413:
304:
837:
2108:
489:
2122:
72:
164:
2096:
174:
362:
1036:. These are "eardrums", that cover air filled chambers on the legs. Similar to the hearing process with vertebrates, the eardrums react to sonar waves. Receptors that are placed on the inside translate the oscillation into electric signals and send them to the brain. Several groups of flying insects that are preyed upon by
1028:
Many insects detect sound through the way air vibrations deflect hairs along their body. Some insects have even developed specialized hairs tuned to detecting particular frequencies, such as certain caterpillar species that have evolved hair with properties such that it resonates most with the sound
934:
are audible, but that time discrimination is not directly coupled with frequency range. Georg Von Békésy in 1929 identifying sound source directions suggested humans can resolve timing differences of 10μs or less. In 1976 Jan
Nordmark's research indicated inter-aural resolution better than 2μs.
848:. Many animals use sound to communicate with each other, and hearing in these species is particularly important for survival and reproduction. In species that use sound as a primary means of communication, hearing is typically most acute for the range of pitches produced in calls and speech.
185:
176:
180:
179:
175:
181:
188:
186:
182:
682:- People with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. However, they often rely on lip-reading even when they are using hearing aids. The most quiet sounds heard by people with severe hearing loss with their better ear are between 70 and 95 dB HL.
184:
183:
187:
676:- People with moderate hearing loss have difficulty keeping up with conversations when they are not using a hearing aid. On average, the most quiet sounds heard by people with moderate hearing loss with their better ear are between 40 and 70 dB HL.
178:
670:- People with mild hearing loss have difficulties keeping up with conversations, especially in noisy surroundings. The most quiet sounds that people with mild hearing loss can hear with their better ear are between 25 and 40 dB HL.
688:- People with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip-reading and sign language. The most quiet sounds heard by people with profound hearing loss with their better ear are from 95 dB HL or more.
1024:
was the first scientist to formally show this phenomenon through rigorously controlled experiments in ants. Turner ruled out the detection of ground vibration and suggested that other insects likely have auditory systems as well.
450:, so that each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it. Characteristic frequencies are high at the basal entrance to the cochlea, and low at the apex. Basilar membrane motion causes
769:
The loss of hearing, when it is caused by neural loss, cannot presently be cured. Instead, its effects can be mitigated by the use of audioprosthetic devices, i.e. hearing assistive devices such as
323:, also called the tympanic membrane. The pinna serves to focus sound waves through the ear canal toward the eardrum. Because of the asymmetrical character of the outer ear of most mammals, sound is
373:
which include the malleus, incus, and stapes (also known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively). They aid in the transmission of the vibrations from the eardrum into the inner ear, the
735:. The various means used to prevent hearing loss generally focus on reducing the levels of noise to which people are exposed. One way this is done is through environmental modifications such as
177:
914:
have the ability to hear more sensitively due to a well-developed, bony connection between the ear and their swim bladder. This "aid to the deaf" for fishes appears in some species such as
1960:
369:
The middle ear consists of a small air-filled chamber that is located medial to the eardrum. Within this chamber are the three smallest bones in the body, known collectively as the
1753:
Akinpelu, Olubunmi V.; Mujica-Mota, Mario; Daniel, Sam J. (2014). "Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with alterations in hearing? A systematic review and meta-analysis".
2135:
3413:
623:
1934:
2148:
1020:
Even though they do not have ears, invertebrates have developed other structures and systems to decode vibrations traveling through the air, or “sound”.
995:
allows the respective possessors to create intricate melodies and tones. The middle avian ear is made up of three semicircular canals, each ending in an
2175:
828:
are reduced underwater in humans, but not in aquatic animals, including whales, seals, and fish which have ears adapted to process water-borne sound.
82:
930:
Human perception of audio signal time separation has been measured to less than 10 microseconds (10μs). This does not mean that frequencies above
1949:
607:. Electrophysiological tests of hearing can provide accurate measurements of hearing thresholds even in unconscious subjects. Such tests include
3406:
2034:
Tautz, Jürgen, and
Michael Rostás. "Honeybee buzz attenuates plant damage by caterpillars." Current Biology 18, no. 24 (2008): R1125-R1126.
866:
or sonic. The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as
531:
integrates auditory input with limited input from other parts of the brain and is involved in subconscious reflexes such as the auditory
365:
The middle ear uses three tiny bones, the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, to convey vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
327:
differently on its way into the ear depending on the location of its origin. This gives these animals the ability to localize sound
273:, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of
3399:
2132:
728:
396:, which protect the hearing mechanism through a stiffening reflex. The stapes transmits sound waves to the inner ear through the
347:
in the skin of the human ear canal, protecting the ear canal and tympanic membrane from physical damage and microbial invasion.
2168:
2056:
1827:
1486:
1457:
1416:
1272:
1616:
1141:
466:, which does produce action potentials. In this way, the patterns of oscillations on the basilar membrane are converted to
404:, another flexible membrane, allows for the smooth displacement of the inner ear fluid caused by the entering sound waves.
3222:
1926:
17:
3500:
2084:
1645:
Martini A, Mazzoli M, Kimberling W (December 1997). "An introduction to the genetics of normal and defective hearing".
1262:
1245:
844:
Not all sounds are normally audible to all animals. Each species has a range of normal hearing for both amplitude and
143:
3831:
2161:
115:
101:
2640:
1021:
732:
331:. The eardrum is an airtight membrane, and when sound waves arrive there, they cause it to vibrate following the
1440:
Daniel
Schacter; Daniel Gilbert; Daniel Wegner (2011). "Sensation and Perception". In Charles Linsmeiser (ed.).
2655:
122:
2112:
3999:
3552:
2670:
619:(ECochG). Technical advances in these tests have allowed hearing screening for infants to become widespread.
2126:
3994:
3860:
3607:
3597:
3156:
3022:
2933:
1160:
215:
as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium. The academic field concerned with hearing is
3989:
3624:
3602:
3542:
3355:
1209:
608:
328:
129:
2894:
458:, specialized auditory receptors located within the organ of Corti. While the hair cells do not produce
3619:
3547:
3309:
2645:
2144:
1126:
968:
764:
657:
483:
435:
324:
3636:
3118:
3060:
2871:
2227:
539:
258:
90:
2080:
622:
Hearing can be measured by mobile applications which includes audiological hearing test function or
111:
4060:
3875:
3870:
3567:
3065:
2899:
2100:
35:
442:, a structure that vibrates when waves from the middle ear propagate through the cochlear fluid –
3848:
3045:
2421:
1091:
653:
582:
559:
555:
547:
86:
1352:"Integrating the biophysical and molecular mechanisms of auditory hair cell mechanotransduction"
566:, a cortical area involved in interpreting sounds that is necessary to understand spoken words.
400:, a flexible membrane separating the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear. The
3809:
3209:
3040:
2650:
2436:
2255:
797:
467:
60:
1696:
Thomson, Rhett S.; Auduong, Priscilla; Miller, Alexander T.; Gurgel, Richard K. (2017-03-16).
1474:
30:
This article is about the ability to sense and perceive sounds. For the legal proceeding, see
3651:
3247:
2237:
2217:
992:
612:
393:
56:
42:
3905:
3702:
3108:
3075:
2774:
2489:
2393:
1881:
1844:
1654:
1363:
1308:
1044:
616:
1449:
8:
3954:
2764:
2749:
2635:
2574:
2510:
1037:
879:
528:
517:
497:
1885:
1658:
1367:
1312:
4055:
3981:
3959:
3947:
3819:
3752:
3572:
2848:
2800:
2754:
2693:
2678:
2232:
2003:
1978:
1907:
1786:
1730:
1697:
1678:
1666:
1593:
1560:
1536:
1503:
1384:
1351:
1332:
1215:
1165:
1116:
825:
412:
382:
378:
577:) at any of these levels can cause hearing problems, especially if the disturbance is
4014:
3964:
3930:
3918:
3896:
3772:
3485:
3468:
3443:
3427:
3304:
3273:
3050:
2997:
2928:
2769:
2759:
2515:
2505:
2474:
2378:
2280:
2196:
2062:
2052:
2025:
Turner CH. 1923. The homing of the
Hymenoptera. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 24: 27–45
2008:
1899:
1823:
1778:
1770:
1735:
1717:
1670:
1598:
1580:
1541:
1523:
1482:
1453:
1422:
1412:
1389:
1324:
1268:
1241:
1146:
956:
774:
736:
627:
574:
136:
1790:
4045:
4009:
4004:
3814:
3646:
3090:
3035:
2967:
2784:
2727:
2630:
2625:
2535:
2484:
2479:
2441:
2388:
2383:
1998:
1990:
1911:
1889:
1762:
1725:
1709:
1682:
1662:
1588:
1572:
1531:
1515:
1379:
1371:
1336:
1316:
1096:
1004:
945:
744:
532:
509:
493:
459:
439:
389:
340:
274:
216:
951:
The avian ear is adapted to pick up on slight and rapid changes of pitch found in
3971:
3836:
3757:
3737:
3717:
3521:
3423:
3391:
3007:
2948:
2920:
2736:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2660:
2469:
2426:
2373:
2139:
2089:
1442:
1131:
1106:
1101:
1000:
996:
863:
809:
782:
344:
312:
286:
250:
246:
97:
49:
4050:
3843:
3787:
3707:
3673:
3325:
3176:
3128:
2863:
2843:
2569:
2520:
2456:
2404:
2360:
2222:
1994:
1624:
1136:
1033:
563:
505:
463:
451:
431:
430:, which is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled tube. It is divided lengthwise by the
1519:
747:, which absorbs nearly all sound. Another means is the use of devices such as
578:
303:
4039:
3913:
3882:
3799:
3782:
3747:
3663:
3562:
3345:
3340:
3294:
3232:
3217:
3113:
2835:
2779:
2594:
2561:
2545:
2464:
2408:
2368:
2317:
2308:
2265:
2066:
1903:
1774:
1721:
1584:
1576:
1527:
1504:"Automated Audiometry: A Review of the Implementation and Evaluation Methods"
1426:
1111:
976:
857:
551:
462:
themselves, they release neurotransmitter at synapses with the fibers of the
266:
31:
1299:
Kung C. (2005-08-04). "A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation".
3537:
3458:
3299:
3278:
3263:
3237:
3055:
2876:
2853:
2825:
2820:
2744:
2683:
2446:
2431:
2153:
1950:"Audibility of temporal smearing and time misalignment of acoustic signals"
1782:
1739:
1602:
1545:
1393:
1328:
1278:
1170:
1072:
1067:
840:
A cat can hear high-frequency sounds up to two octaves higher than a human.
836:
813:
805:
793:
647:
635:
594:
401:
239:
2012:
1674:
1439:
3742:
3532:
3448:
3360:
3268:
3242:
3227:
3189:
3012:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2958:
2584:
2540:
2416:
2345:
1180:
1175:
972:
935:
Milind
Kuncher's 2007 research resolved time misalignment to under 10μs.
887:
770:
397:
2107:
2047:
Lopez-Poveda, Enrique A.; Palmer, A. R. (Alan R.); Meddis, Ray. (2010).
1320:
1043:
can perceive the ultrasound emissions this way and reflexively practice
1029:
of buzzing wasps, thus warning them of the presence of natural enemies.
3937:
3512:
3463:
3380:
3335:
3199:
3194:
3166:
3146:
3070:
3030:
2977:
2962:
2886:
2350:
2340:
2247:
2188:
1766:
1375:
1204:
964:
960:
871:
867:
604:
598:
455:
356:
245:
In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the
100:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
3495:
959:
form is ovular and slightly conical. Morphological differences in the
739:, which may be achieved with as basic a measure as lining a room with
3826:
3767:
3687:
3480:
3453:
3435:
2992:
2938:
2805:
2335:
2325:
2270:
2260:
1894:
1869:
1843:
D'Ambrose, Christoper; Choudhary, Rizwan (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
1199:
1121:
1086:
952:
845:
631:
513:
471:
443:
421:
316:
298:
212:
1713:
488:
192:
Video showing how sounds make their way from the source to the brain
3853:
3584:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3080:
2953:
2810:
2608:
1260:
1185:
980:
907:
875:
801:
752:
554:. Sound is believed to first become consciously experienced at the
543:
521:
447:
370:
332:
3942:
3925:
3732:
3592:
3490:
3473:
3330:
3184:
3136:
3098:
3002:
2943:
2275:
2121:
1698:"Hearing loss as a risk factor for dementia: A systematic review"
1008:
988:
984:
919:
903:
899:
778:
748:
740:
427:
374:
336:
320:
48:"Auditory perception" redirects here. The term may also refer to
886:
are able to hear ultrasound, which is the principle of 'silent'
3631:
2589:
2579:
2285:
2095:
570:
524:
227:
3614:
2815:
2617:
2530:
2525:
2299:
2209:
2184:
895:
891:
727:
Hearing protection is the use of devices designed to prevent
470:
of firings which transmit information about the sound to the
270:
262:
235:
223:
204:
808:
tied to a higher risk. There is also an association between
381:
mismatch between air waves and cochlear waves, by providing
377:. The purpose of the middle ear ossicles is to overcome the
3350:
3103:
1011:, a straight short tube to the external ear, branches from.
915:
911:
751:, which are inserted into the ear canal to block noise, or
1695:
1617:"Definition of hearing loss - hearing loss classification"
361:
2330:
1752:
1062:
1040:
883:
254:
231:
208:
2046:
1644:
862:
Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called
777:. In a clinical setting, this management is offered by
504:
The sound information from the cochlea travels via the
1927:"MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality"
1842:
755:, objects designed to cover a person's ears entirely.
496:(red) connects lower brainstem auditory nuclei to the
55:"Hear" and "Aural" redirect here. For other uses, see
1979:"Applied comparative anatomy of the avian middle ear"
1804:
1501:
603:
Hearing can be measured by behavioral tests using an
2090:
1350:
Peng, AW.; Salles, FT.; Pan, B.; Ricci, AJ. (2011).
289:: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.
2133:
Open
University - OpenLearn - Article about hearing
2049:
The neurophysiological bases of auditory perception
870:, while frequencies below audio are referred to as
652:There are several different types of hearing loss:
3421:
2145:Preventing Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
1441:
1349:
585:or more complex difficulties in perceiving sound.
1559:Keidser, Gitte; Convery, Elizabeth (2016-04-12).
4037:
1261:Jan Schnupp; Israel Nelken; Andrew King (2011).
894:sense infrasound through their jaws, and baleen
538:The inferior colliculus in turn projects to the
416:The inner ear is a small but very complex organ.
1502:Shojaeemend, Hassan; Ayatollahi, Haleh (2018).
1479:Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology
1477:. In Alice F. Healy; Robert W. Proctor (eds.).
626:. These applications allow the user to measure
516:. From there, the signals are projected to the
238:. Partial or total inability to hear is called
27:Sensory perception of sound by living organisms
1558:
979:are proportionately shorter to those found in
963:are observed between species. Ossicles within
315:, the visible part of the ear, as well as the
261:into nerve impulses that are perceived by the
96:Please review the contents of the article and
3407:
2169:
1861:
285:There are three main components of the human
2183:
1472:
634:). Despite possible errors in measurements,
663:There are defined degrees of hearing loss:
253:, known as vibrations, are detected by the
3414:
3400:
2176:
2162:
743:, or as complex a measure as employing an
546:where sound information is relayed to the
234:matter. It is one of the traditional five
2002:
1893:
1729:
1702:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
1592:
1535:
1383:
1983:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1924:
1867:
1343:
835:
581:. In some instances it can also lead to
487:
411:
360:
302:
172:
1947:
1406:
1298:
388:Also located in the middle ear are the
14:
4038:
3725:
1797:
925:
3395:
2394:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
2157:
1976:
1235:
824:Hearing threshold and the ability to
819:
788:
2379:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
1481:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 130.
1142:Temporal envelope and fine structure
609:auditory brainstem evoked potentials
280:
65:
1937:from the original on 10 March 2023.
1807:. University of Rhode Island. 2019.
1015:
438:. Inside the organ of Corti is the
24:
2374:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
2085:International Society of Audiology
2040:
1966:from the original on 14 July 2014.
1845:"Frequency range of human hearing"
1817:
1667:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51908.x
1411:(3rd ed.). New York: Thieme.
851:
307:Schematic diagram of the human ear
25:
4072:
2389:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2384:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
2074:
831:
436:mechanical to neural transduction
2641:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
2120:
2106:
2094:
999:and joining to connect with the
944:This section is an excerpt from
588:
162:
70:
2369:Visual system (sense of vision)
2028:
2019:
1970:
1948:Kuncher, Milind (August 2007).
1941:
1918:
1836:
1811:
1805:"Discovery of Sound in the Sea"
1746:
1689:
1638:
1609:
1508:Healthcare Informatics Research
910:use it for communication. Some
733:post-lingual hearing impairment
641:
3810:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
1925:Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016).
1820:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
1552:
1495:
1466:
1433:
1400:
1292:
1254:
1229:
426:The inner ear consists of the
98:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
3553:promontory of tympanic cavity
2511:Auditory perception (hearing)
2111:The dictionary definition of
1448:. Worth Publishers. pp.
1223:
758:
722:
434:, which is the main organ of
350:
207:through an organ, such as an
203:, is the ability to perceive
3157:Olfactory reference syndrome
2934:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1977:Mills, Robert (March 1994).
1870:"Sense of Hearing in Fishes"
1407:Gelfand, Stanley A. (2009).
1161:Auditory processing disorder
713:Ototoxic drugs and chemicals
407:
292:
7:
3543:secondary tympanic membrane
3356:Sensory processing disorder
2526:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2516:Equilibrioception (balance)
1561:"Self-Fitting Hearing Aids"
1210:Auditory brainstem response
1050:
938:
477:
311:The outer ear includes the
222:Sound may be heard through
83:reliable medical references
10:
4077:
3548:prominence of facial canal
3310:Supernumerary phantom limb
2646:Infrared sensing in snakes
2506:Visual perception (vision)
1995:10.1177/014107689408700314
1127:Neuronal encoding of sound
943:
855:
765:Management of hearing loss
762:
729:noise-induced hearing loss
710:Noise-induced hearing loss
658:sensorineural hearing loss
645:
630:at different frequencies (
592:
484:Neuronal encoding of sound
481:
446:. The basilar membrane is
419:
354:
319:, which terminates at the
296:
54:
47:
40:
29:
3980:
3904:
3895:
3798:
3716:
3695:
3686:
3662:
3583:
3520:
3511:
3434:
3373:
3318:
3287:
3256:
3208:
3175:
3127:
3089:
3061:Microwave auditory effect
3021:
2919:
2912:
2885:
2862:
2834:
2793:
2735:
2724:
2692:
2669:
2616:
2607:
2560:
2498:
2455:
2402:
2359:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2246:
2228:Transduction (physiology)
2208:
2195:
1822:. Springer. p. 485.
1520:10.4258/hir.2018.24.4.263
804:with a greater degree of
692:
540:medial geniculate nucleus
339:(ear wax) is produced by
89:or relies too heavily on
3568:aditus to mastoid antrum
3066:Music-specific disorders
2422:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1868:Williams, C. B. (1941).
1577:10.1177/2331216516643284
1240:. Psychology Press Ltd.
41:Not to be confused with
36:Hearing (disambiguation)
3046:Auditory verbal agnosia
2900:Juxtacapillary receptor
1409:Essentials of audiology
1092:Auditory scene analysis
1032:Some insects possess a
654:conductive hearing loss
624:hearing aid application
583:auditory hallucinations
560:primary auditory cortex
556:primary auditory cortex
548:primary auditory cortex
468:spatiotemporal patterns
3041:Auditory hallucination
2651:Surface wave detection
2256:Multimodal integration
2125:Quotations related to
2051:. New York: Springer.
946:Bird anatomy § Hearing
841:
826:localize sound sources
569:Disturbances (such as
501:
417:
366:
308:
193:
61:Aural (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3559:Posterior structures
3300:Phantom limb syndrome
3248:Tactile hallucination
2437:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
2238:Active sensory system
1473:William Yost (2003).
1264:Auditory Neuroscience
1236:Plack, C. J. (2014).
839:
701:Congenital conditions
686:Profound hearing loss
674:Moderate hearing loss
613:otoacoustic emissions
491:
415:
394:tensor tympani muscle
364:
306:
191:
57:Hear (disambiguation)
3800:Cochlear duct /
3764:Perilymphatic space
3664:Auditory tube /
3109:Labyrinthine fistula
3076:Spatial hearing loss
2775:Campaniform sensilla
2490:Somatosensory cortex
2103:at Wikimedia Commons
1957:boson.physics.sc.edu
1849:The Physics Factbook
1647:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
1238:The Sense of Hearing
1193:Test and measurement
1045:ultrasound avoidance
1022:Charles Henry Turner
617:electrocochleography
3982:Semicircular canals
3955:Vestibular aqueduct
2895:Nociceptin receptor
2765:Merkel nerve ending
2750:Mechanotransduction
1886:1941Natur.147..543W
1659:1997NYASA.830..361M
1571:: 233121651664328.
1368:2011NatCo...2..523P
1321:10.1038/nature03896
1313:2005Natur.436..647K
991:. In song birds, a
926:Time discrimination
878:use ultrasound for
798:Alzheimer's disease
796:is associated with
680:Severe hearing loss
529:inferior colliculus
518:inferior colliculus
498:inferior colliculus
201:auditory perception
18:Auditory perception
3960:endolymphatic duct
3948:Otolithic membrane
3861:Tectorial membrane
3820:Reticular membrane
3625:posterior ligament
3573:pyramidal eminence
3529:Medial structures
3257:Nociception (pain)
2849:Olfactory receptor
2801:Photoreceptor cell
2755:Lamellar corpuscle
2679:Photomorphogenesis
2541:nociception (pain)
2233:Sensory processing
2138:2018-10-15 at the
1933:. Sound On Sound.
1767:10.1002/lary.24354
1376:10.1038/ncomms1533
1216:Dichotic listening
1166:Endaural phenomena
1117:Human echolocation
842:
820:Hearing underwater
789:Relation to health
731:(NIHL), a type of
628:hearing thresholds
502:
418:
383:impedance matching
367:
309:
265:(primarily in the
194:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4015:crista ampullaris
3965:endolymphatic sac
3897:Vestibular system
3891:
3890:
3773:Cochlear aqueduct
3682:
3681:
3620:superior ligament
3608:anterior ligament
3598:superior ligament
3486:Auricular muscles
3469:intertragic notch
3389:
3388:
3374:Biases and errors
3369:
3368:
3305:Somatoparaphrenia
3274:Pain dissociation
3119:Ménière's disease
3051:Cortical deafness
2929:Visual impairment
2908:
2907:
2770:Bulbous corpuscle
2760:Tactile corpuscle
2728:sensory receptors
2720:
2719:
2603:
2602:
2556:
2555:
2521:Olfaction (smell)
2475:Vestibular cortex
2457:Cerebral cortices
2294:
2293:
2281:Motion perception
2099:Media related to
2058:978-1-4419-5685-9
1829:978-0-387-94906-2
1565:Trends in Hearing
1488:978-0-471-39262-0
1459:978-1-4292-3719-2
1418:978-1-60406-044-7
1307:(7051): 647–654.
1274:978-0-262-11318-2
1147:World Hearing Day
957:tympanic membrane
882:while in flight.
775:cochlear implants
737:acoustic quieting
668:Mild hearing loss
660:and mixed types.
638:can be detected.
460:action potentials
281:Hearing mechanism
189:
171:
170:
147:
16:(Redirected from
4068:
4005:Ampullary cupula
3902:
3901:
3832:Stria vascularis
3815:Basilar membrane
3723:
3722:
3693:
3692:
3637:annular ligament
3603:lateral ligament
3518:
3517:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3036:Auditory agnosia
2968:Optic neuropathy
2917:
2916:
2785:Stretch receptor
2733:
2732:
2631:Magnetoreception
2626:Electroreception
2614:
2613:
2536:mechanoreception
2485:Gustatory cortex
2480:Olfactory cortex
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2223:Sensory receptor
2206:
2205:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2124:
2110:
2098:
2081:Global Audiology
2070:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1931:soundonsound.com
1922:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1895:10.1038/147543b0
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1818:Au, W.L (2000).
1815:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1755:The Laryngoscope
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1623:. Archived from
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1258:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1097:Auditory science
1016:In invertebrates
955:. General avian
933:
745:anechoic chamber
542:, a part of the
533:startle response
510:cochlear nucleus
500:in the midbrain.
494:lateral lemnisci
440:basilar membrane
390:stapedius muscle
345:sebaceous glands
275:mechanosensation
251:mechanical waves
217:auditory science
190:
166:
165:
157:
154:
148:
146:
105:
74:
73:
66:
21:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4061:Auditory system
4036:
4035:
4034:
4021:
3976:
3972:Ductus reuniens
3887:
3866:Sulcus spiralis
3837:Spiral ligament
3801:
3794:
3758:Cochlear cupula
3738:Vestibular duct
3718:Auditory system
3712:
3678:
3666:Eustachian tube
3665:
3658:
3579:
3522:Tympanic cavity
3507:
3430:
3420:
3390:
3385:
3365:
3314:
3283:
3252:
3204:
3171:
3123:
3085:
3017:
3008:Stereoblindness
2949:Color blindness
2904:
2881:
2858:
2830:
2789:
2737:Mechanoreceptor
2726:
2716:
2712:Machine hearing
2707:Computer vision
2702:Robotic sensing
2688:
2665:
2599:
2552:
2494:
2470:Auditory cortex
2451:
2398:
2361:Sensory systems
2355:
2290:
2242:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2140:Wayback Machine
2077:
2059:
2043:
2041:Further reading
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1923:
1919:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1751:
1747:
1714:10.1002/lio2.65
1694:
1690:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1557:
1553:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1438:
1434:
1419:
1405:
1401:
1348:
1344:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1190:
1151:
1132:Psychoacoustics
1107:Bone conduction
1102:Auditory system
1077:
1053:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:, of which the
1001:macula sacculus
949:
941:
931:
928:
860:
854:
852:Frequency range
834:
822:
810:type 2 diabetes
791:
767:
761:
725:
695:
650:
644:
601:
593:Main articles:
591:
486:
480:
424:
410:
359:
353:
301:
295:
287:auditory system
283:
247:auditory system
211:, by detecting
173:
167:
163:
158:
152:
149:
106:
95:
91:primary sources
75:
71:
64:
53:
50:Psychoacoustics
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3844:Organ of Corti
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3674:Torus tubarius
3670:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3652:tensor tympani
3649:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3288:Proprioception
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2864:Thermoreceptor
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Taste receptor
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Proprioception
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:Trigeminal (V)
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2318:Sensory organs
2311:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2104:
2092:
2087:
2076:
2075:External links
2073:
2072:
2071:
2057:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2018:
1969:
1940:
1917:
1860:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1796:
1761:(3): 767–776.
1745:
1688:
1637:
1608:
1551:
1514:(4): 263–275.
1494:
1487:
1465:
1458:
1432:
1417:
1399:
1342:
1291:
1273:
1253:
1247:978-1848725157
1246:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Safe listening
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1034:tympanal organ
1017:
1014:
977:house sparrows
950:
942:
940:
937:
927:
924:
853:
850:
833:
832:In vertebrates
830:
821:
818:
790:
787:
763:Main article:
760:
757:
724:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
714:
711:
705:
702:
699:
694:
691:
690:
689:
683:
677:
671:
646:Main article:
643:
640:
590:
587:
564:Wernickes area
506:auditory nerve
482:Main article:
479:
476:
464:auditory nerve
452:depolarization
432:organ of Corti
420:Main article:
409:
406:
355:Main article:
352:
349:
335:of the sound.
297:Main article:
294:
291:
282:
279:
169:
168:
161:
159:
78:
76:
69:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4073:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3883:Spiral limbus
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Tympanic duct
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:mastoid cells
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3501:pars flaccida
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Hallucination
3344:
3342:
3341:Derealization
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Asomatognosia
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Hyperesthesia
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Astereognosis
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Labyrinthitis
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2836:Chemoreceptor
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:Photoreceptor
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Slit sensilla
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2595:Visceral pain
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2547:
2546:thermoception
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Visual cortex
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Olfactory (I)
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2409:spinal nerves
2406:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Consciousness
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:at Wiktionary
2116:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2031:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:(3731): 543.
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:(1): 361–74.
1652:
1648:
1641:
1627:on 2021-06-28
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1281:on 2011-01-29
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:. MIT Press.
1266:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Hearing range
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:Mallard ducks
982:
978:
974:
973:song thrushes
970:
966:
965:green finches
962:
958:
954:
947:
936:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
858:Hearing range
849:
847:
838:
829:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
715:
712:
709:
708:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
655:
649:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
600:
596:
589:Hearing tests
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
558:. Around the
557:
553:
552:temporal lobe
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
495:
490:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
414:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
300:
290:
288:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:temporal lobe
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
160:
156:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
103:
99:
93:
92:
88:
84:
79:This article
77:
68:
67:
62:
58:
51:
44:
37:
33:
32:Hearing (law)
19:
3865:
3538:round window
3279:Phantom pain
3264:Hyperalgesia
3238:Hypoesthesia
3056:Hearing loss
2877:TRP channels
2854:Osmoreceptor
2821:Photopigment
2745:Baroreceptor
2684:Gravitropism
2656:Frog hearing
2636:Echolocation
2432:Facial (VII)
2129:at Wikiquote
2113:
2048:
2030:
2021:
1989:(3): 155–6.
1986:
1982:
1972:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1920:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1819:
1813:
1799:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1708:(2): 69–79.
1705:
1701:
1691:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:the original
1620:
1611:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1478:
1468:
1443:
1435:
1408:
1402:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1263:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1171:Hearing loss
1073:Hearing test
1068:Hearing loss
1038:echolocating
1031:
1027:
1019:
929:
888:dog whistles
880:echolocation
861:
843:
823:
814:hearing loss
806:hearing loss
794:Hearing loss
792:
783:audiologists
771:hearing aids
768:
726:
685:
679:
673:
667:
662:
651:
648:Hearing loss
642:Hearing loss
636:hearing loss
621:
602:
595:Hearing test
568:
537:
503:
425:
402:round window
387:
368:
310:
284:
244:
240:hearing loss
221:
200:
196:
195:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
87:verification
80:
3849:stereocilia
3802:scala media
3743:Helicotrema
3533:oval window
3422:Anatomy of
3361:Synesthesia
3269:Hypoalgesia
3243:Paresthesia
3228:Formication
3223:CMT disease
3190:Hypergeusia
3013:Visual snow
2988:Photophobia
2983:Papilledema
2973:Oscillopsia
2959:Hemeralopia
2826:Aureochrome
2661:Toad vision
2585:Suffocation
2499:Perceptions
1621:hear-it.org
1181:Presbycusis
1176:Hyperacusis
704:Presbycusis
398:oval window
81:needs more
4040:Categories
4000:Horizontal
3938:Kinocilium
3703:membranous
3696:Labyrinths
3513:Middle ear
3464:antitragus
3381:Pareidolia
3336:Allochiria
3319:Multimodal
3200:Parageusia
3195:Hypogeusia
3167:Phantosmia
3147:Hyperosmia
3091:Vestibular
3071:Palinopsia
3031:Amblyaudia
2978:Palinopsia
2963:Nyctalopia
2887:Nociceptor
2694:Artificial
2417:Optic (II)
2248:Perception
2197:Processes
2189:perception
1854:2022-01-22
1631:2013-08-07
1475:"Audition"
1444:Psychology
1356:Nat Commun
1285:2011-04-13
1224:References
1205:Audiometry
969:blackbirds
961:middle ear
872:infrasonic
868:ultrasonic
856:See also:
779:otologists
759:Management
723:Prevention
615:(OAE) and
605:audiometer
599:Audiometry
456:hair cells
357:Middle ear
351:Middle ear
341:ceruminous
329:vertically
259:transduced
213:vibrations
123:newspapers
4056:Audiology
3995:Posterior
3906:Vestibule
3854:tip links
3827:Endolymph
3788:Boettcher
3768:Perilymph
3688:Inner ear
3647:stapedius
3481:Ear canal
3454:antihelix
3436:Outer ear
3177:Gustatory
3129:Olfactory
2993:Photopsia
2939:Amaurosis
2913:Disorders
2806:Cone cell
2725:Types of
2336:Inner ear
2271:Cognition
2261:Awareness
2210:Sensation
2185:Sensation
2067:471801201
1904:0028-0836
1775:1531-4995
1722:2378-8038
1585:2331-2165
1528:2093-3681
1427:276814877
1200:Audiogram
1154:Disorders
1122:Listening
1087:Audiology
989:sea birds
981:pheasants
953:bird song
908:elephants
846:frequency
716:Infection
707:Acquired
632:audiogram
579:bilateral
514:brainstem
472:brainstem
448:tonotopic
444:endolymph
422:Inner ear
408:Inner ear
379:impedance
317:ear canal
299:Outer ear
293:Outer ear
112:"Hearing"
4010:Ampullae
3990:Superior
3876:internus
3871:externus
3783:Claudius
3753:Modiolus
3643:Muscles
3585:Ossicles
3162:Parosmia
3152:Hyposmia
3142:Dysosmia
3081:Tinnitus
3023:Auditory
2998:Polyopia
2954:Diplopia
2811:Rod cell
2609:Nonhuman
2562:Internal
2403:Sensory
2309:External
2218:Stimulus
2201:concepts
2136:Archived
1961:Archived
1935:Archived
1791:25569962
1783:23945844
1740:28894825
1603:27072929
1546:30443414
1394:22045002
1329:16079835
1186:Tinnitus
1051:See also
939:In birds
904:dolphins
900:giraffes
802:dementia
753:earmuffs
749:earplugs
741:curtains
698:Heredity
544:thalamus
522:midbrain
478:Neuronal
371:ossicles
333:waveform
325:filtered
269:). Like
153:May 2019
4046:Hearing
3943:Otolith
3926:Saccule
3914:Utricle
3733:Cochlea
3726:General
3593:Malleus
3491:Eardrum
3474:earlobe
3444:Auricle
3428:balance
3424:hearing
3331:Agnosia
3210:Tactile
3185:Ageusia
3137:Anosmia
3099:Vertigo
3003:Scotoma
2944:Anopsia
2405:cranial
2276:Feeling
2127:Hearing
2114:hearing
2101:Hearing
2013:8158595
2004:1294398
1912:4095706
1882:Bibcode
1731:5527366
1683:7209008
1675:9616696
1655:Bibcode
1594:4871211
1537:6230538
1450:158–159
1385:3418221
1364:Bibcode
1362:: 523.
1337:4374012
1309:Bibcode
1080:General
1009:cochlea
997:ampulla
932:100 kHz
920:herring
874:. Some
611:(ABR),
550:in the
520:in the
512:in the
508:to the
454:of the
428:cochlea
375:cochlea
337:Cerumen
321:eardrum
232:gaseous
197:Hearing
137:scholar
102:removed
3931:macula
3919:macula
3779:Cells
3632:Stapes
3459:tragus
2921:Visual
2872:Cilium
2618:Animal
2590:Nausea
2580:Thirst
2575:Hunger
2447:Spinal
2286:Qualia
2065:
2055:
2011:
2001:
1910:
1902:
1874:Nature
1826:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1738:
1728:
1720:
1681:
1673:
1601:
1591:
1583:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1485:
1456:
1425:
1415:
1392:
1382:
1335:
1327:
1301:Nature
1271:
1244:
1218:(test)
1212:(test)
1056:Basics
1005:lagena
993:syrinx
987:, and
975:, and
896:whales
892:Snakes
693:Causes
575:trauma
571:stroke
527:. The
525:tectum
236:senses
228:liquid
205:sounds
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
4051:Sound
3615:Incus
3449:helix
2816:ipRGC
2671:Plant
2531:Touch
2346:Mouth
2300:Human
2149:NIOSH
1964:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1908:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1333:S2CID
864:audio
562:lies
313:pinna
271:touch
263:brain
230:, or
224:solid
199:, or
144:JSTOR
130:books
3708:bony
3496:umbo
3426:and
3351:HSAN
3326:Aura
3104:BPPV
2961:and
2407:and
2351:Skin
2341:Nose
2331:Ears
2326:Eyes
2199:and
2187:and
2063:OCLC
2053:ISBN
2009:PMID
1900:ISSN
1824:ISBN
1779:PMID
1771:ISSN
1736:PMID
1718:ISSN
1671:PMID
1599:PMID
1581:ISSN
1542:PMID
1524:ISSN
1483:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1423:OCLC
1413:ISBN
1390:PMID
1325:PMID
1269:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1041:bats
1003:and
918:and
916:carp
912:fish
906:and
884:Dogs
876:bats
812:and
800:and
781:and
773:and
597:and
492:The
392:and
343:and
257:and
116:news
85:for
59:and
43:Oral
1999:PMC
1991:doi
1890:doi
1878:147
1763:doi
1759:124
1726:PMC
1710:doi
1663:doi
1651:830
1589:PMC
1573:doi
1532:PMC
1516:doi
1380:PMC
1372:doi
1317:doi
1305:436
1063:Ear
573:or
255:ear
209:ear
4042::
2147:,
2083:-
2061:.
2007:.
1997:.
1987:87
1985:.
1981:.
1959:.
1955:.
1929:.
1906:.
1898:.
1888:.
1876:.
1872:.
1847:.
1785:.
1777:.
1769:.
1757:.
1734:.
1724:.
1716:.
1704:.
1700:.
1677:.
1669:.
1661:.
1649:.
1619:.
1597:.
1587:.
1579:.
1569:20
1567:.
1563:.
1540:.
1530:.
1522:.
1512:24
1510:.
1506:.
1452:.
1421:.
1388:.
1378:.
1370:.
1358:.
1354:.
1331:.
1323:.
1315:.
1303:.
1047:.
983:,
971:,
967:,
922:.
902:,
898:,
890:.
816:.
785:.
656:,
535:.
474:.
385:.
277:.
249::
242:.
226:,
219:.
104:.
3415:e
3408:t
3401:v
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
2069:.
2015:.
1993::
1914:.
1892::
1884::
1857:.
1832:.
1793:.
1765::
1742:.
1712::
1706:2
1685:.
1665::
1657::
1634:.
1605:.
1575::
1548:.
1518::
1491:.
1462:.
1429:.
1396:.
1374::
1366::
1360:2
1339:.
1319::
1311::
1288:.
1250:.
948:.
155:)
151:(
141:·
134:·
127:·
120:·
94:.
63:.
52:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.