from the original on 14 February 2023 4273:. New American eLibrary. p. 107. 4214: 4212: 4179: 4143: 4089:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 3928: 3826: 3506:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon 3335:the atmosphere and reduce speed from 3235:. By 1952, the British state airline 3111:, world first operational jet fighter 2207: 2146:eight hundred feet the machine began 1749:during this period by the Australian 1417:Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 1304:"Governable parachute" design of 1852 1205:On 16 May 1793, the Spanish inventor 619: 7469:. National Park Service. March 2011. 7415:"First Powered Flight - Plane Truth" 7233: 6996:Deng, Yinke; Wang, Pingxing (2005). 6954:from the original on 25 January 2024 6789: 6771:from the original on 1 November 2019 6741:from the original on 4 February 2016 6713:from the original on 6 December 2017 6682:from the original on 6 December 2017 6045:from the original on 1 November 2013 6041:, pp. 195–196, September 1906, 6016:from the original on 1 November 2013 5803:from the original on 6 November 2020 5642:Schlenoff, Daniel C. (8 July 2014). 5604:from the original on 8 December 2013 5465:"Bill Frost - the first man to fly?" 5006: 4749: 4475: 4471:from the original on 19 August 2016. 4185: 3513:U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission 2659:pioneering use of all-metal aircraft 2254:On 13 September 1906, the Brazilian 2098:control, combined with simultaneous 443:, which soon became synonymous with 225: 178: 105:adding citations to reliable sources 76: 35: 7325:Rare Book & Special Collections 7018: 6866:from the original on 10 August 2020 6424:, as cited in Belfiore 2007, p. 17. 5868: 5253:"Like a bird | MTU AEROREPORT" 4538:Didion, Isidor (1 September 1837). 4167: 3964:from the original on 13 August 2011 3804:Dictionnaire d'histoire de Bretagne 3306:intercontinental ballistic missiles 2886:disaster (1919) to the loss of the 2306:Flight as an established technology 1693:Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation 1091: 754: 656: 576:and jumped into the Danube at Ulm. 459:revolutionised both air travel and 24: 7651:Claims to the first powered flight 7222:from the original on 15 April 2022 7157: 6922:from the original on 20 April 2021 6896:from the original on 6 August 2020 6759:Aurelien Breeden (4 August 2019). 6553:from the original on 15 April 2022 5956:Aero Club of America press release 5766:from the original on 17 April 2021 5650:from the original on 20 March 2023 5439:"Otto Lilienthal, the Glider King" 4935:from the original on 15 March 2007 4817:Stokes 2002, pp. 163–166, 167–168. 4604:from the original on 13 April 2009 4271:The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 4209: 4021:Sarak, Sim; Yarin, Cheang (2002). 4002:from the original on 2 August 2021 3711:Claims to the first powered flight 2665:Between the World Wars (1918–1939) 2368:newspaper for a flight across the 2126:, four miles (8 km) south of 1999: 1798:First failure of Langley's manned 408:, led to the foundation of modern 25: 7733: 7299: 7276:from the original on 7 March 2024 7234:Post, Augustus (September 1910), 7196:, Crosby Lockwood and son, London 7089:Science and Civilisation in China 6853: 6835:from the original on 11 June 2020 6631:from the original on 25 June 2021 6611:Özyürek, Esra (18 January 2007). 6592:from the original on 25 June 2021 6527:from the original on 9 March 2021 6092: 6074:from the original on 6 April 2023 6035:"L'Aéroplane à moteur de M. Vuia" 5721:US Naval Academy Technical Report 5471:from the original on 24 June 2021 5419:from the original on 2 March 2021 5383:"In perspective: Otto Lilienthal" 4836:from the original on 7 March 2024 4637:from the original on 23 July 2012 4439:from the original on 15 June 2013 4391:Harrison, James Pinckney (2000). 4366:. Vol. IV (part 2). p. 4363:Science and Civilisation in China 4310:Walker (1971) Volume I, Page 195. 4298:The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci 4250:from the original on 7 March 2024 3984:"Kite Flying for Fun and Science" 3871: 3783:from the original on 4 March 2016 3631:the resulting travel restrictions 3569:2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull 3559:in the 21st century included the 3015:In the 1930s, development of the 2609:would become known as the first " 2582: 2397:St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line 1902:s aerial stability was marginal. 358:and attempts at tower jumping to 51:This article has multiple issues. 7712:History of science by discipline 7450:Richard P. Hallion (July 2008). 7426:Richard Harris (December 2003). 7370:Aerospace Industries Association 7350:"History of Flight - Key events" 7004:. China Intercontinental Press. 6878: 6847: 6821:Sarsfield, Kate (10 June 2020). 6783: 6752: 6725: 6701:Casey, David (5 December 2017). 6694: 6670:Casey, David (5 December 2017). 6663: 6643: 6604: 6565: 6539: 6509: 6504:Popular Aviation and Aeronautics 6454: 6427: 6384: 6343: 6333: 6320: 6298: 6276: 6226: 6175: 6012:, pp. 105–106, April 1906, 5911:The Wright Brothers: A Biography 5686:"Pearse flew long after Wrights" 5562:Davisson, Budd (25 March 2013). 5337:from the original on 3 July 2022 5166: 4964:. Whittlesey House. p. 308. 4905:from the original on 17 May 2023 4519:from the original on 4 June 2023 4203:The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519 3829:The Outline of History: Volume 1 3690: 3139:), the first ballistic missile ( 3069:World War II aircraft production 3061:List of aircraft of World War II 2326:monoplanes (Nos. 19 to 22). The 2124:Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina 2074: 2048: 1810:After a distinguished career in 1655:briefly. It is preserved in the 824: 813: 497: 392:gas led to the invention of the 230: 183: 81: 40: 7397:Carroll F. Gray (August 2002). 7366:"Historical archive since 1919" 7165:Celebrating a History of Flight 6969: 6352:Journal of Contemporary History 6147: 6131:(in Portuguese). Archived from 6117: 6086: 6056: 5972: 5959: 5940: 5937:. Retrieved: 21 September 2010. 5916: 5903: 5845: 5815: 5692:. Stuff Limited. Archived from 5671:Richard Pearse: Pioneer Aviator 5635: 5616: 5586: 5555: 5524: 5515: 5457: 5431: 5401: 5375: 5349: 5331:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 5323: 5305:"The Lilienthal glider project" 5297: 5279:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 5271: 5245: 5219: 5205:. London: NMSI. pp. 76–8. 5191: 5169:"Hiram Stevens Maxim 1840-1916" 5160: 5123: 5095: 5065: 4976:"The Cross-licensing Agreement" 4917: 4891:. UNC Press Books. p. 46. 4878: 4848: 4820: 4775: 4744:Angelucci & Matricardi 1977 4653: 4619: 4590: 4531: 4501: 4451: 4350: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4262: 4057: 4033:from the original on 3 May 2015 4014: 3976: 3946: 3519: 2736:, invented by Spanish engineer 2671:Aviation between the World Wars 2593:List of World War I flying aces 2487: 2399:, the world's first commercial 1958:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1874:, and started with the smaller 1713:Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal 1465:In 1871, Wenham made the first 1379: 1228:André Guillaume Resnier de Goué 1220: 888:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier 591:The Mysteryes of Nature and Art 490:For a chronological guide, see 197:may be too short to adequately 92:needs additional citations for 59:or discuss these issues on the 6488:. 10 June 1929. Archived from 6308:(in Italian). Comune di Milano 6284:"L'aeroporto di Milano Linate" 6238:Aviation: An Historical Survey 6223:. Retrieved: 14 November 2010. 6187:Aviation: An Historical Survey 6159:Aviation: An Historical Survey 5669:Rodliffe, C. Geoffrey (2003). 5531:Jackson, Paul (8 March 2013). 5007:Yoon, Joe (17 November 2002). 4925:"High hopes for replica plane" 4782:Pettigrew, James Bell (1911). 4300:(2nd ed.). Jonathan Cape. 3835: 3820: 3795: 3769: 3574:In 2015, André Borschberg and 2943:as a sport, especially at the 2844:, crossing the equator twice. 2298:to win the Deutsch-Archdeacon 2290:flew the first example of his 1742:during the mid to late 1890s. 1273:Setting out the principles of 687: 634: 380:In the late 18th century, the 317:French reconnaissance balloon 207:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 7212:"Aviation In Frances In 1908" 6734:8th leg from Nagoya to Hawaii 6617:. Syracuse University Press. 6240:. London: NMSI. p. 158. 6189:. London: NMSI. p. 154. 6161:. London: NMSI. p. 146. 6125:"Cronologia De Santos Dumont" 5799:. 7 January 1906. p. 2. 5521:Hallion (2003) pages 294–295. 5495:Anderson, John David (2004). 5357:"DPMA | Otto Lilienthal" 5009:"Origins of Control Surfaces" 3726: 2851:and crew when they flew from 2417: 1917:made 93 modifications to the 1603:In 1890, the French engineer 1415:1866 saw the founding of the 787:presented a petition to King 760:Beginnings of modern theories 677:(180–234 AD, honorific title 7464:"American Aviation Heritage" 7421:. No. 421. p. 689. 7037:Hallion, Richard P. (2003). 6306:"Scheda del Parco Forlanini" 5137:. London: NMSI. p. 74. 5109:. London: NMSI. p. 56. 4086:Leishman, J. Gordon (2006). 3359:of men on the Moon in 1969. 2859:, New York and then back to 2391:In 1914, pioneering aviator 2107:could not be highly loaded; 1965:(custodians of the original 1928: 1401:1843 artist's impression of 848:demonstrated their unmanned 470: 325:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum 7: 7656:Air warfare of World War II 7390: 7291:Van Vleck, Jenifer (2013). 6517:"First female combat pilot" 6064:"Very Earliest Early Birds" 4459:"Burattini's Flying Dragon" 3683: 3585:On 14 July 2019, Frenchman 3449:Aviation in the digital age 3172:in 1941 in Germany and the 3057:Air warfare of World War II 3026:First female combat pilot, 2755:designs culminating in the 2625:purpose-built fighter plane 2541:designs, attached to their 2200:Aviation in the pioneer era 1828:Experiments in Aerodynamics 1039:Deutsch de la Meurthe prize 952: 900:Marquis François d'Arlandes 798: 10: 7738: 7000:Ancient Chinese Inventions 6572:Morris, Chris (May 2014). 5501:. JHU Press. p. 145. 3716:List of firsts in aviation 3446: 3443:Digital age (1980–present) 3316:. This action started the 3212: 3054: 3048: 2818:of $ 25,000 for the first 2778:non-stop from St. John's, 2668: 2586: 2560: 2491: 2480:. Later the same year the 2408:Wright brothers patent war 2318:Santos-Dumont later added 2197: 2188: 2128:Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 2003: 1988: 1973:Royal Aeronautical Society 1932: 1858:With the successes of the 1787: 1783: 1768: 1456:Matthew Piers Watt Boulton 1437:Royal Aeronautical Society 1383: 1364:Minor inventions included 1095: 1052:Construction of the first 956: 890:, the manufacture manager 802: 702:One of Leonardo's sketches 691: 638: 489: 483: 28: 7683:Aviation timelines navbox 7679: 7643: 7595: 7549: 7354:Knowledge Media Institute 7170:22 September 2020 at the 7060:Moolman, Valerie (1980). 6947:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6369:CAMBESES JÚNIOR, Manuel, 5760:The Newark Daily Advocate 5740:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4785:"Flight and Flying" 4722:. Retrieved: 30 May 2010. 4671:. "On Aerial Navigation" 4585:Fairlie & Cayley 1965 4284:Fairlie & Cayley 1965 4201:Wallace, Robert (1972) . 4074:The Penguin book of kites 3831:. Doubleday. p. 153. 3404:and the Aérospatiale-BAC 3355:would ultimately lead to 3081:campaigns were launched, 2691:, near London, as the hub 2382:Grande Semaine d'Aviation 2339:unit hinged on a form of 2333:conventional landing gear 1984: 894:, and Giroud de Villette. 551:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari 541:, covering his body with 7630:Unmanned aerial vehicles 7501:Michael Maloney (2009). 7494:"Strut design airplanes" 7474: 7456:Air & Space Magazine 7399:"The five first flights" 7098:White, Lynn Townsend Jr. 7092:. Vol. IV (part 1). 6373:, Brasília: INCAER, 2008 5952:13 February 2009 at the 4755:Pritchard, J. Laurence. 4117:Donahue, Topher (2009). 3859:Lynn Townsend White, Jr. 3561:closing of U.S. airspace 3545:unmanned aerial vehicles 3502:relaxed static stability 3270:took the rocket-powered 3097:. New technologies like 3051:Aviation in World War II 3045:World War II (1939–1945) 2842:circumnavigate the world 2823:months after Lindbergh, 2629:synchronized machine gun 2578:, illustration from 1917 2523:First Balkan War 1912–13 2478:Breguet-Richet Gyroplane 1950:Bridgeport Sunday Herald 1909:successfully flew their 1826:. In 1891, he published 1824:University of Pittsburgh 1764: 1709:Normal soaring apparatus 1366:the rubber-powered motor 931:Union Army Balloon Corps 579: 7032:. Hodder and Stoughton. 6216:1 November 2016 at the 5858:13 January 2011 at the 5646:. Scientific American. 4795:Encyclopædia Britannica 4659:Gibbs-Smith 2003, p. 35 4567:22 October 2018 at the 3954:"Amazing Musical Kites" 3640: 3605:Pipistrel Velis Electro 3463:London Heathrow Airport 3302:surface-to-air missiles 3180:Postwar era (1945–1979) 2876:just before landing at 2832:Charles Kingsford Smith 2707:Flagg biplane from 1933 2563:Aviation in World War I 2557:World War I (1914–1918) 2434:(1877), exposed at the 2194:Pioneer Era (1903–1914) 2116:Smithsonian Institution 1963:Smithsonian Institution 1876:Quarter-scale Aerodrome 1820:Samuel Pierpont Langley 1816:Smithsonian Institution 1790:Samuel Pierpont Langley 1115:scientist and engineer 1111:reported that in 1633, 1103:17th and 18th centuries 892:Jean-Baptiste Réveillon 766:Francesco Lana de Terzi 406:Newton's laws of motion 7572:Between the World Wars 7312:History of Aeronautics 7208:Jourdain, Pierre-Roger 7199:Hynes, Samuel (1988). 7193:Aeroplane construction 7102:Technology and Culture 7062:The Road to Kitty Hawk 6979:World War II Airplanes 6521:Guinness World Records 6436:FAI membership summary 4954:Magoun, F. Alexander; 4762:17 August 2016 at the 4562:12th and last question 4329:Harding, John (2006), 4063:Hallion (2003) page 9. 3863:Technology and Culture 3485:flew an aircraft, the 3466: 3385: 3281:The 1945 invention of 3210: 3196: 3112: 3095:ground-attack aircraft 3034: 2967: 2726:William Bushnell Stout 2708: 2700: 2692: 2680: 2646:. On the Allied side, 2636:Manfred von Richthofen 2579: 2509: 2471:Viale Enrico Forlanini 2453:developed an unmanned 2446: 2315: 2232: 2224: 2021: 1940:powered flight in his 1807: 1685: 1672:John Joseph Montgomery 1651: 1625: 1624:Maxim's flying machine 1600: 1582:La Locomotion Aérienne 1570: 1540: 1515: 1498:Louis Pierre Mouillard 1485: 1460:aileron control system 1433:Francis Herbert Wenham 1412: 1305: 1047:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1014: 975: 935:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 722:would not publish his 703: 594: 514: 451:became popular. After 441:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 396:. Various theories in 343: 328: 310: 309:aboard a wagon in 1908 31:History of spaceflight 7717:History of technology 7707:History of industries 7557:Early flying machines 7021:Balloons and airships 6737:, Solar Impulse RTW, 6378:14 March 2012 at the 6068:www.earlyaviators.com 6039:L'Aérophile v.14 1906 6010:L'Aérophile v.14 1906 5969:, April 2007, page 8. 5884:World Digital Library 5629:9 August 2019 at the 4961:A History of Aircraft 4296:Popham, A.E. (1947). 3827:Wells, H. G. (1961). 3603:On 10 June 2020, the 3555:Major disruptions to 3456: 3380: 3374:in the 21st century. 3320:between the nations. 3208: 3187: 3163:Focke Achgelis Fa 223 3107: 3025: 2953: 2908:international flights 2878:Lakehurst, New Jersey 2706: 2698: 2686: 2678: 2570: 2521:positions during the 2501: 2494:Early flying machines 2425: 2313: 2300:Grand Prix d'Aviation 2256:Alberto Santos-Dumont 2230: 2215: 2130:on 17 December 1903. 2013: 1845:Alexander Graham Bell 1797: 1745:The invention of the 1680: 1649: 1633:lightweight compound 1623: 1594: 1560: 1535: 1524:L'Albatros artificiel 1510: 1475: 1429:power-to-weight ratio 1400: 1392:aerial steam carriage 1303: 1277:in sustaining flight. 1275:power-to-weight ratio 1162:, making a flight by 1160:Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi 1098:Early flying machines 1023:Alberto Santos-Dumont 1012: 970: 805:History of ballooning 701: 587: 559:William of Malmesbury 555:Muhammad I of Córdoba 505: 486:Early flying machines 334: 316: 307:Wright Military Flyer 304: 116:"History of aviation" 7139:Flight before flying 7137:Wragg, D.W. (1974). 7030:The life of a genius 6659:on 24 September 2006 5947:Dayton Metro Library 5930:4 March 2016 at the 5887:. 17 December 1903. 5157:Jarrett 2002, p. 87. 4808:Jarrett 2002, p. 53. 4718:3 March 2016 at the 4464:Flight International 4156:Deng & Wang 2005 3941:Deng & Wang 2005 3742:Crouch, Tom (2004). 3721:Timeline of aviation 3706:Aviation archaeology 3565:September 11 attacks 3298:interceptor aircraft 3219:After World War II, 3176:in 1942 in the USA. 3156:developed by Germany 3125:Messerschmitt Me 262 3119:(Germany), flown by 2937:Treaty of Versailles 2728:and Soviet designer 2272:Chateau de Bagatelle 2268:canard configuration 2231:Early Voisin biplane 2133:The first flight by 1868:Spanish–American War 1860:Aerodrome No. 5 1853:Aerodrome No. 4 1849:Aerodrome No. 6 1841:Aerodrome No. 6 1777:Pembrokeshire, Wales 1759:Samuel Franklin Cody 1452:gentleman scientists 1441:On Aerial Locomotion 1411:flying over the Nile 1374:tension-spoked wheel 1207:Diego Marín Aguilera 1171:Tito Livio Burattini 1045:by the German count 1029:over Paris from the 911:Jardin des Tuileries 907:Nicolas-Louis Robert 846:Montgolfier brothers 785:Bartolomeu de Gusmão 563:Eilmer of Malmesbury 553:, quoting a poem by 492:Timeline of aviation 480:Primitive beginnings 382:Montgolfier brothers 101:improve this article 7702:History of aviation 7543:History of aviation 7486:Digital Collections 7329:Library of Congress 7262:Squier, George Owen 5967:Scientific American 5715:Dodson, MG (2005), 5467:. 20 October 2011. 4931:. 10 October 2001. 4856:"John Stringfellow" 4829:Scientific American 4700:11 May 2013 at the 4689:11 May 2013 at the 4678:11 May 2013 at the 4560:He answered to the 4489:on 10 November 2016 3221:commercial aviation 2515:Italian-Turkish war 2507:Italian-Turkish war 2280:Aéro-Club de France 2181:Scientific American 1978:Scientific American 1942:Number 21 monoplane 1775:William Frost from 1518:In 1856, Frenchman 1117:Lagari Hasan Çelebi 1031:Parc de Saint Cloud 939:Army of the Potomac 733:In an essay titled 724:third law of motion 570:Albrecht Berblinger 366:flight by powered, 348:history of aviation 7411:Jürgen Schmidhuber 6765:The New York Times 6468:on 11 August 2011. 6262:"Enrico Forlanini" 6234:Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 6209:Hartmann, Gérard. 6183:Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 6155:Gibbs-Smith, C. H. 5827:airandspace.si.edu 5797:The New York Times 5598:flyingmachines.org 5574:on 1 November 2013 5173:flyingmachines.org 4707:, 1809–1810. (Via 4598:"Aviation History" 4513:www.aerosteles.net 4432:The New York Times 3992:The New York Times 3958:Cambodia Philately 3884:Saudi Aramco World 3645:On 19 April 2021, 3467: 3437:Gossamer Albatross 3386: 3233:de Havilland Comet 3211: 3197: 3113: 3035: 2968: 2804:artificial horizon 2711:The years between 2709: 2701: 2693: 2681: 2580: 2510: 2447: 2378:David Lloyd George 2316: 2233: 2225: 2208:Pioneers in Europe 2022: 1808: 1686: 1652: 1626: 1601: 1571: 1548:angle of incidence 1541: 1520:Jean-Marie Le Bris 1516: 1512:Jean-Marie Le Bris 1486: 1413: 1306: 1199:Emanuel Swedenborg 1139:(140 lbs) of 1019:non-rigid airships 1015: 976: 927:American Civil War 789:John V of Portugal 706:Eventually, after 704: 625:Man-carrying kites 620:Man-carrying kites 595: 515: 412:, most notably by 344: 329: 311: 249:You can assist by 7689: 7688: 7671:Women in aviation 7608:Aviation medicine 7582:Post-World War II 7504:A Dream of Flight 7381:Magazine Aviation 7341:"Flying Machines" 7339:Carroll F. Gray. 7075:978-0-8094-3260-8 6918:. 19 April 2021. 6890:The Local Austria 6790:Slotnick, David. 6652:Executive Summary 6624:978-0-8156-3131-6 6585:978-1-78378-031-0 6480:"Again, Mitchell" 6443:on 10 August 2006 6129:santos-dumont.net 6099:earlyaviators.com 5199:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 5179:on 16 August 2004 5131:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 5103:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 5058:978-1-900747-52-3 5039:Gibbs-Smith, C.H. 4898:978-0-8078-5470-9 4571:of the congress: 4410:978-1-885119-68-1 4393:Mastering the Sky 4377:978-0-521-05803-2 4335:Robson Publishing 4235:978-0-7432-2612-7 4130:978-1-897522-11-0 4099:978-0-521-85860-1 3813:978-2-915623-45-1 3627:COVID-19 pandemic 3526:low cost airlines 3266:In October 1947, 3206: 3079:strategic bombing 2997:Gnome Monosoupape 2976:instrument flight 2840:first in 1929 to 2812:Charles Lindbergh 2784:Northcliffe prize 2738:Juan de la Cierva 2640:air-to-air combat 2401:passenger airline 2114:According to the 1935:Gustave Whitehead 1751:Lawrence Hargrave 1599:(1897 photograph) 1586:Aerial Locomotion 1502:l'Empire de l'Air 1425:John Stringfellow 1403:John Stringfellow 1295:centre of gravity 1252:physics of flight 1248:Sir George Cayley 1173:, invited by the 1169:Italian inventor 1119:blasted off from 870:Les Freres Robert 712:Leonardo da Vinci 461:military aviation 418:French Revolution 414:Sir George Cayley 375:Leonardo da Vinci 336:Leonardo da Vinci 297: 296: 289: 279: 278: 271: 224: 223: 177: 176: 169: 151: 74: 16:(Redirected from 7729: 7722:History by topic 7536: 7529: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7497: 7489: 7470: 7468: 7459: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7433:. Archived from 7422: 7406: 7386: 7373: 7361: 7344: 7335: 7316: 7309:(October 1920). 7284: 7283: 7281: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7152: 7133: 7093: 7079: 7056: 7044: 7033: 7024: 7019:Ege, L. (1973). 7015: 7003: 6992: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6892:. 24 July 2020. 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6796:Business Insider 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6578:. Granta Books. 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6549:. 23 June 2017. 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6464:. Archived from 6458: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6439:, archived from 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6398:. Archived from 6388: 6382: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6230: 6224: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6135:on 18 March 2016 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6105:on 16 March 2016 6101:. Archived from 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5944: 5938: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5875: 5866: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5829:. Archived from 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5789: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5696:on 25 April 2012 5684:O'Rourke, Paul. 5681: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5639: 5633: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5570:. Archived from 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5543:on 13 March 2013 5539:. 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Manly 1872:Aerodrome A 1806:, 7 October 1903 1705:Derwitzer Glider 1664:Horatio Phillips 1528: 1423:, London, where 1211:Coruña del Conde 1181:to his court in 1166:a year earlier. 1092:Heavier than air 915:Nesles-la-Vallée 828: 817: 755:Lighter than air 744:Codex Atlanticus 657:Hot air balloons 535:Abbas ibn Firnas 394:hydrogen balloon 368:heavier-than-air 292: 285: 274: 267: 263: 260: 254: 234: 233: 226: 219: 216: 210: 187: 179: 172: 165: 161: 158: 152: 150: 109: 85: 77: 66: 44: 43: 36: 21: 18:Aviation history 7737: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7675: 7639: 7596:Topic histories 7591: 7545: 7540: 7492: 7480: 7477: 7466: 7462: 7440: 7438: 7437:on 13 July 2011 7393: 7384: 7364: 7358:Open University 7348:Peter Whalley. 7319: 7302: 7288: 7279: 7277: 7251: 7249: 7225: 7223: 7172:Wayback Machine 7160: 7158:Further reading 7155: 7149: 7114:10.2307/3101411 7084:Needham, Joseph 7076: 7066:Time-Life Books 7053: 7012: 6989: 6972: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6940: 6939: 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5964: 5960: 5954:Wayback Machine 5945: 5941: 5932:Wayback Machine 5921: 5917: 5909:Kelly, Fred C. 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5877: 5876: 5869: 5860:Wayback Machine 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5791: 5790: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5682: 5678: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5640: 5636: 5631:Wayback Machine 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5493: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5441:. 23 May 2020. 5437: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5311:on 7 March 2022 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5167:Gray, Carroll. 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5036: 5032: 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3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3879:"First Flights" 3877: 3876: 3872: 3857: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3698:Aviation portal 3696: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3643: 3580:Solar Impulse 2 3522: 3451: 3445: 3422:British Airways 3345:Mercury program 3217: 3199: 3182: 3167:Flettner Fl 282 3091:fighter-bombers 3083:fighter escorts 3071: 3053: 3047: 2972:Jimmy Doolittle 2896:(1933) and the 2830:Australian Sir 2798:, Portugal, to 2792:Sacadura Cabral 2770:and Lieutenant 2673: 2667: 2648:René Paul Fonck 2599: 2585: 2565: 2559: 2547:Radiotelephones 2496: 2490: 2420: 2370:English Channel 2341:universal joint 2308: 2286:In March 1907, 2264:Oiseau de proie 2222:Oiseau de proie 2210: 2202: 2196: 2191: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2057:Wright Brothers 2053: 2008: 2006:Wright brothers 2002: 2000:Wright brothers 1993: 1987: 1955:In March 2013, 1937: 1931: 1907:Wright brothers 1899: 1837:Aerodrome No. 5 1832:Aerodrome No. 5 1792: 1786: 1773: 1767: 1689:Otto Lilienthal 1682:Otto Lilienthal 1662:The Englishman 1644: 1544:Alphonse Pénaud 1526: 1490:Félix du Temple 1477:Félix du Temple 1388: 1382: 1370:research models 1245: 1223: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1058:Friedrichshafen 965: 957:Main articles: 955: 865:Robert brothers 861:Jacques Charles 850:hot air balloon 844:On 4 June, the 838: 837: 836: 835: 831: 830: 829: 820: 819: 818: 807: 801: 762: 757: 696: 690: 663:hot air balloon 659: 643: 637: 622: 582: 572:constructed an 500: 495: 488: 482: 473: 433:Wright brothers 425:Otto Lilienthal 386:hot-air balloon 293: 282: 281: 280: 275: 264: 258: 255: 248: 235: 231: 220: 214: 211: 204: 192:This article's 188: 173: 162: 156: 153: 110: 108: 98: 86: 45: 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7735: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7610: 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Smithsonian. 7447: 7423: 7407: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7374: 7362: 7345: 7336: 7317: 7301: 7300:External links 7298: 7297: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7258: 7231: 7204: 7197: 7185: 7175: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7134: 7094: 7080: 7074: 7057: 7051: 7034: 7025: 7016: 7010: 6993: 6987: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6933: 6907: 6877: 6846: 6813: 6782: 6751: 6724: 6693: 6662: 6642: 6623: 6603: 6584: 6564: 6538: 6508: 6492:on 21 May 2013 6471: 6462:"FAI web site" 6453: 6426: 6414: 6383: 6361: 6342: 6332: 6319: 6297: 6275: 6253: 6246: 6225: 6221:hydroretro.net 6202: 6195: 6174: 6167: 6146: 6116: 6085: 6055: 6026: 5997: 5971: 5958: 5939: 5915: 5902: 5867: 5844: 5814: 5777: 5747: 5707: 5676: 5661: 5634: 5615: 5585: 5568:Flight Journal 5554: 5523: 5514: 5507: 5482: 5456: 5430: 5400: 5374: 5348: 5322: 5296: 5270: 5244: 5218: 5211: 5190: 5159: 5150: 5143: 5122: 5115: 5094: 5073:"Wind Tunnels" 5064: 5057: 5051:. p. 54. 5049:Science Museum 5030: 4999: 4967: 4946: 4916: 4897: 4877: 4847: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4790:Chisholm, Hugh 4774: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4669:Cayley, George 4661: 4652: 4618: 4589: 4587:, p. 158. 4577: 4544:Gallica.bnf.fr 4530: 4500: 4474: 4467:. 9 May 1963. 4450: 4416: 4409: 4383: 4376: 4349: 4343: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4288: 4286:, p. 163. 4276: 4261: 4234: 4208: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4158:, p. 113. 4148: 4136: 4129: 4109: 4098: 4078: 4065: 4056: 4054:, p. 127. 4044: 4013: 3975: 3945: 3943:, p. 122. 3933: 3921: 3906: 3870: 3846: 3834: 3819: 3812: 3794: 3768: 3766:Hallion (2003) 3759: 3752: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3685: 3682: 3642: 3639: 3521: 3518: 3447:Main article: 3444: 3441: 3394:Neil Armstrong 3249:Tupolev Tu-104 3213:Main article: 3181: 3178: 3133:Gloster Meteor 3117:Heinkel He 178 3049:Main article: 3046: 3043: 3030:, reviews her 2954:1928 issue of 2855:, Scotland to 2800:Rio de Janeiro 2794:in 1922, from 2761:Amelia Earhart 2730:Andrei Tupolev 2669:Main article: 2666: 2663: 2607:Adolphe Pegoud 2584: 2583:Combat schemes 2581: 2561:Main article: 2558: 2555: 2543:reconnaissance 2535:Central Powers 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2467:Linate Airport 2419: 2416: 2337:cruciform tail 2307: 2304: 2292:Voisin biplane 2288:Gabriel Voisin 2209: 2206: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2135:Orville Wright 2080: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2054: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2004:Main article: 2001: 1998: 1991:Richard Pearse 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1933:Main article: 1930: 1927: 1788:Main article: 1785: 1782: 1769:Main article: 1766: 1763: 1728:Octave Chanute 1657:Musee de l'Air 1643: 1640: 1421:Crystal Palace 1386:Steam aircraft 1381: 1378: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1244: 1241: 1236:Isidore Didion 1222: 1219: 1129:Topkapı Palace 1104: 1101: 1096:Main article: 1093: 1090: 997:Charles Renard 974:flying in 1885 954: 951: 920: 919: 903: 895: 878: 859:On 27 August, 857: 833: 832: 823: 822: 821: 812: 811: 810: 809: 808: 803:Main article: 800: 797: 774:vacuum airship 761: 758: 756: 753: 689: 686: 671:Joseph Needham 658: 655: 639:Main article: 636: 633: 621: 618: 581: 578: 539:Córdoba, Spain 499: 496: 484:Main article: 481: 478: 472: 469: 429:Octave Chanute 402:fluid dynamics 295: 294: 277: 276: 259:September 2024 238: 236: 229: 222: 221: 215:September 2024 201:the key points 191: 189: 182: 175: 174: 157:September 2024 90:This template 89: 87: 80: 75: 49: 48: 46: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7734: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Mars aircraft 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550:Chronological 7548: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7530: 7525: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7506: 7505: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7436: 7432: 7431:In Flight USA 7429: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7394: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7248:: 13389–13402 7247: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7150: 7148:0-85045-165-5 7144: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7108:(2): 97–111. 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7052:0-19-516035-5 7048: 7043: 7042: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7011:7-5085-0837-8 7007: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6990: 6988:0-528-88171-X 6984: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6828:Flight Global 6824: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6707:Routes Online 6704: 6697: 6681: 6677: 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Scott Berg 6418: 6401: 6397: 6396:www.mat.uc.pt 6393: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6307: 6301: 6285: 6279: 6263: 6257: 6249: 6247:1-900747-52-9 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6198: 6196:1-900747-52-9 6192: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6168:1-900747-52-9 6164: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5965:Reprinted in 5962: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5935:cambridge.org 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5833:on 2 May 2012 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5737: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5518: 5510: 5508:0-8018-6875-0 5504: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5413:The Economist 5410: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5212:1-900747-52-9 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5154: 5146: 5144:1-900747-52-9 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5118: 5116:1-900747-52-9 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4956:Hodgins, Eric 4950: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4746:, p. 14. 4745: 4740: 4734:, p. 60. 4733: 4728: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4656: 4649: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4518: 4515:(in French). 4514: 4510: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4397:Da Capo Press 4394: 4387: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4344:1-86105-934-5 4340: 4337:, p. 5, 4336: 4332: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4182:, p. 11. 4181: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4146:, p. 10. 4145: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4060: 4053: 4052:Needham 1965a 4048: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023:"Khmer Kites" 4017: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 57. 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 20. 3918: 3913: 3911: 3895:on 3 May 2008 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3763: 3755: 3753:0-393-32620-9 3749: 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3157: 3153: 3150: 3149:Bachem Ba 349 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121:Erich Warsitz 3118: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3039:Sabiha Gökçen 3033: 3029: 3028:Sabiha Gökçen 3024: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2913:Graf Zeppelin 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2866:Graf Zeppelin 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2814:received the 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Gago Coutinho 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774:co-piloted a 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621:Kurt Wintgens 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Roland Garros 2598: 2594: 2590: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545:departments. 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:powered by a 2456: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2426:Experimental 2424: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2360:Louis Blériot 2356: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2139:Wilbur Wright 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2077: 2066: 2062: 2061:Santos-Dumont 2058: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2007: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:Glenn Curtiss 1912: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1851:was actually 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1804:Potomac River 1801: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771:William Frost 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1736:Percy Pilcher 1732: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1684:, 29 May 1895 1683: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1635:steam engines 1631: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1595:Clément Ader 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 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641:Bamboo-copter 632: 630: 629:Yuan Huangtou 626: 617: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 593: 592: 586: 577: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 524: 520: 512: 508: 504: 498:Tower jumping 493: 487: 477: 468: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384:invented the 383: 378: 376: 372: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 341: 337: 333: 326: 322: 321: 315: 308: 303: 299: 291: 288: 273: 270: 262: 252: 246: 244: 239:This article 237: 228: 227: 218: 208: 202: 200: 195: 190: 186: 181: 180: 171: 168: 160: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: – 117: 113: 112:Find sources: 106: 102: 96: 95: 88: 84: 79: 78: 73: 71: 64: 63: 58: 57: 52: 47: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 7644:Other topics 7625:Hang gliding 7603:Aerodynamics 7577:World War II 7542: 7503: 7485: 7455: 7439:. 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The young 924: 921: 881: 868: 839: 782: 763: 749:Monte Ceceri 742: 738: 734: 732: 728: 726:until 1687. 720:Isaac Newton 716: 705: 683: 678: 660: 644: 623: 614:fighter kite 611: 605:(Mo Di) and 596: 589: 567: 528: 516: 474: 465: 453:World War II 449:flying boats 438: 422: 410:aerodynamics 379: 347: 345: 318: 298: 283: 265: 256: 243:copy editing 241:may require 240: 212: 196: 194:lead section 163: 154: 144: 137: 130: 123: 111: 99:Please help 94:verification 91: 67: 60: 54: 53:Please help 50: 26: 7587:Digital Age 7567:World War I 7562:Pioneer era 7441:26 December 7385:(in French) 7272:: 117–144, 7218:: 145–159, 6406:14 February 6139:14 February 6109:14 February 5990:5 September 5837:14 February 5700:15 February 5578:14 February 5547:14 February 5449:27 February 5423:27 February 5393:27 February 5367:27 February 5341:27 February 5315:27 February 5289:27 February 5263:27 February 5237:27 February 5183:14 February 4554:14 February 4523:14 February 3842:Book of Han 3674:Ingenuity's 3620:F-22 Raptor 3563:due to the 3549:Global Hawk 3498:fly-by-wire 3414:Airbus A380 3398:Buzz Aldrin 3357:the landing 3170:synchropter 2945:Wasserkuppe 2929:Los Angeles 2857:Long Island 2837:Charles Ulm 2768:John Alcock 2713:World War I 2644:Fokker Dr.I 2527:World War I 2503:Nieuport IV 2412:patent pool 2393:Tony Jannus 2244:Traian Vuia 2237:l'Aerophile 2027:wind tunnel 1734:In Britain 1630:Hiram Maxim 1467:wind tunnel 1447:of a wing. 1033:around the 883:Folie Titon 688:Renaissance 675:Zhuge Liang 667:sky lantern 635:Rotor wings 574:ornithopter 509:working on 340:ornithopter 320:L'Intrépide 7696:Categories 7681:See also: 7613:Ballooning 7141:. Osprey. 6958:26 January 6775:1 November 5654:5 February 4840:20 October 4732:Wragg 1974 4631:Britannica 4399:. p. 4254:18 January 4180:Wragg 1974 4144:Wragg 1974 3929:Wragg 1974 3727:References 3635:face masks 3557:air travel 3530:facilities 3479:Dick Rutan 3457:Concorde, 3426:Air France 3402:Boeing 747 3349:Alouette I 3331:to safely 3318:Space Race 3295:supersonic 3253:Boeing 707 3189:D.H. 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