577:, an administrative body whose members were appointed by the Hungarian Governor in Fiume. The Municipal Police was now sided by the Hungarian State Police, the judiciary had its Courts of Appeal in Budapest, and there was an Administrative Tribunal in Fiume as well that as the Tribunal, were firmly under Hungarian control. The number of Hungarian schools was rising continuously, as well as the proportion of those in Italian where more and more classes were taught in Hungarian. Finally, in 1912 a "Superior Commercial Academy" was instituted in Fiume, a first step for a planned Hungarian university. Therefore, the ongoing conflict with the Hungarian government reached its height at a time of maximum prosperity and economic development of the "Jewel of the Hungarian Crown".
624:, on 12 September 1917 the group of nominated Hungarians to the Rappresentanza gathered to discuss ho to put a remedy to the "injustices that the Hungarian community was suffering by the Fiuman citizens". Given the delicacy of the task, the reunion was kept secret. The group produced also a program document on how was Fiume to be reorganised after the expected victory. The report was organised according to several priority points: the first was the Language Question – Hungarian language was to become official at the municipal government since it was the language of the State. The Rappresentanza had to use also the Hungarian language and the vice president had to be a Hungarian, the number of Hungarians involved in the municipal affairs had to be augmented.
431:, not to Hungary (that was a nation). Zanella claimed that it was offensive for the Fiumani to be labelled as "Italians" by the Hungarian government. According to Zanella, the inhabitants of Fiume are called Fiumani but are themselves composed of "three nationalities": the Italians that is the autonomists who were for centuries the "old dominators of the land" but also the Croats and the Hungarians. Zanella changed the paradigm: Hungary had its state right within the Empire since it was the land of the Magyar nation. Similarly, Croatia retained its autonomy and state right because of its historical and national specificity. The same applied to Fiume: as kossuthism and the
500:. The municipal elections took place on 13 April 1910 – the Autonomist Party won the elections convincingly in the city casting 718 ballots out of 845 voters, but what was more important Maylender returned to active politics after almost a decade of exile spent on finishing his monumental Storia delle Accademie d'Italia. On 8 June 1910 at the new elections in Hungary for the Parliament, Maylender wins convincingly with 970 votes against Zanella who gets 566, out of 2.337 electors.
617:
time deputy of Fiume at the
Hungarian parliament was nominated podestĂ . After Vio's resignation form the position of deputy of Fiume at the Hungarian parliament, Andrea Ossoinack, the old adversary of Zanella, and head of the Lega Autonoma was elected "by acclamation" on 10 October 1915 deputy of Fiume at the Hungarian parliament. For the first time, the new elected Rappresentanza had 12 Hungarian councillors imposed by the Hungarian government.
464:. Now, in 1905, they were opposed to each other. Andrea Ossoinack from a champion of the militant autonomists (as was his father) will gradually position himself as a reliable political partner for the Hungarians against the Kossuthist drift. But, on 29 January 1905, Riccardo Zanella won and was elected Fiuman representative at the Hungarian parliament. 1905 was the only time that the Independence and 1848 party, won the elections but the King
605:), that bombed the torpedo works and some port facilities. The fiumani (out of some 12–14,000 mobilised) experienced a remarkably low number of casualties – reportedly due to their massive desertion rate. The Rappresentanza formally continued to gather, but war forced many of its members to army service or to exile. The communal government had to apply the ministerial ordinances. The papers that marked the age as the
415:, Zanella in an analysis of the political situation in Hungary, depicted the Hungarian Liberal Party as an aristocratic expression of Hungarian national feelings, while the "Party of 1848" is the popular and democratic form of the same. There was no difference in contents or the political project, it was only the external visual manifestation that changed, following the evolution of Hungarian society.
280:: the Hungarian government was a temporary authority, since the city was not an integral part of Hungary. Although Hungary assured prosperity to the city, in the interpretation of autonomists, Hungarian rule was provisory in the sense that it could always have been receded. As the Croats, they denied the existence of a unitary Hungarian state but instead it was the “
516:
policy against the local population. On 26 June 1910, podestĂ Francesco Vio resigns, adducing motives of health. There is thus a creeping conflict: he is between the
Hungarians of Khuen and Wickenburg and the local opposition led by Zanella and Baccich, that becomes more and more aggressive. The provisional podestĂ was now Corossacz, an ally of Zanella.
549:
including Vio, Ossoinack, Mohovich, and others now lined up with
Governor Wickemburg and Khuen-Hedervary. On 20 June 1911, at the Municipal elections, the Lega Autonoma of Vio defeats the Associazione Autonoma of Zanella for just 46 ballots. Some of the Associazione Autonoma enter however in the Rappresentanza.
597:
Hungarian governor (procura). Initially, in the first year of war the
Monarchy was in war with Serbia while Italy was neutral. Therefore, even by admission by Italian nationalists, in Fiume the Croats and Serbs in Fiume were the most hardly pressed by the military and police authorities, not the Italians.
600:
On 23 May 1915, Italy by declaring war to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy enters the war on
Entente side. By that time many Italian immigrants in Fiume had already left the city, soon followed by Hungarian banks and commercial enterprises who moved back to Budapest. The war itself did not struck Fiume,
580:
On 20 June 1913 the
Governor suspends the Rappresentanza for "opposition to the laws of the State", and for "perturbation" of the "constituted order". In Fiume the political climate was very tense and all the political fractions in the city were opposing the governmental measures. Disillusion was the
391:
Zanella was now entering the scene. Schooled in the
Hungarian schools in Fiume, and a graduate from the Commercial Academy in Budapest, possessed the right blend of characteristics: a good command of Hungarian and other languages, a network of friends, knowledge of administration and intellectual and
360:
succeeded to Dezső Bánffy as
Hungarian Prime Minister he seriously tried to restore a positive climate in the city, and Maylender was once again elected to the office of mayor. Meanwhile, the mandate of the Fiuman deputy at the Hungarian parliament was about to expire. In the new climate the majority
216:
It is very difficult to trace the origins of the party, since it appeared as an organised political grouping only in 1896. However, already at the municipal elections in 1887 a party named
Partito Autonomo appeared, but nothing is known about its internal composition and goals. Moreover, very similar
515:
divided in two factions, since both of the candidates were officially autonomists. On 23 June 1910, at the
Rappresentanza Civica Zanella spoke against the persecutions to which the Italians are victims in Fiume and concludes that Hungary is about to lose Fiume if it will continue this discriminatory
418:
Zanella adapted the arguments of Kossuthian populism to the Fiuman situation: claiming that in Fiume increasingly the economy and society was controlled by Hungarians, he mirrored the Kossuthian claims about the Austrian dominance upon Hungary. From the beginnings he will resort to rhetoric borrowed
347:
But what about the nationality of the autonomists? Maylender defined the "Fiuman nationality" as a specific nationality: if Fiumans had to change their nationality accordingly to their sovereigns they would have changed at least 7 nationalities since 1509: his answer was that no one fitted perfectly
813:
Elmiro Franchi reports that there were not even a hundred widows or orphans and not more than 150 invalid or mutilated soldiers, less than 2% of the total of mobilised (estimated at 12–14000). The numbers represent it seems the lowest grade of the lands of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In Franchi,
786:
A noi che osserviamo serenamente l'attività dei due partiti, abbiamo notato ripetutamente questo fatto: che fra "Lega" e "Associazione autonoma" non-c'è differenza di programma, ma due gruppi di uomini l'uno contro l'altro, tutti e due intimamente persuasi che (non-sappiamo se a ragione) che non-si
552:
In the years before the outbreak of the Great War it is clear that the Hungarian government under the lead of Khuen who effectively put into control Croatia attempted to do the same in Fiume. And as in Croatia Khuen was successful in Fiume, achieving a complete victory for the Hungarian government.
527:
with the argument that since it was Maylender who created Autonomism and championed the struggle against Banffy he should have been among the first to react. Albert Appony claimed that the preservation of Fiuman autonomy was a strategic interest of Hungary since any action in the opposite direction
475:
Political instability resulting form the Hungarian Constitutional Crisis of 1903–1907 was felt in Fiume as well, as governors were changed frequently. The pact concluded (8 April 1906) between the Coalition and the crown paved the way for the Agreement, reached in October 1907 thanks chiefly to the
327:
and the privileged position it enjoyed in Austria was the obvious prime example. Germany, during the process of unification, that the Hungarians frequently referred to as a model, provided another interesting parallel. While the continental free cities lost their rights and privileges "disappearing
627:
The conclusions of the report provide an interesting evaluation of the real extent of autonomy: The political position of Fiume in the Provisory was the outcome of the struggle between Italians and the Slavs for the possession of the City. It was only the municipal government of Fiume who resisted
531:
The reactions in Fiume were immediate: on 16 December 1910 – at the session of the Rappresentanza, Zanella exploits the moment and fiercely attacks Maylender with a lengthy speech. Possibly related to this attack on February the 9th 1911, Maylender suddenly dies at the Hungarian parliament in
616:
The Rappresentanza was dissolved on 5 June 1915, with the pretentious reason of a quarrel among the councillors. Francesco Gilberto Corrosacz podestĂ of Fiume was removed from office. The Lega Autonoma, the party allied with the government, swiftly gained power. Their exponent Antonio Vio, at the
539:
Both groups were playing opportunistically. The group of Zanella (the Associazione Autonoma) followed daily Hungarian politics, trying to cut all possible alliances. Vio appears to keep distance from Zanella openly condemning its conflicting stance towards the Hungarian authorities that "did much
535:
The ongoing division within the Autonomists successfully infiltrated by Hungarian authorities produced its effects: on 2 April 1911 – a New party named Lega autonoma was formed whose head is the ex podestà Francesco Vio. The strategy of the Lega was much less based on the exploitation of the
484:
During 1908 and 1909 life in Fiume appeared still: apart from growing national polarisation of the Italian with the Croatians, the relations with the Hungarian government appeared to be improving. On 15 June 1909 – the Congress of the Autonomist Association elects a "Provisional Directorate"
387:
Although Batthyany (publicly backed by Maylender) won over Zanella, Maylender resigned few months after and withdrew from politics, officially he devoted himself to historical studies and started the monumental "History of the Academies of Italy" a work, published posthumously, of still unmatched
561:
The central government, with Khuen as the Prime Minister of Hungary succeeded to put Fiuman politics under complete control, and that already before the Great War broke. Obviously, the possibilities for the Fiumani to have an influence in local politics was greatly reduced, being confined at the
548:
junior, is candidate from the «Lega autonoma» and the Hungarian labour party, headed by count Istvan Tisza. Vio won over Zanella, and on 8 June 1911 – the «Lega autonoma» made public its programme and the candidates. Several former members of the Associazione Autonoma are now in its ranks:
510:
had previously ruled Croatia for twenty years from 1883 to 1903, now on 17 January 1910, become head of the Hungarian executive. He will rule Hungary for two years up to 22 April 1912, and as in Croatia will prove very efficient in crushing opposition in Fiume as well. On 15 June 1910 after the
455:
the son of Luigi (who committed suicide in 1902), announced a secession from the Autonomist Party, remarking that all the nationalities (and thereby also the Croatian) in Fiume had the right to be represented, and the need for a closer collaboration with Hungary, precondition for the economical
596:
With the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war to Serbia, most of the Fiuman industry was reorganised for military production. The port was paralysed by the war and greatly reduced its activities. The local press, now subject to war censure, came under direct supervision from the offices of the
523:, took office as acting governor but the official ceremony instead at the municipal hall was celebrated at the cathedral church. The event infringed the tradition and was discussed even at the Hungarian parliament, on December, the 9th 1910. Maylender, who backed the governor, was attacked by
344:. States that foster economic development via the maritime trade give to free ports ample liberties sanctioned by statutes in order to leave them free that with their international connections knowledge and expertise. Thus the proper institutional model for Fiume was the "Hanseatic model".
472:, formerly minister for national defence was appointed prime minister in a government of bureaucrats. The former "united opposition" (with whom Zanella sided) was allowed to form a government only after it gave up its major demands for an independent Hungarian army and tariff system.
395:
But there was also a more substantial change: while Maylender was (as Ciotta had previously been) the men of the Party of Government that is the Liberal Party of Deak and Tisza, Zanella felt much closer to the Kossuthian current within the Hungarian political scene. The clash between
241:, who held the position continuously from 1872 to 1897. The election of Maylender was the decisive signal of political change under way in Fiume. It culminated when the Municipal council of Fiume was dissolved and was finally replaced by a Royal Commissioner, the ministerial adviser
496:, an heir of the Austro-Venetian nobility, was put in his place. In January 1910 in Hungary was a big political change: the Hungarian Liberal Party reorganised and appeared with the new name of National Labour Party whose leader was still Count
581:
dominant feeling in Fiume of 1914, fuelled by the press. but the elections showed once more the extant fracture within Fiumani politics. The Lega renounced to nominate its candidates and Zanella was easily elected as the new mayor.
588:
explicitly refused to accept his election as podestĂ of Fiume on 10 April 1914. On 18 April 1914 Francesco Gilberto Corrosacz is elected as a new podestĂ of Fiume. Frustration was growing, fuelled by those Fiumani who within the
632:
of the municipality had to be preserved in what looks as a strategic deal between the Fiumani and the Hungarians. The autonomy was only a fiction masked with the insistence on the Italian language and culture – the
480:
as mayor of Fiume. Zanella got only 6 ballots, and his extremism was not rewarded by the electorate. On 15 June 1908 there was a congress of the Autonomist Association where, after the defeat, Zanella was emarginated.
489:
426:
Zanella, writing in 1905, claimed that there was a genuine Fiuman nationality and identity that comprised Italian, Croatian, and Hungarian elements as well, and that was loyal to the (multinational) State of the
303:
As for sovereignty, neither Hungary nor Croatia who were claiming their sovereignty over Fiume were sovereign states nor subjects of international law, that status pertained only to Austria – that is to the
312:
was an internal administrative arrangement, to which Croatia was similarly related to Hungary. In the analysis done by La Difesa and reported on several articles it was inadmissible for Fiume to be treated as a
543:
On May the 5th 1911, after the death of Maylender, elections Zanella is again the champion of the Fiuman (and Hungarian) Kossuthist opposition to replace the Fiuman representative at the Hungarian parliament.
520:
493:
864:
Discorso programma del Conte Theodoro Batthyani, candidato deputato al parlamento ungarico, tenuto nella sala del Hotel Deak il giorno 24 genn. 1892 unitovi al discorso dell’on. Dr. Michele Maylender
536:
public opinion in any sense or direction. Its exponents were in fact prominent businessman (think of Ossoinack and the heavily subsidised Adria) that lived and prospered thanks to Hungarian economy.
217:
claims were already in the 1860s when the priority was to gain autonomy from Croatia In its mature form fiuman Autonomists were focused in assuring a greater deal of autonomy for Fiume within the
657:
Karpowitz, LJ. 1989 "La concezione della Nazione e dello Stato nell’interpretazione degli autonomisti fiumani (Contributo allo studio del movimento autonomista di Fiume nel 1899–1918)” .
460:. Against him runs Zanella, the candidate of a "committee of citizens" led by the old Kossuthist Antonio Walluschnig. Andrea Ossoinack helped Zanella and financially supported his paper
257:, was the first modern political party paper in Fiume, directed and founded by Maylender, who was also probably the owner. The paper started its publication on 1 January 1899, in
380:
to replace Maylender, on 10 January 1902. Vio was a representative of the moderate current within the Associazione Autonoma, but the man behind the scenes was certainly still
456:
development of the port city. Thus, in the 1905 elections for the Fiuman representative at the Hungarian parliament, Andrea Ossoinack was publicly supported by the governor
432:
829:
Proposta della commissione delegate dai rappresentanti municipali di lingua ungherese, ed accettata da questi ad unanimità nella loro riunione tenutasi addì 3 novembre 1917
457:
361:
of the Autonomist Party thought "it was time to send an Italian" (the office was held by count Lajos Batthyány) and it addressed Maylender. Maylender refused, and
439:
and Zanella started their policies of "New Course". Both paths were basically secessionist and ready to look at new allies (Serbs for Supilo, with the resulting
242:
440:
476:
sobering of Hungarian opinion by a severe economic crisis. In Fiume already on 28 June 1907, with 45 votes on 52 voters, the civic Rappresentanza elected
511:
defeat the new direction of the Autonomist Party (the Associazione autonoma) is elected: Zanella, was nominated president. The Autonomist Party was now
937:
932:
293:
590:
477:
468:
rejected the result. Chamber had been dissolved by military force (19 February 1906), and a uniformed colonel read a royal decree dissolving it.
373:
927:
895:
Alla popolazione di Fiume : risposta alle parole del Conte Andrassy : relative alla S. Peter-Fiume e circa l'ultima elezione dietale
917:
545:
593:
were already embracing irredentism, questioning the traditional strategy of fiuman politics, playing among the two great Hungarian parties.
540:
harm to the city". Zanella attacked the leghisti as they were called because of their unabashed compromising attitude with the Hungarians.
411:
A silent revolution was consumed within the ranks of the autonomists. On 4 April 1902, in the article "Metamorfosi di un partito" on his
281:
443:) and Croats for Zanella, who helped Supilo providing him with the necessary contacts with the Kossuthian faction in Hungary.
237:, founded the Autonomist Party. The initiative was successful and in 1897 Maylender was elected mayor, succeeding to the late
392:
psychological inferiority compared to his sponsors. He will manage to become the most popular Fiuman political leader ever.
397:
160:
584:
Although Zanella showed a clear will to compromise with the Hungarians essentially in an anti Croatian fashion, the King
309:
218:
787:
possa dirigere la cittĂ senza appoggiarsi a uno o all'altro dei due grandi partiti ungheresi della camera di Budapest.
764:
674:, , Ljubljana University, Faculty of Sociology, Political Science and Journalism, unpublished PhD thesis. P. 164.
276:. The autonomist interpretation of the Hungarian state was primarily aimed at reducing Hungarian sovereignty and
95:
503:
120:
712:, , Ljubljana University, Faculty of Sociology, Political Science and Journalism, unpublished PhD thesis
317:
since its status within the Habsburg Empire or the Hungarian Kingdom was comparable to that of Hungary.
922:
201:
754:
272:
represented first of all, a defensive movement – as stated by the title of its paper meaning
876:
277:
871:
Relazione dell’operato del conte Theodoro Batthyani quale deputato della libera città di Fiume
469:
435:
proclaimed national independence as the ultimate political goal for Hungarians, in Fiume both
888:
Reminiscenze storiche del municipio di Fiume dal giorno dell'occupazione dei Croati nel 1848
200:, that existed continuously from 1896 to 1914. Its goal was to maintain the autonomy of the
827:
The document (whose origins and present status are unknown) in Italian translation, titled
428:
165:
524:
357:
8:
621:
420:
372:
Maylender was ousted from public life, and the Autonomist Party replaces its leader with
155:
129:
125:
461:
405:
289:
238:
140:
69:
683:
Michele Maylender, Storia delle Accademie d’Italia, 5 voll., Bologna-Trieste, 1926–30.
760:
401:
305:
288:. Fiume was one of the Lands that constituted the Hungarian state, together with the
285:
261:
on the Croatian side, where the Croatian (Austrian) laws on the press were in force.
234:
230:
205:
189:
452:
366:
329:
181:
59:
20:
258:
451:
The cleavage between the Deákists and Kossuthists in Fiume was to reappear soon.
381:
362:
897:/ Gaspare Matcovich Trieste : , 1869 (Tipografia C. V. Rupnick & Comp.)
857:
Relazione in merito al proprio operato durante il periodo parlamentare 1892–1896
497:
613:
of Supilo ceased with their publications since both editors were now in exile.
911:
485:
with the task of reorganizing the party for the next extraordinary congress.
297:
296:. The City of Fiume itself was annexed to Hungary by force of the diploma of
756:
History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
601:
the city reported a single aerial attack performed by an Italian Zeppelin (
585:
465:
436:
133:
507:
233:, claiming greater autonomy from the centralizing Hungarian executive of
145:
739:
In Antonio Luksich Jamini, Appunti per una storia di Fiume 1896–1914,
641:
way for realising the Hungarian plans for Fiume, after the Great War.
423:
and irredentism, anticipated already by his first electoral proclaim.
377:
721:"Programma provvisorio del gruppo della minoranza" dated 7 April 1904
528:
would have given greater chances to Croatian propaganda to succeed.
333:
323:
reviewed the position of cities with a comparable status to Fiume.
341:
324:
337:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
197:
101:
724:
245:
in 1898. After that Maylender started a weekly magazine
814:
Elmiro. "Avvenimenti fiumani di un quarto di secolo",
704:
702:
553:
Zanella was now pushed towards Italian irredentism.
818:, Roma, Anno IV,, N.1–2 gennaio-giugno 1956 p. 101.
400:, was since the 1850s reflected also in Fiume with
759:. University of California Press. pp. 2–267.
264:
699:
294:Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia
909:
833:La Città di passione. Fiume negli anni 1914–1920
802:La Città di passione. Fiume negli anni 1914–1920
249:where the autonomist claims were made explicit.
694:L’antidannunzio a Fiume – Riccardo Zanella
365:decided to advance the candidacy of the young
224:
752:
404:as the local leader of the Kossuthists and
938:Italian organizations in Austria-Hungary
933:Political parties disestablished in 1914
506:, a consummate political leader, who as
186:Associazione Autonoma, Partito Autonomo
910:
696:, Trieste: Edizioni Italo Svevo, 1995.
384:, who continued to finance the party.
282:Holy Crown of the Lands of St. Stephen
194:Autonomna stranka, Autonomaška stranka
928:Political parties established in 1896
746:
351:
918:Political parties in Austria-Hungary
492:resigned, and now the vice governor
398:Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary
348:to them, thus they were a national.
881:Bisogni e voti della cittĂ di Fiume
835:, Milano, Treves, 1921, p.123– 133.
710:Riječki Corpus Separatum: 1868–1924
672:Riječki Corpus Separatum: 1868–1924
490:Sándor gróf Nákó de Nagyszentmiklós
310:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
284:”, united under the sceptre of the
219:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
13:
866:, Fiume, Antonio Chiuzzelin, 1896.
556:
253:, the official party paper of the
14:
949:
628:these attempts and therefore the
521:István gróf Wickenburg de Capelló
494:István gróf Wickenburg de Capelló
328:politically" not so those of the
620:After the Italian defeat at the
575:Giunta governiale amministrativa
821:
816:Fiume. Rivista di studi fiumani
807:
794:
569:The administration of the tiny
265:The Concept of Nation and State
96:Italian Nationalist Association
886:Giacich, Antonio Felice 1861.
831:, is given in Susmel Edoardo,
780:
715:
686:
677:
664:
651:
1:
804:, Milano, Treves, 1921, p.13.
644:
532:Budapest, by a heart stroke.
221:, from the 1880s up to 1914.
902:Fiume negli anni 1867 e 1868
859:, Fiume, A Chiuzzelin, 1896.
446:
7:
873:, Tipografia Battara, 1901.
573:, was now entrusted to the
433:Independence and 1848 Party
225:The First Phase (1896–1902)
196:) was a political party in
10:
954:
842:
488:On 25 June 1909, Governor
211:
18:
562:defence of the municipal
202:corpus separatum of Fiume
151:
139:
119:
109:
91:
83:
75:
65:
55:
47:
39:
30:
900:Mohovich, Emidio. 1869.
408:of the Deákist faction.
19:Not to be confused with
16:Austrian political party
877:Giacich, Antonio Felice
850:La voce di un Patriotta
141:Political position
848:Barcic, Erasmo. 1861.
504:Károly Khuen-Héderváry
278:political subjectivity
193:
185:
178:Autonomist Association
33:Autonomist Association
904:, Fiume Mohovich, Ed.
753:Berend, I.T. (2003).
708:Karpowitz, LJ. 1986,
670:Karpowitz, LJ. 1986,
255:Associazione Autonoma
243:Antonio de Valentsits
100:(after annexation to
43:Associazione Autonoma
893:Matcovich, Gaspare,
869:Batthyány, Tivadar.
862:Batthyány, Tivadar.
855:Batthyány, Tivadar.
519:On 30 November 1910
429:Crown of St. Stephen
692:Ballarini, Amleto.
637:, that was seen as
622:Battle of Caporetto
609:of Zanella and the
441:Resolution of Fiume
421:Italian nationalism
156:Politics of Croatia
130:Italian irredentism
126:Italian nationalism
883:, Fiume, E. Rezza.
462:La Voce del Popolo
458:Ervin báró Roszner
406:Giovanni de Ciotta
352:The Populist Drive
290:Kingdom of Hungary
239:Giovanni de Ciotta
70:Giovanni de Ciotta
923:History of Rijeka
525:Tivadar Batthyány
402:Gaspare Matcovich
376:, who is elected
306:Habsburg monarchy
286:House of Habsburg
231:Michele Maylender
206:Hungarian Kingdom
174:
173:
161:Political parties
105:
51:Autonomna stranka
945:
836:
825:
819:
811:
805:
800:Susmel Edoardo,
798:
792:
791:, 18 marzo 1914.
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
750:
744:
737:
722:
719:
713:
706:
697:
690:
684:
681:
675:
668:
662:
655:
603:CittĂ di Ferrara
571:corpus separatum
453:Andrea Ossoinack
367:Riccardo Zanella
330:Hanseatic league
99:
92:Merged into
60:Riccardo Zanella
28:
27:
21:Autonomist Party
953:
952:
948:
947:
946:
944:
943:
942:
908:
907:
845:
840:
839:
826:
822:
812:
808:
799:
795:
785:
781:
771:
769:
767:
751:
747:
738:
725:
720:
716:
707:
700:
691:
687:
682:
678:
669:
665:
656:
652:
647:
607:Voce del Popolo
559:
557:First World War
449:
413:Voce del popolo
382:Luigi Ossoinack
363:Luigi Ossoinack
354:
267:
227:
214:
170:
132:
128:
98:
35:
34:
24:
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770:. Retrieved
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40:Italian name
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789:La Bilancia
743:, Roma 1968
546:Antonio Vio
508:Ban (title)
204:within the
912:Categories
645:References
635:italianitĂ
630:italianitĂ
564:italianitĂ
146:Right-wing
611:Novi List
447:Cleavages
321:La Difesa
270:La Difesa
251:La Difesa
247:La Difesa
166:Elections
114:La Difesa
110:Newspaper
84:Dissolved
56:President
890:. Fiume.
852:. Fiume.
659:Quaderni
513:de facto
332:such as
292:and the
229:In 1896
190:Croatian
121:Ideology
843:Sources
388:scope.
378:podestĂ
342:Hamburg
325:Trieste
274:defence
212:Origins
182:Italian
76:Founded
66:Founder
879:1861.
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338:Bremen
334:LĂĽbeck
315:colony
308:. The
741:Fiume
419:from
259:Sušak
198:Fiume
102:Italy
774:2015
761:ISBN
340:and
176:The
87:1914
79:1896
639:the
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180:(
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23:.
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