Abkhazia - Knowledge

2775: 2619: 2407:, underlining Georgia's territorial integrity and referring to breakaway Abkhazia and South Ossetia as "occupied territories". The resolution "urges the Government and the Parliament of the Russian Federation, as well as the de facto authorities of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia, Georgia, to allow the European Union Monitoring Mission unimpeded access to the occupied territories." It also says that the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly is "concerned about the humanitarian situation of the displaced persons both in Georgia and in the occupied territories of Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia, Georgia, as well as the denial of the right of return to their places of living." The Assembly is the parliamentary dimension of the OSCE with 320 lawmakers from the organisation's 57 participating states, including Russia. 4131:

Ministry of Internal Affairs for "annulment of illegally issued passports." Abkhaz officials announced that a significant number of residents of Gali, Ochamchire and Tkvarcheli districts received Abkhaz passports while at the same time retaining their Georgian citizenship, which constituted a "violation of the law on Abkhaz citizenship". According to the Abkhaz officials, more than 26,000 passports were distributed in Gali, Tkvarcheli and Ochamchire districts, including about 23,000 of which were given out since Russian recognition of Abkhazia's independence in August 2008. These political debates have caused concerns in the ethnic Georgian population of Abkhazia, who reside mainly in Gali district, that they would be stripped of Abkhazian citizenship and thus forced to leave Abkhazia again.

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Christians, in spite of not recognising the Quran or being of any religious denomination. Other sources would seem to indicate, however, that although the Christian presence was on the wane, and the dissemination of Islam increasing, evidence of traditional Islam was more apparent among the higher levels of society by the end of the 18th century than among the population at large. The Abkhaz rulers were not in a position to decline Islam, a fact witnessed bythe forced conversion of Shervashidze-Chachba, Abkhazia's ruling prince, to Islam in 1733, following the destruction by the Turks of Elyr, a pilgrimage-site of particular religious significance to the Abkhaz near Ochamchira.

2422: 4021: 183: 4305: 13188: 112: 1804:. Many Abkhaz interpreted this as an abolition of their autonomous status, although the 1921 constitution contained a provision for the region's autonomy. On 23 July 1992, the Abkhaz faction in the republic's Supreme Council declared effective independence from Georgia, although the session was boycotted by ethnic Georgian deputies and the gesture went unrecognised by any other country. The Abkhaz leadership launched a campaign of ousting Georgian officials from their offices, a process which was accompanied by violence. In the meantime, the Abkhaz leader 3296:, the vast majority of Abkhazia's population supports independence, while a smaller number is in favour of joining the Russian Federation. Support for reunification with Georgia is very low. Even among ethnic Georgians, nearly 50% prefer Abkhazia to remain an independent state and less than 20% of them believe returning to Georgia is necessary, as most of them have adjusted to the current situation. Among ethnic Abkhaz, explicit support for reunification with Georgia is around 1%; a similar figure can be found among ethnic Russians and Armenians as well. 2891: 18323: 4277: 2498: 18598: 18572: 17155: 16872: 4236: 973: 1994: 3601: 4144:

educational institutions (both schools and colleges) in Abkhazia were established in the late 19th-early 20th centuries and rapidly grew until the second half of the 20th century. By the middle of the 20th century, Sukhumi had become a home for large educational institutions (both higher education institutions and technical vocational education and training (TVET) colleges) and largest students' community in Abkhazia. For example, the number of college students grew from few dozens in the 1920s to several thousands in the 1980s.

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of the ceasefire by the Abkhaz side, fighting continued. After ten days of heavy fighting, Sukhumi was taken by Abkhazian forces on 27 September 1993. Shevardnadze narrowly escaped death, after vowing to stay in the city no matter what. He changed his mind, however, and decided to flee when separatist snipers fired on the hotel where he was staying. Abkhaz, North Caucasian militants, and their allies committed numerous atrocities against the city's remaining ethnic Georgians, in what has been dubbed the

16990: 4104:, regardless of place of residence, can become Abkhaz citizens. Those who are not ethnic Abkhazians are eligible for citizenship if they lived in Abkhazia for at least five years prior to adoption of act of independence in October 1999. This provision aimed at creating a legal hurdle in obtaining Abkhaz passports for those ethnic Georgians who fled Abkhazia as a result of 1992–1993 armed conflict and who then returned to the Gali district. Abkhazian legislation forbids citizens of Abkhazia from holding 2385: 4053:. After they were checked, Abkhazian applicants were granted Russian citizenship. By 25 June 2002, an estimated 150,000 people in Abkhazia had acquired the new passports, joining 50,000 who already possessed Russian citizenship. The Sukhum authorities, although officially not involved in the registration for Russian nationality process, openly encouraged it. Government officials said privately that President Putin's administration agreed with the passport acquisition during Abkhazia's prime minister 1909:, later a leader of the anti-Moscow Chechen secessionists. They sided with the Abkhaz separatists to fight against the Georgian government. Russian military did not impede the crossing of the Russia-Georgia border by the North Caucasian militants into Abkhazia. In the case of Basayev, it has been suggested that when he and the members of his battalion came to Abkhazia, they received training by the Russian Army (though others dispute this), presenting another possible motive. on September 25, 1992, 2878: 1268: 16857: 17078: 17026: 2053: 3324: 18585: 17066: 17054: 4112:

regard Georgians in Gali as "Georgianised Abkhazians." According to Bagapsh, these were actually ethnic Abkhaz people who were "Georgianised" during the long process of the Georgianisation of Abkhazia that culminated during the rule of Joseph Stalin and Lavrenti Beria. So in his official speeches, Bagapsh often added the Gali Georgians to population estimates of the Abkhaz, disregarding the fact that they still thought of themselves as ethnic Georgians rather than Abkhaz.

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conflict; de-occupation or humanitarian purposes." The law also bans any type of economic activity – entrepreneurial or non-entrepreneurial, if such activities require permits, licences or registration in accordance with Georgian legislation. It also bans air, sea and railway communications and international transit via the regions, mineral exploration and money transfers. The provision covering economic activities is retroactive, going back to 1990.

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and Germany, drafted and informally presented a document to the parties outlining a possible distribution of competencies between the Abkhaz and Georgian authorities, based on core respect for Georgian territorial integrity. The Abkhaz side, however, has never accepted the paper as a basis for negotiations. Eventually, Russia also withdrew its approval of the document. In 2005 and 2008, the Georgian government offered Abkhazia a high degree of

17002: 16949: 4291: 18622: 17233: 16908: 2927: 17194: 17181: 16961: 17220: 16896: 16884: 2858: 2845: 2802: 4007:" in 2004. During the Soviet era, language instruction would begin in schools in Abkhaz, only to switch to Russian for the majority of required schooling. The government of the Republic is attempting to institute Abkhaz-only primary education but there has been limited success due to a lack of facilities and educational materials. The primary schools in Georgian-speaking areas switched from Georgian to Russian in 2016. 17207: 2551:. Following Kosovo's declaration of independence, the Russian parliament released a joint statement reading: "Now that the situation in Kosovo has become an international precedent, Russia should take into account the Kosovo scenario... when considering ongoing territorial conflicts." Initially Russia continued to delay recognition of both of these republics. However, on 16 April 2008, the outgoing Russian president 168: 2739:

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Council stressed the importance of close, effective cooperation between UNOMIG and that force and looked to all sides to continue to extend the necessary cooperation to them. At the same time, the document reaffirmed the "commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders".

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inflicted on Georgian citizens, stateless persons and foreign citizens, who are in Georgia and enter the occupied territories with appropriate permits. The law also says that de facto state agencies and officials operating in the occupied territories are regarded by Georgia as illegal. The law will remain in force until "the full restoration of Georgian jurisdiction" over the breakaway regions is realised.

4253:. Other popular sports include basketball, boxing and wrestling. The National Basketball Team of Abkhazia played its first game with the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Basketball team on 27 May 2015, which Abkhaz team won by 76–59. Abkhaz basketball team "Apsny" also plays in the Russian Basketball League's Third-Tier in Krasnodar Krai. Abkhazia has had its own amateur football league called the 1748:, as the submission of Abkhazia to another Union Republic was not considered to give enough guarantees of their development. They justified their request by referring to the Leninist tradition of the right of nations to self-determination, which they asserted was violated when Abkhazia's sovereignty was curtailed in 1931. In June 1988, a manifesto defending Abkhaz distinctiveness (known as the 2182:

groups protested against these deals complaining that they undermined state sovereignty and risked exchanging one colonial power (Georgia) for another (Russia). The vice-president, Raul Khajimba, resigned on 28 May saying he agreed with the criticism the opposition had made. Subsequently, a conference of opposition parties nominated Raul Khajimba as their candidate in the December 2009

1696:) within the Georgian SSR. Despite its nominal autonomy, it was subjected to strong direct rule from central Soviet authorities. The publishing of materials in Abkhazian dwindled and was eventually stopped altogether; Abkhaz schools were closed in 1945–1946, requiring Abkhaz children to study in the Georgian language. This was part of the wider Soviet educational reform launched in all 2142: 3064: 16607: 3377:, was known for a hard-line stance towards the Abkhaz problem and frequently voiced their opinion that the solution to the conflict can be attained only through Georgia's military response to secessionism. Later, Nadareishvili's administration was implicated in some internal controversies and had not taken an active part in the politics of Abkhazia until a new chairman, 171: 170: 1519: 172: 4135:

the Abkhaz Security Council, 129 local people in Gali fought against Abkhazia. Local political parties and the coordination council of civil organisations expressed concern about Lakoba's dismissal. They claimed that, by dismissing him, the president "made an illegal process legal" – giving Abkhazian passports to Georgian citizens.

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travel) and subsequently paid them retirement pensions and other monetary benefits. More than 80% of the Abkhazian population had received Russian passports by 2006. As Russian citizens living abroad, Abkhazians do not pay Russian taxes or serve in the Russian Army. About 53,000 Abkhazian passports have been issued as of May 2007.

2091:. The tense situation in the republic led to the cancellation of the election results by the Supreme Court. After that, a deal was struck between former rivals to run jointly, with Bagapsh as a presidential candidate and Khajimba as a vice-presidential candidate. They received more than 90% of the votes in the new election. 4000:. The Autonomous Republic passed a law in 2007 defining the Abkhaz language as the only state language of Abkhazia. As such, Abkhaz is the required language for legislative and executive council debates (with translation from and to Russian) and at least half of the text of all magazines and newspapers must be in Abkhaz. 2436:(territories of former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast). The law spells out restrictions on free movement and economic activity in the territories. In particular, according to the law, foreign citizens should enter the two breakaway regions only through Georgia proper. Entry into Abkhazia should be carried out from the 2683:, then visiting Georgia's capital Tbilisi, joined Georgian politicians in criticism of the Russian peacekeeping mission, stating that "the U.S. administration supports the Georgian government's insistence on the withdrawal of Russian peacekeepers from the conflict zones in Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali district". 6569:[CONCLUSION: State Commission of Georgia on established facts of the politics of ethnic cleansing – genocide carried out against the Georgian population of Abkhazia, Georgia, and the transfer of materials to the International Tribunal] (in Russian). geocities.com. February 1997. Archived from 3624:

grew following the Russian recognition of Abkhazian independence in 2008 due to the arrival of Russian tourists. In 2009 the number of Russian tourists in Abkhazia increased by 20% and the total number of Russian tourists reached 1 million. After the tourist boom many Russian businesses began to

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The Abkhazian Armed Forces are the military of the Republic of Abkhazia. The basis of the Abkhazian armed forces was formed by the ethnically Abkhaz National Guard, which was established in early 1992. Most of their weapons come from the former Russian airborne division base in Gudauta. The Abkhazian

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passed a resolution, calling upon Russia, international organisations and the rest of the international community to recognise Abkhaz independence on the basis that Abkhazia possesses all the properties of an independent state. The United Nations has reaffirmed "the commitment of all Member States to

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at the end of July. But the ceasefire broke down again on 16 September 1993. Abkhaz forces, with armed support from outside Abkhazia, launched attacks on Sukhumi and Ochamchira. Notwithstanding UN Security Council's call for the immediate cessation of hostilities and its condemnation of the violation

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21 February 1921): "Abkhasie (district of Soukhoum), ..., which are integral parts of the Georgian Republic, enjoy autonomy in the administration of their affairs. The statute concerning the autonomy of districts ... will be the object of special legislation". Regional Research Centre. Retrieved on

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Until the 19th century, young people from Abkhazia usually received their education mainly at religious schools (Muslims at madrasas and Christians at seminaries), although a small number of children from wealthy families had opportunity to travel to foreign countries for education. The first modern

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and displacement due to people fleeing the 1992–1993 war, the Georgian population, and to a lesser extent the Russian and Armenian populations, has greatly declined. In 2003 Armenians formed the second-largest minority group in Abkhazia (closely matching the Georgians), numbering 44,869. By the time

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Greeks constituted a significant minority in the area in the early 1920s (50,000), and remained a major ethnic group until 1945, when they were deported to Central Asia. Under the Soviet Union, the Russian, Armenian, and Georgian populations grew faster than the Abkhaz population, due to large-scale

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economic sanctions imposed on Abkhazia in 1996 are still formally in force, but Russia announced on 6 March 2008 that it would no longer participate in them, declaring them "outdated, impeding the socio-economic development of the region, and causing unjustified hardship for the people of Abkhazia".

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government considers Abkhazia a sovereign country even if it is recognised by few other countries. In early 2000, then-UN Special Representative of the Secretary General Dieter Boden and the Group of Friends of Georgia, consisting of the representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain, France,

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Sporadic acts of violence continued throughout the postwar years. Despite the peacekeeping status of the Russian peacekeepers in Abkhazia, Georgian officials routinely claimed that Russian peacekeepers were inciting violence by supplying Abkhaz rebels with arms and financial support. Russian support

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Since the early 2000s, tennis has become increasingly popular among school age children in Abkhazia. Several tennis players from Sukhumi participated as the national competitions in Russia and played at major international competitions under the Russian flag. For example, tennis player Alen Avidzba

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Because of Abkhazia's proximity to the Black Sea and the shield of the Caucasus Mountains, the region's climate is very mild. The coastal areas of the republic have a subtropical climate, where the average annual temperature in most regions is around 15 °C (59 °F), and the average January

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In the summer of 2011, the Parliament of Georgia adopted a package of legislative amendments providing for the issuance of neutral identification and travel documents to residents of Abkhazia and the former South Ossetian autonomous province of Georgia. The document allows travelling abroad as well

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The law says that the Russian Federation – the state which has carried out military occupation – is fully responsible for the violation of human rights in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Russian Federation, according to the document, is also responsible for compensation of material and moral damage

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unveiled his government's new proposals to Abkhazia: the broadest possible autonomy within the framework of a Georgian state, a joint free economic zone, representation in the central authorities including the post of vice-president with the right to veto Abkhaz-related decisions. The Abkhaz leader

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Russian peacekeepers in the republic. About 1,000 Abkhazian soldiers moved to expel the residual Georgian forces within Abkhazia in the Upper Kodori Gorge. By 12 August the Georgian forces and civilians had evacuated the last part of Abkhazia under Georgian government control. Russia recognised the

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after breaking a cease-fire, which drove the Georgian forces out of large swathes of the republic. Shevardnadze's government accused Russia of giving covert military support to the rebels with the aim of "detaching from Georgia its native territory and the Georgia-Russian frontier land". 1992 ended

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on the renewal of the Soviet Union called by Gorbachev; however, 52.3% of Abkhazia's population (almost all of the ethnic non-Georgian population) took part in the referendum and voted by an overwhelming majority (98.6%) to preserve the Union. Most ethnic non-Georgians in Abkhazia later boycotted a

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supported the Georgianization of Abkhazia. Peasant households from the rest of the Georgian SSR were resettled to Abkhazia, which included the organised settlement of ethnic Georgians. About 9,000 peasant households were settled in the underpopulated areas of Abkhazia between 1947 and 1952 and left

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by Russia in 1864. The autonomy of Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no longer needed by the Tsarist government and the rule of the Sharvashidze came to an end; in November 1864, Prince Mikhail (Hamud-Bey) was forced to renounce his rights

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In October 2013 Alexander Ankvab signed a document ordering the firing of Stanislav Lakoba. The document did not state any reason for the decision but Lakoba saw it as related to his political position on granting citizenship to Georgians living in Gali. Lakoba claimed that, according to data from

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Abkhazian officials have stated that they have given the Russian Federation the responsibility of representing their interests abroad. Russia has a major military and economic presence in Abkhazia, and the relationship between the two has been described as asymmetrical, with Abkhazia being heavily

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The US rejects the unilateral secession of Abkhazia and urges its integration into Georgia as an autonomous unit. In 1998 the US announced its readiness to allocate up to $ 15 million for rehabilitation of infrastructure in the Gali region if substantial progress is made in the peace process.

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Since independence was recognised by Russia, a series of controversial agreements were made between the Abkhazian government and the Russian Federation that leased or sold a number of key state assets and relinquished control over the borders. In May 2009 several opposition parties and war veteran

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authorities "to refrain from adopting measures incompatible with the right to return and with international human rights standards, such as discriminatory legislation... to cooperate in the establishment of a permanent international human rights office in Gali and to admit United Nations civilian

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began to disintegrate at the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between the Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. Many Abkhaz opposed this, fearing that an independent Georgia would lead to the elimination of their autonomy, and argued instead for the establishment of

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The policy of repression was eased after Stalin's death and Beria's execution, and the Abkhaz were given a greater role in the governance of the republic. As in most of the smaller autonomous republics, the Soviet government encouraged the development of culture and particularly of literature. The

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On 26 May 1918, Georgia declared independence from the Transcaucasian Federation, which soon dissolved. On 8 June 1918, the Abkhaz People's Council signed a treaty with the Georgian National Council, which confirmed Abkhazia's status as an autonomy within the Georgian Democratic Republic. Georgian

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adopted on 31 May 2002 introduced a simplified procedure of citizenship acquisition for former citizens of the Soviet Union regardless of their place of residence. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the application process was simplified even further, and people could apply even without leaving their

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The official language of the Republic of Abkhazia shall be the Abkhazian language. The Russian language, equally with the Abkhazian language, shall be recognized as a language of State and other institutions. The State shall guarantee the right to freely use the mother language for all the ethnic

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were present in that area. It urged the leadership of the Abkhaz side to address seriously the need for a dignified, secure return of refugees and internally displaced persons and to reassure the local population in the Gali district that their residency rights and identity will be respected. The

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reported the ethnic-based violence against Georgians in Gudauta. The Abkhaz were relatively unarmed at the time and the Georgian troops were able to march into the capital Sukhumi with relatively little resistance and subsequently engaged in ethnically based pillage, looting, assault, and murder.

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Ethnic Georgians who have returned to the Gali district and want to obtain Abkhaz passports, according to Abkhazian law, should undergo lengthy procedures which also include a requirement to submit documented proof that they renounced their Georgian citizenship. President Bagapsh was inclined to

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On 17 March 1898, the synodal department of the Russian Orthodox Church of Georgia-Imereti, by Order 2771, again prohibited teaching and the conduct of religious services in Georgian. Mass protests by the Georgian population of Abkhazia and Samurzakano followed, news of which reached the Russian

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According to the official statistical data, Abkhazia has 12 TVET colleges (as of 2019, est.) providing education and vocational training to youth mostly in the capital city, though there are several colleges in all major district centers. Independent international assessments suggest that these

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On 18 September 2013, the Parliament of Republic of Abkhazia adopted a resolution instructing the prosecutor's office to carry out a "sweeping" probe into passport offices of the interior ministry and where wrongdoings were found in the distribution of passports to refer those violations to the

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In early 2013 the process of passportisation of ethnic Georgians came under the scrutiny of Abkhaz opposition groups who turned this issue into one of the central topics of the breakaway region's internal politics, and issuing of passports was suspended in May. Opposition claimed that "massive"

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supplied logistical and military aid to the separatist side. Today, Russia still maintains a strong political and military influence over separatist rule in Abkhazia. Russia has also issued passports to the citizens of Abkhazia since 2000 (as Abkhazian passports cannot be used for international

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where Russia decided to support the Ossetian separatists who had been attacked by Georgia. The conflict escalated into a full-scale war between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Georgia. On 10 August 2008, an estimated 9,000 Russian soldiers entered Abkhazia ostensibly to reinforce the

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The first evidence of Abkhazian Muslims was given in the 1640s by the Turkish historian Evliya Qelebi, whose mother was an Abkhazian. On his travels he recorded that the Abkhazians had a mosque and that among them were "many Muslims." This Muslim population, according to Qelebi, was hostile to

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participated at the Davis Cup in 2016 and Amina Anshba won a silver medal at an international tournament in Turkey in 2017. In fact, according to the official information from the Tennis portal.ru the highest career achievement of Amina Anshba was 278th place in the ranking among women in 2021

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The campaign of ethnic cleansing also included Russians, Armenians, Greeks, moderate Abkhaz and other minor ethnic groups living in Abkhazia. More than 20,000 houses owned by ethnic Georgians were destroyed. Hundreds of schools, kindergartens, churches, hospitals, and historical monuments were

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In 2014, separatist Republic of Abkhazia and Russian Federation signed the "Treaty of Alliance and Strategic Partnership" with Russia. Based on this treaty, in November 2020, Abkhazia launched a program on the "formation of common social and economic space" with Russia to make Abkhaz laws and

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The legislation, however, also lists "special" cases in which entry into the breakaway regions will not be regarded as illegal. It stipulates that a special permit on entry into the breakaway regions can be issued if the trip there "serves Georgia's state interests; peaceful resolution of the

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between 1994 and 1998, but tens of thousands were displaced again when fighting resumed in the Gali District in 1998. Nevertheless, between 40,000 and 60,000 refugees have returned to the Gali District since 1998, including persons commuting daily across the ceasefire line and those migrating

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called an extraordinary session for 25 August 2008 to discuss recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Following a unanimous resolution that was passed by both houses of the parliament calling on the Russian president to recognise independence of the breakaway republics, Russian president,

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adopted a non-binding resolution recognising the right of all refugees (including victims of reported "ethnic cleansing") to return to Abkhazia and to retain or regain their property rights there. It "regretted" the attempts to alter pre-war demographic composition and called for the "rapid

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Calling on both parties to follow up on dialogue initiatives, it further urged them to comply fully with all previous agreements regarding non-violence and confidence-building, in particular those concerning the separation of forces. Regarding the disputed role of the peacekeepers from the

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was valid for crossing the Russian-Abkhaz border. According to the staff of Abkhazia's passport and visa service, there were about two to three thousand mostly elderly people left with Soviet passports who had no chance of acquiring new documents. These people were not able to get Russian

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as acting president, declaring Ankvab unable to serve. It also decided to hold an early presidential election on 24 August 2014. Ankvab soon declared his formal resignation, although he accused his opponents of acting immorally and violating the constitution. Raul Khajimba was later

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resulted in the expulsion and flight of over half of the republic's population, which had numbered 525,061 in the 1989 census. The population of Abkhazia remains ethnically very diverse, even after the 1992–1993 war. At present the population of Abkhazia is mainly made up of ethnic

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Abkhazians began mass acquisition of Russian passports in 2002. It is reported that the public organisation the Congress of Russian Communities of Abkhazia started collecting Abkhazians' Soviet-era travel documents. It then sent them to a consular department specially set up by

3172:, though humidity decreases further inland. The annual precipitation varies from 1,200–1,400 mm (47.2–55.1 in) along the coast to 1,700–3,500 mm (66.9–137.8 in) in the higher mountainous areas. The mountains of Abkhazia receive significant amounts of snow. 169: 2653:). The UN's position has been that there will be no forcible change in international borders. Any settlement must be freely negotiated and based on autonomy for Abkhazia legitimised by referendum under international observation once the multi-ethnic population has returned. 2563:

Later in April 2008, Russia accused Georgia of trying to exploit NATO support in order to control Abkhazia by force and announced it would increase its military presence in the region, pledging to retaliate militarily against Georgia's efforts. The Georgian Prime Minister

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the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders" and outlined the basic principles of conflict resolution which call for immediate return of all displaced persons and for non-resumption of hostilities.

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recognised Abkhazia, reportedly in return for $ 50 million in humanitarian aid from Russia. The unrecognised republic of Transnistria and the partially recognised republic of South Ossetia have recognised Abkhazia since 2006. Abkhazia is also a member of the

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According to the last census in 2011 Abkhazia had 240,705 inhabitants. The Department of Statistics of Georgia estimated Abkhazia's population to be approximately 179,000 in 2003, and 178,000 in 2005 (the last year when such estimates were published in Georgia).

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seasonally in accordance with agricultural cycles. The human rights situation remained precarious for a while in the Georgian-populated areas of the Gali District. The United Nations and other international organisations have been fruitlessly urging the Abkhaz

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In 2005, citing the need to integrate ethnic Georgian residents of eastern districts of Abkhazia, the then leadership of Abkhazia showed signs of a softening stance towards granting of citizenship to the residents of Gali, Ochamchire and Tkvarcheli districts.

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in the north of the region. Although Abkhazia's complex topographic setting has spared most of the territory from significant human development, its cultivated fertile lands produce tea, tobacco, wine and fruits, a mainstay of the local agricultural sector.

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According to a survey held in 2003, 60% of respondents identified themselves as Christian, 16% as Muslim, 8% as atheist or irreligious, 8% as adhering to the traditional Abkhazian religion or as Pagan, 2% as follower of other religions and 6% as undecided.

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mission until 15 April 2007. Acknowledging that the "new and tense situation" resulted, at least in part, from the Georgian special forces' operation in the upper Kodori Valley, the resolution urged the country to ensure that no troops unauthorised by the

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The Abkhaz forces quickly overran the rest of Abkhazia as the Georgian government faced a second threat; an uprising by the supporters of the deposed Zviad Gamsakhurdia in the region of Mingrelia (Samegrelo). Only a small region of eastern Abkhazia, the

2746:, an international non-profit organisation that specialises in the removal of the debris of war, has been active in Abkhazia since 1999 and has completed the removal of landmines in Sukhumi and Gali districts. It declared Abkhazia "mine free" in 2011. 1913:(parliament) passed a resolution which condemned Georgia, supported Abkhazia and called for the suspension of the delivery of any weapons and equipment to Georgia and the deployment of a Russian peacekeeping force in Abkhazia. It was sponsored by a 2488:

threatened international organisations that accepted neutral passports, saying during a meeting with the leadership of the foreign ministry that "international organizations that suggest the so-called neutral passports, will leave Abkhazia."

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invest money in Abkhazian tourist infrastructure. With the main highway of the country being rebuilt in 2014 many damaged hotels in Gagra are either being restored or demolished. In 2014, 1.16 million Russian tourists visited Abkhazia.

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Georgian side is "once again urged to address seriously legitimate Abkhaz security concerns, to avoid steps that could be seen as threatening and to refrain from militant rhetoric and provocative actions, especially in upper Kodori Valley."

2361:(OSCE; Budapest, Lisbon and Istanbul declaration). The UN Security Council has avoided the use of the term "ethnic cleansing" but has affirmed "the unacceptability of the demographic changes resulting from the conflict". On 15 May 2008, the 167: 3209:. Owing to the situation with a recognition controversy, many foreign governments advise their citizens against travelling to Abkhazia. According to President Raul Khajimba, over the summer of 2015, thousands of tourists visited Abkhazia. 2247:

In November 2014, Vladimir Putin moved to formalise the Abkhazian military's relationship as part of the Russian armed forces, signing a treaty with Khajimba. The Georgian government denounced the agreement as "a step towards annexation".

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demanded the Russian authorities introduce Abkhazian and Georgian languages in church services and education. The official response was a criminal case brought against Tedo Sakhokia and leaders of his "Georgian Party" active in Abkhazia.

1781:. Under Gamsakhurdia, the situation was relatively calm in Abkhazia and a power-sharing agreement was soon reached between the Abkhaz and Georgian factions, granting to the Abkhaz a certain over-representation in the local legislature. 1933:

The conflict was in stalemate until July 1993, when Abkhaz separatist militias launched an abortive attack on Georgian-held Sukhumi. They surrounded and heavily shelled the capital, where Shevardnadze was trapped. The warring sides

2607:, in which the Georgian coast guard had been detaining ships heading to and from Abkhazia, Russia warned Georgia against ship seizures and said that a unit of Russian guard boats would provide security for ships bound to Abkhazia. 2470:

as enjoying social benefits existing in Georgia. The new neutral identification and travel documents were called "neutral passports". The status-neutral passports do not carry state symbols of Georgia. Abkhazia's foreign minister,

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ancestry. Facing a growing Armenian community, this move has been linked with the wish of the ruling Abkhaz —who have often been in the minority on their territory— to tilt the demographic balance in favour of the titular nation.

2774: 8085: 1708:, the ruling elite was purged of Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80% of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers were ethnic Georgians; there remained 34 Abkhaz, 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions. 10802: 3305:

administrative measures more similar to Russian ones in social, economic, health and political spheres. On 15 August 2024, the Russian Deputy Minister of Economic Development Dmitry Volvach said that the process of Abkhazia's

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temperature remains above freezing. The climate at higher elevations varies from maritime mountainous to cold and summerless. Also, due to its position on the windward slopes of the Caucasus, Abkhazia receives high amounts of

1283:

The successful defence against the Arab Caliphate, and new territorial gains in the east gave the Abasgian princes enough power to claim more autonomy from the Byzantine Empire. Circa 778, Prince Leon II, with the help of the

3179:, is located in Abkhazia's western Caucasus mountains. The latest survey (as of March 2018) has measured the vertical extent of this cave system as 2,212 metres (7,257 ft) between its highest and lowest explored points. 1958:

report). Georgian troops have been accused of having committed looting and murders "for the purpose of terrorising, robbing and driving the Abkhaz population out of their homes" in the first phase of the war (according to

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on 16 July 1989 in Sukhumi. Numerous Georgians were killed or injured when they tried to enroll in a Georgian university instead of an Abkhaz one. After several days of violence, Soviet troops restored order in the city.

3365:, the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia (at the time the Georgian faction of the "Council of Ministers of Abkhazia") left Abkhazia after the Abkhaz separatist forces took control of the region's capital 1767:

In March 1990, Georgia declared sovereignty, unilaterally nullifying treaties concluded by the Soviet government since 1921 and thereby moving closer to independence. The Republic of Georgia boycotted the 17 March 1991

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Abkhazia is diverse geographically with lowlands stretching to the extremely mountainous north. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range runs along the region's northern border, with its spurs – the Gagra,

5576:(summary), by George Anchabadze, in: Paul Garb, Arda Inal-Ipa, Paata Zakareishvili, editors, Aspects of the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: Cultural Continuity in the Context of Statebuilding, Volume 5, 26–28 August 2000. 2393: 6566:ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Государственной комиссии Грузии по установлению фактов политики этнической чистки – геноцида, проводимой в отношении грузинского населения Абхазии, Грузия, и передачи материалов в Международный трибунал 12379: 3785:

conquest of the Caucasus. Today, Turkey is home to the world's largest Abkhaz diaspora community. Size estimates vary – diaspora leaders say 1 million people; Abkhaz estimates range from 150,000 to 500,000.

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and Kodori ranges – dividing the area into a number of deep, well-watered valleys. The highest peaks of Abkhazia are in the northeast and east and several exceed 4,000 metres (13,123 ft)

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Georgia criticized the proposals for Abkhazia's entry into the Russian Federation and Union State. In 2014, Georgia's Foreign Ministry issued a statement, calling the Russia-Abkhazia treaty on integration a

1592:. On 8 May 1918, the Bolsheviks seized power in Abkhazia and disbanded the local Abkhaz People's Council. It requested aid from the Transcausian authorities, which dispatched the Georgian People's Guard and 9345: 1550:

had to study and pray in Russian. After the mass deportation of 1878, Abkhazians were left in the minority, officially branded "guilty people", and had no leader capable of mounting serious opposition to

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Before 2002, Russian law allowed residents of former Soviet Union to apply for citizenship if they had not become citizens of their newly independent states. The procedure was extremely complex. The new

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instructed his government to establish official ties with South Ossetia and Abkhazia, leading to Georgia's condemnation of what it described as an attempt at "de facto annexation" and criticism from the

12646: 1800:, who became the country's head of state. On 21 February 1992, Georgia's ruling military council announced that it was abolishing the Soviet-era constitution and restoring the 1921 Constitution of the 1563:

issued Order 4880, which decreed that those parishes where the congregation was Mingrelian (i.e. Georgian), conduct both church services and church education in Georgian, while Abkhazian parishes use

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formed the second-largest minority group with a population of 46,455. Despite the official numbers, unofficial sources estimate that the Abkhaz and Armenian communities are roughly equal in number.

2664:, regarding human dimension standards in the region and is considering a presence in Gali. The OSCE expressed concern and condemnation over ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia during the 1994 2013:

in order to expel and eliminate the Georgian ethnic population in Abkhazia. About 5,000 were killed, 400 went missing and up to 250,000 ethnic Georgians were expelled from their homes. According to

1721:

Abkhazian ASSR was the only autonomous republic in the USSR in which the language of the titular nation (in that case Abkhazian) was confirmed in its constitution as one of its official languages.

8388:"Head of Foreign Ministry of the Republic of South Ossetia congratulated Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PMR with Sixth Anniversary of Creation of Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations" 1600:

army defeated another Bolshevik rebellion in the region. It remained part of Georgia after another Bolshevik revolt and a Turkish expedition were defeated in 1918. Russian general and a leader of

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The President of the Republic appoints districts' heads from those elected to the districts' assemblies. There are elected village assemblies whose heads are appointed by the districts' heads.

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against Georgian forces, which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and the termination of the UN mission. On 23 October 2008, the

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Kolossov, Vladimir; O'Loughlin, John (2011). "After the Wars in the South CaucasusState of Georgia: Economic Insecuritiesand Migration in the "De Facto" Statesof Abkhazia and South Ossetia".

2325:. The United Nations has been urging both sides to settle the dispute through diplomatic dialogue and ratifying the final status of Abkhazia in the Georgian constitution. However, the Abkhaz 10102: 9929: 9042: 8146: 11043: 2432:

In late October 2008 President Saakashvili signed into law legislation on the occupied territories passed by the Georgian Parliament. The law covers the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and

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colleges train in about 20 different specialties attracting between 1000 and 1300 young people annually (aged between 16 and 29) (as of 2019, est.). The largest colleges are as follows:

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passportisation involving granting citizenship to ethnic Georgians in eastern districts was fraught with risk of "losing sovereignty and territorial integrity." According to Apsnypress,

8079: 10794: 2638: 11729:[Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia: Chapter 2 Rights and freedoms of the person and citizen: Article 12] (in Russian). dp.abhazia.com. 26 November 1994. Archived from 10162: 7021:

Catherine Dale. The Dynamics and Challenges of Ethnic Cleansing: The Georgia-Abkhazia Case, 1 August 1997, by Catherine. Dale, Oxford Press, Refugee Survey Quarterly.1997; 16: 77-109

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was more evident in the higher levels of society rather than the general population. In his work, Çelebi also wrote that the principal tribe of Abkhazian principality, Chách, spoke

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from the root 'die' in the sense of 'mortal being'. The popular belief that the toponym is etymologisable as 'Land of the Soul' is demonstrated by Chirikba to be no longer tenable.

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As of May 2013, neutral documents have been recognised by Japan, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, the United States, Bulgaria, Poland, Israel, Estonia and Romania.

1381:

Ottoman influence grew significantly in the 18th century with the construction of a fort in Sukhumi, accompanied by a conversion of the rulers of Abkhazia and many other Abkhaz to

2633:); dual diplomatic roles through the Security Council and the appointment of a special envoy, succeeded by a special representative to the secretary-general; a humanitarian role ( 1444:

were vying for control of the region, the rulers of Abkhazia shifted back and forth across the religious divide. The first attempt to enter into relations with Russia was made by

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is a key industry and, according to Abkhazia's authorities, almost a million tourists (mainly from Russia) came to Abkhazia in 2007. Abkhazia exports wine and fruits, especially

16827: 11814: 9166:[By the end of 2007, 90 percent of the citizens of Abkhazia should receive national passports – The President] (in Russian). Abkhaziagov.org. 29 May 2007. Archived from 8886: 8576: 921: 687: 12145: 6437: 5082: 4182:

The apsuara, the Abkhaz code of honor, is very stringent regarding hospitality. One of its principles is to respect guests even if they have committed crimes against the host.

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rejected these new initiatives as "propaganda", leading to Georgia's complaints that this skepticism was "triggered by Russia, rather than by real mood of the Abkhaz people."

13118: 10771: 2009:. As the war progressed, confronted with hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians who were unwilling to leave their homes, the Abkhaz separatists implemented the process of 9692: 6074: 6034: 17412: 16395: 2224:. The opposition claimed that the protests were sparked by poverty, but the main point of contention was President Ankvab's liberal policy towards ethnic Georgians in the 9665: 9161: 8849: 8320: 2603:

Russia has started work on the establishment of a naval base in Ochamchire by dredging the coast to allow the passage of their larger naval vessels. As a response to the

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entered Abkhazia to free captive Georgian officials, and to reopen the railway line. Abkhaz troops were the first to open fire. Abkhaz separatist government retreated to

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The extent of Russian influence in Abkhazia has caused some locals to say Abkhazia is under full Russian control, but they still prefer Russian influence over Georgian.

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At the time of the 1989 census, Abkhazia's Georgian population numbered 239,872, forming around 45.7% of the population, and the Armenian population was 77,000. Due to

18052: 8546: 16412: 16109: 16053: 13874: 13450: 12345: 4257:, but it has no international football union membership. In total, there are nineteen Abkhazian Football Clubs across the two leagues. In 2016 it hosted and won the 6259: 2021:

pillaged and destroyed. Following the process of ethnic cleansing and mass expulsion, the population of Abkhazia has been reduced to 216,000, from 525,000 in 1989.

1534:, Georgians, Russians and others subsequently migrated to Abkhazia, resettling much of the vacated territory. Some Georgian historians assert that Georgian tribes ( 536: 1412:" by the Russians in 1810. Russia then annexed Abkhazia in 1864, and Abkhaz resistance was quashed as the Russians deported Muslim Abkhaz to Ottoman territories. 17371: 16424: 16361: 15352: 13331: 12831: 8490: 7456: 3522:

and paramilitary personnel this may increase to up to 50,000 in times of military conflict. The exact numbers and the type of equipment used remain unverifiable.

2264: 2163: 1378:, and in the 1570s, they had a garrison there. Throughout the 17th century, they continued to launch attacks, leading to the imposition of tribute on Abkhazia. 742: 9564: 7102: 5741: 13126: 10405: 8234: 1588:

was set up in Southern Caucasus, which gradually took steps towards the independence. Transcaucasia declared its independence from Russia on 9 April 1918 as a

11214: 15148: 12567: 8687: 7404: 1777:, which was supported by a huge majority of Georgia's population. Within weeks, Georgia declared independence on 9 April 1991, under former Soviet dissident 12084: 7939: 2750: 17403: 15009: 11603: 9615: 9337: 8740: 4841: 2358: 2171: 1964: 1808:

intensified his ties with hard-line Russian politicians and military elite and declared he was ready for a war with Georgia. To respond to this situation,

10915:"The speech by Tamaz Nadareishvili, chairman of the Supreme Council of the Abkhazian Autonomous Republic, delivered at the session of Georgian Parliament" 9181: 2474:, criticised the status-neutral passports and called their introduction "unacceptable". Some Abkhazian residents with Russian passports were being denied 16820: 16295: 16268: 9642: 4068:

issued a statement insisting that Abkhazians were citizens of Georgia and calling the passport allocation an "unprecedented illegal campaign". President

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Russia also called on other CIS members to undertake similar steps, but met with protests from Tbilisi and lack of support from the other CIS countries.

9547: 8294: 3259:, his vice-president, was appointed acting president after the former president's death on 29 May 2011 until winning election in his own right later on 3041:

to join Russia. Medvedev also mocked Georgia's desire to restore its territorial integrity, saying that "Georgia can only be united as part of Russia".

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Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons – Mission to Georgia (21 to 24 December 2005)

4155:(1979), has its own campus which is a home for 42 departments organised into 8 faculties providing education to about 3300 students (as of 2019, est.). 4041:

homes. Russian non-governmental organisations with close ties to Russian officialdom simply took their papers to a nearby Russian city for processing.

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and argued that he was not that much sure that Abkhazia was part of Georgia. In October, the Abkhaz and North Caucasian paramilitaries mounted a major

1744:, the agenda of Abkhaz nationalists became more radical and exclusive. In 1988, they began to ask for the reinstatement of Abkhazia's former status of 821: 11584: 4764: 4745:

Olga Oliker, Thomas S. Szayna. Faultlines of Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Implications for the U.S. Army. Rand Corporation, 2003,

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and Russia began issuing passports to the population of Abkhazia. Georgia has also accused Russia of violating its airspace by sending helicopters to

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that Georgia recognises as the legal government of Abkhazia. This pro-Georgian government maintained a foothold on Abkhazian territory, in the upper

3328: 3318: 3125: 2981: 1874: 782: 12435: 10565: 9068: 8084:[The head of Abkhazia sacked the government after near assaults by the presidential administration's opposition] (in Russian). 27 May 2014. 7825: 7157: 4003:

Despite the official status of Abkhaz, the dominance of other languages within Abkhazia, especially Russian, is so great that experts called it an "

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Most refugees from the 1992–1993 war (mainly ethnic Georgians) have not been able to return and have thus been excluded from the political process.

1963:), while Georgia blames the Abkhaz forces and their allies for the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, which has also been recognised by the 18707: 15237: 13748: 10708: 10094: 9925: 9266: 2038:

police without further delay." Key officials of the Gali District are virtually all ethnic Abkhaz, though their support staff are ethnic Georgian.

512: 11560: 9498: 9032: 8138: 6750: 4842:"Georgia/Russia, Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in South Ossetia | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook" 3091:

to the north and northeast separate Abkhazia and the Russian Federation. To the east and southeast, Abkhazia is bounded by the Georgian region of

1471:(1828–1829) strongly enhanced the Russian positions, leading to a further split in the Abkhaz elite, mainly along religious divisions. During the 15643: 15228: 15203: 15124: 15119: 15114: 10330: 8360:[Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria have recognised each other's independence and have called on all to do the same] (in Russian). 2710: 2703: 17: 12171: 11033: 10493: 6625: 3567:

The economy of Abkhazia is integrated with Russia as outlined in a bilateral agreement published in November 2014. The country uses the Russian

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were held in March 2017. Ethnicities other than Abkhaz (Armenians, Russians and Georgians) are claimed to be under-represented in the Assembly.

16813: 16517: 13148: 11873: 11470: 9986: 9005: 5505:

Leppin, Hartmut (2021). "The Eastern Roman Empire and Its Neighbours in the "Age of Justinian"". In Meier, Mischa; Montinaro, Federico (eds.).

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and Russia's subsequent recognition of Abkhazia's independence. About half of Abkhazia's state budget is financed with aid money from Russia.

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where it operated as the Government of Abkhazia in exile for almost 13 years. During this period, the Government of Abkhazia in exile, led by

3342:

from July 2006 until it was forced out by fighting in August 2008. This government is also partly responsible for the affairs of some 250,000

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dependent on Russia. Half of Abkhazia's budget comes from Russian funding, much of its state structure is integrated with Russia, it uses the

1824:. Shevardnadze announced that the Abkhaz faction took the decision without considering the opinion of the majority of population in Abkhazia. 18555: 16102: 15218: 13883: 13867: 13758: 13551: 13493: 13488: 13156: 6883: 4328: 3481: 2634: 2294: 1866: 1589: 1385:. Nonetheless, conflicts between the Abkhaz and Turks persisted. The spread of Islam in Abkhazia was first evidenced by the Ottoman traveler 14904: 14894: 11627: 10624: 10154: 7375: 15763: 15138: 14939: 14909: 13594: 10072: 2989: 2757: 2753:

has been implementing a food security programme to support the vulnerable populations affected by the frozen conflict for almost 10 years.

1700:

in 1938. The teaching of Abkhaz language was preserved in the new reorganized Abkhaz schools as a mandatory subject by the decision of the

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Moscow, at certain times, hinted that it might recognise Abkhazia and South Ossetia when Western countries recognised the independence of

2114:. Although Kvitsiani escaped capture by Georgian police, the Kodori Gorge was brought back under the control of the central government in 18043: 16273: 15379: 15345: 13816: 13619: 13589: 13470: 13324: 12774: 10865:"Russian Deputy Minister for Economic Development: "Harmonization of Legislation" Between Moscow and Occupied Abkhazia "Mostly Complete"" 7591: 7531: 1693: 1661: 1647: 1627: 1140:

peoples somewhere in modern Abkhazia on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. This region was subsequently absorbed in 63 BC into the

1054:

in Georgian sources), this new polity continued to be referred to as Egrisi in some Byzantine era Georgian and Armenian chronicles (e.g.

789: 437: 12257:: Iskander is named while only Shinkuba's work ("popular novels about the fate of muhajeers") is mentioned; in the Russian translation ( 10985: 8907: 8627:

Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.

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UN High Commissioner for refugees. Background note on the Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Georgia remaining outside Georgia

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Full Report by Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Georgia/Abkhazia. Violations of the laws of war and Russia's role in the conflict

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Full Report by Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Georgia/Abkhazia. Violations of the laws of war and Russia's role in the conflict

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Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, pp 12–13

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Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994

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peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions. In August 2008, Abkhaz and Russian forces fought

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between the separatists and local Georgian population in Abkhazia. After the war, on 18 November 1993, a month after its ending and

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According to a 2006 report, Georgia considers all residents of Abkhazia its citizens, while they see themselves as Abkhaz citizens.

726:. It covers 8,665 square kilometres (3,346 sq mi) and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital and largest city is 18737: 18722: 17396: 16095: 15178: 14999: 14695: 13860: 13644: 13503: 13460: 13427: 11852: 10763: 9852: 8732: 8664: 7257: 2366:

development of a timetable to ensure the prompt voluntary return of all refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes."

1940: 9684: 2698:, ruled out the possibility of replacing the Russian peacekeepers with the EU force. On 10 October 2006, EU South Caucasus envoy 2094:

In July 2006, Georgian forces launched a successful police operation against the rebelled administrator of the Georgian-populated

1821: 1789: 18455: 18332: 17697: 16118: 15143: 14328: 12572: 11969: 11950: 10730: 9788: 7665:"Кавказский Узел – Протокол N 7 Центральной избирательной комиссии по выборам Президента Республики Абхазия от 14 января 2005 г." 6078: 6018: 5886: 4344: 3503:

military is primarily a ground force, but includes small sea and air units. Russia deploys its own military units as part of the

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within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

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Sukhumi State College (1904) (from 1904 to 1921 – Sukhumi Real School; from 1921 to 1999 – Sukhumi Industrial Technical School),

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Pressures have been placed upon teachers in areas of Abkhazia which retain large Georgian populations to abandon the use of the

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estimated Abkhazia's total population in 2006 to be between 157,000 and 190,000 (or between 180,000 and 220,000 as estimated by

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proposed to hold a referendum to join the Russian Federation. In 2001, a similar desire was voiced by Abkhazia's Prime Minister

15338: 15248: 14949: 14662: 13983: 13913: 13317: 12841: 10264: 9726: 8857: 8773:"General Assembly adopts resolution recognising right of return by refugees, internally displaced persons to Abkhazia, Georgia" 8328: 6564: 4661: 4065: 3285:, its foreign policy is coordinated with Russia, and a majority of its citizens have Russian passports as a result of Russia's 3223: 2965: 11102: 10468: 8598: 7983: 7511: 7433: 4964:, which when translated, means 'Land of the Abkhazians ' See Chirikba (1991) for the etymology deriving the Abkhazian native 3955:

According to the constitutions of both Abkhazia and Georgia, the adherents of all religions have equal rights before the law.

16307: 15478: 12769: 12581: 12549: 12514: 12493: 12472: 12267: 12250: 11659: 11464: 11299: 11277: 11218: 10944: 10892: 10681: 10650: 9321: 9167: 9001:"UNPO: Victims of Geopolitics: Young Generations in Abkhazia Struggle with Lack of Travel and Education Opportunities Abroad" 8365: 7369: 6958: 6779: 6710: 6598: 6548: 6523: 6498: 6419: 6320: 6289: 6165: 6132: 6028: 6001: 5976: 5951: 5917: 5813: 5660: 5635: 5595: 5545: 5514: 5446: 5423: 5363: 5335: 5310: 5285: 5228: 4991: 4942: 4880: 4794: 4750: 4595: 3271: 1774: 1677: 1643: 424: 11782: 11495: 9877: 9751: 8538: 5772: 5392: 3077: 2656:

The OSCE has increasingly engaged in dialogue with officials and civil society representatives in Abkhazia, especially from

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stated that sovereign states have to decide themselves whether they want to recognise the independence of disputed regions.

1630:

was held to the Abkhaz People's Council. The Council favored being an autonomous region within Georgia, and it lasted until

1505:. Large numbers of Muslim Abkhazians, said to have constituted as much as 40% of the Abkhazian population, emigrated to the 1452:

in 1801. However, pro-Ottoman sympathy in Abkhazia prevailed for a short time after Kelesh-Bey was assassinated by his son,

16390: 15458: 14212: 13852: 12409: 12323: 9597: 9476: 9236: 9205: 8975: 8440: 8203: 8115: 8057: 7799: 7715: 3952:. The Jehovah's Witnesses organisation has officially been banned since 1995, though the decree is not currently enforced. 3260: 3252: 2642: 2517: 2321:, although Belarus has expressed sympathy toward the recognition of Abkhazia. Some have officially noted Abkhazia as under 2241: 2183: 12061: 12034: 12003: 9528: 9439: 9413: 9387: 9128:[Transcript of press conference at "MK": Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia Sergey Shamba]. 8815: 8792: 8172: 7961: 7685: 7664: 6541:

From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh

2212:, 10,000 supporters of the Abkhaz opposition gathered for a mass demonstration. On the same day, Ankvab's headquarters in 17389: 17129: 16285: 16197: 16141: 15701: 15104: 15059: 14974: 14899: 14233: 11625:Александр Крылов. ЕДИНАЯ ВЕРА АБХАЗСКИХ "ХРИСТИАН" И "МУСУЛЬМАН". Особенности религиозного сознания в современной Абхазии 10593: 7763: 6245: 9361: 8482: 6340: 6230: 4716: 4120:, secretary of Abkhaz security council, said that "We are facing the process of the total Georgianization of Abkhazia." 17881: 16429: 15758: 15535: 15213: 14631: 14129: 13073: 12709: 9669: 6792: 6100:

Gamakharia, Jemal. "Political-Legal Status of Abkhazia in 1917-1937". In Beradze, T.; Topuria, K.; Khorava, B. (eds.).

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also voiced support for these proposals, accusing Georgia of "escalating tensions" by its potential membership to the

2984:. One of the early proposals was voiced before the war, in March 1989, when the Abkhaz ethno-nationalsit organization 16456: 15434: 14964: 13944: 13659: 13229: 12764: 10401: 10210: 9572: 8226: 7133: 6648: 6474: 5782: 5702: 2629:

The UN has played various roles during the conflict and peace process: a military role through its observer mission (

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flourished between 850 and 950 AD, which ended by unification of Abkhazia and eastern Georgian states under a single

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On the website of the President of Abkhazia, it says: "The names the Republic of Abkhazia and Apsny are equivalent".

980: 927: 693: 10592:[The number of tourists in Abkhazia broke the records of Soviet times] (in Russian). vz.ru. 27 August 2015. 10516: 7033:

On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union, pg 72, by Georgiy I. Mirsky, published by

6229:[From the Constitution of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia] (in Russian). 1 April 1925. Article 3. 3255:. The next election was held on 12 December 2009. Bagapsh was re-elected as president with 59.4% of the total vote. 16402: 16226: 16214: 15223: 15074: 12866: 11362: 11222: 11182: 11134: 8879: 8256: 5882: 5722: 4683: 3267: 2346: 2232: 2131: 2025:

against ethnic Georgians organized by Abkhaz leaders continued even after the end of war, as far as February 1995.

406: 15193: 11724: 8697: 7400: 6991:

S. Neil MacFarlane (1997). "On the Front Lines in the near Abroad: The CIS and the OSCE in Georgia's Civil Wars".

6774:(2001), Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pp. 345–9. Routledge, 1997:

Exhibition at the 2005 commemoration of the ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia, held on its 12th anniversary in Tbilisi.

18648: 18036: 17946: 16716: 16468: 15846: 15153: 14969: 14889: 14365: 13280: 10463: 10356: 9037: 7947: 6758: 3772: 3667: 2977: 2961: 2416: 2362: 2002: 1854: 1846: 813: 797: 766: 16485: 11600: 9611: 4088:

citizenship. But they can first get an internal Abkhaz passport and then a travelling passport to visit Russia.

3008:, who said that Abkhazia was preparing to join Russia and that it was going to hold a referendum on that issue. 18546: 18435: 17047: 16711: 16507: 16058: 15079: 14869: 10748: 9189: 3293: 2918: 1801: 11337: 10188: 9903: 9638: 9544: 3612:

In the first half of 2012, the principal trading partners of Abkhazia were Russia (64%) and Turkey (18%). The

2134:. In April 2008, a Russian MiG – prohibited from Georgian airspace, including Abkhazia – shot down a Georgian 1233:

revolted against the Byzantine Empire and requested Sasanian assistance; the revolt was suppressed by General

18727: 16366: 15493: 15279: 15004: 14929: 14446: 14349: 14041: 13541: 12993: 12921: 12836: 12689: 10185:"Statement of the Georgian Foreign Ministry regarding the establishment of diplomatic and consular relations" 9769: 8286: 6822: 5031:

For all practical purposes the term Abkhdz or Afkhdz, in early Muslim sources covers Georgia and Georgians .

3362: 3347: 2769: 2657: 2548: 2166:

on 26 August 2008. This was followed by the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and the termination of

1833: 1745: 1445: 637: 628: 15330: 11453:

Georgia/Abkhazia: Living in Limbo – The Rights of Ethnic Georgian Returnees to the Gali District of Abkhazia

9809: 9010: 3913: 3470:. These districts remain mostly unchanged since the break-up of the Soviet Union, with the exception of the 1358:

In the 16th century, after the break-up of the Georgian Kingdom into small kingdoms and principalities, the

111: 18439: 17794: 16161: 16048: 15943: 15871: 15856: 15753: 15717: 15685: 15254: 15208: 15039: 14688: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14390: 14375: 14078: 13811: 13048: 12901: 12779: 11581: 7647: 7126:

Condemned to repetition?: the rise, fall, and reprise of Soviet-Russian military interventionism, 1973-1996

4768: 3343: 3237: 2047: 1769: 1730: 1673: 1631: 738: 618: 14344: 13187: 10531: 8539:"U.S. Senate Unanimously Passes Shaheen-Graham Resolution Affirming U.S. Support for Georgian Sovereignty" 7917: 7737: 7149: 5692: 3087:

Abkhazia covers an area of about 8,665 km (3,346 sq mi) at the western end of Georgia. The

2005:, Georgians made up nearly half of Abkhazia's population, while less than one-fifth of the population was 1021:. It possibly first appeared in the seventh century in an Armenian text, perhaps referring to the ancient 18712: 17972:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

16378: 16290: 16202: 16185: 15403: 15299: 15198: 15049: 14884: 14015: 13013: 12856: 12431: 10557: 9125:Стенограмма пресс-конференции в "МК": Министра иностранных дел Республики Абхазия Сергея Мироновича Шамба 9064: 8762:. Accord: an international review of peace initiatives. Reconciliation Resources. Retrieved 2 April 2007. 4189:

literature appeared relatively recently, in the beginning of the 20th century. However, Abkhaz share the

3663: 1585: 1476: 633: 10698: 10674:

The Demographic Struggle for Power: The Political Economy of Demographic Engineering in the Modern World

9258: 8081:Глава Абхазии отправил в отставку правительство после попытки штурма оппозицией администрации президента 3944:

has undergone a strong revival in recent decades. There is a very small number of adherents of Judaism,

3597:

located on the Inguri River between Abkhazia and Georgia (proper) and operated jointly by both parties.

3116:

Abkhazia is richly irrigated by small rivers originating in the Caucasus Mountains. Chief of these are:

1079:

Before the 20th century, the region was sometimes referred to in English language sources as "Abhasia".

18029: 16173: 15985: 15556: 15424: 15188: 15090: 15034: 14979: 14323: 13934: 13738: 12916: 12881: 12876: 11552: 11425: 10268: 9508: 9094: 7564: 7038: 7034: 6747: 5041: 4152: 3647: 3027: 2014: 1464: 1067: 608: 386: 371: 18488:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

3642: 1905:

and hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries and mercenaries from Russia, including the then-little-known

125: 16319: 15129: 14020: 12602: 12167: 11038: 10483: 6622: 4983:

Discordant Neighbours: A Reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South Ossetian Conflicts

4258: 3933: 3929: 2650: 2576: 2444:. The major road leading to South Ossetia from the rest of Georgia passes through the Gori District. 1858: 1697: 1234: 11451: 9978: 17059: 16686: 15242: 15068: 15014: 14994: 14944: 14036: 12978: 12926: 12851: 12826: 12759: 12682: 12402:"Амина Аншба / Anshba, Amina - биография теннисистки, фото и видео - Теннис портал Tennisportal.ru" 11676:"Russia: Other Points of View: ABKHAZIA versus GEORGIA: Implications for U.S. Policy toward Russia" 10918: 10488: 8752: 8646: 8516: 7940:"Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia declaring Abkhazia and South Ossetia occupied territories" 6387: 6107: 4436: 4323: 4254: 4239: 4046: 3634: 3398: 1910: 1359: 499: 12376:"Ален Авидзба провел мастер-класс для юных теннисистов, а его тренеры проведут для них тренировки" 10904:

On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union Georgiy I. Mirsky, p. 72.

10616: 8357:Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же 6898: 5381:"Egyptian cubits and Late Roman architecture: the design of the forts of the Kharga Oasis (Egypt)" 2080:

official, were everywhere in Sukhumi. Deputies of Russia's parliament and Russian singers, led by

1047:

In early Muslim sources, the term "Abkhazia" was generally used to mean the territory of Georgia.

18702: 18397: 17122: 15483: 15304: 15233: 15085: 15063: 14959: 14681: 13776: 11624: 10357:"Medvedev Post Claims Georgia Can Only Be United as Part of Russia, Georgia Says its a "Warning"" 10064: 9440:"OSCE Chair Condemns Russia's Recognition of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia, Civil Georgia, 26 August 2008" 7356: 4524: 4404: 3925: 3432: 3108:. Abkhazia's landscape ranges from coastal forests and citrus plantations to permanent snows and 2313:

A majority of sovereign states recognise Abkhazia as an integral part of Georgia and support its

2225: 2135: 2029: 1943:. The mass killings and destruction continued for two weeks, leaving thousands dead and missing. 1509:

between 1864 and 1878 together with other Muslim populations of the Caucasus, a process known as

1215: 1033: 18524: 12285:"Altınpost – Abhazya Haberleri – Abhazya Basketbol Milli Takımı KKTC Milli Takımını 76-59 Yendi" 9163:К концу 2007 года 90 процентов граждан Абхазии должны получить национальные паспорта – Президент 8327:(52). Washington, D.C.: Institute for Advanced Strategic & Political Studies. Archived from 6884:"BATTLE OF TWO LOGICS: APPROPRIATENESS AND CONSEQUENTIALITY IN RUSSIAN INTERVENTIONS IN GEORGIA" 5932:

Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Historical Dictionary of Georgia", Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p.84

1210:

was the principality's capital. The country was mostly Christian, with the archbishop's seat in

1120:

described various peoples living in the region and the great multitude of languages they spoke.

17467: 16794: 16636: 16128: 15891: 15866: 15473: 15463: 15361: 15108: 15044: 15029: 14985: 14467: 14410: 14385: 14318: 13887: 13692: 13239: 13234: 12204: 11675: 10824: 9135: 9130: 7345:

US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 120

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Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the territory of modern Abkhazia was part of the ancient

544: 16856: 12638: 11651: 11645: 11158:"Op-ed: Abkhazia will have to transfer its power system to Russia or live without electricity" 10317:"Abkhazia's entry into the Union State: a "diversionary maneuver" or a no alternative option?" 7588: 7538: 6075:"Some of the issues of Russian imperial language policy in Abkhazia and its results (part II)" 4586:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. pp. 4158:

Abkhaz Multiindustrial College (1959) (from 1959 to 1999 – Sukhumi Trade and Culinary School),

18429: 17950: 17813: 17784: 16631: 15576: 15488: 15453: 15319: 14955: 14522: 14517: 14492: 14472: 14202: 12936: 12871: 10981: 10536: 10128: 8461: 7943: 7859: 7336:

The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27

7207: 6458: 6312: 6306: 4811: 4037: 3720: 3680: 3244: 3231: 3058: 2593: 2421: 2403:

On 9 July 2012, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly passed a resolution at its annual session in

2314: 2175: 1878: 1523: 1367: 1332: 1313: 1276: 837: 482: 356: 13882: 11924: 11420: 10016: 10015:(in Spanish). Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional. 3 September 2009. Archived from 9089: 7882: 7559: 7187: 7049: 5303:

The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus

4981: 2706:

have damaged its credibility as a neutral peacekeeper in the EU's Black Sea neighbourhood."

18297: 16001: 15959: 15906: 15659: 15628: 15269: 15099: 15024: 14874: 14859: 14641: 14559: 14502: 14487: 14477: 14425: 14217: 14207: 14197: 14150: 14093: 13018: 12861: 12809: 12799: 11700: 11401: 11255: 11215:"Russian Federation Withdraws from Regime of Restrictions Established in 1996 for Abkhazia" 10427: 8942: 8776: 7240: 5248: 5244: 4246: 3795: 3382: 3306: 3227: 3145: 3105: 2969: 2536: 2437: 2370: 2252: 2199: 1483: 1398: 1202:. After the 4th century Lazica regained a measure of independence, but remained within the 1175:

in the 1st century AD; however, the Roman presence was confined to the ports. According to

337: 15773: 13382: 11007: 9847: 8968:"Romania recognized neutral Georgian passports for Abkhazian and South Ossetian residents" 8710: 5262:

Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562

5010: 4020: 3023:

does not recognizes Abkhazia as a sovereign state and considers it to be part of Georgia.

2228:. The opposition said these policies could endanger Abkhazia's ethnic Abkhazian identity. 8: 18627: 18374: 17906: 17739: 17537: 17019: 16011: 15964: 15861: 15809: 15664: 15638: 15612: 15591: 15419: 15398: 15294: 15020: 14934: 14854: 14849: 14840: 14621: 14616: 14569: 14512: 14507: 14497: 14380: 14286: 14192: 14103: 14098: 13929: 13164: 13066: 12973: 12956: 12946: 12931: 12821: 12742: 12725: 12717: 11711: 10923:

We see no perspective in arranging of Abkhazian conflict by political and peaceful means.

9834: 8911: 7270: 4904: 4454: 4318: 4177: 4069: 4004: 3993: 3985: 3621: 3582: 3562: 3541: 3497: 3471: 3463: 3455: 3428: 3424: 3386: 3374: 3335: 3286: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2510: 2471: 2373: 2107: 2103: 1914: 1809: 1797: 1784:

Gamsakhurdia's rule was soon challenged by armed opposition groups, under the command of

1623:

signed an agreement with Georgia in May 1920, recognizing Abkhazia as a part of Georgia.

1564: 1511: 1502: 1429: 1394: 1305: 1257: 1088: 343: 291: 31: 17885: 16805: 11840: 11726:Конституция Республики Абхазия: Глава 2 Права и свободы человека и Гражданина: Статья 12 10795:"How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia" 8729: 5676:Бгажба, О. Х.; Лакоба, С. З. (2007). "§9. Абхазское княжество и Турция (XV–XVIII ВВ.)". 2084:, a State Duma deputy and a popular singer, came to Abkhazia, campaigning for Khajimba. 18732: 18539: 18353: 17805: 17381: 17115: 16995: 16621: 16500: 16263: 15886: 15876: 15814: 15799: 15633: 15607: 15571: 15468: 15429: 15393: 15314: 15284: 15274: 15259: 15164: 14990: 14845: 14636: 14482: 14405: 14395: 14088: 14083: 13939: 12983: 12794: 12747: 11954: 10215:[Countries that have recognized the independence of the Republic of Abkhazia]. 9763: 9752:"U.S. Senator Urges Russian Peacekeepers' Withdrawal From Georgian Breakaway Republics" 7319: 6124:

The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918-2012: The First Georgian Republic and its Successors

3459: 3420: 3088: 3001: 2973: 2810: 2572: 2461: 2298: 2158: 2069: 1960: 1955: 1922: 1842: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1778: 1760: 1676:

and ended its short-lived independence. Abkhazia was made a socialist Soviet republic (

1593: 1581: 1363: 1309: 1272: 1245: 1099: 1041: 833: 824:

and years of negotiations, the dispute remains unresolved. The long-term presence of a

131: 14057: 12625: 11973: 10484:"Passports & International Travel: Country Information: Georgia: Embassy Messages" 9782: 8835: 5874: 2497: 2353:

Georgia accuses the Abkhaz secessionists of having conducted a deliberate campaign of

1495:

as a special military province of Sukhum-Kale which was transformed, in 1883, into an

781:. Lacking effective control over the Abkhazian territory, Georgia maintains an Abkhaz 18697: 18687: 18507: 18132: 18021: 18004: 17512: 17186: 16966: 16681: 16656: 16076: 15911: 15768: 15586: 15309: 15289: 15264: 15183: 15094: 14924: 14919: 14864: 14748: 14646: 14626: 14430: 13561: 13341: 13224: 13151: 13089: 13028: 13023: 13003: 12998: 12941: 12730: 12663: 12577: 12545: 12510: 12489: 12468: 12263: 12246: 12114: 12088: 11867: 11655: 11460: 10940: 10888: 10742: 10677: 9139: 8692: 8650: 8636: 7991: 7671: 7365: 7323: 7311: 7129: 6954: 6775: 6706: 6604: 6594: 6544: 6519: 6494: 6470: 6415: 6316: 6285: 6161: 6128: 6024: 5997: 5972: 5947: 5913: 5778: 5698: 5656: 5631: 5591: 5541: 5510: 5442: 5419: 5359: 5331: 5306: 5281: 5224: 5149:

Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562

5036: 4987: 4938: 4876: 4790: 4746: 4591: 4448: 4425: 4250: 4235: 4225: 4124: 4080:

said that she would raise the matter at the forthcoming OSCE parliamentary assembly.

3504: 2993: 2584:, officially recognised both on 26 August 2008. Russian recognition was condemned by 2532: 2441: 2318: 2293:" zones. These three states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the 2208:

to dismiss the government and make radical reforms. On 27 May 2014, in the centre of

2127: 1993: 1753: 1713: 1271:

The Kingdom of Abkhazia was united through dynastic succession with the newly formed

1253: 867: 778: 734: 306: 286: 188: 10316: 9723: 6570: 5460: 4657: 2934:

recognised Abkhazia on 18 September 2011, but withdrew recognition on 31 March 2014.

2028:

Of about 250,000 Georgian refugees, some 60,000 subsequently returned to Abkhazia's

1567:. In the Sukhumi district, this order was carried out in only three of 42 parishes. 18392: 17942: 16773: 16666: 16646: 16586: 15581: 15561: 15369: 15173: 15054: 14879: 13965: 13960: 13895: 12988: 12752: 12651: 11781:. Ceimen: Centre Internationale Escarré per a les Minories Étniques i les Nacions. 11524: 11099: 10646: 10457: 9365: 8606: 7507: 7303: 5753: 4926: 4513: 4419: 4393: 4333: 4117: 4105: 3997: 3981: 3751: 3545: 3451: 3447: 3416: 3412: 3355: 3256: 3206: 2783: 2779: 2589: 2485: 2354: 2335: 2205: 2057: 2017:, as of 2006 slightly over 200,000 Georgians remained displaced in Georgia proper. 2010: 1749: 1518: 1346:). The territory of contemporary Abkhazia formed part of the tümen administered by 1320: 1288:, declared independence from the Byzantine Empire and transferred his residence to 1203: 1148: 939: 886: 652: 392: 262: 117: 83: 16087: 12085:"Teachers in Abkhazia's Gali District Under Pressure To Give Up Georgian Language" 11307: 11269: 9318: 8355: 5802: 4064:

caused outrage in Tbilisi, worsening its already shaky relations with Russia. The

4032:, even after a decade, and used them to eventually apply for Russian citizenship. 3620:

Despite the controversial status of the territory and its damaged infrastructure,

3484:

are identical to the ones outlined above, except for the new Tkvarcheli district.

3403: 1386: 1102:. Around the 6th century BC, the Greeks established trade colonies along the 18348: 18064: 17997: 17910: 17718: 17597: 17424: 17349: 16671: 16626: 16515: 16385: 15738: 15509: 15168: 14914: 13094: 12539: 12504: 12483: 12462: 12315: 12115:"Сухуми требует от директоров грузинских школ перехода на русскоязычное обучение" 11707: 11631: 11607: 11588: 11499: 11438: 11408: 11106: 10831: 9869: 9856: 9813: 9792: 9730: 9551: 9532: 9325: 9240: 9209: 9107: 8819: 8796: 8759: 8736: 8717: 8675: 8643: 8468: 8195: 8107: 8049: 8017: 7651: 7595: 7577: 7515: 7194: 7056: 6948: 6754: 6652: 6629: 6465: 6441: 6212:

Inventing the self: Instrumentalisation of history in Abkhazian-Georgian conflict

6122: 5380: 5017: 4495: 4366: 4282: 4213: 4194: 4186: 4077: 4029: 3977: 3378: 3176: 3030: 3015:

declared Abkhazia's readiness to host a Russian navy and join the Russia-Belarus

2581: 2565: 2513: 2425: 2290: 2111: 2099: 2064:

Presidential elections were held in Abkhazia on 3 October 2004. Russia supported

1935: 1926: 1785: 1560: 1546:. By official decision of the Russian authorities, the residents of Abkhazia and 1222: 1125: 997: 774: 584: 272: 257: 57: 13309: 12401: 11774: 11744: 10242: 10187:. Tbilisi: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. 31 March 2014. Archived from 9468: 9233: 9202: 8967: 8432: 7791: 7707: 7527: 6915: 3155: 2790:

The following is a list of political entities that formally recognise Abkhazia.

1812:, new leader of Georgia, had interrupted his trip to Western Georgia, where the 17975: 17672: 17487: 17083: 17031: 16747: 16691: 16641: 16132: 16032: 16016: 15969: 15927: 15743: 14738: 14704: 14574: 13826: 13786: 12655: 12057: 12030: 11999: 11270:"Кавказский Узел – В 2009 году туристический поток в Абхазии увеличился на 20%" 10379:"Georgia calls Russia-Abkhazia treaty a "de-facto annexation" of its territory" 10158: 9593: 9525: 9443: 9417: 9391: 8812: 8789: 8660: 8316: 8168: 7969: 7855: 7693: 7619: 7487: 7307: 6771: 5032: 4296: 4209: 4073: 3782: 3778: 3732: 3712: 3443: 3408: 3248: 2695: 2557: 2552: 2524: 2506: 2384: 2378: 2187: 2088: 2073: 1954:

During the war, gross human rights violations were reported on both sides (see

1948: 1918: 1906: 1882: 1612: 1601: 1506: 1492: 1449: 1448:

in 1803, shortly after the incorporation of eastern Georgia into the expanding

1441: 1433: 1405: 1371: 1347: 1335:(also known as Chachba) which went on to rule Abkhazia until the 19th century. 1293: 1059: 805: 770: 719: 711: 10845:"Moscow, Sokhumi Sign 'Common Social-Economic Space' Program, Tbilisi Decries" 10587: 9926:"Abkhazia-Georgia: Première Urgence is implementing a food security programme" 9713:

Resolutions 849, 854, 858, 876, 881 and 892 adopted by the UN Security Council

9221: 7769: 7095:"The Chechen's Story: From Unrivaled Guerrilla Leader to the Terror of Russia" 3600: 1873:

The Abkhaz military defeat was met with a hostile response by the self-styled

1611:, but Georgians counter-attacked in April 1919 and retook the city. Denikin's 18681: 18663: 18650: 18590: 18532: 18500: 18358: 18009: 17757: 17723: 17557: 17071: 16591: 16493: 16419: 15851: 15360: 14819: 14370: 13806: 13299: 12667: 11556: 10937:

Eurasian Borderlands: Spatializing Borders in the Aftermath of State Collapse

10869: 10849: 10294: 10095:"Georgia Severs Relations With Syria For Recognizing Abkhazia, South Ossetia" 9119: 7599: 7315: 6608: 6348: 6224: 6197: 5757: 4724: 4338: 4310: 4193:, a series of tales about mythical heroes, with other Caucasian peoples. The 4101: 4054: 3989: 3728: 3716: 3672: 3339: 3282: 3169: 3129: 3067: 3038: 3012: 3005: 2882: 2877: 2731: 2699: 2687: 2680: 2520: 2475: 2286: 2274: 2236: 2217: 2154: 2123: 2095: 2081: 2065: 2006: 1689: 1604: 1568: 1552: 1339: 1221:

Around the middle of the 6th century AD, the Byzantines and the neighbouring

589: 362: 296: 234: 221: 11184:Основными торговыми партнерами Абхазии продолжают оставаться Россия и Турция 10509:"Official advice for New Zealanders living and travelling overseas: Georgia" 6591:

Conflict Resolution and Status: the Case of Georgia and Abkhazia (1989–2008)

4930: 4789:

Emmanuel Karagiannis. Energy and Security in the Caucasus. Routledge, 2002.

3197:

There are two main entrances into Abkhazia. The southern entrance is at the

3140:

serves as a boundary between Abkhazia and Georgia proper. There are several

2713:, based on a Group of Friends of the Secretary-General draft, extending the 2428:(centre, with dark tie) visited the Russian military base in Gudauta in 2010 1816:

had been going on between his government and supporters of former President

1479:(Mikhail), who ruled from 1822 to 1864, seemingly switched to the Ottomans. 1187:

peoples were nominal Roman subjects, and there was a small Roman outpost in

816:, which resulted in Georgia's loss of control over most of Abkhazia and the 18603: 18413: 18292: 18257: 17762: 17728: 17677: 17299: 16651: 16566: 16451: 16302: 15794: 14824: 14543: 14270: 13768: 13730: 13528: 13244: 13219: 11187:[Russia and Turkey continue to be Abkhazia's main trade partners]. 10699:"Kremlin announces that South Ossetia will join "one united Russian state"" 10217:

Embassy of the Republic of Abkhazia in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

9244: 8387: 7613: 7358:

International Society to Bring a Verdict on the Tragedy of Abkhazia/Georgia

5839: 4202: 4083:

1 February 2011 was the last day in the post-Soviet era when a passport of

3937: 3820: 3518:

The Abkhazian Land Forces with a permanent force of around 5,000, but with

3137: 3117: 2895: 2890: 2568:

said Georgia will treat any additional troops in Abkhazia as "aggressors".

2339: 2282: 2052: 1740:

Abkhazia as a separate Soviet republic in its own right. With the onset of

1736: 1657: 1409: 1390: 1343: 1168: 1073:

The state is designated as the "Republic of Abkhazia" in its constitution.

301: 17264: 11889:"Language policy in Abkhazia: promoting Abkhazian or forgetting Georgian?" 10220: 6975: 6645: 5774:

Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa in the Seventeenth Century

5742:"Travellers' Tales of Mingrelia and of the ancient fortress of Nokalakevi" 3011:

In October 2022, in an interview to the Russian TV, President of Abkhazia

2269: 2204:

In the spring of 2014, the opposition submitted an ultimatum to President

1420: 1267: 18512: 18242: 18182: 18177: 18072: 17840: 17657: 17592: 16536: 16221: 16209: 16006: 15804: 15566: 14792: 14564: 13898: 13821: 13372: 11388:: Population, Table 2.1, p. 33, Department for Statistics, Tbilisi (2005) 10508: 10291:"Bzhania Readies to Host the Russian Navy, Wants to Join the Union State" 10011:[Decree No. 47-2008: The President of the Republic of Nicaragua] 9182:"Recognition may come 'this year', South Ossetia's leaders says – Report" 6668: 5202: 5199: 3759: 3700: 3688: 3549: 3467: 3323: 3141: 3071: 3016: 2597: 1886: 1741: 1705: 1547: 1539: 1472: 17294: 11372: 11300:"Кавказский Узел – В 2009 году Абхазию посетило около миллиона туристов" 11192: 11126: 8890: 8257:"Putin strengthens ties with Georgia breakaway region; Tbilisi protests" 4691: 2726: 2068:, the prime minister backed by the ailing outgoing separatist President 18302: 18277: 18192: 18172: 18122: 18092: 18082: 17627: 17587: 17567: 17547: 17452: 17329: 16978: 16925: 16661: 16581: 16531: 16463: 15830: 15669: 15365: 14723: 13999: 13891: 13753: 13639: 13399: 13008: 12260:Адепт Бурдье на Кавказе: Эскизы к биографии в миросистемной перспективе 11730: 11127:"Безграничная Абхазия Что получила республика от российского признания" 11095: 10885:

Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the Internally Displaced

10049: 9414:"CoE, PACE Chairs Condemn Russia's Move, Civil Georgia, 26 August 2008" 9349: 8415:""Moldova's Energy Strategy and the "Frozen Conflict" of Transnistria"" 8023: 6726: 6435:

The Stalin-Beria Terror in Abkhazia, 1936–1953, by Stephen D. Shenfield

5137:

Edmund Ollier. Cassell's illustrated history of the Russo-Turkish. 1885

4197:

was created in the 19th century. The first newspaper in Abkhaz, called

3878: 3696: 3594: 3530: 3519: 3149: 3133: 3121: 3100: 3081: 2743: 2623: 2484:

According to Russian media, the President of the Republic of Abkhazia,

2433: 1188: 1137: 801: 377: 321: 10378: 9545:

Resolving Georgian crisis may be harder after Russian recognition move

5128:

The British and Foreign Review: Or, European Quarterly. 1838, p. 422.;

3754:

Abkhazia granted refugee status to a few hundred Syrians with Abkhaz,

1652: 1316:

at the end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century.

1193: 18466: 18267: 18262: 18142: 17969:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

17790: 17562: 17359: 17138: 16742: 14763: 13841: 13796: 13715: 13710: 13672: 13604: 13455: 11250: 11246:"Russia expands economic ties with Abkhazia, Georgia angry, CIS idle" 10703: 9499:"Tensions build as U.S. ship arrives in Georgia, CNN, 29 August 2008" 9222:

In Quotes: International Reaction to Russia's Abkhaz, S.Ossetian Move

6646:Референдум о сохранении СССР. Грузия строит демократию на беззаконии. 5564:; Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law et al., pages 56–58; 5219:

Olson, James S; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994).

5194:

Graham Smith, Edward A. Allworth, Vivien A. Law et al., pages 56–58;

4190: 3917: 3744: 3704: 3684: 3586: 3508: 2988:

issued the Lykhny Appeal, calling for Abkhazia to become part of the

2985: 2836: 2831: 2823: 2818: 2501:

The leaders of Abkhazia, Russia and South Ossetia, shortly after the

2301:. Venezuela recognised Abkhazia in September 2009. In December 2009, 2178:

passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a Russian-occupied territory.

1930:

with the rebels in control of much of Abkhazia northwest of Sukhumi.

1902: 1531: 1241: 1226: 1156: 1103: 809: 754: 750: 723: 715: 12674: 12000:"Abkhaz Decision on Passports Leaves Many Georgians in Gali Worried" 9979:"Russia welcomes Nicaragua's recognition of South Ossetia, Abkhazia" 8227:"Vladimir Putin signs treaty with Abkhazia and puts Tbilisi on edge" 6341:"Special Issue; The Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: Past, Present, Future" 4641: 3662:

The ethnic composition of Abkhazia has played a central role in the

2668:

Summit decision and later at the Lisbon Summit Declaration in 1996.

2102:. Kvitsiani had been appointed by the previous president of Georgia 1838: 18485:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

18282: 18237: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18107: 17982: 17932: 17902: 17823: 17818: 17642: 17637: 17612: 17472: 17289: 17279: 17173: 17007: 16954: 16942: 16837: 16737: 16596: 15778: 14783: 14733: 14265: 14176: 14160: 13836: 13831: 13781: 13574: 13569: 13546: 13536: 13513: 13404: 12906: 12243:

Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-System Biography

11848: 11330:"Ростуризм увеличил туристические показатели сразу в несколько раз" 11329: 10864: 10844: 10334: 10290: 9899: 9521: 8665:

Moscow kills Boden paper, threatens to terminate UNOMIG in Georgia.

8111: 8053: 7265: 6181: 5613:Сообщения средневековых грузинских письменных источников об Абхазии 4965: 4387: 4028:

After the break-up of the Soviet Union, many Abkhazians kept their

3676: 3590: 3571:

as its currency, and the two countries share a common economic and

3534: 3507:

in Abkhazia. These units are reportedly subordinate to the Russian

3474:, created in 1995 from parts of the Ochamchira and Gali districts. 3240: 3191: 3160: 3109: 2665: 2331: 2146: 1976: 1968: 1898: 1894: 1616: 1488: 1328: 1207: 1152: 1117: 1107: 1009: 596: 17877: 15901: 14538: 14420: 14302: 14062: 10539:, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade via smartraveller.gov.au 8483:"Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognising breakaway republics" 8287:"Opposition Protests In Georgia's Breakaway Abkhazia Turn Violent" 8022:[Vice-President Raul Khajimba has resigned] (in Russian). 7457:"World Review – Washington shames Moscow over 'occupied' Abkhazia" 7208:"CSCE Budapest Document 1994, Budapest Decisions, Regional Issues" 6834: 4643:

Moscow Says Abkhazia, S. Ossetia Shall be Less Dependent on Russia

2709:

On 13 October 2006, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a

18554: 18307: 18222: 18202: 18087: 18077: 17927: 17667: 17617: 17577: 17532: 17527: 17517: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17477: 17462: 17457: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17344: 17339: 17269: 17238: 17199: 16913: 16752: 16676: 16576: 16556: 16551: 16156: 15896: 15881: 15540: 15530: 14798: 14773: 14768: 14753: 14743: 14728: 14718: 14673: 14415: 14400: 14249: 14134: 14124: 13801: 13743: 13720: 13682: 13667: 13629: 13518: 13480: 13445: 13437: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13260: 13214: 13209: 13105: 12968: 12735: 12610: 10969:

White Book of Abkhazia. 1992–1993 Documents, Materials, Evidences

10009:"Decreto No. 47-2008: El Presidente de la República de Nicaragua" 9804: 9758:. 22 August 2006. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. 9722:

From the Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit, 6 December 1994

9000: 7150:"UNOMIG: United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia – Background" 3882: 3526: 3370: 3366: 3202: 3020: 3019:. However, the proposal has been criticized as impractical since 2921:

Abkhazia on 23 May 2011, but withdrew recognition on 20 May 2013.

2915: 2910: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2115: 2022: 1890: 1862: 1543: 1375: 1289: 1285: 1230: 1184: 1180: 1133: 1111: 1037: 1022: 727: 316: 213: 157: 13791: 12058:"Authorities in Abkhazia Plan to Strip Georgians of Citizenship" 9685:"More Disagreements Emerge Between Abkhaz and Russian Interests" 7822:"Report blames Georgia for starting war with Russia: newspapers" 7644: 2297:. Russia and Nicaragua officially recognised Abkhazia after the 1475:(1853–1856), Russian forces had to evacuate Abkhazia and Prince 1214:. Stratophilus, the Metropolitan of Pityus, participated in the 812:—the largest single ethnic group at that time—culminated in the 18718:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

18363: 18287: 18252: 18187: 18167: 18157: 18117: 18102: 18097: 17835: 17713: 17687: 17662: 17652: 17632: 17622: 17607: 17602: 17582: 17552: 17522: 17507: 17482: 17416: 17324: 17259: 17254: 17225: 17212: 16901: 16889: 16706: 16571: 16561: 16546: 16541: 16373: 16280: 16192: 16180: 15748: 14788: 14778: 14758: 14451: 13705: 13700: 13584: 13579: 13508: 13422: 13391: 13196: 13177: 12031:"Sokhumi Suspends Issuing Abkhaz Passports to Ethnic Georgians" 11845:

Abkhazia in the Context of Contemporary International Relations

10982:"Russland legitimiert Beziehungen zu Abchasien und Südossetien" 8887:

State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality of Georgia

8361: 5221:

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

3755: 3708: 3692: 3575:. Abkhazia has experienced a modest economic upswing since the 3198: 2931: 2926: 2806: 2801: 2676:

has already funded some humanitarian initiatives for Abkhazia.

2646: 2544: 2404: 2397: 2153:

On 9 August 2008, Abkhazian forces fired on Georgian forces in

1972: 1261: 1211: 1176: 1172: 1141: 1129: 1121: 746: 11034:"Putin Sparks Georgia Fury With 'Annexation' Deal in Abkhazia" 5057:"Abkhazia's status as part of Georgia: historical perspective" 4341:, another region of Georgia which is also a disputed territory 2692:

High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy

989:) and in most languages is derived directly from the Russian. 18471: 18312: 18272: 18247: 18227: 18162: 18137: 18127: 18112: 17937: 17647: 17572: 17542: 17354: 17334: 17304: 17284: 16757: 16696: 16168: 15733: 14155: 13677: 13634: 13624: 13414: 13204: 12633: 8513:"Diplomat: Belarus to recognise Abkhazia, South Ossetia soon" 6848: 6846: 6844: 6255: 5611:Амичба, Георгий (1986). "История и восхваление венценосцев". 4050: 3835: 3605: 3568: 3525:

The Abkhazian Navy that consists of three divisions based in

3439: 3334:

The Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia is the

3187: 3037:, and saying that there were "good reasons" for Abkhazia and 2955: 2862: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2302: 1608: 1535: 1497: 1440:

In the beginning of the 19th century, while the Russians and

1382: 1199: 901: 762: 758: 667: 17374:, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. 17107: 11634:. Portal-credo.ru (17 March 2004). Retrieved on 30 May 2011. 10155:"Georgia Says Vanuatu Has Withdrawn Recognition of Abkhazia" 9953:"Georgia and Russia: The occupation too many have forgotten" 9870:"Our work in Georgia, what we do and where – The HALO Trust" 9849:

Security Council extends Georgia Mission until 15 April 2007

9784:

Solana fears Kosovo 'precedent' for Abkhazia, South Ossetia.

9639:"The Republic of Spies: How Russia's FSB Colonized Abkhazia" 9388:"Scheffer 'Rejects' Russia's Move, Civil.ge, 26 August 2008" 8390:. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PMR. 15 June 2012. 8325:

IASPS Policy Briefings: Geostrategic Perspectives on Eurasia

6226:Из конституции Социалистической Советской Республики Абхазии 1342:

divided Georgia into eight military-administrative sectors (

1331:

of Abkhazia. He was one of the first representatives of the

1225:

fought for supremacy over Abkhazia, a conflict known as the

1151:

died in Abkhazia during a missionary trip and was buried in

18322: 18232: 18197: 18152: 18147: 18056: 17828: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17274: 16789: 16701: 16314: 12346:"A World Cup for countries that are not actually countries" 10764:"Abkhazia Is Not Crimea but Everything Is Set to Become It" 9859:, The UN Department of Public Information, 13 October 2006. 4084: 3651: 3034: 2585: 2141: 1491:. Later that same year, Abkhazia was incorporated into the 1040:

specifically, and at other times the western region of the

963: 960: 954: 910: 907: 733:

The political status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the

676: 673: 12197:"Государственный комитет Республики Абхазия по статистике" 11591:. Eurasianet.org (8 March 2009). Retrieved on 30 May 2011. 10825:

Inside Abkhazia: A Survey of Attitudes in a De Facto State

7962:"Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory" 7686:"Official: Government Forces Control Most of Kodori Gorge" 6841: 6514:

Tüysüzoğlu, Göktürk; Özkan, Arda, eds. (25 January 2022).

6284:. London: Europa Publications Limited. 1999. p. 363. 5488: 5486: 4612:"Государственный комитет Республики Абхазия по статистике" 3063: 844:, a position shared by most United Nations member states. 16835: 10562:

Irish Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

10042:"Âåíåñóýëà ïðèçíàåò íåçàâèñèìîñòü Àáõàçèè è Þæíîé Îñåòèè" 9503: 9338:

Russia recognizes independence of Georgia's rebel regions

8321:"Frozen Conflicts in the Black Sea-South Caucasus Region" 7480:"In Caucasus, Separatist Struggle Is Pursued as a Pogrom" 6703:

Statehood and security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution

6282:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

5723:"Станислав Лакоба. Двуглавый орел и традиционная Абхазия" 3511:

and include both ground elements and air defence assets.

3183: 2947:

recognised Abkhazia on 17 November 2006. Self-proclaimed

2410: 2077: 2076:

together with Khajimba, who, like Putin, had worked as a

1530:

Large areas of the region were left uninhabited and many

942: 889: 800:

in the late 1980s. Simmering ethnic tensions between the

655: 17411: 11367:[The population of Abkhazia is 240,705 people]. 11364:Численность населения Абхазии составляет 240 705 человек 10589:Число туристов в Абхазии побило рекорды советских времен 9741:

Lisbon Summit Declaration of the OSCE, 2–3 December 1996

9469:"West condemns Russia over Georgia, BBC, 26 August 2008" 8108:"Georgia Abkhazia: Leader 'flees' protesters in Sukhumi" 6930: 6928: 6823:"The 1992-93 Georgia-Abkhazia War: A Forgotten Conflict" 4476: 4465: 2649:); and a low-key capacity and confidence-building role ( 16606: 12620:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia

12619: 12541:

The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia

10331:"Russia threatens to annex Georgia's breakaway regions" 8813:

Burjanadze: Russia Behind Sokhumi's No to New Proposals

8649:

Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. 28 July 2005.

8139:"President of Georgian Abkhazia Resigns Under Pressure" 7914:"Georgia: OSCE Terminates Its 17-Year Georgian Mission" 7074: 7062: 7003: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6748:

1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia

5483: 5054: 2265:

International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

1484:

highlanders of Western Caucasia were finally subjugated

1463:

and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival and brother,

18051: 12506:

State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus

9668:. The National (UAE news organization). Archived from 8908:"CDL(2009)004: Law on occupied territories of Georgia" 8569:"Negotiations of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement" 7293: 4931:"Abkhazia: Problems and the Paths to their Resolution" 4072:

said that he would be asking his Russian counterpart,

3251:. Bagapsh came to power following the deeply divisive 2982:

government-in-exile of Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

1575: 1162: 1050:

Presumably considered as a successor state of Lazica (

877: 16256: 16149: 12025: 12023: 12021: 11993: 11991: 11953:. Library of Congress. September 2008. Archived from 11951:"Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia" 11918: 11916: 11914: 11701:

Georgia: International Religious Freedom Report 2005.

10402:"Factbox – Key facts on Georgia's breakaway Abkhazia" 9259:"Russia to recognise breakaway region's independence" 8962: 8960: 8196:"Georgians protest against Russia-Abkhazia agreement" 7911: 7881:

Nowak, David; Torchia, Christopher (14 August 2008),

6925: 5800: 4529: 4409: 3924:

A majority of inhabitants of Abkhazia are Christian (

3354:

that followed. The current Head of the Government is

2357:

of up to 250,000 Georgians, a claim supported by the

1792:

in January 1992. Gamsakhurdia was replaced by former

981: 957: 951: 928: 904: 898: 860: 694: 670: 664: 92: 11064: 10962: 8741:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

8515:. News.xinhuanet.com. 29 August 2008. Archived from 8462:

Chavez Backs Russian Recognition of Georgian Regions

7984:"Abkhaz Leadership, Opposition Exchange Accusations" 7432:. Crisisgroup.org. 15 September 2006. Archived from 6858: 6388:"Functioning of the Abkhazian Language in Education" 6016: 4897:"Contested Borders in the Caucasus: Chapter I (3/4)" 4658:"Abkhazia remains available by Georgian phone codes" 4506: 4377: 4272: 3646:

estimates the population in 2007 at 180,000 and the

3299: 3182:

The lowland regions used to be covered by swaths of

2359:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2193: 2132:

attack Georgian-controlled towns in the Kodori Gorge

2106:

and refused to recognise the authority of president

1482:

Later on, the Russian presence strengthened and the

1292:. During this period the Georgian language replaced 945: 892: 658: 155: 66: 16117: 11804: 11802: 11800: 10212:

Cтраны, признавшие независимость Республики Абхазия

10125:"Vanuatu's recognition to the Republic of Abkhazia" 9806:

Russia 'not neutral' in Black Sea conflict, EU says

9364:. Balkaninsight.com. 27 August 2008. Archived from 7824:. Earthtimes.org. 30 September 2009. Archived from 6820: 6345:

JRL Research & Analytical Supplement ~ JRL 8226

6020:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936

5165:

Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War

3537:, but the Russian coast guard patrols their waters. 3205:. The northern entrance ("Psou") is in the town of 3095:; and on the south and southwest by the Black Sea. 1965:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

948: 895: 661: 12645: 12018: 11988: 11911: 11610:. Hurriyetdailynews.com. Retrieved on 30 May 2011. 9971: 9463: 9461: 9287: 8957: 7883:"Russia: Georgia can 'forget' regaining provinces" 7424: 7422: 6990: 6404: 5079:"Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia (Apsny)" 5055:Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Otkhmezuri, Giorgi (2010). 4015: 3967:Article 6 of the Constitution of Abkhazia states: 3312: 2964:, there have been several proposals voiced by the 13339: 10883:Birgitte Refslund Sørensen, Marc Vincent (2001), 10617:"President of Abkhazia Re-elected by Wide Margin" 10001: 9827:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1716" 9676: 9666:"Abkhazia: From Georgia's Pan into Russia's Fire" 8910:. Venice.coe.int. 23 October 2008. Archived from 8790:Saakashvili Outlines Tbilisi's Abkhaz Initiatives 6946: 6705:, p. 384. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 6484: 6482: 6103:A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia 5678:История Абхазии с древнейших времен до наших дней 5218: 3727:enforced migration, especially under the rule of 3329:Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia 3319:Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia 3270:, which consists of 35 elected members. The last 2992:. This is thought to be a starting point for the 2870:Partially recognised and unrecognised territories 2273:Map of Georgia highlighting Abkhazia (green) and 1875:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus 18679: 15238:German occupation of Estonia during World War II 12613:(official webpage of the President of Abkhazia). 12082: 11997: 11797: 11620: 11618: 11616: 10671: 9288:Clover, Charles; Isabel Gorst (25 August 2008). 8350: 8348: 8346: 6881: 4471: 4076:, for an explanation. The speaker of parliament 2809:recognised Abkhazia on 26 August 2008 after the 1982: 1951:, remained under Georgian control (until 2008). 1299: 1106:coast of present-day Abkhazia, in particular at 27:Partially recognised state in the South Caucasus 12634:State Information Agency of the Abkhaz Republic 12313: 12225: 11519: 11517: 11459:. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch. p. 9. 11357: 11355: 11067:"No Clear Frontrunner as Abkhazia Goes to Poll" 9458: 9097:Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006, page 10 9065:"Abkhazian leader opposed to neutral passports" 8933: 8931: 8929: 7419: 6973: 6757:: Chapter XI, Articles 107–108 (adopted by the 6516:Conflict Areas in the Caucasus and Central Asia 6513: 6405:Chaava, Sophia; Gvantseladze, Teimuraz (2021). 6252:Abkhazia. Problems of international recognition 5630:. London, UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 441. 5529: 4100:According to the Abkhazian law on citizenship, 3438:The Republic of Abkhazia is divided into seven 1542:) had populated Abkhazia since the time of the 16518:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 16135:provided by the articles linked in parentheses 12611:Официальный сайт Президента Республики Абхазия 12230:(in Russian). Сухуми: Алашара. pp. 57–58. 12055: 11967: 11813:. Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa. 11678:. Russiaotherpointsofview.com. 30 March 2010. 11550: 11396: 11394: 11371:(in Russian). 28 December 2011. Archived from 10647:"Abkhazia President Sergei Bagapsh dies at 62" 10056: 9786:(International Relations and Security Network) 9682: 9609: 9006:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 8939:"Bill on Occupied Territories Signed into Law" 8043: 8041: 7738:"Video shows Russian MiG downing Georgian UAV" 6479: 5875:"BBC News – Regions and territories: Abkhazia" 5801:Beradze, T.; Topuria, K.; Khorava, B. (2009). 5533:Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands 5354:(2004). "The Expedition of Flavius Arrianus". 4429: 3482:administrative subdivisions under Georgian law 3442:(districts) named after their primary cities: 3389:, his envoy in the peace talks over Abkhazia. 2308:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2231:After Ankvab fled the capital, on 31 May, the 870: 18556:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 18540: 18037: 17397: 17123: 16821: 16501: 16103: 15346: 14689: 13868: 13325: 13134: 12690: 12142:"In Abkhazia, worried about the language law" 12139: 11811:"In Abkhazia, worried about the language law" 11613: 10513:New Zealand Government via safetravel.govt.nz 9636: 9319:BBC News: "Russia recognises Georgian rebels" 8775:. United Nations. 15 May 2008. Archived from 8343: 8019:Вице-Президент Рауль Хаджимба Ушел в Отставку 7848:"Russia in operation to storm Abkhazia gorge" 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 6077:. Experts' Club. 28 July 2010. Archived from 6049: 4517: 4397: 4329:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 2596:and international law". UN Secretary-General 2396:passed a resolution at its annual session in 2295:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 1867:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1865:where the Russian military base was located. 1191:. Abasgoi likely served in the Roman army in 853: 459:• Abkhazian declaration of independence 75: 17763:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 11922: 11601:Circassians in Turkey rally for their rights 11514: 11432:Free registration needed to view full report 11414: 11352: 10953: 9663: 9657: 9630: 9362:"'West Ignored Us on Kosovo', says Medvedev" 9344:, 26 August 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 9101:Free registration needed to view full report 9083: 8926: 8880:"The Law of Georgia on Occupied Territories" 8599:"RESOLUTION 382 ON THE SITUATION IN GEORGIA" 7880: 7605: 7571:Free registration needed to view full report 6447:, 30 June 2010, retrieved 11 September 2015. 6385: 6217: 5675: 5071: 4933:. In Ole Høiris, Sefa Martin Yürükel (ed.). 4208:Arguably the most famous Abkhaz writers are 4091: 3781:in the mid-19th century after resisting the 3514:The Abkhazian Armed Forces are composed of: 2990:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2758:European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia 2613: 2174:monitoring missions. On 28 August 2008, the 449:• Abkhazian declaration of sovereignty 145: 49: 15380:List of active separatist movements in Asia 12245:. University of Chicago Press. p. 99. 12168:"Top Abkhazian security official dismissed" 11927:. Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 11400:"Abkhazia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. 11391: 11243: 11175: 10792: 9950: 9594:Russian Warns Georgia Against Ship Seizures 8136: 8038: 8010: 7092: 7029: 7027: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6723:"Shevardnadze Named Head of New Government" 6408:Abkhaz language in the past, present and... 6160:. Center for Social Studies. pp. 6–7. 6150: 5837: 5777:. Vol. 2. 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Archived from 4234: 4108:with any other state apart from Russia. 4019: 3912: 3599: 3402: 3322: 3154: 3076: 3062: 3052: 2898:recognised Abkhazia on 17 November 2006. 2885:recognised Abkhazia on 17 November 2006. 2852:recognised Abkhazia on 15 December 2009. 2826:recognised Abkhazia on 5 September 2008. 2773: 2730:The breakaway republics of Abkhazia and 2725: 2617: 2496: 2420: 2383: 2268: 2216:was stormed by opposition groups led by 2140: 2087:However, Khajimba lost the elections to 2051: 1992: 1837: 1651: 1517: 1419: 1408:in 1801 but was declared "an autonomous 1266: 1155:; his remains were later transferred to 18708:Historical regions of Georgia (country) 16774:District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) 12573:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 12523: 12460: 11829: 11379: 11155: 11065:Nikolaus von Twickel (26 August 2011). 9603: 9587: 9442:. Civil.ge. 1 July 2001. Archived from 9432: 9416:. Civil.ge. 1 July 2001. Archived from 9390:. Civil.ge. 1 July 2001. 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Th.; E. van Donzel (1993). 5275: 4935:Contrasts and Solutions in the Caucasus 4809: 4577: 4345:List of states with limited recognition 3217: 2122:of Abkhazia became pronounced when the 2110:, who succeeded Shevardnadze after the 1240:An Arab incursion into Abasgia, led by 14: 18680: 14663:First-level NUTS of the European Union 12537: 12191: 12189: 12095:from the original on 15 September 2016 11998:Olesya Vartanyan (24 September 2013). 11899:from the original on 25 September 2017 11838: 11694: 11643: 11563:from the original on 20 September 2016 11546: 11544: 11542: 11428:Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006 11244:Alexandrova, Lyudmila (9 April 2008). 10762:Tkemaladze, Tamar (14 February 2021). 10696: 10399: 10243:"Chronology for Abkhazians in Georgia" 9526:CoE, PACE Chairs Condemn Russia's Move 9406: 9256: 9118: 8995: 8993: 8730:Resolution of the OSCE Budapest Summit 8688:"Breakaway Abkhazia seeks recognition" 8224: 8149:from the original on 14 September 2017 8047: 7912:Jean-Christophe Peuch (29 June 2009). 7893:from the original on 13 September 2008 7611: 7567:Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006 7548: 7477: 7200: 6934: 6765: 6334: 6332: 6304: 6233:from the original on 14 November 2002. 6146: 6144: 6099: 5996:. 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(2010). 4486: 4441: 4357: 4024:Russian Drama Theatre, Sukhumi 3771:Thousands of Abkhaz, known as 3294:University of Colorado Boulder 2763: 2658:non-governmental organisations 2535:, the Russian authorities and 2388:The Russian embassy in Sukhumi 1802:Democratic Republic of Georgia 1477:Hamud-Bey Sharvashidze-Chachba 1323:, Georgian chronicles mention 714:, on the eastern coast of the 636:840 / 940 (formerly, 13: 1: 17947:country of the United Kingdom 17137: 16836:Countries and regions of the 16243:UN specialized agency members 15075:People's Republic of Bulgaria 12660:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 12485:The Caucasus: an Introduction 12464:The Caucasus: an Introduction 11923:Inal Khashig (27 June 2002). 10793:Gerard Toal (20 March 2014). 10381:. Agenda.ge. 27 November 2014 10319:. Jam News. 17 November 2023. 6347:(24). Cdi.org. Archived from 6151:Samkharadze, Nikoloz (2012). 5691:Hewitt, Brian George (2013). 5418:. ReaktionBooks. p. 43. 5330:. 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Archived from 6623:Georgia-Abkhazia, Chronology 4660:. today.az. 6 January 2010. 4477: 4466: 4138: 3972:groups residing in Abkhazia. 3695:. Other ethnicities include 3657: 2966:separatist Abkhaz government 2251:In December 2021, there was 1752:) was sent to Soviet leader 1632:Red Army invasion of Georgia 7: 17100:Partially-recognized states 14890:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 14627:Irish (in Northern Ireland) 12603:Wikimedia Atlas of Abkhazia 12524:Cornell, Svante E. (2001). 12467:. Oxford University Press. 9951:Luke Coffey (1 June 2010). 8603:NATO Parliamentary Assembly 7059:Helsinki, March 1995. p. 22 6057:The Abkhazians and Abkhazia 5358:. Oxford University Press. 5276:Gregory, Timothy E (2005), 5021:The Abkhazians and Abkhazia 4530: 4507: 4410: 4378: 4268: 3962: 3805:Religion in Abkhazia (2003) 3789: 3766: 3664:Georgian-Abkhazian conflict 3487: 2679:On 22 August 2006, Senator 2394:OSCE Parliamentary Assembly 2041: 1921:, a Russian deputy who met 1586:Transcaucasian Commissariat 1456:, in 1801. On 2 July 1810, 1389:in 1641. Despite this, the 1362:(nominally a vassal of the 1248:jointly with his Lazic and 1132:have given accounts of the 878: 861: 847: 156: 93: 67: 10: 18754: 18440:British Overseas Territory 18053:Countries and dependencies 17795:British Overseas Territory 17413:Countries and dependencies 17370:Disputed statehood — 16169:People's Republic of China 13379: 12454: 11775:"Nation Profile; Abkhazia" 11745:"Constitution of Abkhazia" 11647:The Abkhazians: a handbook 11525:"Abkhazia in numbers 2011" 11426:International Crisis Group 10887:, pp. 234–5. Pluto Press, 10747:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 10735:International Crisis Group 10404:. reliefweb.int. Reuters. 10269:United Press International 9212:. BBC News. 16 April 2008. 9095:International Crisis Group 8753:Georgia-Abkhazia: Profiles 7565:International Crisis Group 7355:Gamakharia, Jemal (2015). 7308:10.2747/1539-7216.52.5.631 7128:. MIT Press. p. 319. 7039:London School of Economics 7035:Greenwood Publishing Group 6947:Nicole J. Jackson (2003). 6543:. Routledge. p. 150. 6308:The Abkhazians: a handbook 6127:. Routledge. p. 208. 5994:The Abkhazians. A Handbook 5969:The Abkhazians. A Handbook 5944:The Abkhazians. A Handbook 5910:The Abkhazians. A Handbook 5694:The Abkhazians: A Handbook 5243:Strabo, in agreement with 5042:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4980:Hewitt, George B. (2013). 4472: 4458: 4223: 4175: 4171: 4164:Sukhumi Art College (1935) 3793: 3668:1992–1993 war with Georgia 3648:International Crisis Group 3632: 3560: 3556: 3491: 3396: 3316: 3221: 3056: 2767: 2760:(EUMM) to enter Abkhazia. 2756:Russia does not allow the 2734:within the Caucasus region 2720:Moscow ceasefire agreement 2577:Federal Assembly of Russia 2459: 2414: 2262: 2197: 2157:. This coincided with the 2045: 2015:International Crisis Group 1986: 1831: 1728: 1641: 1086: 1082: 842:Russian-occupied territory 708:partially recognised state 201:Partially recognised state 29: 18612: 18562: 18480: 18453: 18422: 18406: 18385: 18372: 18330: 18319: 18063: 17964: 17920: 17895: 17870: 17857: 17804: 17780: 17773: 17750: 17737: 17695: 17684: 17423: 17368: 17247: 17145: 17098: 16844: 16782: 16766: 16725: 16614: 16603: 16524: 16440: 16420:Republic of South Ossetia 16345: 16334: 16241: 16140: 16129:international recognition 16125: 16069: 16041: 16025: 15994: 15978: 15952: 15936: 15920: 15839: 15823: 15787: 15726: 15710: 15694: 15678: 15652: 15621: 15600: 15549: 15518: 15502: 15443: 15412: 15386: 15377: 15130:History of Czechoslovakia 14930:First Republic of Armenia 14833: 14807: 14711: 14655: 14609: 14583: 14552: 14531: 14460: 14439: 14358: 14337: 14311: 14295: 14279: 14258: 14242: 14226: 14185: 14169: 14143: 14112: 14071: 14050: 14029: 14008: 13992: 13974: 13953: 13922: 13906: 13767: 13729: 13691: 13658: 13560: 13527: 13479: 13436: 13413: 13390: 13348: 13289: 13273: 13253: 13195: 13184: 13163: 13116: 13060: 13041: 12964: 12955: 12894: 12817: 12808: 12716: 12566:Odisheli, Manana (2018). 12503:Hille, Charlotte (2010). 12033:. Civil.ge. 14 May 2013. 11630:27 September 2007 at the 11407:10 September 2008 at the 11105:13 September 2008 at the 11039:Outlook (Indian magazine) 10939:. Springer. p. 112. 9812:30 September 2007 at the 9768:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8758:30 September 2007 at the 7768:. Youtube. Archived from 7650:26 September 2015 at the 7645:Profile of Raul Khadjimba 7594:26 September 2015 at the 6651:28 September 2007 at the 6589:Céline., Francis (2011). 6489:Rayfield, Donald (2012). 6456:Bernard A. Cook (2014). " 6440:10 September 2015 at the 5697:. Springer. p. 208. 5680:(in Russian). Алашарбага. 5651:Rayfield, Donald (2013). 5626:Rayfield, Donald (2012). 5586:Rayfield, Donald (2013). 5574:The Georgian-Abkhaz State 5414:Rayfield, Donald (2013). 5326:Rayfield, Donald (2013). 4875:(3rd ed.). Longman. 4518: 4499: 4430: 4398: 4370: 4259:ConIFA World Football Cup 4249:remains the most popular 4230: 4092:Issue of ethnic Georgians 4066:Georgian Foreign Ministry 4049:officials in the city of 4038:citizenship law of Russia 3930:Abkhazian Orthodox Church 3904: 3896: 3891: 3877: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3849: 3844: 3834: 3829: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3307:harmonization of its laws 3243:, and the second elected 3000:, the leader of Abkhazia 2962:1992-1993 War in Abkhazia 2622:Border checkpoint on the 2614:International involvement 2258: 1859:National Guard of Georgia 1834:War in Abkhazia (1992–93) 1001: 871: 854: 814:1992–1993 War in Abkhazia 718:, at the intersection of 627: 617: 603: 577: 567: 557: 543: 529: 519: 505: 498: 488: 481: 477: 467: 457: 447: 434: 421: 417: 412: 402: 398: 383: 368: 353: 349: 336: 315: 271: 250: 206: 196: 180: 146: 140: 106: 76: 50: 41: 14940:Armenian–Azerbaijani war 13254:City with special status 12760:Principality of Abkhazia 12639:UN Documents for Georgia 12538:George, Julie A (2009). 12482:Coene, Frederik (2010). 12461:de Waal, Thomas (2010). 12060:. Jamestown Foundation. 11725: 11714:. Retrieved 24 May 2007. 11706:10 December 2019 at the 11363: 11183: 10588: 10558:"Travel advice: Georgia" 10532:"Travel advice: Georgia" 10489:U.S. Department of State 10211: 9729:10 February 2007 at the 9550:15 February 2017 at the 9162: 9124: 8735:27 November 2007 at the 8716:26 February 2014 at the 8647:U.S. Department of State 8642:17 November 2017 at the 8356: 8080: 8018: 7889:, The Associated Press, 7614: 7258:"Istanbul Document 1999" 7193:19 November 2015 at the 7124:Bennett, Andrew (1999). 7055:19 November 2015 at the 6977:Georgia: A Country Study 6621:Conciliation Resources. 6565: 6539:Saparov, Arsène (2014). 6414:. Tbilisi. p. 371. 6246: 6225: 6108:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 5838:Mikaberidze, A. (2007). 5758:10.2143/AWE.18.0.3287214 5439:Annuario Pontificio 2013 5356:The Black Sea. A history 5223:. Greenwood. p. 6. 5016:25 February 2021 at the 4765:"Abkhazia: ten years on" 4350: 4324:Bibliography of Abkhazia 4255:Abkhazian Premier League 4240:Daur Akhvlediani Stadium 4219: 4047:Russian Foreign Ministry 3635:Demographics of Abkhazia 3399:Subdivisions of Abkhazia 3393:Administrative divisions 3028:Russian Security Council 2645:); a human rights role ( 2533:Georgian–Abkhaz conflict 2518:Russian Foreign Minister 2456:Status-neutral passports 2345:On 18 October 2006, the 2164:independence of Abkhazia 2056:Abkhazians carrying the 2048:Georgian–Abkhaz conflict 1885:, including elements of 1731:Georgian–Abkhaz conflict 1717:to fend for themselves. 1710:Georgian Communist Party 1702:Georgian Communist Party 1366:) emerged, ruled by the 1360:Principality of Abkhazia 1206:'s sphere of influence. 1068:Hovannes Draskhanakertsi 822:1994 ceasefire agreement 739:Georgia–Russia relations 187:Abkhazia (green) within 18398:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 17951:British-Irish Agreement 15234:Estonia in World War II 15194:Estophile Enlightenment 15050:Second Bulgarian Empire 11644:Hewitt, George (1998). 11606:14 October 2011 at the 11587:17 October 2017 at the 10432:Encyclopædia Britannica 9569:The Palestine Telegraph 8674:16 October 2006 at the 8670:, Volume 3, Number 26. 6464:24 January 2016 at the 6305:Hewitt, George (1999). 6210:Mariam Goshadze (2008) 6121:Jones, Stephen (2014). 5992:Hewitt, George (1998). 5967:Hewitt, George (1998). 5942:Hewitt, George (1998). 5908:Hewitt, George (1998). 5771:Çelebi, Evliya (2020). 5746:Ancient West & East 5568:by W. Barthold in the 5379:Rossi, Corinna (2019). 5301:McDowell, Sean (2016). 5109:presidentofabkhazia.org 4871:Wells, John C. (2008). 4584:Encyclopedia Britannica 4153:Abkhaz State University 3950:new religious movements 3643:Encyclopædia Britannica 3272:parliamentary elections 3213:Politics and government 2641:); a development role ( 2338:within the borders and 1927:offensive against Gagra 1911:Russian Supreme Council 1638:Within the Soviet Union 1216:First Council of Nicaea 1198:which was stationed in 521:• 2011 census 251:Official languages 18456:Special administrative 18432:(Sovereign Base Areas) 17787:(Sovereign Base Areas) 17468:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17060:North Ossetia – Alania 16861: 16637:Chittagong Hill Tracts 16464:Republic of Somaliland 16347:Recognised by at least 16257:Partially unrecognised 16150:Partially unrecognised 15035:First Bulgarian Empire 13693:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 13340:Historical regions of 13235:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 12790:United Nations Mission 12544:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11450:Gogia, Giorgi (2011). 9324:30 August 2008 at the 9239:15 August 2008 at the 9136:Moskovskij Komsomolets 9131:Moskovskij Komsomolets 8818:13 August 2008 at the 8795:13 August 2008 at the 8637:The Abkhazia Conflict. 6673:www.pesd.princeton.edu 6640:Парламентская газета ( 6628:7 October 2006 at the 6186:The Georgian Messenger 5740:Paul, Everill (2019). 5615:(in Russian). Алашара. 5570:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5278:A History of Byzantium 5207:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5147:Braund, David (1994), 5011:Prof. Lordkipanidze M. 4243: 4025: 3974: 3942:Abkhaz Native Religion 3921: 3851:Abkhaz Native Religion 3609: 3577:2008 South Ossetia war 3494:Abkhazian Armed Forces 3435: 3331: 3164: 3093:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 3084: 3074: 2787: 2735: 2626: 2528: 2523:; Abkhazian President 2429: 2389: 2369:On 28 March 2008, the 2278: 2159:2008 South Ossetia war 2150: 2061: 1998: 1850: 1849:in August–October 1993 1761:dispute turned violent 1669: 1527: 1437: 1401:(Georgian) languages. 1280: 1064:The History of Armenia 866:) is adapted from the 18430:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 17814:Bailiwick of Guernsey 17785:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 16859: 15370:stateless nationalism 14975:Stalinist repressions 11733:on 28 September 2007. 10830:8 August 2014 at the 10537:Australian Government 10129:Government of Vanuatu 9855:10 March 2014 at the 9689:Eurasia Daily Monitor 9208:20 April 2008 at the 9170:on 28 September 2007. 8779:on 17 September 2008. 8668:Eurasia Daily Monitor 8439:. 10 September 2009. 7944:Parliament of Georgia 7798:. 30 September 2009. 6993:Third World Quarterly 6642:Parlamentskaya Gazeta 6023:. BRILL. p. 71. 5280:, Wiley, p. 78, 5183:, SUNY, pp. 3–13 4449:[ˈapʰχazetʰi] 4238: 4216:, a poet and writer. 4023: 3969: 3920:monastery in Abkhazia 3916: 3777:, were exiled to the 3603: 3406: 3326: 3245:president of Abkhazia 3232:Elections in Abkhazia 3158: 3080: 3066: 3059:Geography of Abkhazia 3053:Geography and climate 2777: 2729: 2621: 2594:territorial integrity 2500: 2424: 2387: 2315:territorial integrity 2272: 2176:Parliament of Georgia 2144: 2055: 1996: 1841: 1655: 1524:Imperial Russian Army 1521: 1423: 1333:House of Shervashidze 1277:Bagrat III of Georgia 1270: 1229:. During the war the 1032:that appeared in the 1013:) is etymologized as 838:Parliament of Georgia 796:at the time when the 344:presidential republic 235:43.00000°N 41.02778°E 18728:West Asian countries 18298:United Arab Emirates 16357:Republic of Abkhazia 14945:Turkish–Armenian War 13165:Autonomous republics 11841:"State and Language" 11113:), 8 September 2008 10676:. Psychology Press. 10649:. BBC. 29 May 2011. 9985:. 6 September 2008. 9791:11 June 2008 at the 9672:on 22 February 2014. 9009:. 22 November 2020. 8364:. 17 November 2006. 8319:(18 February 2004). 8293:. 21 December 2021. 8263:. 24 November 2014. 7972:on 3 September 2008. 7950:on 3 September 2008. 7714:. 15 December 2009. 7544:on 23 December 2006. 7514:28 June 2007 at the 7461:www.worldreview.info 7436:on 22 February 2014. 7197:Helsinki, March 1995 6254:] (in Russian), 5885:. 22 November 2011. 5245:Stephan of Byzantium 4986:. BRILL. p. 9. 4531:Respublika Abkhaziya 4420:[ɐˈpxazʲɪjə] 4205:, appeared in 1917. 3796:Religion in Abkhazia 3743:of the 2011 census, 3383:President of Georgia 3228:Politics of Abkhazia 3218:Republic of Abkhazia 2778:Abkhazian President 2438:Zugdidi Municipality 2392:On 3 July 2008, the 2371:President of Georgia 2200:Abkhazian Revolution 2003:1992 War in Abkhazia 1820:, ousted during the 1770:all-Union referendum 1759:The Georgian–Abkhaz 1684:associated with the 1368:Shervashidze dynasty 1319:During the reign of 1019:a country of mortals 840:declared Abkhazia a 741:. Abkhazia has been 704:Republic of Abkhazia 507:• 2022 estimate 94:Respublika Abkhaziya 43:Republic of Abkhazia 18660: / 18333:States with limited 17907:unincorporated area 17836:Bailiwick of Jersey 17698:States with limited 17020:Karachay-Cherkessia 16682:Southern Azerbaijan 16157:Republic of Armenia 16127:Details concerning 15847:Balkar and Karachay 15224:Soviet deportations 14965:Bronze and Iron Age 14935:Armeno-Georgian War 14850:Prehistoric Armenia 14366:Balkar and Karachay 14329:Free City of Danzig 12847:Government in exile 12832:Foreign recognition 12743:Kingdom of Abkhazia 12647:"Abkhazia (Abkhāz)" 11976:on 22 February 2014 11712:Department of State 11502:on 18 December 2008 11437:10 May 2007 at the 11375:on 9 February 2012. 11225:on 1 September 2008 10853:. 25 November 2020. 10799:The Washington Post 10737:. 26 February 2010. 10223:on 18 February 2013 10022:on 9 September 2008 9837:on 17 October 2006. 9531:7 June 2011 at the 9348:16 October 2017 at 9106:10 May 2007 at the 8914:on 13 February 2012 8700:on 5 November 2006. 8663:(7 February 2006), 8573:European Parliament 8467:6 June 2009 at the 8413:Vichos, Ioannis F. 7828:on 5 September 2012 7576:10 May 2007 at the 7467:on 2 February 2014. 7037:, sponsored by the 6916:"Report. Volume II" 6897:(1). Archived from 6855:, pp. 157–158. 6795:. UPI. 25 July 1992 6753:23 May 2011 at the 6573:on 27 October 2009. 6469:". Routledge. p.2. 6081:on 21 February 2014 5459:COWPER, B. Harris. 5163:Kaufman, Stuart J, 4907:on 27 November 2012 4694:on 20 December 2013 4319:Outline of Abkhazia 4178:Culture of Abkhazia 4070:Eduard Shevardnadze 4005:endangered language 3946:Jehovah's Witnesses 3750:In the wake of the 3622:tourism in Abkhazia 3563:Economy of Abkhazia 3542:Abkhazian Air Force 3498:Abkhazian Air Force 3472:Tkvarcheli District 3387:Mikheil Saakashvili 3381:, was appointed by 3375:Tamaz Nadareishvili 3336:government in exile 2978:Georgian government 2949:Republic of Artsakh 2686:On 5 October 2006, 2571:In response to the 2493:Russian involvement 2472:Viacheslav Chirikba 2374:Mikheil Saakashvili 2108:Mikheil Saakashvili 2104:Eduard Shevardnadze 1915:Russian nationalist 1810:Eduard Shevardnadze 1798:Eduard Shevardnadze 1725:Post-Soviet Georgia 1594:defeated the rebels 1590:federative republic 1503:Kutaisi Governorate 1461:stormed Sukhum-Kale 1430:Kutaisi Governorate 1424:The borders of the 1395:Mingrelian language 1306:Kingdom of Abkhazia 1089:History of Abkhazia 783:government-in-exile 775:sovereign territory 767:Georgian government 231: / 32:Kingdom of Abkhazia 18713:Post-Soviet states 17806:Crown Dependencies 16996:Kabardino-Balkaria 16862: 16850: 16442:Recognised only by 16281:Republic of Kosovo 16264:State of Palestine 16181:Republic of Cyprus 15479:Southern Mongolian 15199:National awakening 15109:Kingdom of Bohemia 15030:Old Great Bulgaria 15005:Soviet repressions 14350:Transylvania–Banat 13240:Samtskhe–Javakheti 12795:Russo-Georgian War 12748:Kingdom of Georgia 12533:. RoutledgeCurzon. 11710:The United States 11553:"An unlikely home" 11310:on 22 January 2015 11195:on 2 February 2014 10921:on 10 March 2002. 10621:The New York Times 10131:. 7 October 2011. 10069:The New York Times 9691:. Georgian Daily. 9511:on 30 August 2008. 9475:. 26 August 2008. 9142:on 13 October 2007 8945:on 30 January 2012 8519:on 11 January 2009 8143:The New York Times 7862:on 12 January 2009 7696:on 8 October 2007. 7484:The New York Times 7403:. 20 August 1997. 7276:on 3 October 2006. 7099:The New York Times 6697:Coppieters, Bruno 6593:. Bruxelles: ASP. 6055:Lortkipanidze M., 5812:. pp. 10–12. 5465:www.tertullian.org 5037:Minorsky, Vladimir 4519:Республика Абхазия 4244: 4026: 4011:Nationality issues 3934:Armenian Apostolic 3922: 3610: 3436: 3332: 3165: 3089:Caucasus Mountains 3085: 3075: 3002:Vladislav Ardzinba 2974:Russian Federation 2970:Russian government 2951:dissolved in 2023. 2903:Former recognition 2811:Russo-Georgian War 2788: 2736: 2627: 2588:nations, OSCE and 2573:Russo-Georgian War 2529: 2462:Abkhazian passport 2430: 2390: 2299:Russo-Georgian War 2279: 2255:in the territory. 2151: 2149:, Abkhazia in 2006 2070:Vladislav Ardzinba 2062: 1999: 1967:(OSCE) Summits in 1961:Human Rights Watch 1956:Human Rights Watch 1949:upper Kodori gorge 1923:Vladislav Ardzinba 1851: 1843:Georgian Civil War 1822:December 1991 Coup 1818:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1814:Georgian Civil War 1806:Vladislav Ardzinba 1779:Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1670: 1634:in February 1921. 1582:October Revolution 1528: 1438: 1364:Kingdom of Imereti 1354:Ottoman domination 1281: 1273:Kingdom of Georgia 1244:, was repelled by 1100:Kingdom of Colchis 1042:Kingdom of Georgia 1015:a land of the soul 828:and a Russian-led 702:), officially the 553:2021 estimate 240:43.00000; 41.02778 77:Республика Абхазия 18643: 18642: 18637: 18636: 18522: 18521: 18449: 18448: 18019: 18018: 17960: 17959: 17882:autonomous region 17853: 17852: 17849: 17848: 17379: 17378: 17105: 17104: 17093: 17092: 16803: 16802: 16692:Southern Mongolia 16657:Iranian Kurdistan 16483: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16374:Republic of China 16330: 16329: 16237: 16236: 16222:Republic of Korea 16133:foreign relations 16085: 16084: 15644:South Azerbaijani 15328: 15327: 15139:German occupation 15010:German occupation 14970:Early Middle Ages 14925:Caucasus campaign 14920:Armenian genocide 14671: 14670: 13850: 13849: 13562:Mtskheta-Mtianeti 13307: 13306: 13294:independent (see 13266: 13225:Mtskheta-Mtianeti 13103: 13102: 13037: 13036: 12890: 12889: 12837:Foreign relations 12756: 12739: 12731:Kingdom of Lazica 12652:Madelung, Wilferd 12583:978-0-19-866277-8 12551:978-0-230-10232-3 12516:978-90-04-17901-1 12495:978-1-135-20302-3 12474:978-0-19-975043-6 12269:978-5-457-06529-1 12252:978-0-226-14282-1 12089:Radio Free Europe 11661:978-0-312-21975-8 11466:978-1-56432-790-1 11411:9 September 2008. 11217:(Press release). 10946:978-1-137-58309-3 10893:978-0-7453-1818-9 10873:. 15 August 2020. 10683:978-0-7146-4732-6 10271:. 18 October 2001 9554:, UN News Centre. 9328:, 26 August 2008. 8743:, 6 December 1994 7992:Radio Free Europe 7674:on 11 March 2014. 7530:(24 March 2006). 7371:978-9941-461-12-5 6960:978-1-134-40359-2 6780:978-0-7007-1162-8 6772:Svante E. Cornell 6762:25 November 2008. 6711:978-0-262-03343-5 6600:978-90-5487-899-5 6550:978-1-317-63784-4 6525:978-1-7936-5126-6 6500:978-1-78023-030-6 6421:978-9941-9771-0-7 6322:978-0-312-21975-8 6291:978-1-85743-058-5 6167:978-1-317-81593-8 6134:978-1-317-81593-8 6030:978-90-04-09796-4 6003:978-0-312-21975-8 5978:978-0-312-21975-8 5953:978-0-312-21975-8 5919:978-0-312-21975-8 5662:978-1-78023-070-2 5637:978-1-78023-030-6 5597:978-1-78023-070-2 5547:978-0-521-59968-9 5516:978-90-04-49877-8 5509:. Leiden: Brill. 5447:978-88-209-9070-1 5425:978-1-78023-070-2 5365:978-0-19-924161-3 5337:978-1-78023-070-2 5312:978-1-317-03189-5 5287:978-0-631-23512-5 5230:978-0-313-27497-8 4993:978-90-04-24893-9 4944:978-87-7288-708-1 4927:Ozgan, Konstantin 4882:978-1-4058-8118-0 4846:casebook.icrc.org 4795:978-0-7007-1481-0 4751:978-0-8330-3260-7 4597:978-1-59339-837-8 4528: 4508:Apsny Ahwyntqarra 4505: 4500:Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра 4464: 4408: 4388:[apʰsˈnɨ] 4376: 4251:sport in Abkhazia 4226:Media of Abkhazia 4125:Georgian language 4102:ethnic Abkhazians 4062:"passportisation" 3909: 3908: 3505:7th Military Base 3268:People's Assembly 2994:Abkhazia conflict 2786:in September 2013 2511:Russian President 2442:Gori Municipality 2336:federal structure 2319:international law 2289:are post-Soviet " 2242:elected president 2128:de facto currency 1754:Mikhail Gorbachev 1714:Kandid Charkviani 1706:Terror of 1937–38 1626:In 1919, a first 1469:Russo-Turkish war 1446:Prince Kelesh-Bey 1310:Georgian monarchy 1142:Kingdom of Lazica 1118:Classical authors 1010:[apʰsˈnɨ] 852:The Russian name 806:titular ethnicity 735:Abkhazia conflict 644: 643: 569:• Per capita 407:People's Assembly 173: 68:Apsny Ahwyntqarra 51:Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра 16:(Redirected from 18745: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18671: 18670: 18665: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18656: 18653: 18626: 18624: 18623: 18602: 18600: 18599: 18589: 18587: 18586: 18576: 18574: 18573: 18549: 18542: 18535: 18526: 18525: 18510: 18498: 18497: 18458:regions of China 18393:Christmas Island 18383: 18382: 18325: 18065:Sovereign states 18046: 18039: 18032: 18023: 18022: 18007: 17995: 17994: 17981:Governed by the 17943:Northern Ireland 17886:Åland convention 17868: 17867: 17778: 17777: 17748: 17747: 17690: 17425:Sovereign states 17406: 17399: 17392: 17383: 17382: 17237: 17235: 17234: 17224: 17222: 17221: 17211: 17209: 17208: 17198: 17196: 17195: 17185: 17183: 17182: 17172: 17170: 17169: 17159: 17157: 17156: 17132: 17125: 17118: 17109: 17108: 17082: 17080: 17079: 17070: 17068: 17067: 17058: 17056: 17055: 17046: 17045: 17044: 17030: 17028: 17027: 17018: 17016: 17015: 17006: 17004: 17003: 16994: 16992: 16991: 16977: 16975: 16974: 16965: 16963: 16962: 16953: 16951: 16950: 16941: 16939: 16938: 16924: 16922: 16921: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16876: 16874: 16873: 16847: 16846: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16807: 16806: 16717:West Balochistan 16647:Gilgit Baltistan 16609: 16587:Western Togoland 16577:Rehoboth Basters 16510: 16503: 16496: 16487: 16486: 16343: 16342: 16254: 16253: 16147: 16146: 16142:UN member states 16112: 16105: 16098: 16089: 16088: 16062: 16017:Western Armenian 15702:North Kazakhstan 15404:South Turkestani 15355: 15348: 15341: 15332: 15331: 15174:Livonian Crusade 15105:High Middle Ages 15100:Duchy of Bohemia 15040:Christianization 15025:Odrysian kingdom 14885:Mongol invasions 14880:Medieval Armenia 14875:Sasanian Armenia 14860:Artaxiad dynasty 14712:Sovereign states 14698: 14691: 14684: 14675: 14674: 14632:Northern English 14575:Western Armenian 14234:North Kazakhstan 13984:Republika Srpska 13877: 13870: 13863: 13854: 13853: 13600:Tskhradzmiskhevi 13385: 13334: 13327: 13320: 13311: 13310: 13264: 13190: 13155: 13154: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13120: 13119: 13107: 13106: 13083: 13076: 13069: 13052: 12962: 12961: 12815: 12814: 12753:Duchy of Tskhumi 12750: 12733: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12676: 12675: 12671: 12662:. Brill Online. 12649: 12632: 12622:(official site). 12618: 12609: 12601: 12600: 12587: 12555: 12534: 12532: 12520: 12499: 12478: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12281: 12275: 12273: 12262:. Litres. 2017. 12256: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12223: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12207:on 6 August 2020 12203:. Archived from 12193: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12111: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12080: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12027: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 11995: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11957:on 16 July 2014. 11947: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11920: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11871: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11836: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11806: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11741: 11735: 11734: 11721: 11715: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11641: 11635: 11622: 11611: 11598: 11592: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11548: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11521: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11475: 11458: 11447: 11441: 11418: 11412: 11398: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11359: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11345: 11326: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11306:. Archived from 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11254:. Archived from 11241: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11071:The Moscow Times 11062: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10917:. Archived from 10911: 10905: 10902: 10896: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10841: 10835: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10768:Modern Diplomacy 10759: 10753: 10752: 10746: 10738: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10337:. 23 August 2023 10327: 10321: 10320: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10297:. 5 October 2023 10287: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10245:. Refworld. 2004 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10191:on 31 March 2014 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10052:on 29 June 2011. 10048:. Archived from 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10021: 10014: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9866: 9860: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9833:. Archived from 9823: 9817: 9802: 9796: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9733: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9607: 9601: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9561: 9555: 9542: 9536: 9535:, 26 August 2008 9519: 9513: 9512: 9507:. Archived from 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9465: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9358: 9352: 9335: 9329: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9254: 9248: 9247:. 30 April 2008. 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9116: 9110: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8964: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8935: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8896:on 24 June 2014. 8895: 8884: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8856:. Archived from 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8826:. 29 March 2008. 8810: 8804: 8803:. 28 March 2008. 8787: 8781: 8780: 8769: 8763: 8750: 8744: 8727: 8721: 8720:. 15 April 2008. 8708: 8702: 8701: 8684: 8678: 8658: 8652: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8605:. Archived from 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8545:. 29 July 2011. 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8478: 8472: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8421:on 15 June 2013. 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8352: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8045: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7920:on 18 March 2014 7909: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7692:. Archived from 7682: 7676: 7675: 7670:. Archived from 7661: 7655: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7615:Все – на выборы! 7609: 7603: 7586: 7580: 7557: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7536: 7524: 7518: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7463:. Archived from 7453: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7380: 7363: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7291: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7262: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7239:. Archived from 7238: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7204: 7198: 7185: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7047: 7041: 7031: 7022: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6888: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6856: 6850: 6839: 6838: 6837:on 20 June 2010. 6818: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6789: 6783: 6769: 6763: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6638: 6632: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6586: 6575: 6574: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6486: 6477: 6454: 6448: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6413: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6370:Hewitt, George, 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6336: 6327: 6326: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6159: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5871: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5583: 5577: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5456: 5450: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5216: 5210: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5179:Grigor, Ronald, 5176: 5170: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5052: 5046: 5029: 5023: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4958: 4956: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903:. Archived from 4893: 4887: 4886: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4807: 4798: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4760: 4754: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4727:on 25 March 2020 4723:. Archived from 4713: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4622:on 29 March 2023 4618:. Archived from 4608: 4602: 4601: 4575: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4504:romanized: 4503: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4463:romanized: 4462: 4460: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4375:romanized: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4334:Land of Darkness 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4118:Stanislav Lakoba 4106:dual citizenship 4030:Soviet passports 3926:Eastern Orthodox 3802: 3801: 3752:Syrian civil war 3740:ethnic cleansing 3546:fighter aircraft 3356:Vakhtang Kolbaia 3352:ethnic cleansing 3257:Alexander Ankvab 2943: 2942: 2930: 2929: 2914: 2913: 2894: 2893: 2881: 2880: 2861: 2860: 2848: 2847: 2835: 2834: 2822: 2821: 2805: 2804: 2794:UN member states 2784:Yevgeny Shevchuk 2780:Alexander Ankvab 2751:Première-Urgence 2590:European Council 2486:Alexander Ankvab 2355:ethnic cleansing 2206:Aleksandr Ankvab 2058:republic's flags 2011:ethnic cleansing 1941:Sukhumi Massacre 1853:In August 1992, 1682:treaty republic" 1621:Bolshevik Russia 1489:Voronezh, Russia 1487:and resettle in 1426:Sukhumi District 1204:Byzantine Empire 1149:Simon the Zealot 1012: 1007: 1003: 992:The Abkhaz name 985: 979: 978: 977: 976: 969: 966: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 932: 926: 925: 924: 923: 916: 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 881: 874: 873: 864: 857: 856: 698: 692: 691: 690: 689: 682: 679: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 612: 550: 443:19 February 1931 393:Alexander Ankvab 273:Spoken languages 246: 245: 243: 242: 241: 236: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 209:and largest city 185: 175: 174: 161: 153: 149: 148: 128: 114: 98: 97: 96: 87: 79: 78: 72: 71: 70: 61: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 18753: 18752: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18744: 18743: 18742: 18678: 18677: 18668: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18647: 18646: 18644: 18639: 18638: 18633: 18621: 18619: 18608: 18597: 18595: 18584: 18582: 18571: 18569: 18563:Current members 18558: 18553: 18523: 18518: 18491: 18476: 18460: 18457: 18445: 18418: 18402: 18379: 18376: 18368: 18349:Northern Cyprus 18337: 18334: 18326: 18317: 18059: 18050: 18020: 18015: 17988: 17976:Oceanic islands 17956: 17949:subject to the 17916: 17911:Svalbard Treaty 17909:subject to the 17891: 17884:subject to the 17864: 17862: 17860: 17845: 17800: 17769: 17744: 17741: 17733: 17719:Northern Cyprus 17702: 17699: 17691: 17682: 17598:North Macedonia 17419: 17410: 17380: 17375: 17364: 17243: 17232: 17230: 17219: 17217: 17206: 17204: 17193: 17191: 17180: 17178: 17167: 17165: 17154: 17152: 17141: 17136: 17106: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17086: 17077: 17075: 17074: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17053: 17051: 17050: 17042: 17040: 17035: 17034: 17025: 17023: 17022: 17013: 17011: 17010: 17001: 16999: 16998: 16989: 16987: 16982: 16981: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16960: 16958: 16957: 16948: 16946: 16945: 16936: 16934: 16929: 16928: 16919: 16917: 16916: 16907: 16905: 16904: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16883: 16881: 16880: 16871: 16869: 16864: 16863: 16860:Soviet Caucasia 16840: 16834: 16804: 16799: 16778: 16762: 16721: 16610: 16601: 16520: 16516:Members of the 16514: 16484: 16475: 16445: 16443: 16436: 16350: 16348: 16339: 16337: 16326: 16250: 16244: 16233: 16193:State of Israel 16136: 16121: 16116: 16086: 16081: 16065: 16056: 16037: 16021: 15990: 15974: 15948: 15932: 15916: 15835: 15819: 15783: 15722: 15706: 15690: 15674: 15648: 15617: 15596: 15545: 15514: 15510:Turkish Cypriot 15498: 15439: 15408: 15382: 15373: 15359: 15329: 15324: 15219:Soviet invasion 15179:Danish conquest 15169:Ancient Estonia 14870:Arsacid dynasty 14855:Orontid dynasty 14829: 14803: 14707: 14702: 14672: 14667: 14651: 14605: 14579: 14548: 14527: 14456: 14435: 14354: 14333: 14307: 14291: 14275: 14254: 14243:North Macedonia 14238: 14222: 14181: 14165: 14139: 14108: 14067: 14046: 14025: 14016:Turkish Cypriot 14004: 13988: 13976: 13970: 13949: 13918: 13914:Northern Epirus 13902: 13881: 13851: 13846: 13763: 13725: 13687: 13654: 13556: 13523: 13475: 13432: 13409: 13386: 13377: 13344: 13338: 13308: 13303: 13285: 13269: 13249: 13191: 13182: 13159: 13149: 13147: 13112: 13104: 13099: 13086: 13079: 13072: 13065: 13056: 13050: 13033: 13014:Public holidays 12951: 12886: 12857:Law enforcement 12804: 12785:Georgian exodus 12770:Soviet Abkhazia 12712: 12703: 12656:Daftary, Farhad 12630: 12616: 12607: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12562: 12560:Further reading 12552: 12530: 12517: 12496: 12475: 12457: 12452: 12451: 12441: 12439: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12415: 12413: 12406:tennisportal.ru 12400: 12399: 12395: 12385: 12383: 12374: 12373: 12369: 12359: 12357: 12352:. 6 June 2016. 12344: 12343: 12339: 12329: 12327: 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12283: 12282: 12278: 12270: 12258: 12253: 12239: 12235: 12224: 12220: 12210: 12208: 12195: 12194: 12187: 12177: 12175: 12166: 12165: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12138: 12134: 12124: 12122: 12113: 12112: 12108: 12098: 12096: 12081: 12077: 12067: 12065: 12054: 12050: 12040: 12038: 12029: 12028: 12019: 12009: 12007: 11996: 11989: 11979: 11977: 11966: 11962: 11949: 11948: 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Moscow, 1993. 10967: 10963: 10958: 10954: 10947: 10933: 10929: 10913: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10882: 10878: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10832:Wayback Machine 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10791: 10787: 10777: 10775: 10760: 10756: 10740: 10739: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10695: 10691: 10684: 10670: 10666: 10656: 10654: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10613: 10609: 10599: 10597: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10581: 10571: 10569: 10556: 10555: 10548: 10546: 10530: 10529: 10522: 10520: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10497: 10482: 10481: 10474: 10472: 10462:United Kingdom 10456: 10455: 10451: 10441: 10439: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10398: 10394: 10384: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10289: 10288: 10284: 10274: 10272: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10248: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10213: 10209: 10208: 10204: 10194: 10192: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10161:. 20 May 2013. 10153: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10136: 10123: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10101:. 29 May 2018. 10093: 10092: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10061: 10057: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9949: 9945: 9935: 9933: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9883: 9881: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9857:Wayback Machine 9846: 9842: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9814:Wayback Machine 9803: 9799: 9793:Wayback Machine 9781: 9777: 9761: 9760: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9740: 9736: 9731:Wayback Machine 9721: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9681: 9677: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9608: 9604: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9575:on 23 July 2011 9563: 9562: 9558: 9552:Wayback Machine 9543: 9539: 9533:Wayback Machine 9520: 9516: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9467: 9466: 9459: 9449: 9447: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9397: 9395: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9371: 9369: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9336: 9332: 9326:Wayback Machine 9317: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9294:Financial Times 9286: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9255: 9251: 9241:Wayback Machine 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9210:Wayback Machine 9201: 9197: 9192:on 31 May 2008. 9180: 9179: 9175: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9126: 9122:(6 July 2006). 9117: 9113: 9108:Wayback Machine 9090:Abkhazia Today. 9088: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9041:. 6 June 2012. 9031: 9030: 9026: 9016: 9014: 8999: 8998: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8966: 8965: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8937: 8936: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8863: 8861: 8860:on 14 July 2012 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8820:Wayback Machine 8811: 8807: 8797:Wayback Machine 8788: 8784: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8760:Wayback Machine 8751: 8747: 8737:Wayback Machine 8728: 8724: 8718:Wayback Machine 8709: 8705: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8676:Wayback Machine 8659: 8655: 8644:Wayback Machine 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8609:on 2 April 2015 8597: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8479: 8475: 8469:Wayback Machine 8460: 8456: 8446: 8444: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8344: 8334: 8332: 8317:Socor, Vladimir 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8231:Financial Times 8223: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8114:. 28 May 2014. 8106: 8105: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8046: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7994:. 24 May 2009. 7988:Caucasus Report 7982: 7981: 7977: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7721: 7719: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7668:Кавказский Узел 7663: 7662: 7658: 7652:Wayback Machine 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7596:Wayback Machine 7589:Abkhazia Report 7587: 7583: 7578:Wayback Machine 7560:Abkhazia Today. 7558: 7549: 7541: 7534: 7525: 7521: 7516:Wayback Machine 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7476: 7472: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7292: 7281: 7273: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7246:on 6 June 2011. 7243: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7195:Wayback Machine 7186: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7057:Wayback Machine 7048: 7044: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6989: 6985: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6886: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6859: 6851: 6842: 6819: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6755:Wayback Machine 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6729:. 10 March 1992 6721: 6720: 6716: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653:Wayback Machine 6639: 6635: 6630:Wayback Machine 6620: 6616: 6601: 6587: 6578: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6487: 6480: 6466:Wayback Machine 6455: 6451: 6442:Wayback Machine 6433: 6429: 6422: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6384: 6380: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6205: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6157: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6063: 6059:, Tbilisi 1990. 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5873: 5872: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5738: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5624: 5620: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584: 5580: 5560:Alexei Zverev, 5559: 5555: 5548: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5503: 5499: 5495:, pp. 1–2. 5491: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5457: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5274: 5270: 5258: 5254: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5217: 5213: 5193: 5189: 5177: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5053: 5049: 5045:, Vol. 1, 1960. 5039:, "Abkhaz", in 5033:Barthold, Wasil 5030: 5026: 5018:Wayback Machine 5009: 5005: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4954: 4952: 4945: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4808: 4801: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4771:on 2 March 2008 4761: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4684:"Georgia +995" 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4646:, 10 March 2022 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4576: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4444: 4435: 4415: 4383: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4283:Abkhazia portal 4281: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4214:Bagrat Shinkuba 4195:Abkhaz alphabet 4180: 4174: 4141: 4094: 4078:Nino Burjanadze 4018: 4013: 3965: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3889: 3870: 3865:Other religions 3857: 3842: 3827: 3798: 3792: 3769: 3660: 3637: 3631: 3565: 3559: 3500: 3492:Main articles: 3490: 3401: 3395: 3379:Irakli Alasania 3363:War in Abkhazia 3348:War in Abkhazia 3321: 3315: 3302: 3287:passportization 3234: 3222:Main articles: 3220: 3215: 3177:Veryovkina Cave 3106:above sea level 3061: 3055: 3031:Dmitry Medvedev 2958: 2937: 2924: 2908: 2888: 2875: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2816: 2799: 2772: 2766: 2704:Georgia spy row 2660:(NGO)s and the 2616: 2582:Dmitry Medvedev 2566:Lado Gurgenidze 2514:Dmitry Medvedev 2495: 2464: 2458: 2426:Dmitry Medvedev 2419: 2413: 2291:frozen conflict 2267: 2261: 2202: 2196: 2112:Rose Revolution 2100:Emzar Kvitsiani 2050: 2044: 1991: 1985: 1847:War in Abkhazia 1836: 1830: 1828:War in Abkhazia 1794:Soviet Georgian 1786:Tengiz Kitovani 1733: 1727: 1674:invaded Georgia 1650: 1642:Main articles: 1640: 1584:in Russia, the 1578: 1544:Colchis kingdom 1501:as part of the 1458:Russian Marines 1418: 1374:first attacked 1370:. In 1453, the 1356: 1314:King Bagrat III 1302: 1223:Sassanid Persia 1196:Prima Abasgorum 1165: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1034:Georgian annals 1005: 983: 972: 971: 941: 937: 930: 919: 918: 888: 884: 850: 769:and nearly all 765:; however, the 696: 685: 684: 654: 650: 607: 594: 585:Abkhazian apsar 570: 560: 548: 532: 522: 508: 491: 473:12 October 1999 470: 460: 450: 440: 427: 389: 374: 359: 331: 311: 267: 239: 237: 233: 230: 225: 222: 220: 218: 217: 216: 210: 192: 176: 166: 162: 154: 151: 136: 135: 134: 129: 121: 120: 115: 102: 101: 91: 90: 81: 65: 64: 55: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18751: 18741: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18703:South Caucasus 18700: 18695: 18690: 18641: 18640: 18635: 18634: 18632: 18631: 18616: 18614: 18613:Former members 18610: 18609: 18607: 18606: 18593: 18580: 18566: 18564: 18560: 18559: 18552: 18551: 18544: 18537: 18529: 18520: 18519: 18517: 18516: 18504: 18490: 18489: 18486: 18482: 18481: 18478: 18477: 18475: 18474: 18469: 18463: 18461: 18454: 18451: 18450: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18443: 18433: 18426: 18424: 18423:United Kingdom 18420: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18410: 18408: 18404: 18403: 18401: 18400: 18395: 18389: 18387: 18380: 18373: 18370: 18369: 18367: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18340: 18338: 18331: 18328: 18327: 18320: 18318: 18316: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18069: 18067: 18061: 18060: 18049: 18048: 18041: 18034: 18026: 18017: 18016: 18014: 18013: 18001: 17987: 17986: 17979: 17973: 17970: 17966: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17958: 17957: 17955: 17954: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17924: 17922: 17921:United Kingdom 17918: 17917: 17915: 17914: 17899: 17897: 17893: 17892: 17890: 17889: 17874: 17872: 17865: 17858: 17855: 17854: 17851: 17850: 17847: 17846: 17844: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17832: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17810: 17808: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17798: 17788: 17781: 17775: 17774:United Kingdom 17771: 17770: 17768: 17767: 17766: 17765: 17754: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17705: 17703: 17696: 17693: 17692: 17685: 17683: 17681: 17680: 17675: 17673:United Kingdom 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17488:Czech Republic 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17429: 17427: 17421: 17420: 17409: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17386: 17377: 17376: 17369: 17366: 17365: 17363: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17251: 17249: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17241: 17228: 17215: 17202: 17189: 17176: 17163: 17149: 17147: 17143: 17142: 17135: 17134: 17127: 17120: 17112: 17103: 17102: 17099: 17096: 17095: 17091: 17090: 17088: 17084:Stavropol Krai 17039: 17038: 17036: 17032:Krasnodar Krai 16986: 16985: 16983: 16933: 16932: 16930: 16868: 16867: 16865: 16854: 16853: 16851: 16845: 16842: 16841: 16833: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16810: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16797: 16792: 16786: 16784: 16780: 16779: 16777: 16776: 16770: 16768: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16748:Crimean Tatars 16745: 16740: 16735: 16729: 16727: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16687:South Moluccas 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16642:East Turkestan 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16611: 16604: 16602: 16600: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16521: 16513: 16512: 16505: 16498: 16490: 16481: 16480: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16448: 16446: 16444:non-UN members 16441: 16438: 16437: 16435: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16427: 16417: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16393: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16353: 16351: 16346: 16340: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16323: 16322: 16312: 16311: 16310: 16300: 16299: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16271: 16260: 16258: 16251: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16231: 16230: 16229: 16219: 16218: 16217: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16200: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16166: 16165: 16164: 16153: 16151: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16115: 16114: 16107: 16100: 16092: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16079: 16073: 16071: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16063: 16051: 16045: 16043: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16035: 16029: 16027: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15998: 15996: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15988: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15975: 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15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15459:East Turkestan 15456: 15451: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15383: 15378: 15375: 15374: 15358: 15357: 15350: 15343: 15335: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15280:Ottoman Empire 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15246: 15240: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15162: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15102: 15097: 15091:Czech Republic 15088: 15083: 15077: 15072: 15066: 15057: 15055:Ottoman Empire 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15018: 15012: 15007: 15002: 15000:Russian Empire 14997: 14988: 14983: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14953: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14915:Russian Empire 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14843: 14837: 14835: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14739:Czech Republic 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14708: 14705:Eastern Europe 14701: 14700: 14693: 14686: 14678: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14665: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14637:Northern Irish 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14610:United Kingdom 14607: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14587: 14585: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14556: 14554: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14546: 14541: 14535: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14449: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14315: 14313: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14299: 14297: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14283: 14281: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14252: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14215: 14213:South Tyrolean 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14189: 14187: 14183: 14182: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14171: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14116: 14114: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14065: 14060: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14012: 14010: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13986: 13980: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13926: 13924: 13920: 13919: 13917: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13903: 13880: 13879: 13872: 13865: 13857: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13773: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13749:Maghrandvaleti 13746: 13741: 13735: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13697: 13695: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13664: 13662: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13566: 13564: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13533: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13485: 13483: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13442: 13440: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13430: 13425: 13419: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13402: 13396: 13394: 13388: 13387: 13380: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13354: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13337: 13336: 13329: 13322: 13314: 13305: 13304: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13277: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13257: 13255: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13201: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13185: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13169: 13167: 13161: 13160: 13146: 13145: 13138: 13131: 13123: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111:Related topics 13101: 13100: 13098: 13097: 13092: 13085: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12917:Communications 12914: 12909: 12904: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12882:Public Chamber 12879: 12877:Prime Minister 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12745: 12740: 12728: 12722: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12702: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12641: 12636: 12628: 12623: 12614: 12605: 12593: 12592:External links 12590: 12589: 12588: 12582: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12550: 12535: 12521: 12515: 12500: 12494: 12479: 12473: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12432:"Amina Anshba" 12423: 12393: 12367: 12337: 12306: 12276: 12268: 12251: 12233: 12218: 12185: 12159: 12132: 12106: 12075: 12048: 12017: 11987: 11960: 11942: 11910: 11879: 11828: 11796: 11766: 11736: 11716: 11693: 11667: 11660: 11636: 11612: 11593: 11574: 11538: 11513: 11487: 11465: 11442: 11413: 11390: 11378: 11351: 11321: 11291: 11261: 11236: 11206: 11174: 11148: 11118: 11088: 11057: 11025: 10999: 10984:. De.rian.ru. 10973: 10961: 10952: 10945: 10927: 10906: 10897: 10876: 10856: 10836: 10816: 10785: 10754: 10722: 10689: 10682: 10664: 10638: 10607: 10579: 10449: 10419: 10392: 10370: 10348: 10322: 10308: 10282: 10256: 10234: 10202: 10176: 10146: 10116: 10086: 10055: 10033: 10000: 9970: 9943: 9917: 9891: 9874:The HALO Trust 9861: 9840: 9818: 9797: 9775: 9743: 9734: 9715: 9706: 9675: 9656: 9629: 9602: 9586: 9556: 9537: 9514: 9490: 9457: 9446:on 7 June 2011 9431: 9420:on 7 June 2011 9405: 9394:on 7 June 2011 9379: 9368:on 5 June 2009 9353: 9330: 9311: 9280: 9249: 9226: 9214: 9195: 9173: 9153: 9120:Shamba, Sergey 9111: 9082: 9056: 9024: 8989: 8974:. 2 May 2013. 8956: 8925: 8899: 8871: 8840: 8828: 8805: 8782: 8764: 8745: 8722: 8703: 8679: 8661:Vladimir Socor 8653: 8629: 8620: 8590: 8560: 8530: 8504: 8473: 8454: 8424: 8405: 8379: 8342: 8331:on 5 June 2013 8308: 8278: 8248: 8217: 8186: 8160: 8129: 8099: 8071: 8037: 8009: 7975: 7953: 7931: 7904: 7873: 7839: 7813: 7783: 7755: 7729: 7699: 7677: 7656: 7637: 7620:Caucasian Knot 7618:(in Russian). 7604: 7581: 7547: 7519: 7500: 7488:New York Times 7470: 7448: 7439: 7418: 7392: 7370: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7279: 7249: 7225: 7199: 7171: 7141: 7134: 7116: 7085: 7083:, p. 160. 7073: 7071:, p. 338. 7061: 7042: 7023: 7014: 7012:, p. 159. 7002: 6983: 6966: 6959: 6939: 6937:, p. 116. 6924: 6907: 6904:on 1 May 2016. 6874: 6872:, p. 150. 6857: 6840: 6806: 6784: 6764: 6740: 6714: 6690: 6660: 6633: 6614: 6599: 6576: 6556: 6549: 6531: 6524: 6506: 6499: 6478: 6449: 6427: 6420: 6397: 6378: 6362: 6351:on 6 July 2010 6328: 6321: 6297: 6290: 6273: 6236: 6216: 6203: 6173: 6166: 6140: 6133: 6113: 6092: 6061: 6048: 6029: 6009: 6002: 5984: 5977: 5959: 5952: 5934: 5925: 5918: 5900: 5861: 5830: 5790: 5783: 5763: 5732: 5714: 5703: 5683: 5668: 5661: 5643: 5636: 5618: 5603: 5596: 5578: 5553: 5546: 5522: 5515: 5497: 5482: 5451: 5431: 5424: 5406: 5371: 5364: 5343: 5336: 5318: 5311: 5293: 5286: 5268: 5252: 5236: 5229: 5211: 5187: 5171: 5155: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5096: 5070: 5047: 5024: 5003: 4992: 4972: 4943: 4918: 4888: 4881: 4863: 4833: 4799: 4782: 4755: 4738: 4705: 4675: 4649: 4633: 4603: 4596: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4511: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4452: 4423: 4391: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4300: 4297:Georgia portal 4286: 4270: 4267: 4232: 4229: 4224:Main article: 4221: 4218: 4210:Fazil Iskander 4201:and edited by 4176:Main article: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4140: 4137: 4093: 4090: 4074:Vladimir Putin 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 3964: 3961: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3794:Main article: 3791: 3788: 3779:Ottoman Empire 3768: 3765: 3733:Lavrenty Beria 3659: 3656: 3633:Main article: 3630: 3627: 3561:Main article: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3538: 3523: 3489: 3486: 3397:Main article: 3394: 3391: 3317:Main article: 3314: 3311: 3301: 3298: 3261:26 August 2011 3249:Sergei Bagapsh 3236:Abkhazia is a 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3057:Main article: 3054: 3051: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2935: 2922: 2900: 2899: 2886: 2867: 2866: 2853: 2840: 2827: 2814: 2768:Main article: 2765: 2762: 2696:European Union 2615: 2612: 2558:European Union 2553:Vladimir Putin 2525:Sergei Bagapsh 2507:Eduard Kokoity 2494: 2491: 2476:Schengen visas 2457: 2454: 2415:Main article: 2412: 2409: 2379:Sergei Bagapsh 2263:Main article: 2260: 2257: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2188:Sergei Bagapsh 2089:Sergei Bagapsh 2082:Joseph Cobsohn 2074:Vladimir Putin 2046:Main article: 2043: 2040: 1987:Main article: 1984: 1981: 1919:Sergei Baburin 1907:Shamil Basayev 1883:North Caucasus 1879:umbrella group 1832:Main article: 1829: 1826: 1746:Union Republic 1729:Main article: 1726: 1723: 1639: 1636: 1613:Volunteer Army 1602:White movement 1580:Following the 1577: 1574: 1526:, 19th century 1507:Ottoman Empire 1493:Russian Empire 1450:Tsarist empire 1434:Russian Empire 1417: 1414: 1406:Russian Empire 1397:, a subset of 1355: 1352: 1348:Tsotne Dadiani 1338:In the 1240s, 1301: 1298: 1164: 1161: 1095: 1092: 1087:Main article: 1084: 1081: 1060:Leonti Mroveli 1020: 1016: 849: 846: 804:—the region's 794:Soviet Georgia 771:United Nations 720:Eastern Europe 712:South Caucasus 642: 641: 631: 625: 624: 621: 615: 614: 605: 601: 600: 593: 592: 587: 581: 579: 575: 574: 571: 568: 565: 564: 561: 558: 555: 554: 551: 541: 540: 533: 531:• Density 530: 527: 526: 523: 520: 517: 516: 509: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 453:25 August 1990 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 396: 395: 390: 387:Prime Minister 384: 381: 380: 375: 372:Vice President 369: 366: 365: 360: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 340: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 322: 319: 313: 312: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 281: 277: 275: 269: 268: 266: 265: 260: 254: 252: 248: 247: 211: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 186: 178: 177: 164: 138: 137: 130: 123: 122: 116: 109: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 88: 73: 62: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18750: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18676: 18673: 18629: 18618: 18617: 18615: 18611: 18605: 18594: 18592: 18591:South Ossetia 18581: 18579: 18568: 18567: 18565: 18561: 18557: 18550: 18545: 18543: 18538: 18536: 18531: 18530: 18527: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18505: 18503: 18502: 18493: 18492: 18487: 18484: 18483: 18479: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18452: 18441: 18437: 18434: 18431: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18421: 18415: 18412: 18411: 18409: 18405: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18390: 18388: 18384: 18381: 18378: 18371: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18359:South Ossetia 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18341: 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17929: 17926: 17925: 17923: 17919: 17912: 17908: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17876: 17875: 17873: 17869: 17866: 17859:Special areas 17856: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17815: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17807: 17803: 17796: 17792: 17789: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17779: 17776: 17772: 17764: 17761: 17760: 17759: 17758:Faroe Islands 17756: 17755: 17753: 17749: 17746: 17743: 17736: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17724:South Ossetia 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17694: 17689: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17558:Liechtenstein 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 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17009: 16997: 16984: 16980: 16968: 16956: 16944: 16931: 16927: 16915: 16903: 16891: 16879: 16866: 16858: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16843: 16839: 16831: 16826: 16824: 16819: 16817: 16812: 16811: 16808: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16781: 16775: 16772: 16771: 16769: 16767:North America 16765: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16724: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16613: 16608: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16542:Bellah people 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16519: 16511: 16506: 16504: 16499: 16497: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16470: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16462: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16439: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16404: 16401: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16380: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16349:one UN member 16344: 16341: 16336:Non-UN member 16333: 16321: 16318: 16317: 16316: 16313: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16304: 16301: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16283: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16255: 16252: 16248: 16240: 16228: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16208: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16183: 16182: 16179: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16170: 16167: 16163: 16160: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16154: 16152: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16139: 16134: 16130: 16124: 16120: 16113: 16108: 16106: 16101: 16099: 16094: 16093: 16090: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16060: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16040: 16034: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16007:Eastern Greek 16005: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15993: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15977: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15951: 15945: 15942: 15941: 15939: 15935: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15919: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15872:Crimean Tatar 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15838: 15832: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15822: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15731: 15729: 15725: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15697: 15693: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15677: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15651: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15620: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15599: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15548: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15517: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15501: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15411: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15367: 15363: 15356: 15351: 15349: 15344: 15342: 15337: 15336: 15333: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15250: 15247: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15184:Terra Mariana 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15166: 15163: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15110: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15095:Great Moravia 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14995:Russification 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14865:Roman Armenia 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14820:South Ossetia 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14806: 14800: 14797: 14794: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14699: 14694: 14692: 14687: 14685: 14680: 14679: 14676: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14654: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14565:Eastern Greek 14563: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14391:Crimean Tatar 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14310: 14304: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14278: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14257: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14225: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14184: 14178: 14177:Cham Albanian 14175: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14104:North Catalan 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14028: 14022: 14021:Greek Cypriot 14019: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14007: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13991: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13973: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13921: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13878: 13873: 13871: 13866: 13864: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13770: 13766: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13698: 13696: 13694: 13690: 13684: 13683:Kvemo Svaneti 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13657: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13559: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13435: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13384: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13335: 13330: 13328: 13323: 13321: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13301: 13300:South Ossetia 13297: 13293: 13288: 13282: 13281:South Ossetia 13279: 13278: 13276: 13272: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13252: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13189: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13153: 13144: 13139: 13137: 13132: 13130: 13125: 13124: 13121: 13115: 13108: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13078: 13075: 13071: 13068: 13064: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12700: 12695: 12693: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12648: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12615: 12612: 12606: 12604: 12596: 12595: 12585: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12563: 12553: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12536: 12529: 12528: 12522: 12518: 12512: 12508: 12507: 12501: 12497: 12491: 12488:. Routledge. 12487: 12486: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12466: 12465: 12459: 12458: 12437: 12433: 12427: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12397: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12355: 12351: 12350:The Economist 12347: 12341: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12289:altinpost.org 12286: 12280: 12271: 12265: 12261: 12254: 12248: 12244: 12237: 12229: 12222: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12192: 12190: 12173: 12169: 12163: 12147: 12143: 12136: 12120: 12116: 12110: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12079: 12063: 12059: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12005: 12001: 11994: 11992: 11975: 11971: 11964: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11930: 11926: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11875: 11869: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11835: 11833: 11816: 11812: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11720: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11697: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11640: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11597: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11578: 11562: 11558: 11557:openDemocracy 11554: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11526: 11520: 11518: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11472: 11468: 11462: 11455: 11454: 11446: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11397: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11356: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11240: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11178: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11092: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11061: 11045: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11029: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10970: 10965: 10956: 10948: 10942: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10901: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10872: 10871: 10870:Civil Georgia 10866: 10860: 10852: 10851: 10850:Civil Georgia 10846: 10840: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10820: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10789: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10750: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10710: 10706: 10705: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10652: 10648: 10642: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10544: 10540: 10538: 10533: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10380: 10374: 10358: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10318: 10312: 10296: 10295:Civil Georgia 10292: 10286: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10244: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10206: 10190: 10186: 10180: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10120: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10090: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10018: 10010: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9958: 9954: 9947: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9801: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9779: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9719: 9710: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9660: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9595: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9541: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9510: 9506: 9505: 9500: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9367: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9315: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8875: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8825: 8824:Civil Georgia 8821: 8817: 8814: 8809: 8802: 8801:Civil Georgia 8798: 8794: 8791: 8786: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8726: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8633: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8458: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8042: 8026:. 28 May 2009 8025: 8021: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7772:on 6 May 2008 7771: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7660: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7641: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7608: 7601: 7600:Freedom House 7597: 7593: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7528:Kälin, Walter 7523: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7423: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7359: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7259: 7253: 7242: 7235: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7137: 7135:9780262522571 7131: 7127: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6943: 6936: 6931: 6929: 6917: 6911: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6654: 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Despite a 790:had autonomy 787: 732: 724:Western Asia 703: 646: 645: 629:Calling code 559:• Total 490:• Total 463:23 July 1992 141: 36: 18667: / 18630:(2004–2023) 18513:Asia portal 18377:territories 18335:recognition 18243:Philippines 18183:South Korea 18178:North Korea 18073:Afghanistan 17863:sovereignty 17861:of internal 17841:Isle of Man 17742:territories 17700:recognition 17658:Switzerland 17593:Netherlands 16632:Balochistan 16537:Barotseland 16425:recognition 16408:recognition 16362:recognition 16286:recognition 16269:recognition 16247:GA observer 16198:recognition 16057: [ 15824:Philippines 15613:West Papuan 15387:Afghanistan 15362:Regionalism 15229:Soviet rule 15064:World War I 14793:East Thrace 14280:Netherlands 14037:Greenlandic 13977:Herzegovina 13899:nationalism 13888:regionalism 13822:Zemo Kartli 13759:Zena Sopeli 13552:Dmaniskhevi 13494:Gagmamkhari 13489:Garekakheti 13373:Samurzakano 12416:20 December 12386:20 December 12211:20 December 12178:14 February 12125:10 February 12068:10 February 12041:10 February 12010:10 February 11980:10 February 11935:10 February 11480:29 November 11131:Коммерсантъ 10715:3 September 10631:14 December 10572:28 November 10549:28 November 10523:28 November 10500:28 November 10475:28 November 10412:29 November 10385:29 December 10363:29 December 10341:29 December 10301:29 December 10275:29 December 10249:29 December 10079:29 December 10046:Interfax.ru 9983:China Daily 9756:Mosnews.com 9699:4 September 9649:4 September 9622:4 September 9342:Earth Times 9075:10 February 8982:10 February 8949:18 February 8918:18 February 8497:14 December 8301:22 December 8210:15 November 8153:18 February 8092:29 November 8064:29 November 8056:. BBC.com. 7493:10 February 7411:18 December 6935:George 2009 6799:29 December 6733:10 February 6266:2 September 6085:14 February 5385:ISAW Papers 5203:V. Minorsky 5200:W. Barthold 5067:(1–2): 175. 4955:27 February 4911:10 February 4826:25 February 3928:(see also: 3879:Irreligious 3701:Belarusians 3689:Mingrelians 3608:in May 2014 3550:helicopters 3361:During the 3142:periglacial 3072:Aibga Ridge 3017:Union State 2764:Recognition 2598:Ban Ki-moon 2531:During the 2226:Gali region 2145:Seaside in 2126:became the 2060:in a parade 2001:Before the 1975:(1996) and 1917:politician 1887:Circassians 1742:perestroika 1694:Abkhaz ASSR 1688:. In 1931, 1664:within the 1662:Abkhaz ASSR 1656:Map of the 1596:on 17 May. 1548:Samurzakano 1540:Mingrelians 1473:Crimean War 1321:Queen Tamar 788:The region 403:Legislature 238: / 191:(dark grey) 18682:Categories 18303:Uzbekistan 18278:Tajikistan 18193:Kyrgyzstan 18173:Kazakhstan 18123:East Timor 18093:Bangladesh 18083:Azerbaijan 17628:San Marino 17588:Montenegro 17568:Luxembourg 17548:Kazakhstan 17453:Azerbaijan 17330:Sevastopol 17048:Nakhchivan 16979:Ingushetia 16926:Azerbaijan 16667:Khuzestani 16662:Khmer Krom 16582:Somaliland 16532:Afrikaners 16396:membership 16296:membership 16054:Montagnard 16033:Karakalpak 16026:Uzbekistan 15867:Circassian 15831:Bangsamoro 15695:Kazakhstan 15670:Turkmeneli 15413:Azerbaijan 15366:separatism 15320:Yugoslavia 15045:Golden Age 14956:Azerbaijan 14724:Azerbaijan 14468:Andalusian 14386:Circassian 14227:Kazakhstan 13975:Bosnia and 13923:Azerbaijan 13892:separatism 13754:Samachablo 13640:Khevsureti 13595:Ksniskhevi 13400:Machakhela 12999:Literature 12867:Parliament 12842:Government 12800:Revolution 12726:Prehistory 12299:4 December 11893:Nationalia 11779:Nationalia 11749:Wikisource 11430:, page 9. 11344:22 January 11334:tourbus.ru 11314:22 January 11284:22 January 11167:6 December 11141:24 January 11096:Kommersant 10707:. London. 10442:7 November 10428:"Abkhazia" 10139:30 October 9963:28 January 9936:23 January 9350:Archive-It 9265:. London. 9146:13 October 9049:11 October 9017:11 October 8854:oscepa.org 8693:Al-Jazeera 8613:31 January 8583:31 January 8553:31 January 8489:. London. 8024:Apsnypress 8002:6 November 7654:, Lenta.ru 7385:31 January 7302:(5): 634. 6870:Coene 2010 6727:Greensboro 6192:16 January 6041:8 November 5893:19 January 5881:. London: 5810:www.kas.de 5399:26 January 5249:Hellanicus 4668:20 January 4626:27 October 4580:"Abkhazia" 4544:References 4455:Mingrelian 4191:Nart sagas 3986:Mingrelian 3760:Circassian 3697:Ukrainians 3654:in 1998). 3587:tangerines 3531:Ochamchire 3520:reservists 3464:Tkvarcheli 3456:Ochamchira 3429:Tkvarcheli 3425:Ochamchira 3159:View from 3150:Lake Ritsa 3134:Psou River 3082:Lake Ritsa 2960:Since the 2919:recognised 2744:HALO Trust 2711:resolution 2624:Psou River 2460:See also: 2434:Tskhinvali 2281:Abkhazia, 1565:old Slavic 1561:Holy Synod 1512:Muhajirism 1399:Kartvelian 1189:Dioscurias 1171:conquered 1112:Dioscurias 500:Population 378:Badr Gunba 338:Government 317:Demonym(s) 292:Mingrelian 18733:West Asia 18664:43°N 41°E 18467:Hong Kong 18386:Australia 18375:Dependent 18354:Palestine 18268:Sri Lanka 18263:Singapore 18143:Indonesia 17791:Gibraltar 17740:Dependent 17563:Lithuania 17360:Zonguldak 17265:Constanța 17139:Black Sea 16743:Catalonia 16469:relations 16457:relations 16430:relations 16413:relations 16391:relations 16379:relations 16367:relations 16320:relations 16308:relations 16291:relations 16274:relations 16227:relations 16215:relations 16203:relations 16186:relations 16174:relations 16162:relations 15937:Sri Lanka 15601:Indonesia 15572:Khalistan 15536:Javakheti 15526:Abkhazian 15489:Taiwanese 15464:Hong Kong 15454:Cantonese 15270:Lithuania 15243:Holocaust 15214:1920-1939 15159:1989-1992 15154:1945-1948 15134:1918-1938 15125:1867-1918 15120:1648-1867 15115:1526-1648 15060:1878-1946 15015:Holocaust 14960:Stone Age 14910:1880-1918 14905:1829-1878 14900:1502-1828 14895:1453-1829 14764:Lithuania 14523:Valencian 14518:Navarrese 14493:Castilian 14473:Aragonese 14447:Vojvodina 14319:Kashubian 14203:Sardinian 14130:Javakheti 14120:Abkhazian 13901:in Europe 13896:stateless 13884:Movements 13842:Javakheti 13817:Sokhoista 13797:Shavsheti 13716:Samegrelo 13711:Sabediano 13673:Lechkhumi 13620:Tchartali 13605:Tsanareti 13590:Tskhavati 13542:Gardabani 13471:Sajavakho 13456:Mukhurisi 13358:Abkhazeti 13265:(capital) 13051:(outline) 12937:Geography 12927:Divisions 12922:Companies 12872:President 12780:Secession 12668:1875-9831 12568:"Abasgia" 12509:. Brill. 12201:ugsra.org 11567:22 August 11251:Itar-Tass 11081:26 August 11018:30 August 10809:23 August 10159:Bloomberg 10099:rferl.org 9764:cite news 9304:25 August 9273:20 August 9263:The Times 8372:26 August 8271:9 January 8241:9 January 8179:9 January 7324:154652086 7316:1538-7216 6999:(3): 514. 6609:922966407 5840:"History" 5449:), p. 975 4901:vub.ac.be 4616:ugsra.org 4525:romanized 4478:saapkhazo 4442:apkhazeti 4437:romanized 4411:Abkhaziya 4405:romanized 4139:Education 4055:Djergenia 3918:New Athos 3774:muhajirun 3745:Georgians 3721:Estonians 3705:Ossetians 3685:Georgians 3681:Armenians 3658:Ethnicity 3604:Beach in 3591:hazelnuts 3509:49th Army 3460:Gulripshi 3421:Gulripshi 3207:Leselidze 3126:Ghalidzga 2986:Aidgylara 2837:Venezuela 2824:Nicaragua 2549:precedent 1903:Ossetians 1857:when the 1773:31 March 1704:. 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