2446:
80:
95:
can make predictions about the input, being given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break the algorithm. Thus, the avalanche effect is a desirable condition from the point of view of the designer of the cryptographic algorithm or device. Failure to incorporate this
50:, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the
271:
Upadhyay, D., Gaikwad, N., Zaman, M., & Sampalli, S. (2022). Investigating the
Avalanche Effect of Various Cryptographically Secure Hash Functions and Hash-Based Applications. IEEE Access, 10, 112472–112486.
119:. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks. Both of these features allow small changes to propagate rapidly through iterations of the algorithm, such that every
111:
Constructing a cipher or hash to exhibit a substantial avalanche effect is one of the primary design objectives, and mathematically the construction takes advantage of the
2426:
2256:
91:
If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not exhibit the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization, and thus a
334:(January 1990). The Use of Bent Sequences to Achieve Higher-Order Strict Avalanche Criterion in S-box Design (Report). Technical Report TR 90-013.
392:
2109:
2029:
1356:
437:
1417:
1446:
150:
Higher-order generalizations of SAC involve multiple input bits. Boolean functions which satisfy the highest order SAC are always
140:
1183:
539:
2045:
1173:
667:
1336:
1310:
1178:
1074:
2474:
1806:
1151:
1973:
2102:
368:
335:
311:
87:
hash function exhibits good avalanche effect. When a single bit is changed the hash sum becomes completely different.
1320:
430:
306:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 218. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. pp. 523–534.
1410:
1199:
2305:
2014:
1499:
1451:
1377:
1801:
232:
2095:
2019:
467:
2421:
2376:
2189:
1788:
1430:
1426:
1263:
423:
144:
47:
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1403:
1280:
1190:
1168:
481:
28:
2416:
1684:
1285:
1141:
1094:
569:
1489:
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2251:
2024:
1860:
1559:
1554:
1351:
1233:
1108:
477:
344:
72:
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2194:
2154:
2147:
2137:
2132:
1947:
1767:
1290:
1079:
450:
208:
139:) is a formalization of the avalanche effect. It is satisfied if, whenever a single input bit is
101:
2142:
2055:
1441:
1382:
1258:
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1205:
339:
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2295:
2241:
2070:
1720:
1674:
1564:
1522:
1507:
1372:
1195:
1054:
632:
143:, each of the output bits changes with a 50% probability. The SAC builds on the concepts of
2411:
2335:
1740:
1644:
1594:
1569:
1275:
1158:
1084:
767:
747:
246:
8:
2174:
2065:
1942:
1891:
1830:
1730:
1649:
1609:
1589:
1238:
1215:
534:
237:
250:
154:, also called maximally nonlinear functions, also called "perfect nonlinear" functions.
2280:
2264:
2211:
1999:
1983:
1932:
1517:
1223:
1131:
843:
772:
742:
687:
386:
123:
of the output should depend on every bit of the input before the algorithm terminates.
51:
258:
2340:
2330:
2201:
1876:
943:
642:
602:
597:
564:
524:
472:
374:
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2275:
1917:
1679:
1315:
1210:
948:
828:
797:
491:
331:
254:
203:
112:
97:
1978:
1927:
1922:
1710:
1425:
1162:
1146:
1135:
1069:
1028:
993:
923:
903:
777:
657:
652:
607:
105:
24:
2350:
2270:
2231:
2179:
2164:
1968:
1696:
1300:
1248:
1059:
1044:
983:
978:
863:
612:
327:
116:
67:
273:
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2431:
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2221:
2184:
2159:
2060:
1937:
1295:
1243:
1122:
1104:
893:
868:
858:
682:
672:
519:
378:
151:
96:
characteristic leads to the hash function being exposed to attacks including
63:
1639:
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2226:
2216:
2206:
2169:
2118:
1228:
1049:
1013:
878:
757:
712:
544:
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446:
92:
35:
20:
2360:
2050:
1896:
1825:
1821:
838:
833:
717:
302:
Webster, A. F.; Tavares, Stafford E. (1985). "On the design of S-boxes".
2320:
2290:
2285:
2246:
1270:
988:
928:
812:
807:
752:
622:
485:
288:
Cryptographic Hash
Functions: Recent Design Trends and Security Notions
59:
2310:
1725:
1604:
1003:
998:
888:
802:
697:
677:
55:
43:
1512:
2355:
2315:
2004:
1901:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1835:
1755:
1669:
1549:
1341:
1305:
1099:
762:
637:
617:
529:
286:
285:
Al-Kuwari, Saif; Davenport, James H.; Bradford, Russell J. (2011).
79:
1840:
1796:
1574:
1008:
958:
918:
908:
853:
848:
692:
501:
147:
and avalanche and was introduced by
Webster and Tavares in 1985.
361:
Cryptography and network security : principles and practice
2236:
2009:
1750:
1745:
1715:
1705:
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1654:
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647:
1735:
1624:
1579:
1527:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1064:
1023:
973:
953:
938:
727:
707:
627:
592:
84:
1850:
1845:
1816:
1811:
1775:
913:
822:
737:
732:
722:
702:
574:
559:
284:
1619:
1614:
1467:
1018:
933:
554:
549:
120:
2257:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
178:
should change independently when any single input bit
445:
407:
295:
2466:
301:
66:, although the concept dates back to at least
2103:
1411:
431:
226:
224:
157:
126:
326:
274:https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3215778
42:is the desirable property of cryptographic
2110:
2096:
1418:
1404:
438:
424:
391:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
221:
363:(Seventh ed.). Boston. p. 136.
343:
78:
358:
230:
2467:
2091:
1399:
419:
115:. This is why most block ciphers are
58:should cause a drastic change in the
62:. The actual term was first used by
304:Advances in Cryptology – Crypto '85
233:"Cryptography and Computer Privacy"
13:
14:
2486:
403:
259:10.1038/scientificamerican0573-15
2445:
2444:
2117:
2306:Information-theoretic security
2015:NIST hash function competition
352:
320:
278:
265:
46:, typically block ciphers and
1:
214:
2020:Password Hashing Competition
1431:message authentication codes
1427:Cryptographic hash functions
48:cryptographic hash functions
7:
2422:Message authentication code
2377:Cryptographic hash function
2190:Cryptographic hash function
1974:Merkle–Damgård construction
359:William, Stallings (2016).
197:
10:
2491:
2475:Symmetric-key cryptography
2301:Harvest now, decrypt later
170:) states that output bits
164:bit independence criterion
158:Bit independence criterion
133:strict avalanche criterion
127:Strict avalanche criterion
29:Avalanche (disambiguation)
18:
2440:
2417:Post-quantum cryptography
2369:
2125:
2087:
2038:
1992:
1956:
1910:
1859:
1787:
1764:
1693:
1537:
1498:
1460:
1437:
1395:
1365:
1329:
1321:Time/memory/data tradeoff
1118:
1037:
583:
510:
458:
415:
411:
2407:Quantum key distribution
2397:Authenticated encryption
2252:Random number generation
1768:key derivation functions
1109:Whitening transformation
102:length extension attacks
2402:Public-key cryptography
2392:Symmetric-key algorithm
2195:Key derivation function
2155:Cryptographic primitive
2148:Authentication protocol
2138:Outline of cryptography
2133:History of cryptography
2046:Hash-based cryptography
1948:Length extension attack
1080:Confusion and diffusion
231:Feistel, Horst (1973).
209:Confusion and diffusion
16:Concept in cryptography
2143:Cryptographic protocol
2056:Message authentication
88:
23:. For other uses, see
19:This article is about
2296:End-to-end encryption
2242:Cryptojacking malware
1373:Initialization vector
182:is inverted, for all
82:
2412:Quantum cryptography
2336:Trusted timestamping
1152:3-subset MITM attack
768:Intel Cascade Cipher
748:Hasty Pudding cipher
2175:Cryptographic nonce
1943:Side-channel attack
1191:Differential-linear
251:1973SciAm.228e..15F
238:Scientific American
2281:Subliminal channel
2265:Pseudorandom noise
2212:Key (cryptography)
2000:CAESAR Competition
1984:HAIFA construction
1933:Brute-force attack
1264:Differential-fault
482:internal mechanics
336:Queen's University
89:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2341:Key-based routing
2331:Trapdoor function
2202:Digital signature
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
1877:ChaCha20-Poly1305
1694:Password hashing/
1391:
1390:
1378:Mode of operation
1055:Lai–Massey scheme
98:collision attacks
2482:
2448:
2447:
2276:Insecure channel
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2088:
1964:Avalanche effect
1918:Collision attack
1461:Common functions
1420:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1249:Power-monitoring
1090:Avalanche effect
798:Khufu and Khafre
451:security summary
440:
433:
426:
417:
416:
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409:
408:
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396:
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356:
350:
349:
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324:
318:
317:
299:
293:
292:
282:
276:
269:
263:
262:
228:
204:Butterfly effect
113:butterfly effect
106:preimage attacks
40:avalanche effect
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2436:
2365:
2121:
2116:
2075:
2034:
1993:Standardization
1988:
1979:Sponge function
1952:
1928:Birthday attack
1923:Preimage attack
1906:
1862:
1855:
1783:
1766:
1765:General purpose
1760:
1695:
1689:
1538:Other functions
1533:
1500:SHA-3 finalists
1494:
1456:
1433:
1424:
1387:
1361:
1330:Standardization
1325:
1254:Electromagnetic
1206:Integral/Square
1163:Piling-up lemma
1147:Biclique attack
1136:EFF DES cracker
1120:
1114:
1045:Feistel network
1033:
658:CIPHERUNICORN-E
653:CIPHERUNICORN-A
585:
579:
512:
506:
460:
454:
444:
406:
401:
400:
384:
383:
371:
357:
353:
325:
321:
314:
300:
296:
291:. Inscrypt '10.
283:
279:
270:
266:
229:
222:
217:
200:
160:
129:
117:product ciphers
32:
25:Snowball effect
17:
12:
11:
5:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2438:
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2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:Random numbers
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
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2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Garlic routing
2348:
2343:
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2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
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2293:
2288:
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2278:
2273:
2271:Secure channel
2268:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Key stretching
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2180:Cryptovirology
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Cryptocurrency
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
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2100:
2092:
2085:
2084:
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2058:
2053:
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2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Hash collision
1966:
1960:
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1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
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1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1697:key stretching
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
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1349:
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1327:
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1313:
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1303:
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1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1196:Distinguishing
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Product cipher
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
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956:
951:
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891:
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871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
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836:
831:
826:
815:
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805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
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775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
688:Cryptomeria/C2
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
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532:
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522:
516:
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508:
507:
505:
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489:
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443:
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435:
428:
420:
405:
404:External links
402:
399:
398:
369:
351:
345:10.1.1.41.8374
332:Tavares, S. E.
319:
312:
294:
277:
264:
219:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
206:
199:
196:
159:
156:
152:bent functions
128:
125:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2487:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2432:Steganography
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Stream cipher
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Onion routing
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Shared secret
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Key generator
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:Hash function
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Cryptanalysis
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Proof of work
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Rainbow table
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:Authenticated
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
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1790:
1789:MAC functions
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1476:(compromised)
1475:
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1470:(compromised)
1469:
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1453:
1452:Known attacks
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1276:Interpolation
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1123:cryptanalysis
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1105:Key whitening
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894:New Data Seal
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633:BEAR and LION
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447:Block ciphers
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370:9780134444284
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313:0-387-16463-4
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64:Horst Feistel
61:
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37:
30:
26:
22:
2382:Block cipher
2227:Key schedule
2217:Key exchange
2207:Kleptography
2170:Cryptosystem
2119:Cryptography
1963:
1281:Partitioning
1239:Side-channel
1217:
1184:Higher-order
1169:Differential
1089:
1050:Key schedule
360:
354:
328:Adams, C. M.
322:
303:
297:
287:
280:
267:
245:(5): 15–23.
242:
236:
191:
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183:
179:
175:
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167:
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161:
149:
145:completeness
141:complemented
136:
132:
130:
110:
93:cryptanalyst
90:
71:
39:
36:cryptography
33:
21:cryptography
2370:Mathematics
2361:Mix network
2051:Merkle tree
2039:Utilization
2025:NSA Suite B
1366:Utilization
1352:NSA Suite B
1337:AES process
1286:Rubber-hose
1224:Related-key
1132:Brute-force
511:Less common
2321:Ciphertext
2291:Decryption
2286:Encryption
2247:Ransomware
1863:encryption
1640:RadioGatĂşn
1447:Comparison
1316:Chi-square
1234:Rotational
1174:Impossible
1095:Block size
989:Spectr-H64
813:Ladder-DES
808:Kuznyechik
753:Hierocrypt
623:BassOmatic
586:algorithms
513:algorithms
486:Triple DES
461:algorithms
215:References
60:ciphertext
44:algorithms
2311:Plaintext
1780:KDF1/KDF2
1699:functions
1685:Whirlpool
1291:Black-bag
1211:Boomerang
1200:Known-key
1179:Truncated
1004:Threefish
999:SXAL/MBAL
889:MultiSwap
844:MacGuffin
803:KN-Cipher
743:Grand Cru
698:CS-Cipher
678:COCONUT98
387:cite book
379:933863805
340:CiteSeerX
73:diffusion
56:plaintext
2469:Category
2450:Category
2356:Kademlia
2316:Codetext
2259:(CSPRNG)
2005:CRYPTREC
1836:Poly1305
1756:yescrypt
1670:Streebog
1550:CubeHash
1530:(winner)
1342:CRYPTREC
1306:Weak key
1259:Acoustic
1100:Key size
944:Red Pike
763:IDEA NXT
643:Chiasmus
638:CAST-256
618:BaseKing
603:Akelarre
598:Adiantum
565:Skipjack
530:CAST-128
525:Camellia
473:Blowfish
198:See also
2126:General
1911:Attacks
1841:SipHash
1797:CBC-MAC
1731:LM hash
1711:Balloon
1575:HAS-160
1383:Padding
1301:Rebound
1009:Treyfer
959:SAVILLE
919:PRESENT
909:NOEKEON
854:MAGENTA
849:Madryga
829:Lucifer
693:CRYPTON
502:Twofish
492:Serpent
247:Bibcode
68:Shannon
54:or the
2237:Keygen
2071:Pepper
2010:NESSIE
1957:Design
1751:scrypt
1746:PBKDF2
1721:Catena
1716:bcrypt
1706:Argon2
1665:Snefru
1660:Shabal
1655:SWIFFT
1635:RIPEMD
1630:N-hash
1605:MASH-2
1600:MASH-1
1585:Kupyna
1545:BLAKE3
1528:Keccak
1513:Grøstl
1490:BLAKE2
1347:NESSIE
1296:Davies
1244:Timing
1159:Linear
1119:Attack
1038:Design
1029:Zodiac
994:Square
969:SHACAL
964:SC2000
924:Prince
904:Nimbus
899:NewDES
884:MULTI2
874:MISTY1
817:LOKI (
793:KHAZAD
788:KeeLoq
783:KASUMI
778:Kalyna
663:CLEFIA
648:CIKS-1
608:Anubis
459:Common
377:
367:
342:
310:
104:, and
38:, the
2267:(PRN)
1865:modes
1741:Makwa
1736:Lyra2
1726:crypt
1675:Tiger
1625:MDC-2
1580:HAVAL
1565:Fugue
1523:Skein
1508:BLAKE
1485:SHA-3
1480:SHA-2
1474:SHA-1
1229:Slide
1085:Round
1070:P-box
1065:S-box
1024:XXTEA
984:Speck
979:Simon
974:SHARK
954:SAFER
939:REDOC
864:Mercy
823:89/91
773:Iraqi
738:G-DES
728:FEA-M
708:DES-X
673:Cobra
628:BATON
613:Ascon
593:3-Way
584:Other
85:SHA-1
2066:Salt
2030:CNSA
1897:IAPM
1851:VMAC
1846:UMAC
1831:PMAC
1826:CMAC
1822:OMAC
1817:NMAC
1812:HMAC
1807:GMAC
1776:HKDF
1645:SIMD
1595:Lane
1570:GOST
1555:ECOH
1442:List
1429:and
1357:CNSA
1216:Mod
1142:MITM
914:NUSH
869:MESH
859:MARS
733:FROG
723:FEAL
703:DEAL
683:Crab
668:CMEA
575:XTEA
560:SEED
540:IDEA
535:GOST
520:ARIA
393:link
375:OCLC
365:ISBN
308:ISBN
190:and
174:and
162:The
131:The
83:The
27:and
1902:OCB
1892:GCM
1887:EAX
1882:CWC
1872:CCM
1802:DAA
1680:VSH
1650:SM3
1620:MD6
1615:MD4
1610:MD2
1590:LSH
1560:FSB
1468:MD5
1311:Tau
1271:XSL
1075:SPN
1019:xmx
1014:UES
949:S-1
934:RC2
879:MMB
758:ICE
713:DFC
570:TEA
555:RC6
550:RC5
545:LEA
497:SM4
478:DES
468:AES
255:doi
243:228
168:BIC
137:SAC
121:bit
108:.
70:'s
52:key
34:In
2471::
1518:JH
839:M8
834:M6
821:,
819:97
718:E2
484:,
389:}}
385:{{
373:.
338:.
330:;
253:.
241:.
235:.
223:^
194:.
186:,
100:,
76:.
2111:e
2104:t
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1198:(
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257::
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192:k
188:j
184:i
180:i
176:k
172:j
166:(
135:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
