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on 1 November 1824 for the cultivation and improvement of waste lands in the colony of New South Wales and other purposes, amongst which was the production of fine merino wool for export to Great
Britain. A group of about 400 well-connected British investors funded the company with a combined capital
506:
of the coastline. It is speculated that
Leichhardt may have established the extent of the coal seams under Mitchell’s property. Mitchell claimed the construction of the tunnels was to allow access to Burwood Beach in order to build a salt works. It is further speculated that Mitchell actually sought
314:
soon became the companies largest type of employee, although those who had served a sentence, aborigines and indentured servants on seven-year contracts were also employed with the latter making up the bulk of initial employees. The AACo attempted to exploit convict labour to generate a profit. When
487:
In 1828, 3 years after commencing their 31-year lease, the AACo was accorded a monopolistic position after the company received a grant of 810 ha (2,000 acres) of coal land in the centre of
Newcastle. Further, it was feared that the company may have had control of the entire coal supply in the
442:
Once raised up the shaft, the coal was yarded or emptied into wagons; each of 1 t capacity. Loaded wagons were run in pairs down a self-acting inclined plane railway (two loaded wagons going down hauled another two emptied ones up). They were then pushed by hand, assisted by gravity, along a graded
287:
However, it soon found that better land was available and, in 1830, a communication from the
Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor Darling notified the latter that the company was to be permitted to select land in the interior of the colony, in lieu of an equivalent area at Port Stephens,
559:
to investigate the matter. Both
Mitchell and Brown gave evidence; Mitchell in relation to his tunnel and Brown in relation to price cutting. Before the committee could issue any recommendations, the Australian Agricultural Company relinquished its monopoly. Mitchell proceeded to lease out the coal
242:
of one million pounds (made up of ten thousand shares of ÂŁ100 each). A grant of one million acres (about 405,000 hectares) was obtained in the colony for agricultural development, subject to the performance of certain conditions, with the company to be allowed to select the location of the grant.
378:
totaling 777 ha (1,920 acres) plus a 31-year monopoly on that town's coal traffic. The company became the largest exporter of coal from
Newcastle for many decades. They also bought 518 ha (1,280 acres) of freehold and 1,267 ha (3,131 acres) of leasehold land on the
402:
railway for ÂŁ40,000 which, already owning the other half, placed them in full ownership of the line. With the post-Great War slump, the company ceased its coal-mining activities in the early 1920s, sold their assets therein, and moved on into the cattle industry.
582:
as promised by
Governor Gipps, allowing copper to be brought into NSW duty-free. After the monopoly ended, Mitchell established the copper smelter in 1851 until its closure in 1872. In 1913, salvaged bricks from the site were used to cap some of the old mines.
494:
In 1835 James
Mitchell purchased approximately 360 ha (900 acres) of coastal land extending from the far side of Merewether ridge to Glenrock Lagoon and named the property the Burwood estate, which was later extended to 1,834 acres. Not long after
410:(originally known as Pittown, Borehole or Happy Flat) – located on the corners Learmonth Park (Alexander Street and Gordon Avenue, and Jenner Parade and Gordon Avenue) – in an area once known as Newcastle's garden suburb.
232:
to protect both the system of land grants to wealthy individuals and also the transportation system of cheap prison labour to the colony. As a result of the Bigge
Inquiry, the Australian Agricultural Company (A.A.Co.) was formed by an Act of the
631:
where AACo would manage the operations and the Bunuba would receive an annual rent and training opportunities and have complete access to their lands. The Bunuba hold the leases to
Leopold Downs and Fairfield Downs stations, located north of
223:
from 1819 to 1823 recommended that large grants of land be given to "men of real capital" who would utilise significant levels of convict labour to maintain these estates. The inquiry was initiated by the
443:
wooden trestle. It crossed a sandy area, now occupied by Hunter Street and the Great Northern Railway, to a loading staith at which small ships could berth while coal was tipped into their holds.
257:, besides many other eminent bankers and merchants of England. There were 41 investors based in New South Wales which included some of the wealthiest colonists such as the Macarthur family and
1312:
184:, roughly one percent of Australia's land mass. As of July 2008 AACo had a staff of 500 and operated 24 cattle stations and two feedlots, consisting of over 565,000
288:
but retaining mineral rights to the latter. After an inspection in 1833, the company decided on two new areas. These were the Warrah Estate of 101,010 ha (249,600 acres), west of
284:
sheep. The wool produced by the company was to be exported to Great Britain to ensure a cheap reliable supply of British wool which at that time was being outpriced by German imports.
293:
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visit to the Burwood estate in 1842, Mitchell announced the planned commissioning of tramroad tunnels, Australia’s first two railway tunnels, through Burwood ridge (or bluff).
555:
believed the cost of the prosecutions should be paid for by the Australian Agricultural Company. In 1847, the NSW Legislative Council created the Coal Inquiry and appointed a
418:
On 10 December 1831 the Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, located at the intersection of Brown & Church Streets,
308:
was appointed general superintendent of the company. The pioneering settlers of the area were ordered to leave and paid little from the company for their properties.
567:
the company refused to allow Mitchell to transport coal by rail across its land. Mitchell successfully lobbied the government again by having New South Wales' first
245:
Among the principal members of this company were the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General of England, 28 members of Parliament, including Mr. Brougham, and
1041:
491:
Between 1835 and 1850, the AACo was involved in significant Australian historical law events relating to monopolistic coal mining and private railway access.
636:. Together the properties occupy an area of 4,046 square kilometres (1,562 sq mi) and have a maximum carrying capacity of 20,000 head of cattle.
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which led to prosecution. The government’s legal advice after this case was that they would have to individually prosecute every illegal mine, which
1467:
597:
387:, where they built the Hebburn Colliery. Because of drought and depression during the 1840s mining created more profit than wool production did.
1324:
832:
398:) per day and a large overseas trade had developed from this mine. In May 1906 the company purchased a half-share in the Aberdare Junction to
315:
the supply of convicts was facing potential limits in the mid-1830s, company directors attempted to source convicts from the city-state of
532:
Although Mitchell had no legal use of coal, the commissioned tunnel project commenced in 1846 with the cutting line being directly into a
1442:
560:
rights on the Burwood estate, with five mines being quickly established by J & A Brown, Donaldson, Alexander Brown, Nott and Morgan.
488:
Colony had the Crown Law Officers responsible for the substitution of a grant for the lease not objected and an alternative agreed upon.
211:
Founder's stock certificate of the Australian Agricultural Company for 5 shares of ÂŁ100 each, issued 14 June 1825, printed on parchment
507:
to destroy the Australian Agricultural Company’s legal monopoly on coal mining. Prior to these events Mitchell had already approached
801:
304:. The township of West Tamworth adjacent to the present city was the original company-owned business centre for the area. In 1856,
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552:
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1001:
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The colonial government was not able to manage coal production efficiently. On 3 May 1833 the company received land grants at
1353:
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980:
Webber, J.; Wylie, R. F. (March 1968). "Colliery Railways of the Australian Agricultural Company in the Newcastle District".
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280:. The company commenced its operations in 1826 with its first manager Robert Dawson, who stocked the property with flocks of
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On 10 December 2006 a plaque was unveiled on the southern shore of Newcastle Harbour celebrating this event.
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By December 1903 the pit was sending a fully loaded train away each day. By 1912, the output exceeded 2,500
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53:
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Perkins, John (1988). "Convict labour and the Australian Agricultural Company". In Nicholas, Stephen (ed.).
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536:. Between 2 and 3 thousand tonnes of coal were extracted but unusable owing to the AACo's monopoly.
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New South Wales Division, 1969, (P/B), National Library of Australia catalogue number AUS 69-2539
592:
448:
The AACo constructed a total of three gravitational railways: the second was in 1837 to service
1236:
757:
671:
1100:
Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
468:, feed onto an extended gravitational railway to reach the port. It is presumed that when the
465:
616:
The managing director of AACo. from 1974 to 1988 was Trevor Schmidt, whose family also owned
434:
366:
Grave stone of John Marland, who died while working in the Hamilton Borehole; located behind
311:
867:
Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879
752:
691:
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that he be permitted to mine and use coal from Burwood estate as fuel for a copper smelter.
8:
995:
993:
529:
Mitchell was unsuccessful with only his request to use coal as fuel in a copper smelter.
322:
It is one of Australia's oldest still-operating companies. Its headquarters are today in
258:
176:
and farms covering around seven million hectares (17 million acres) of land in
694:, Dalgonally, Carrum, Glentana, Wylarah, Goonoo station and feedlot, Aronui feedlot and
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207:
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28:
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operated by Mr James Brown undercut the AACo's price to supply coal to steamships at
496:
1016:
729:
715:
675:
644:
406:
The AACo's coat-of-arms are affixed to two stone columns erected in Gordon Avenue,
1418:"Australian Agricultural Company records from the 1820s to the late 20th century"
1403:
947:
683:
483:
Short-lived coal monopoly and providing land access: disputes with James Mitchell
472:
mine was exhausted in July 1846 its railway was directly transferred to form the
250:
216:
192:
613:
Cattle grazing for the production of beef has long been a focus of the company.
342:
Australian Agricultural Company plaque on a sandstone column at Learmonth Park,
663:
648:
575:, passed, that specifically allowed Mitchell to carry coal through AACo lands.
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39:
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57:
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47:
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The initial million acres selected under the founding charter extended from
656:
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estate of 126,787 ha (313,298 acres), along with the left bank of the
269:
1042:"Government & Private Monopoly in Coal Mining, 1822–1847 (Chapter 2)"
617:
246:
185:
1015:(2). Newcastle, NSW: Engineering Heritage Australia: 2–3. Archived from
220:
177:
98:
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1393:
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191:
Since 2022, more than half the shares of AACo have been owned by the
169:
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Because the AACo owned the land between the Burwood estate and the
391:
323:
94:
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Also in 1850, the coal mining monopoly ended with the peal of the
543:
operated in the district in defiance of the monopoly. A mine near
249:, the Governor, Deputy Governor and eight of the directors of the
316:
173:
1066:
999:
464:, which made use of the last of the government’s offer of cheap
460:
connected with the 1831 railway. The gravitational railway from
362:
1102:. Government of New South Wales. September 2010. pp. 26–28
628:
281:
1417:
350:
338:
1404:
Documents and clippings about Australian Agricultural Company
1388:
539:
While Mitchell’s operations were going on, a number of small
476:
railway, although no hard evidence can support this thought.
395:
253:; the Chairman and Deputy-Chairman and five directors of the
1398:
502:
While Leichhardt visited the Burwood estate he drew up the
276:
flats, and included all of the coastal region north to the
1381:
920:. Kensington, New South Wales: Bay Books. pp. 21–22.
651:
Agricultural Holdings. The properties had been bought for
134:
639:
AACo. acquired two properties in the Northern Territory,
1002:"Uncovering and understanding Australia's First Railway"
1448:
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
1093:"Glenrock State Conservation Area, Plan of Management"
979:
354:
Sandstone columns erected in Gordon Avenue, Hamilton.
1009:
Australian Journal of Multi-disciplinary Engineering
705:
1047:. City of Newcastle. pp. 23–27. Archived from
627:In 2012 the company entered an agreement with the
682:in the Northern Territory. In Queensland it owns
1434:
1283:
952:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–168.
802:Nothing to see as Lewis passes 50pc mark at AACo
1265:. Australian Agricultural Company. 16 July 2012
983:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
422:. Privately owned and operated to service the
1350:The Railways of the South Maitland Coalfields
1361:A million pounds A million acres (4,000 km).
1179:"Imported Ores Exemption from Duty Act 1847"
655:27.1 million after R. M. Williams went into
413:
326:and it has been listed (or relisted) on the
172:company that, as of 2018, owns and operates
1130:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
831:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
202:
27:
1208:"Burwood and Newcastle Tramroad Act 1850"
1000:Campbell, D.; Brougham, J.; Caldwell, R.
878:
846:Land Companies Helped to Develop Tamworth
812:
810:
779:. Australian Agricultural Company. 2005.
452:and the third was in mid-1842 to service
1453:Australian companies established in 1824
1310:
1286:"Strong station management benefits all"
941:
939:
937:
915:
911:
909:
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816:
361:
349:
337:
206:
1468:Australian food and drink organisations
1263:"AACo Joint Venture with Bunuba People"
945:
893:
573:Burwood and Newcastle Tramroad Act 1850
22:Australian Agricultural Company Limited
1435:
887:
807:
1354:Australian Railway Historical Society
1311:Cranston, Matthew (24 October 2013).
934:
902:
738:List of oldest companies in Australia
1394:Branded Beef website - Darling Downs
1288:. Savannah Explorer. Archived from
863:The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings
13:
1443:Agriculture companies of Australia
1426:The Australian National University
1342:
1127:Australian Dictionary of Biography
865:, previously published in 1879 as
608:
368:Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle
14:
1479:
1373:
819:A million pounds, a million acres
783:from the original on 19 July 2008
522:Newcastle be made a free port and
456:. The gravitational railway from
1389:Branded Beef website - Westholme
804:, Financial Review, Sep 13, 2022
722:
708:
586:
1304:
1277:
1255:
1229:
1217:. Government of New South Wales
1200:
1188:. Government of New South Wales
1171:
1114:
1034:
973:
215:The inquiry into the colony of
151:Australian Agricultural Company
1284:Kathryn Thorburn (June 2005).
1241:Australian National University
1132:Australian National University
872:
855:
839:
795:
769:
1:
1122:"Mitchell, James (1792–1869)"
763:
300:to the south of present-day
195:, the investment vehicle of
77:; 200 years ago
7:
1463:Meat industry organizations
1458:Companies based in Brisbane
1422:Noel Butlin Archives Centre
1408:20th Century Press Archives
1399:Branded Beef website - 1824
852:, 26 February 1940, page 6.
701:
10:
1484:
817:Bairstow, Damaris (2003).
433:on an inclined plane as a
420:Newcastle, New South Wales
255:British East India Company
916:Phillips, Valmai (1984).
879:Pemberton, Penny (1986).
569:Private Act of Parliament
414:Australia's first railway
381:South Maitland coalfields
328:Australian Stock Exchange
302:Tamworth, New South Wales
129:
119:
109:
89:
71:
63:
45:
35:
26:
1313:"AACo buys RMW stations"
918:Enterprising Australians
743:Agriculture in Australia
437:, described as follows:
894:Milliss, Roger (1980).
333:
203:Founding of the company
883:. Canberra: ANU Press.
758:Windy Station Woolshed
446:
371:
359:
347:
212:
1369:magazine, Autumn 2009
1348:Eardley, Gifford H.,
1237:"Alroy Downs Station"
629:Bunuba Cattle Company
439:
435:gravitational railway
365:
353:
341:
210:
1054:on 30 September 2011
861:Heaton, J. H. 1984,
753:East Warrah Woolshed
426:coal mine, it was a
237:and incorporated by
67:Beef and agriculture
1367:Australian Heritage
1363:Self-published 2003
1022:on 22 February 2014
949:The Convict Workers
497:Ludwig Leichhardt’s
259:Phillip Parker King
121:Number of employees
23:
1020:(Conference Paper)
748:Avon Downs Station
622:Northern Territory
372:
360:
348:
235:British Parliament
213:
182:Northern Territory
115:David Harris (CEO)
21:
16:Australian company
1359:Bairstow Damaris
1141:978-0-522-84459-7
662:The company owns
645:La Belle Stations
580:Metallic Ores Act
565:Port of Newcastle
517:Metallic Ores Act
147:
146:
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1384:
1382:Official website
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1215:Legislation
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618:Alroy Downs
385:Kurri Kurri
247:Joseph Hume
186:beef cattle
1437:Categories
959:0521361265
777:"About Us"
764:References
698:stations.
598:Carrington
511:seeking:
356:Dated 1914
298:Peel River
290:Murrurundi
274:Gloucester
221:John Bigge
178:Queensland
170:Australian
111:Key people
99:Queensland
1150:1833-7538
827:cite book
821:. Sydney.
688:Headingly
534:coal seam
428:cast-iron
392:long tons
376:Newcastle
197:Joe Lewis
104:Australia
48:Traded as
1296:14 March
1269:14 March
1158:70677943
986:: 53–63.
781:Archived
702:See also
696:Wondoola
676:Camfield
641:Welltree
603:Hamilton
571:titled,
408:Hamilton
400:Cessnock
344:Hamilton
324:Brisbane
312:Convicts
180:and the
174:feedlots
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64:Industry
1410:of the
1406:in the
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1221:13 July
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965:4 March
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684:Canobie
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292:, and
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474:C Pit
470:A Pit
462:C Pit
458:B Pit
454:C Pit
450:B Pit
424:A Pit
137:.aaco
1333:2014
1298:2015
1271:2015
1249:2014
1223:2011
1194:2011
1165:2011
1154:OCLC
1146:ISSN
1136:ISBN
1108:2011
1060:2011
1028:2011
967:2013
954:ISBN
922:ISBN
833:link
789:2008
678:and
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334:Coal
228:and
155:AACo
149:The
139:.com
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