651:, it's a guarantee. You can have people who try to be malicious. They won't succeed. Nobody has been able to break SHA-1, but the point is the SHA-1, as far as Git is concerned, isn't even a security feature. It's purely a consistency check. The security parts are elsewhere, so a lot of people assume that since Git uses SHA-1 and SHA-1 is used for cryptographically secure stuff, they think that, Okay, it's a huge security feature. It has nothing at all to do with security, it's just the best hash you can get. ...
5427:
1040:
or faked identities in signed certificates) than the previous attack's 2 evaluations (but without chosen prefix, which was impractical for most targeted attacks because the found collisions were almost random) and is fast enough to be practical for resourceful attackers, requiring approximately $ 100,000 of cloud processing. This method is also capable of finding chosen-prefix collisions in the
365:
714:, as well as access to the hash of the original password, which may or may not be trivial. Reversing password encryption (e.g. to obtain a password to try against a user's account elsewhere) is not made possible by the attacks. However, even a secure password hash can't prevent brute-force attacks on
1509:
are 2 times the square roots of 2, 3, 5 and 10. However they were incorrectly rounded to the nearest integer instead of being rounded to the nearest odd integer, with equilibrated proportions of zero and one bits. As well, choosing the square root of 10 (which is not a prime) made it a common factor
954:
One attack against SHA-1 was Marc
Stevens with an estimated cost of $ 2.77M (2012) to break a single hash value by renting CPU power from cloud servers. Stevens developed this attack in a project called HashClash, implementing a differential path attack. On 8 November 2010, he claimed he had a fully
1039:
block ciphers. With these improvements, this method is capable of finding chosen-prefix collisions in approximately 2 SHA-1 evaluations. This is approximately 1 billion times faster (and now usable for many targeted attacks, thanks to the possibility of choosing a prefix, for example malicious code
728:
In the case of document signing, an attacker could not simply fake a signature from an existing document: The attacker would have to produce a pair of documents, one innocuous and one damaging, and get the private key holder to sign the innocuous document. There are practical circumstances in which
924:
2006. A two-block collision for 64-round SHA-1 was presented, found using unoptimized methods with 2 compression function evaluations. Since this attack requires the equivalent of about 2 evaluations, it is considered to be a significant theoretical break. Their attack was extended further to 73
897:
The authors write: "In particular, our analysis is built upon the original differential attack on SHA-0, the near collision attack on SHA-0, the multiblock collision techniques, as well as the message modification techniques used in the collision search attack on MD5. Breaking SHA-1 would not be
590:
applications, including use within other cryptographic algorithms and protocols, for the protection of sensitive unclassified information. FIPS PUB 180-1 also encouraged adoption and use of SHA-1 by private and commercial organizations. SHA-1 is being retired from most government uses; the U.S.
940:
In 2008, an attack methodology by Stéphane Manuel reported hash collisions with an estimated theoretical complexity of 2 to 2 operations. However he later retracted that claim after finding that local collision paths were not actually independent, and finally quoting for the most efficient a
654:
I guarantee you, if you put your data in Git, you can trust the fact that five years later, after it was converted from your hard disk to DVD to whatever new technology and you copied it along, five years later you can verify that the data you get back out is the exact same data you put in.
963:
On 8 October 2015, Marc
Stevens, Pierre Karpman, and Thomas Peyrin published a freestart collision attack on SHA-1's compression function that requires only 2 SHA-1 evaluations. This does not directly translate into a collision on the full SHA-1 hash function (where an attacker is
819:
Subsequently, on 12 August 2004, a collision for the full SHA-0 algorithm was announced by Joux, Carribault, Lemuet, and Jalby. This was done by using a generalization of the
Chabaud and Joux attack. Finding the collision had complexity 2 and took about 80,000 processor-hours on a
525:. According to the NSA, this was done to correct a flaw in the original algorithm which reduced its cryptographic security, but they did not provide any further explanation. Publicly available techniques did indeed demonstrate a compromise of SHA-0, in 2004, before SHA-1 in 2017 (
1075:(CSE). For informal verification, a package to generate a high number of test vectors is made available for download on the NIST site; the resulting verification, however, does not replace the formal CMVP validation, which is required by law for certain applications.
994:
The authors estimated that the cost of renting enough of EC2 CPU/GPU time to generate a full collision for SHA-1 at the time of publication was between US$ 75K and $ 120K, and noted that was well within the budget of criminal organizations, not to mention national
4115:
Without truncation, the full internal state of the hash function is known, regardless of collision resistance. If the output is truncated, the removed part of the state must be searched for and found before the hash function can be resumed, allowing the attack to
670:
of SHA-1 as a security feature, since it will always prefer to keep the earliest version of an object in case of collision, preventing an attacker from surreptitiously overwriting files. The known attacks (as of 2020) also do not break second preimage resistance.
925:
rounds (of 80) in 2010 by
Grechnikov. In order to find an actual collision in the full 80 rounds of the hash function, however, tremendous amounts of computer time are required. To that end, a collision search for SHA-1 using the volunteer computing platform
901:
In an interview, Yin states that, "Roughly, we exploit the following two weaknesses: One is that the file preprocessing step is not complicated enough; another is that certain math operations in the first 20 rounds have unexpected security problems."
2480:
In the wake of SHAttered, Mark
Stevens and Dan Shumow published "sha1collisiondetection" (SHA-1CD), a variant of SHA-1 that detects collision attacks and changes the hash output when one is detected. The false positive rate is 2. SHA-1CD is used by
898:
possible without these powerful analytical techniques." The authors have presented a collision for 58-round SHA-1, found with 2 hash operations. The paper with the full attack description was published in August 2005 at the CRYPTO conference.
1048:
On 5 January 2020 the authors published an improved attack called "shambles". In this paper they demonstrate a chosen-prefix collision attack with a complexity of 2, that at the time of publication would cost US$ 45K per generated collision.
944:
Cameron McDonald, Philip Hawkes and Josef
Pieprzyk presented a hash collision attack with claimed complexity 2 at the Rump Session of Eurocrypt 2009. However, the accompanying paper, "Differential Path for SHA-1 with complexity
815:
and Chen found near-collisions for SHA-0 – two messages that hash to nearly the same value; in this case, 142 out of the 160 bits are equal. They also found full collisions of SHA-0 reduced to 62 out of its 80 rounds.
3945:. 38th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Darmstadt, Germany, May 19–23, 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11478. Springer. pp. 527–555.
955:
working near-collision attack against full SHA-1 working with an estimated complexity equivalent to 2 SHA-1 compressions. He estimated this attack could be extended to a full collision with a complexity around 2.
3329:
Unlike SHA-1 and SHA-2, Keccak does not have the length-extension weakness, hence does not need the HMAC nested construction. Instead, MAC computation can be performed by simply prepending the message with the
936:
At the Rump
Session of CRYPTO 2006, Christian Rechberger and Christophe De Cannière claimed to have discovered a collision attack on SHA-1 that would allow an attacker to select at least parts of the message.
1044:
function, but at a complexity of 2 does not surpass the prior best available method at a theoretical level (2), though potentially at a practical level (≤2). This attack has a memory requirement of 500+ GB.
1510:
for the two other chosen square roots of primes 2 and 5, with possibly usable arithmetic properties across successive rounds, reducing the strength of the algorithm against finding collisions on some bits.
1525:) is similar. However they were not properly verified for being resistant against inversion of the few first rounds to infer possible collisions on some bits, usable by multiblock differential attacks.
683:
is the number of bits in the message digest, finding a message that corresponds to a given message digest can always be done using a brute force search in approximately 2 evaluations. This is called a
1015:
attack, in which they generated two different PDF files with the same SHA-1 hash in roughly 2 SHA-1 evaluations. This attack is about 100,000 times faster than brute forcing a SHA-1 collision with a
917:
at the CRYPTO 2005 Rump
Session, lowering the complexity required for finding a collision in SHA-1 to 2. On 18 December 2007 the details of this result were explained and verified by Martin Cochran.
710:
Some of the applications that use cryptographic hashes, like password storage, are only minimally affected by a collision attack. Constructing a password that works for a given account requires a
1019:, which was estimated to take 2 SHA-1 evaluations. The attack required "the equivalent processing power of 6,500 years of single-CPU computations and 110 years of single-GPU computations".
983:
The method was based on their earlier work, as well as the auxiliary paths (or boomerangs) speed-up technique from Joux and Peyrin, and using high performance/cost efficient GPU cards from
920:
Christophe De Cannière and
Christian Rechberger further improved the attack on SHA-1 in "Finding SHA-1 Characteristics: General Results and Applications," receiving the Best Paper Award at
3127:
707:
of a hash function is usually compared to a symmetric cipher of half the message digest length. SHA-1, which has a 160-bit message digest, was originally thought to have 80-bit strength.
591:
National
Institute of Standards and Technology said, "Federal agencies should stop using SHA-1 for...applications that require collision resistance as soon as practical, and must use the
222:
A 2011 attack by Marc Stevens can produce hash collisions with a complexity between 2 and 2 operations. The first public collision was published on 23 February 2017. SHA-1 is prone to
4332:
987:. The collision was found on a 16-node cluster with a total of 64 graphics cards. The authors estimated that a similar collision could be found by buying US$ 2,000 of GPU time on
456:
1078:
As of December 2013, there are over 2000 validated implementations of SHA-1, with 14 of them capable of handling messages with a length in bits not a multiple of eight (see
867:
should be reconsidered. After the CRYPTO 2004 results were published, NIST announced that they planned to phase out the use of SHA-1 by 2010 in favor of the SHA-2 variants.
968:
able to freely choose the initial internal state), but undermines the security claims for SHA-1. In particular, it was the first time that an attack on full SHA-1 had been
1281:
append the bit '1' to the message e.g. by adding 0x80 if message length is a multiple of 8 bits. append 0 ≤ k < 512 bits '0', such that the resulting message length in
595:
family of hash functions for these applications after 2010", though that was later relaxed to allow SHA-1 to be used for verifying old digital signatures and time stamps.
411:
2539:
1275:
h0 = 0x67452301 h1 = 0xEFCDAB89 h2 = 0x98BADCFE h3 = 0x10325476 h4 = 0xC3D2E1F0 ml = message length in bits (always a multiple of the number of bits in a character).
4001:
3667:
2978:
5407:
5237:
279:
formally deprecated use of SHA-1 in 2011 and disallowed its use for digital signatures in 2013, and declared that it should be phased out by 2030. As of 2020,
1834:
3047:
883:
published an attack on a reduced version of SHA-1 – 53 out of 80 rounds – which finds collisions with a computational effort of fewer than 2 operations.
740:
Due to the block and iterative structure of the algorithms and the absence of additional final steps, all SHA functions (except SHA-3) are vulnerable to
4225:
4056:
2508:
797:
890:, Yiqun Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu was announced. The attacks can find collisions in the full version of SHA-1, requiring fewer than 2 operations. (A
4221:
647:
If you have disk corruption, if you have DRAM corruption, if you have any kind of problems at all, Git will notice them. It's not a question of
275:
Since 2005, SHA-1 has not been considered secure against well-funded opponents; as of 2010 many organizations have recommended its replacement.
5470:
4286:
1068:
768:– by extending the message and recalculating the hash without knowing the key. A simple improvement to prevent these attacks is to hash twice:
5090:
4337:
4205:
3474:
5010:
4245:
1082:
3290:
Sotirov, Alexander; Stevens, Marc; Appelbaum, Jacob; Lenstra, Arjen; Molnar, David; Osvik, Dag Arne; de Weger, Benne (December 30, 2008).
4398:
1027:
On 24 April 2019 a paper by Gaëtan Leurent and Thomas Peyrin presented at Eurocrypt 2019 described an enhancement to the previously best
4282:
2919:
2687:
4427:
4292:
2498:
2849:
2780:
1827:
972:; all earlier attacks were too expensive for their authors to carry them out. The authors named this significant breakthrough in the
4268:
4095:
Marc Stevens; Elie Bursztein; Pierre Karpman; Ange Albertini; Yarik Markov; Alex Petit Bianco; Clement Baisse (February 23, 2017).
3421:
2663:
Marc Stevens; Elie Bursztein; Pierre Karpman; Ange Albertini; Yarik Markov; Alex Petit Bianco; Clement Baisse (February 23, 2017).
4359:
1064:
1058:
639:
use SHA-1, not for security, but to identify revisions and to ensure that the data has not changed due to accidental corruption.
517:
shortly after publication and was superseded by the revised version, published in 1995 in FIPS PUB 180-1 and commonly designated
502:
269:
157:
3634:
De Cannière, Christophe; Rechberger, Christian (2006-11-15). "Finding SHA-1 Characteristics: General Results and Applications".
860:
brought the complexity of finding collisions down to 2, which was estimated to take 1 hour on an average PC from the year 2008.
1529:
Instead of the formulation from the original FIPS PUB 180-1 shown, the following equivalent expressions may be used to compute
3535:"NIST Brief Comments on Recent Cryptanalytic Attacks on Secure Hashing Functions and the Continued Security Provided by SHA-1"
5455:
5026:
3958:
3651:
3584:
3518:
3387:
3096:
1072:
839:, SHA-0 and other hash functions. The complexity of their attack on SHA-0 is 2, significantly better than the attack by Joux
475:
3576:
3712:
3278:
3268:
2963:
1820:
318:
against SHA-1, publishing two dissimilar PDF files which produced the same SHA-1 hash. However, SHA-1 is still secure for
283:
against SHA-1 are practical. As such, it is recommended to remove SHA-1 from products as soon as possible and instead use
3737:
2614:
1036:
744:
and partial-message collision attacks. These attacks allow an attacker to forge a message signed only by a keyed hash –
4787:
4145:
IBM z/Architecture Principles of Operation, publication number SA22-7832. See KIMD and KLMD instructions in Chapter 7.
3671:
2601:
4954:
2605:
1810:
1032:
546:
197:
5083:
3801:
Manuel, Stéphane (2011). "Classification and Generation of Disturbance Vectors for Collision Attacks against SHA-1".
3534:
3404:
2638:
2618:
2564:
1008:
91:
695:, consisting of finding two different messages that produce the same message digest, requires on average only about
4195:, Rafi Chen, Near-Collisions of SHA-0, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2004/146, 2004 (appeared on CRYPTO 2004),
2729:
1028:
4391:
1150:
Even a small change in the message will, with overwhelming probability, result in many bits changing due to the
5460:
5286:
4995:
4480:
4432:
4233:
4096:
2664:
2503:
2431:
3190:
3165:
4782:
930:
3002:
5465:
5076:
5000:
4157:"cr-marcstevens/sha1collisiondetection: Library and command line tool to detect SHA-1 collision in a file"
2406:
988:
522:
3495:
5402:
5357:
5170:
4769:
4411:
4407:
4229:
3839:
3459:
2401:
1889:
1498:
603:
174:
42:
34:
5281:
4384:
4352:
4309:
667:
3893:
2945:
2905:
2801:
5397:
4665:
4070:
2593:
2535:
1791:
184:
4470:
3503:. Fast Software Encryption 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5086. pp. 16–35.
2826:"SHA-1 is a Shambles First Chosen-Prefix Collision on SHA-1 and Application to the PGP Web of Trust"
5387:
5377:
5232:
5005:
4841:
4540:
4535:
1243:
Note 1: All variables are unsigned 32-bit quantities and wrap modulo 2 when calculating, except for
730:
552:
265:
118:
4269:
A CellBE-based HPC application for the analysis of vulnerabilities in cryptographic hash functions
2759:
5382:
5372:
5175:
5135:
5128:
5118:
5113:
4928:
4748:
3471:
1881:
863:
In light of the results for SHA-0, some experts suggested that plans for the use of SHA-1 in new
741:
494:
223:
4215:
1079:
1063:
Implementations of all FIPS-approved security functions can be officially validated through the
5123:
5036:
4422:
4246:"Proposed Revision of Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 180, Secure Hash Standard"
3128:"Proposed Revision of Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 180, Secure Hash Standard"
389:
38:
22:
3086:
808:
can be found with complexity 2, fewer than the 2 for an ideal hash function of the same size.
5430:
5276:
5222:
5051:
4701:
4655:
4545:
4503:
4488:
4171:
3755:
2923:
2702:
831:
On 17 August 2004, at the Rump Session of CRYPTO 2004, preliminary results were announced by
599:
84:
4239:
521:. SHA-1 differs from SHA-0 only by a single bitwise rotation in the message schedule of its
5392:
5316:
4721:
4625:
4575:
4550:
4304:
4156:
3597:
3214:
2513:
2456:
556:
280:
204:
3775:"Classification and Generation of Disturbance Vectors for Collision Attacks against SHA-1"
3342:
8:
5155:
5046:
4923:
4872:
4811:
4711:
4630:
4590:
4570:
3693:"Collisions for 72-step and 73-step SHA-1: Improvements in the Method of Characteristics"
3482:
3455:
3242:
2622:
1779:
This transformation keeps all operands 64-bit aligned and, by removing the dependency of
996:
951:(2)" has been withdrawn due to the authors' discovery that their estimate was incorrect.
793:
636:
560:
479:
353:
4024:
3446:
Grieu, Francois (18 August 2004). "Re: Any advance news from the crypto rump session?".
3425:
1022:
5261:
5245:
5192:
4980:
4964:
4913:
4498:
3964:
3930:
3818:
3367:
3113:
Secure Hash Standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication FIPS PUB 180
1286:
891:
551:
SHA-1 forms part of several widely used security applications and protocols, including
292:
4356:
4094:
3828:
the most efficient disturbance vector is Codeword2 first reported by Jutla and Patthak
2662:
490:
message digest algorithms, but generates a larger hash value (160 bits vs. 128 bits).
5321:
5311:
5182:
4857:
3968:
3954:
3647:
3514:
3383:
3092:
2634:
2570:
2560:
2548:
722:
715:
333:
4271:, High Performance Computing and Communication international conference, August 2010
3822:
999:. As such, the authors recommended that SHA-1 be deprecated as quickly as possible.
853:, and Hongbo Yu was announced which could find collisions in SHA-0 in 2 operations.
497:. The original specification of the algorithm was published in 1993 under the title
349:
5256:
4944:
4898:
4660:
3946:
3810:
3639:
3504:
3447:
3375:
3027:
2694:
2626:
2552:
1873:
1289:
to −64 ≡ 448 (mod 512) append ml, the original message length in bits, as a 64-bit
1267:
Within each word, the most significant byte is stored in the leftmost byte position
1151:
880:
857:
624:
373:
332:
on August 3, 2020, which also effectively ended the update servers for versions of
315:
77:
2884:
1303:
each chunk break chunk into sixteen 32-bit big-endian words w, 0 ≤ i ≤ 15
509:(National Institute of Standards and Technology). This version is now often named
4959:
4908:
4903:
4691:
4406:
4363:
4327:
3950:
3580:
3573:
3478:
2630:
1893:
1086:
1016:
905:
On 17 August 2005, an improvement on the SHA-1 attack was announced on behalf of
711:
700:
684:
587:
303:
4298:
3716:
3509:
3032:
784:(the length of 0, zero block, is equal to the block size of the hash function).
5331:
5251:
5212:
5160:
5145:
4949:
4677:
4126:
4074:
3374:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1462. Springer. pp. 56–71.
2597:
2468:
1772:
1748:
1336:
1103:
946:
876:
850:
805:
704:
640:
628:
467:
345:
329:
257:
4346:
4315:
3911:
3814:
5449:
5412:
5367:
5326:
5306:
5202:
5165:
5140:
5041:
4918:
4322:
2574:
1449:
h0 = h0 + a h1 = h1 + b h2 = h2 + c h3 = h3 + d h4 = h4 + e
973:
821:
658:
One of the reasons I care is for the kernel, we had a break in on one of the
341:
307:
245:
215:
4620:
4078:
3876:
3291:
3189:
Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory (2017-01-04).
3164:
Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory (2017-01-04).
2701:. Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 180-4. Archived from
2698:
2644:
272:. The algorithm has been cryptographically broken but is still widely used.
5362:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5150:
5099:
4211:
4201:
3146:
3003:"CWI, Google announce first collision for Industry Security Standard SHA-1"
2920:"NIST.gov – Computer Security Division – Computer Security Resource Center"
1306:
Message schedule: extend the sixteen 32-bit words into eighty 32-bit words:
906:
887:
864:
846:
832:
801:
613:
586:
SHA-1 and SHA-2 are the hash algorithms required by law for use in certain
564:
455:
337:
233:
729:
this is possible; until the end of 2008, it was possible to create forged
5341:
5031:
4877:
4806:
4802:
3912:"Google Code Archive – Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting"
2462:
2452:
Hardware acceleration is provided by the following processor extensions:
914:
299:
261:
4267:
A. Cilardo, L. Esposito, A. Veniero, A. Mazzeo, V. Beltran, E. Ayugadé,
3982:
3668:"IAIK Krypto Group — Description of SHA-1 Collision Search Project"
2979:"Microsoft to retire support for SHA1 certificates in the next 4 months"
2471:: Available since 2003 as part of the Message-Security-Assist Extension
662:
sites where people tried to corrupt the kernel source code repositories.
5301:
5271:
5266:
5227:
4043:
3937:
3931:"From Collisions to Chosen-Prefix Collisions Application to Full SHA-1"
3643:
3451:
3379:
2825:
2416:
1290:
1259:
1235:
910:
471:
3774:
3071:
2556:
1806:
means the "internal hash sum" after each compression of a data block.
1787:, allows efficient SIMD implementation with a vector length of 4 like
1494:
is the message digest, which can be written in hexadecimal (base 16).
5291:
4706:
4585:
4192:
2421:
1023:
Birthday-Near-Collision Attack – first practical chosen-prefix attack
921:
828:
processors (equivalent to 13 days of full-time use of the computer).
825:
812:
659:
632:
325:
4493:
3638:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4284. pp. 1–20.
1497:
The chosen constant values used in the algorithm were assumed to be
5336:
5296:
4985:
4882:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4816:
4736:
4650:
4530:
4196:
2436:
2426:
2411:
161:
3857:
3692:
3616:
3556:
3269:"openpgp: Pass the hash algo's security reqs to Policy::signature"
2850:"Google will drop SHA-1 encryption from Chrome by January 1, 2017"
4821:
4777:
4555:
3219:
2781:"Critical flaw demonstrated in common digital security algorithm"
2441:
933:. The effort was abandoned May 12, 2009 due to lack of progress.
4002:"Improving the Performance of the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1)"
3869:
3088:
Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Computing
2802:"New Cryptanalytic Results Against SHA-1 – Schneier on Security"
2592:
1731:
It was also shown that for the rounds 32–79 the computation of:
5217:
4990:
4731:
4726:
4696:
4686:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4615:
4610:
4580:
4565:
4525:
4341:
4087:
3894:"When Will We See Collisions for SHA-1? – Schneier on Security"
3292:"MD5 considered harmful today: Creating a rogue CA certificate"
2482:
2446:
1293:
integer. Thus, the total length is a multiple of 512 bits.
1214:
1182:
1134:
1107:
984:
610:
568:
311:
3289:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2397:
Below is a list of cryptography libraries that support SHA-1:
1452:
Produce the final hash value (big-endian) as a 160-bit number:
1162:
produces a hash with different values for 81 of the 160 bits:
4716:
4605:
4560:
4508:
4465:
4460:
3312:
3147:"Where can I find a description of the SHA-0 hash algorithm?"
3115:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 11 May 1993
2230:
2043:
1968:
1439:
5) + f + e + k + w e = d d = c c = b
1218:
1186:
1138:
1111:
926:
592:
572:
288:
284:
147:
143:
139:
66:
62:
54:
4305:
Interview with Yiqun Lisa Yin concerning the attack on SHA-1
4069:
3024:
Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1 – General, Table 3
4831:
4826:
4797:
4792:
4756:
3856:
McDonald, Cameron; Hawkes, Philip; Pieprzyk, Josef (2009).
2812:
609:
The SHA hash functions have been used for the basis of the
506:
319:
276:
253:
3188:
3163:
3084:
2600:; Karpman, Pierre; Albertini, Ange; Markov, Yarik (2017).
1615:(0 ≤ i ≤ 19): f = vec_sel(d, c, b)
941:
collision vector that was already known before this work.
4600:
4595:
4448:
3085:
Selvarani, R.; Aswatha, Kumar; T V Suresh, Kumar (2012).
2486:
1913:
1788:
1041:
836:
734:
580:
576:
514:
487:
483:
249:
3983:"RFC 3174 - US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) (RFC3174)"
2693:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2015.
1521:
are the same with the MD5 algorithm, and the fifth (for
364:
1346:a = h0 b = h1 c = h2 d = h3 e = h4
1248:
ml, the message length, which is a 64-bit quantity, and
5238:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
3855:
3738:"heise online – IT-News, Nachrichten und Hintergründe"
3091:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 551.
3633:
1002:
691:
and the particular computing environment. However, a
493:
SHA-1 was developed as part of the U.S. Government's
392:
4368:
3617:"Notes on the Wang et al. 2 SHA-1 Differential Path"
3048:"SHA-1 Windows content to be retired August 3, 2020"
1319:
Note 3: SHA-0 differs by not having this leftrotate.
1253:
hh, the message digest, which is a 160-bit quantity.
368:
One iteration within the SHA-1 compression function:
4077:; Karpman, Pierre; Albertini, Ange; Markov, Yarik.
3922:
3366:Chabaud, Florent; Joux, Antoine (October 3, 1998).
2509:International Association for Cryptologic Research
405:
3858:"Differential Path for SHA-1 with complexity O()"
2530:
2528:
2459:: Available on some Intel and AMD x86 processors.
1296:Process the message in successive 512-bit chunks:
1258:Note 2: All constants in this pseudo code are in
291:. Replacing SHA-1 is urgent where it is used for
5447:
3343:"Schneier on Security: Cryptography Engineering"
3191:"NIST Policy on Hash Functions – Hash Functions"
3166:"NIST Policy on Hash Functions – Hash Functions"
2885:"The SHAppening: freestart collisions for SHA-1"
2883:Stevens, Marc; Karpman, Pierre; Peyrin, Thomas.
2882:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2588:
2586:
2584:
328:has discontinued SHA-1 code signing support for
3494:Manuel, Stéphane; Peyrin, Thomas (2008-02-11).
1435:d k = 0xCA62C1D6 temp = (a
674:
547:Cryptographic hash function § Applications
4316:Cryptography Research – Hash Collision Q&A
4310:Explanation of the successful attacks on SHA-1
2906:"Schneier on Security: Cryptanalysis of SHA-1"
2824:Leurent, Gaëtan; Peyrin, Thomas (2020-01-05).
2525:
1797:
1167:SHA1("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
1119:SHA1("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
1069:National Institute of Standards and Technology
598:A prime motivation for the publication of the
5084:
4392:
4042:Tao, Xie; Liu, Fanbao; Feng, Dengguo (2013).
3928:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2823:
2747:
2581:
1828:
687:and may or may not be practical depending on
505:PUB 180, by U.S. government standards agency
470:based on principles similar to those used by
336:that have not been updated to SHA-2, such as
264:digits. It was designed by the United States
85:
4240:An Illustrated Guide to Cryptographic Hashes
3554:
3493:
3359:
2964:"NIST Retires SHA-1 Cryptographic Algorithm"
4206:Efficient Collision Search Attacks on SHA-0
3999:
3555:Rijmen, Vincent; Oswald, Elisabeth (2005).
3472:Efficient Collision Search Attacks on SHA-0
3365:
3313:"Strengths of Keccak – Design and security"
2785:Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
2475:
5091:
5077:
4399:
4385:
4041:
2867:
2833:Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020/014
2541:Attacks on Hash Functions and Applications
2499:Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
1835:
1821:
1092:
92:
78:
3936:. In Yuval Ishai; Vincent Rijmen (eds.).
3508:
3031:
4331:) is being considered for deletion. See
4230:Security Analysis of SHA-256 and Sisters
3929:Leurent, Gaëtan; Peyrin, Thomas (2019).
3277:– see section "Background" in the
3266:
2943:
2903:
1209:da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709
1177:de9f2c7fd25e1b3afad3e85a0bd17d9b100db4b3
1129:2fd4e1c67a2d28fced849ee1bb76e7391b93eb12
1009:CWI (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica)
835:, Feng, Lai, and Yu, about an attack on
579:; both MD5 and SHA-1 are descended from
363:
248:which takes an input and produces a 160-
4154:
3939:Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2019
3636:Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2006
3614:
2534:
1446:Add this chunk's hash to result so far:
1423:d) k = 0x8F1BBCDC
1198:The hash of the zero-length string is:
1059:Cryptographic Module Validation Program
929:began August 8, 2007, organized by the
270:Federal Information Processing Standard
5448:
4293:FIPS 180-4: Secure Hash Standard (SHS)
3800:
3243:"Re: Starting to think about sha-256?"
3125:
3026:(Technical Report). NIST. p. 56.
3021:
2976:
1443:30 b = a a = temp
1387:d) k = 0x5A827999
1052:
434:is the expanded message word of round
5471:National Security Agency cryptography
5072:
4380:
4097:"Announcing the first SHA1 collision"
3585:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3445:
3402:
2904:Schneier, Bruce (February 18, 2005).
2760:"SHA-1 Broken – Schneier on Security"
2665:"Announcing the first SHA1 collision"
1845:
1399:d k = 0x6ED9EBA1
1343:Initialize hash value for this chunk:
1073:Communications Security Establishment
4216:Finding Collisions in the Full SHA-1
4169:
3240:
2844:
2842:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2773:
2730:"The end of SHA-1 on the Public Web"
2724:
2722:
2682:
2680:
856:Another attack in 2008 applying the
382:is a nonlinear function that varies;
4127:"The Keccak sponge function family"
3454:. Event occurs at 05:06:02 +0200.
3372:Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '98
1719:(40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = vec_sel(c, b, c
1513:The first four starting values for
1230:
302:vendors ceased acceptance of SHA-1
13:
4080:The first collision for full SHA-1
3877:"Cryptanalysis of MD5 & SHA-1"
3772:
3368:"Differential collisions in SHA-0"
3215:"Tech Talk: Linus Torvalds on git"
3144:
2966:(Press release). NIST. 2022-12-15.
2944:Schneier, Bruce (8 October 2015).
2607:The First Collision for Full SHA-1
2489:since version 2.13.0 of May 2017.
2392:
1299:break message into 512-bit chunks
1003:SHAttered – first public collision
575:. Those applications can also use
14:
5482:
4335:to help reach a consensus. ›
4289:site for the Secure Hash Standard
4276:
3595:
3317:The Keccak sponge function family
2839:
2791:
2770:
2719:
2677:
2619:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
1238:for the SHA-1 algorithm follows:
1097:
958:
666:However Git does not require the
619:
5426:
5425:
5098:
4214:, Yiqun Lisa Yin and Hongbo Yu,
4204:, Hongbo Yu and Yiqun Lisa Yin,
3574:Collision Search Attacks on SHA1
1035:–like digest functions based on
804:, presented an attack on SHA-0:
454:
4163:
4148:
4139:
4119:
4109:
4063:
4035:
4017:
4000:Locktyukhin, Max (2010-03-31),
3993:
3975:
3904:
3886:
3849:
3832:
3803:Designs, Codes and Cryptography
3794:
3766:
3748:
3730:
3705:
3685:
3660:
3627:
3608:
3589:
3567:
3548:
3527:
3497:Collisions on SHA-0 in One Hour
3487:
3465:
3439:
3414:
3396:
3335:
3305:
3283:
3260:
3234:
3207:
3182:
3157:
3138:
3126:Kramer, Samuel (11 July 1994).
3119:
3105:
3078:
3064:
3040:
3015:
2995:
2970:
2956:
2937:
2912:
2897:
1403:40 ≤ i ≤ 59 f = (b
886:In February 2005, an attack by
845:In February 2005, an attack by
606:, in which it is incorporated.
540:
535:
447:is the round constant of round
415:denotes a left bit rotation by
314:announced they had performed a
5287:Information-theoretic security
4996:NIST hash function competition
4301:(with sample C implementation)
4256:(131): 35317–35318. 1994-07-11
4234:Selected Areas in Cryptography
2504:Hash function security summary
1427:60 ≤ i ≤ 79 f = b
1391:20 ≤ i ≤ 39 f = b
679:For a hash function for which
359:
1:
4320:
4185:
4006:Intel Software Knowledge Base
3713:"SHA-1 Collision Search Graz"
931:Graz University of Technology
894:would require 2 operations.)
5456:Cryptographic hash functions
5001:Password Hashing Competition
4412:message authentication codes
4408:Cryptographic hash functions
4172:"Git 2.13 has been released"
4045:Fast Collision Attack on MD5
3951:10.1007/978-3-030-17659-4_18
2688:"Secure Hash Standard (SHS)"
2631:10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_19
1816:Comparison of SHA functions
1499:nothing up my sleeve numbers
1223:2jmj7l5rSw0yVb/vlWAYkK/YBwk=
1191:3p8sf9JeGzr60+haC9F9mxANtLM=
1143:L9ThxnotKPzthJ7hu3bnORuT6xI=
1102:These are examples of SHA-1
796:98, two French researchers,
675:Cryptanalysis and validation
528:
372:A, B, C, D and E are 32-bit
7:
5403:Message authentication code
5358:Cryptographic hash function
5171:Cryptographic hash function
4955:Merkle–Damgård construction
3840:"SHA-1 collisions now 2^52"
3756:"Crypto 2006 Rump Schedule"
3598:"Fixing a hole in security"
3510:10.1007/978-3-540-71039-4_2
3370:. In Krawczyk, Hugo (ed.).
3151:Cryptography Stack Exchange
3052:techcommunity.microsoft.com
3033:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-57pt1r5
3022:Barker, Elaine (May 2020).
2946:"SHA-1 Freestart Collision"
2613:. Advances in Cryptology –
2492:
1811:Merkle–Damgård construction
1798:Comparison of SHA functions
306:in 2017. In February 2017,
260:– typically rendered as 40
198:Merkle–Damgård construction
16:Cryptographic hash function
10:
5487:
5282:Harvest now, decrypt later
4283:CSRC Cryptographic Toolkit
4170:King, Jeff (10 May 2017).
3405:"Near-Collisions of SHA-0"
3392:– via Springer Link.
3267:Walfield, Neal H. (2020).
2977:Goodin, Dan (2016-05-04).
1808:
1624:Bitwise majority function.
1056:
870:
668:second preimage resistance
604:Digital Signature Standard
544:
513:. It was withdrawn by the
459:denotes addition modulo 2.
425:varies for each operation;
5421:
5398:Post-quantum cryptography
5350:
5106:
5068:
5019:
4973:
4937:
4891:
4840:
4768:
4745:
4674:
4518:
4479:
4441:
4418:
4376:
4372:
4348:Lecture on SHA-1 (1h 18m)
4053:Cryptology ePrint Archive
3862:Cryptology ePrint Archive
3815:10.1007/s10623-010-9458-9
3782:Cryptology ePrint Archive
3621:Cryptology ePrint Archive
3561:Cryptology ePrint Archive
3422:"Report from Crypto 2004"
2604:; Shacham, Hovav (eds.).
2322:
2283:
2278:
2262:
2227:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2040:
2015:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1965:
1911:
1898:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1505:The four round constants
1011:and Google announced the
1007:On 23 February 2017, the
406:{\displaystyle \lll _{n}}
221:
213:
203:
193:
183:
173:
168:
153:
134:
124:
114:
109:
73:
53:
48:
33:
28:
21:
5388:Quantum key distribution
5378:Authenticated encryption
5233:Random number generation
4749:key derivation functions
4333:templates for discussion
3615:Cochran, Martin (2007).
3403:Biham, Eli; Chen, Rafi.
2519:
2476:Collision countermeasure
1882:length extension attacks
1533:in the main loop above:
1154:. For example, changing
787:
643:said about Git in 2007:
266:National Security Agency
256:) hash value known as a
224:length extension attacks
119:National Security Agency
5383:Public-key cryptography
5373:Symmetric-key algorithm
5176:Key derivation function
5136:Cryptographic primitive
5129:Authentication protocol
5119:Outline of cryptography
5114:History of cryptography
5027:Hash-based cryptography
4929:Length extension attack
2699:10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4
1538:Bitwise choice between
1207:Outputted hexadecimal:
1175:Outputted hexadecimal:
1127:Outputted hexadecimal:
1093:Examples and pseudocode
242:Secure Hash Algorithm 1
5124:Cryptographic protocol
5037:Message authentication
4155:Stevens, Marc (2017).
3279:rendered documentation
3273:gitlab.com/sequoia-pgp
1846:Algorithm and variant
1755:can be replaced with:
1693:(40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = (b
1671:(40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = (b
1649:(40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = (b
1627:(40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = (b
1593:(0 ≤ i ≤ 19): f = (b
1571:(0 ≤ i ≤ 19): f = (b
1106:in hexadecimal and in
733:certificates using an
463:
407:
23:Secure Hash Algorithms
5461:Broken hash functions
5277:End-to-end encryption
5223:Cryptojacking malware
3072:"RSA FAQ on Capstone"
2734:Mozilla Security Blog
2485:since March 2017 and
1809:Further information:
1553:(0 ≤ i ≤ 19): f = d
1272:Initialize variables:
1067:, jointly run by the
997:intelligence agencies
600:Secure Hash Algorithm
545:Further information:
478:in the design of the
408:
367:
281:chosen-prefix attacks
5393:Quantum cryptography
5317:Trusted timestamping
4101:Google Security Blog
4086:(Technical report).
4055:(Technical report).
4025:"Measurements table"
2950:Schneier on Security
2669:Google Security Blog
2625:. pp. 570–596.
2514:Secure Hash Standard
2457:Intel SHA extensions
1802:In the table below,
1029:chosen-prefix attack
699:evaluations using a
523:compression function
499:Secure Hash Standard
390:
5466:Checksum algorithms
5156:Cryptographic nonce
4924:Side-channel attack
3483:Shandong University
2621:. Vol. 10401.
1991:And, Xor, Or, Rot,
1941:And, Xor, Or, Rot,
1842:
1723:d)
1565:d))
1080:SHS Validation List
1053:Official validation
350:Windows 2000 Server
106:
5262:Subliminal channel
5246:Pseudorandom noise
5193:Key (cryptography)
4981:CAESAR Competition
4965:HAIFA construction
4914:Brute-force attack
4362:2017-04-24 at the
3773:Manuel, Stéphane.
3644:10.1007/11935230_1
3579:2005-02-19 at the
3477:2005-09-10 at the
3380:10.1007/BFb0055720
2787:. 24 January 2020.
2736:. 23 February 2017
2284:And, Xor, Rot, Not
2027:(collisions found)
1999:(collisions found)
1949:(collisions found)
1815:
1085:2011-08-23 at the
892:brute-force search
464:
403:
293:digital signatures
104:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5322:Key-based routing
5312:Trapdoor function
5183:Digital signature
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
4858:ChaCha20-Poly1305
4675:Password hashing/
3960:978-3-030-17658-7
3744:. 27 August 2023.
3653:978-3-540-49475-1
3557:"Update on SHA-1"
3520:978-3-540-71038-7
3389:978-3-540-64892-5
3241:Torvalds, Linus.
3098:978-81-322-0740-5
2549:Leiden University
2538:(June 19, 2012).
2390:
2389:
1880:Security against
1874:collision attacks
1872:Security against
1316:16 to 79
778:) = SHA(SHA(0 ||
723:Password cracking
466:SHA-1 produces a
230:
229:
102:
101:
5478:
5429:
5428:
5257:Insecure channel
5093:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5069:
4945:Avalanche effect
4899:Collision attack
4442:Common functions
4401:
4394:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4349:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4250:Federal Register
4226:Helena Handschuh
4180:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4091:
4085:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3898:www.schneier.com
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3809:(1–3): 247–263.
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3715:. Archived from
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3670:. Archived from
3664:
3658:
3657:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3587:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:. 23 August 2017
3531:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3424:. Archived from
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3347:www.schneier.com
3339:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3132:Federal Register
3123:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2922:. Archived from
2916:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2810:
2809:
2806:www.schneier.com
2798:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2764:www.schneier.com
2756:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2643:. Archived from
2612:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2546:
2532:
2376:
2369:
2349:
2342:
2281:
2267:
2233:
2220:
2215:
2194:
2188:
2146:
2138:
2137:Add (mod 2)
2124:
2082:
2081:Add (mod 2)
2068:
2046:
2021:
1994:
1993:Add (mod 2)
1982:
1971:
1944:
1943:Add (mod 2)
1937:
1927:
1899:First published
1843:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1786:
1782:
1728:
1718:
1692:
1670:
1648:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1592:
1570:
1552:
1546:, controlled by
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1493:
1454:
1448:
1351:
1345:
1321:
1308:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1231:SHA-1 pseudocode
1224:
1210:
1204:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:avalanche effect
1144:
1130:
1124:
1122:
881:Elisabeth Oswald
858:boomerang attack
783:
767:
755:
742:length-extension
698:
627:systems such as
625:Revision control
495:Capstone project
472:Ronald L. Rivest
458:
414:
412:
410:
409:
404:
402:
401:
316:collision attack
304:SSL certificates
268:, and is a U.S.
107:
103:
94:
87:
80:
19:
18:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5417:
5346:
5102:
5097:
5056:
5015:
4974:Standardization
4969:
4960:Sponge function
4933:
4909:Birthday attack
4904:Preimage attack
4887:
4843:
4836:
4764:
4747:
4746:General purpose
4741:
4676:
4670:
4519:Other functions
4514:
4481:SHA-3 finalists
4475:
4437:
4414:
4405:
4364:Wayback Machine
4347:
4336:
4312:(3 pages, 2006)
4279:
4274:
4259:
4257:
4244:
4236:2003: pp175–193
4188:
4183:
4176:The GitHub Blog
4168:
4164:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4088:Google Research
4083:
4075:Bursztein, Elie
4068:
4064:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4008:
3998:
3994:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3961:
3942:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3916:code.google.com
3910:
3909:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3632:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3596:Lemos, Robert.
3594:
3590:
3581:Wayback Machine
3572:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3479:Wayback Machine
3470:
3466:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3158:
3143:
3139:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2653:
2651:
2650:on May 15, 2018
2647:
2641:
2610:
2598:Bursztein, Elie
2591:
2582:
2567:
2544:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2495:
2478:
2395:
2393:Implementations
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2026:
2017:
1998:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1888:Performance on
1884:
1876:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1813:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1753:
1729:
1726:(alternative 5)
1724:
1716:(alternative 4)
1714:
1690:(alternative 3)
1688:
1668:(alternative 2)
1666:
1646:(alternative 1)
1644:
1622:
1618:(alternative 4)
1616:
1612:(alternative 3)
1610:
1590:(alternative 2)
1588:
1568:(alternative 1)
1566:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1491:
1488:
1450:
1444:
1347:
1341:
1317:
1304:
1294:
1278:Pre-processing:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1222:
1221:text encoding:
1208:
1202:
1190:
1189:text encoding:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1141:text encoding:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1114:text encoding.
1104:message digests
1100:
1095:
1087:Wayback Machine
1071:(NIST) and the
1061:
1055:
1025:
1017:birthday attack
1005:
961:
875:In early 2005,
873:
798:Florent Chabaud
790:
773:
769:
757:
745:
712:preimage attack
701:birthday attack
696:
685:preimage attack
677:
622:
588:U.S. government
549:
543:
538:
462:
446:
433:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
385:
362:
129:
125:First published
98:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5484:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5408:Random numbers
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5332:Garlic routing
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5252:Secure channel
5249:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Key stretching
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5161:Cryptovirology
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Cryptocurrency
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4950:Hash collision
4947:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4678:key stretching
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4367:
4366:
4344:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4278:
4277:External links
4275:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4242:
4237:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4162:
4147:
4138:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4062:
4034:
4029:bench.cr.yp.to
4016:
3992:
3974:
3959:
3921:
3903:
3885:
3868:
3848:
3831:
3793:
3765:
3747:
3729:
3704:
3684:
3659:
3652:
3626:
3607:
3588:
3566:
3547:
3526:
3519:
3486:
3464:
3438:
3413:
3395:
3388:
3358:
3334:
3304:
3282:
3259:
3233:
3206:
3181:
3156:
3137:
3118:
3104:
3097:
3077:
3063:
3039:
3014:
2994:
2969:
2955:
2936:
2911:
2896:
2866:
2838:
2811:
2790:
2769:
2746:
2718:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2639:
2602:Katz, Jonathan
2580:
2565:
2547:(PhD thesis).
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:z/Architecture
2465:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2355:
2350:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2133:And, Xor, Or,
2131:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:And, Xor, Or,
2075:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:in each round)
1936:(16 operations
1931:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1917:(as reference)
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:Long messages
1901:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1804:internal state
1799:
1796:
1794:instructions.
1757:
1733:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1211:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1099:
1098:Example hashes
1096:
1094:
1091:
1057:Main article:
1054:
1051:
1033:Merkle–Damgård
1024:
1021:
1004:
1001:
978:The SHAppening
960:
959:The SHAppening
957:
877:Vincent Rijmen
872:
869:
851:Yiqun Lisa Yin
789:
786:
771:
716:weak passwords
676:
673:
664:
663:
656:
652:
641:Linus Torvalds
621:
620:Data integrity
618:
542:
539:
537:
534:
468:message digest
461:
460:
452:
442:
439:
429:
426:
420:
400:
396:
383:
377:
369:
361:
358:
348:versions from
346:Windows Server
330:Windows Update
258:message digest
228:
227:
219:
218:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
166:
165:
155:
151:
150:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
100:
99:
97:
96:
89:
82:
74:
71:
70:
51:
50:
49:Main standards
46:
45:
35:hash functions
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5483:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5414:
5413:Steganography
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:Stream cipher
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Onion routing
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Shared secret
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:Key generator
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5166:Hash function
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Cryptanalysis
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Proof of work
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Rainbow table
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4842:Authenticated
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4770:MAC functions
4767:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:(compromised)
4456:
4453:
4451:(compromised)
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4433:Known attacks
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:Christof Paar
4354:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4266:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:Henri Gilbert
4220:
4218:, Crypto 2005
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:, Crypto 2005
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4128:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4082:
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4071:Stevens, Marc
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3808:
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3739:
3733:
3719:on 2009-02-25
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3708:
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3688:
3674:on 2013-01-15
3673:
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3428:on 2004-08-21
3427:
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2926:on 2011-06-25
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2708:on 2020-01-07
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2594:Stevens, Marc
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2566:9789461913173
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2536:Stevens, Marc
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974:cryptanalysis
971:
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822:supercomputer
817:
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661:
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638:
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614:block ciphers
612:
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424:
421:
418:
398:
394:
384:
381:
378:
376:of the state;
375:
371:
370:
366:
357:
355:
351:
347:
344:, as well as
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
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317:
313:
309:
308:CWI Amsterdam
305:
301:
296:
294:
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271:
267:
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259:
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251:
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246:hash function
243:
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216:cryptanalysis
212:
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199:
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188:
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182:
178:
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172:
169:Cipher detail
167:
163:
159:
156:
154:Certification
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:1993 (SHA-0),
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
108:
95:
90:
88:
83:
81:
76:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
5363:Block cipher
5208:Key schedule
5198:Key exchange
5188:Kleptography
5151:Cryptosystem
5100:Cryptography
4454:
4326:
4258:. Retrieved
4253:
4249:
4212:Xiaoyun Wang
4202:Xiaoyun Wang
4175:
4165:
4150:
4141:
4130:. Retrieved
4121:
4111:
4100:
4079:
4065:
4052:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4009:, retrieved
4005:
3995:
3987:www.faqs.org
3986:
3977:
3938:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3834:
3827:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:
3768:
3760:www.iacr.org
3759:
3750:
3742:heise online
3741:
3732:
3721:. Retrieved
3717:the original
3707:
3696:. Retrieved
3687:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:the original
3662:
3635:
3629:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3591:
3569:
3560:
3550:
3539:. Retrieved
3529:
3496:
3489:
3467:
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:the original
3416:
3398:
3371:
3361:
3350:. Retrieved
3346:
3337:
3328:
3323:20 September
3321:. Retrieved
3316:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3285:
3272:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:
3236:
3226:November 13,
3224:. Retrieved
3218:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:
3184:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:
3159:
3150:
3140:
3131:
3121:
3112:
3107:
3087:
3080:
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3023:
3017:
3006:. Retrieved
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2983:Ars Technica
2982:
2972:
2958:
2949:
2939:
2928:. Retrieved
2924:the original
2914:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2858:. Retrieved
2856:. 2015-12-18
2853:
2832:
2805:
2784:
2763:
2738:. Retrieved
2733:
2710:. Retrieved
2703:the original
2668:
2654:February 23,
2652:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2606:
2540:
2479:
2451:
2396:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2266:(5 × 5 × 64)
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2191:
2185:
2160:
2112:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2018:
2016:
1966:
1912:
1803:
1801:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:c))
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1609:d)
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1197:
1149:
1101:
1077:
1065:CMVP program
1062:
1047:
1037:Davies–Meyer
1026:
1012:
1006:
993:
982:
977:
970:demonstrated
969:
965:
962:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
919:
907:Xiaoyun Wang
904:
900:
896:
888:Xiaoyun Wang
885:
874:
862:
855:
847:Xiaoyun Wang
844:
840:
830:
818:
810:
802:Antoine Joux
791:
779:
775:
763:
759:
751:
747:
739:
727:
719:
709:
692:
688:
680:
678:
665:
648:
623:
608:
597:
585:
550:
541:Cryptography
536:Applications
526:
518:
510:
498:
492:
465:
448:
443:
435:
430:
422:
416:
379:
338:Windows 2000
324:
297:
274:
241:
237:
234:cryptography
231:
214:Best public
175:Digest sizes
130:1995 (SHA-1)
58:
5351:Mathematics
5342:Mix network
5032:Merkle tree
5020:Utilization
5006:NSA Suite B
4321:‹ The
4285:– Official
3866:(withdrawn)
2854:VentureBeat
2463:VIA PadLock
2348:(arbitrary)
2341:(arbitrary)
2193:SHA-512/256
2187:SHA-512/224
1869:Operations
1856:state size
1849:Output size
1687:c))
1490:The number
1367:0 ≤ i ≤ 19
1363:79
915:Frances Yao
737:collision.
703:. Thus the
360:Development
354:Server 2003
300:web browser
262:hexadecimal
185:Block sizes
164:(Monitored)
160:PUB 180-4,
5450:Categories
5302:Ciphertext
5272:Decryption
5267:Encryption
5228:Ransomware
4844:encryption
4621:RadioGatún
4428:Comparison
4260:2007-04-26
4186:References
4132:2016-01-27
4011:2010-04-02
3787:2011-05-19
3723:2009-06-30
3698:2010-07-24
3678:2009-06-30
3541:2022-03-16
3432:2004-08-23
3352:2023-08-27
3200:2023-08-27
3195:CSRC, NIST
3175:2023-08-27
3170:CSRC, NIST
3057:2024-02-28
3008:2017-02-23
2988:2019-05-29
2930:2019-01-05
2890:2015-10-09
2860:2019-05-29
2740:2019-05-29
2712:2019-09-23
2557:1887/19093
2135:Rot, Shr,
2079:Rot, Shr,
1861:Block size
1773:leftrotate
1749:leftrotate
1441:leftrotate
1437:leftrotate
1349:Main loop:
1337:leftrotate
1291:big-endian
1260:big endian
1236:Pseudocode
1217:binary to
1213:Outputted
1185:binary to
1181:Outputted
1137:binary to
1133:Outputted
1110:binary to
911:Andrew Yao
806:collisions
298:All major
142:), SHA-1,
5292:Plaintext
4761:KDF1/KDF2
4680:functions
4666:Whirlpool
4297:RFC
4193:Eli Biham
3969:153311244
3452:sci.crypt
3448:Newsgroup
3297:March 29,
3247:marc.info
2575:795702954
2422:Libgcrypt
2219:≈ SHA-384
2214:≈ SHA-384
1854:Internal
1481:leftshift
1473:leftshift
1465:leftshift
1457:leftshift
1455:hh = (h0
1287:congruent
1013:SHAttered
976:of SHA-1
922:ASIACRYPT
826:Itanium 2
824:with 256
811:In 2004,
693:collision
660:BitKeeper
633:Mercurial
395:⋘
326:Microsoft
194:Structure
115:Designers
5431:Category
5337:Kademlia
5297:Codetext
5240:(CSPRNG)
4986:CRYPTREC
4817:Poly1305
4737:yescrypt
4651:Streebog
4531:CubeHash
4511:(winner)
4360:Archived
4323:template
4197:IACR.org
4116:proceed.
3823:47179704
3577:Archived
3475:Archived
3145:fgrieu.
2623:Springer
2493:See also
2437:LibreSSL
2427:Mbed TLS
2417:Crypto++
2412:cryptlib
2368:/2, 256)
2361:/2, 128)
2333:SHAKE256
2329:SHAKE128
2250:SHA3-512
2246:SHA3-384
2242:SHA3-256
2238:SHA3-224
2123:(8 × 64)
2067:(8 × 32)
1981:(5 × 32)
1926:(4 × 32)
1907:8 bytes
1892:(median
1517:through
1203:SHA1("")
1083:Archived
705:strength
637:Monotone
602:was the
529:§Attacks
189:512 bits
179:160 bits
162:CRYPTREC
29:Concepts
5107:General
4892:Attacks
4822:SipHash
4778:CBC-MAC
4712:LM hash
4692:Balloon
4556:HAS-160
4353:YouTube
4325:below (
3456:Usenet:
3450::
3220:YouTube
2442:OpenSSL
2386:155.50
2161:SHA-512
2113:SHA-384
2055:SHA-256
2051:SHA-224
2025:< 63
2008:≈ SHA-1
2005:≈ SHA-1
1997:< 34
1890:Skylake
1885:(bits)
1877:(bits)
1866:Rounds
1863:(bits)
1858:(bits)
1851:(bits)
1758:w = (w
1734:w = (w
1621:
1425:else if
1401:else if
1389:else if
1371:f = (b
1322:w = (w
871:Attacks
780:message
776:message
764:message
748:message
697:1.2 × 2
419:places;
413:
386:
334:Windows
244:) is a
110:General
5218:Keygen
5052:Pepper
4991:NESSIE
4938:Design
4732:scrypt
4727:PBKDF2
4702:Catena
4697:bcrypt
4687:Argon2
4646:Snefru
4641:Shabal
4636:SWIFFT
4616:RIPEMD
4611:N-hash
4586:MASH-2
4581:MASH-1
4566:Kupyna
4526:BLAKE3
4509:Keccak
4494:Grøstl
4471:BLAKE2
4342:Curlie
4328:Curlie
3967:
3957:
3821:
3650:
3517:
3458:
3386:
3252:30 May
3095:
2637:
2617:2017.
2615:CRYPTO
2573:
2563:
2483:GitHub
2447:GnuTLS
2432:Nettle
2384:155.25
2320:164.00
2318:164.00
2316:155.50
2314:154.25
2177:135.50
2152:135.75
1340:1
1215:Base64
1183:Base64
1135:Base64
1108:Base64
985:Nvidia
841:et al.
794:CRYPTO
635:, and
611:SHACAL
571:, and
569:S/MIME
340:up to
312:Google
205:Rounds
135:Series
5248:(PRN)
4846:modes
4722:Makwa
4717:Lyra2
4707:crypt
4656:Tiger
4606:MDC-2
4561:HAVAL
4546:Fugue
4504:Skein
4489:BLAKE
4466:SHA-3
4461:SHA-2
4455:SHA-1
4338:SHA-1
4084:(PDF)
4049:(PDF)
3965:S2CID
3943:(PDF)
3934:(PDF)
3880:(PDF)
3843:(PDF)
3819:S2CID
3778:(PDF)
3602:ZDNet
3501:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
2829:(PDF)
2706:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2611:(PDF)
2545:(PDF)
2520:Notes
2402:Botan
2323:2015
2311:15.88
2309:11.06
2231:SHA-3
2223:2012
2180:2001
2155:2001
2107:2001
2102:85.25
2100:84.50
2044:SHA-2
2036:1995
2033:52.00
2019:SHA-1
2011:1993
1969:SHA-0
1961:1992
1958:55.00
1459:128)
1219:ASCII
1187:ASCII
1139:ASCII
1112:ASCII
927:BOINC
813:Biham
788:SHA-0
593:SHA-2
573:IPsec
519:SHA-1
511:SHA-0
374:words
342:Vista
289:SHA-3
285:SHA-2
238:SHA-1
148:SHA-3
144:SHA-2
140:SHA-0
105:SHA-1
67:SHA-3
63:SHA-2
59:SHA-1
55:SHA-0
5047:Salt
5011:CNSA
4878:IAPM
4832:VMAC
4827:UMAC
4812:PMAC
4807:CMAC
4803:OMAC
4798:NMAC
4793:HMAC
4788:GMAC
4757:HKDF
4626:SIMD
4576:Lane
4551:GOST
4536:ECOH
4423:List
4410:and
4299:3174
4287:NIST
4057:IACR
3955:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3515:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3330:key.
3325:2015
3299:2009
3254:2016
3228:2013
3093:ISBN
2656:2017
2635:ISBN
2571:OCLC
2561:ISBN
2467:IBM
2381:8.59
2379:7.08
2364:min(
2357:min(
2354:1088
2352:1344
2307:8.59
2305:8.12
2302:1024
2272:1088
2270:1152
2263:1600
2174:5.06
2149:5.12
2127:1024
2105:2004
2097:7.63
2095:7.62
2085:112
2030:3.47
1955:4.99
1947:≤ 18
1836:edit
1829:talk
1822:view
1713:d)
1542:and
1483:32)
1479:(h3
1475:64)
1471:(h2
1467:96)
1463:(h1
1369:then
1357:from
1314:from
1283:bits
1171:og")
1123:og")
913:and
879:and
833:Wang
800:and
758:SHA(
746:SHA(
555:and
527:see
507:NIST
503:FIPS
486:and
320:HMAC
310:and
277:NIST
254:byte
252:(20-
158:FIPS
4883:OCB
4873:GCM
4868:EAX
4863:CWC
4853:CCM
4783:DAA
4661:VSH
4631:SM3
4601:MD6
4596:MD4
4591:MD2
4571:LSH
4541:FSB
4449:MD5
4355:by
4351:on
4340:at
3947:doi
3811:doi
3640:doi
3505:doi
3376:doi
3028:doi
2695:doi
2627:doi
2553:hdl
2487:git
2375:512
2373:256
2300:768
2298:512
2296:448
2293:256
2291:192
2289:128
2287:112
2276:576
2274:832
2260:512
2258:384
2256:256
2254:224
2210:256
2208:288
2205:128
2203:112
2200:256
2198:224
2168:256
2165:512
2145:128
2141:192
2120:512
2117:384
2090:32
2087:128
2071:512
2064:256
2061:256
2059:224
1985:512
1978:160
1975:160
1930:512
1923:128
1920:128
1914:MD5
1894:cpb
1792:SSE
1789:x86
1783:on
1770:w)
1768:xor
1764:xor
1760:xor
1746:w)
1744:xor
1740:xor
1736:xor
1721:xor
1711:and
1709:(c
1707:xor
1705:d)
1703:and
1701:(b
1699:xor
1697:c)
1695:and
1685:xor
1683:(b
1681:and
1679:(d
1677:xor
1675:c)
1673:and
1663:xor
1661:(b
1659:and
1657:(d
1653:c)
1651:and
1639:(b
1637:and
1635:(d
1631:c)
1629:and
1607:and
1605:b)
1603:not
1599:xor
1597:c)
1595:and
1585:and
1583:b)
1581:not
1575:c)
1573:and
1563:xor
1561:(c
1559:and
1557:(b
1555:xor
1487:h4
1433:xor
1429:xor
1421:and
1419:(c
1415:d)
1413:and
1411:(b
1407:c)
1405:and
1397:xor
1393:xor
1385:and
1383:b)
1381:not
1375:c)
1373:and
1353:for
1334:w)
1332:xor
1328:xor
1324:xor
1310:for
1301:for
1285:is
1160:cog
1158:to
1156:dog
1089:).
1042:MD5
1031:in
989:EC2
966:not
837:MD5
792:At
770:SHA
762:||
760:key
756:or
752:key
750:||
735:MD5
731:SSL
720:See
629:Git
581:MD4
577:MD5
565:SSH
561:PGP
557:SSL
553:TLS
532:).
515:NSA
488:MD5
484:MD4
480:MD2
476:MIT
474:of
352:to
287:or
250:bit
232:In
43:DSA
39:SHA
5452::
4499:JH
4254:59
4252:.
4248:.
4232:.
4228::
4224:,
4174:.
4099:.
4073:;
4051:.
4027:.
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3807:59
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1762:w
1752:1
1742:w
1738:w
1655:or
1641:or
1633:or
1601:((
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1577:or
1523:h4
1519:h3
1515:h0
1501::
1492:hh
1485:or
1477:or
1469:or
1461:or
1431:c
1417:or
1409:or
1395:c
1379:((
1377:or
1365:if
1361:to
1359:0
1355:i
1330:w
1326:w
1312:i
991:.
980:.
909:,
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782:))
725:.
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649:if
631:,
616:.
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567:,
563:,
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236:,
209:80
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2171:0
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2002:0
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436:t
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428:W
423:n
417:n
399:n
380:F
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79:v
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