381:, limit the overall number of electrodes that can deliver useful frequency information. Electrodes found to cause one of these side-effects are deactivated, resulting in fewer signals reaching the brain. In addition, the brainstem is unable to offer the same tonotopic range as the cochlea. With a cochlear implant, the electrodes positioned in the basal end of the cochlea elicit a higher pitch sensation than those positioned in the apical end. In contrast, the tonotopic map within the cochlear nucleus runs parallel and obliquely through the nucleus and the ABI positioned on the surface does not stimulate neural structures in such a clear, tonotopically ordered way. This makes it harder to achieve optimal results during fitting.
22:
114:
384:
Patients without NF2 tend to experience better speech outcomes with an ABI than those with NF2. A study by
Colletti found that a significant number of patients without NF2 were able to understand speech with an ABI, including effortless telephone use. It is believed that the tumours caused by the NF2
373:
Speech perception outcomes with an ABI are generally poorer than those reported in cochlear implant multichannel CI users. Most patients are able to detect the presence of environmental sounds and speech. Speech understanding gradually improves during the first three years after activation, and most
364:
For patients with NF2, the surgeon will spend a significant amount of time removing the acoustic neuroma tumours before inserting the implant. Depending upon the surgical approach, this may involve sacrificing the auditory nerve, thus rendering the patient deaf. Patients with NF2, who undergo
388:
There is some evidence to suggest that ABI can help to reduce the effect of tinnitus and improve quality of life. Better language outcomes are also expected with younger children implanted before the age of 2. Because of the wide range of possible outcomes, it is crucial that patients and/or their
389:
parents are counselled effectively about what they can realistically expect from an ABI. Parents are advised about additional communication modalities available, such as the use of sign language, as the ultimate goal is to facilitate language with the child.
252:
The internal implant sends the signals to the electrode array. The design of the electrode array is the key difference between a cochlear implant and an ABI. Whereas the electrode array for a CI is wire-shaped and is inserted into the
257:, the electrode array of an ABI is paddle-shaped and is placed on the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem. By stimulating the brainstem, the ABI sends the sound signals to the brain, allowing the patient to perceive sound.
270:
Until 2018, ABI was only indicated for patients with
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2). NF2 is a genetic disorder that is characterised by the development of non-cancerous tumours along the nervous system. These
374:
patients experience better speech understanding using a combination of lip-reading and the ABI, as opposed to lip-reading alone. However, most patients are unable to understand speech using only their ABI.
290:
In Europe and other countries, ABI is CE-marked and approved for patients 12 months and older who cannot benefit from a cochlear implant due to non-functional auditory nerves. This includes both
151:) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf, due to retrocochlear hearing impairment (due to illness or injury damaging the
245:, which picks up sound signals from the environment. The audio processor converts these signals into digital signals and sends them to the coil. The coil transmits the signals through the
282:
NF2 generally presents in adolescence or young adulthood, so candidacy was previously limited to patients aged 15 years or older, with NF2 and bilateral non-functioning auditory nerves.
556:
234:
An ABI system consists of an internal part (the implant) and an external part (the audio processor or sound processor). It is similar in design and function to a cochlear implant.
725:
645:
226:
In contrast to cochlear implants, ABI implantation is relatively rare. By 2010, there were only 500 patients worldwide who had undergone implantation.
32:
377:
There are two reasons that could explain the difference in outcomes between cochlear implants and ABIs. Firstly, non-auditory side-effects, such as
827:
93:
65:
72:
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both tumour removal and implantation in the same surgery, generally experience a longer post-op stay than patients without NF2.
724:
Pinkas, Wojciech; Rajchel, Joanna J.; Dziendziel, Beata; Lorens, Artur; Skarzynski, Piotr H.; Skarzynski, Henryk (2019-12-31).
877:
79:
531:
726:"Auditory Brainstem Implantation as an Option to Improve Hearing and Reduce Tinnitus: A Retrospective Study of Four Cases"
828:"Cochlear and Auditory Brainstem Implants in the Management of Acoustic Neuroma and Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis"
850:
61:
279:, and surgical removal of these NF2 tumours can damage the auditory nerve and limiting the patient's ability to hear.
51:
423:
Colletti, L.; Shannon, R.; Colletti, V. (Oct 2012). "Auditory brainstem implants for neurofibromatosis type 2".
952:
532:"20Q: Auditory Brainstem Implants - Continued Advancements for Both Adults and Children William H. Shapiro"
191:(NF2). House's original ABI consisted of two ball electrodes that were implanted near the surface of the
86:
947:
957:
188:
164:
40:
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C40+ cochlear implant. The first pediatric ABI implantation was performed by
Vittorio Colletti from
200:
47:
557:"The Auditory Brainstem Implant: One Child's Success Story - The Hearing Review – a MEDQOR brand"
156:
36:
613:
838:
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approved clinical trials of ABIs for children in 2013. A handful of medical centres, including
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Jackson, Kim B.; Mark, Gerhard; Helms, Jan; Mueller, Joachim; Behr, Robert (December 2002).
8:
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and is therefore much more complex than CI surgery. It is normally performed by both a
895:
Schwartz, MS.; Otto, SR.; Shannon, RV.; Hitselberger, WE.; Brackmann, DE. (Jan 2008).
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damage specialised cells in the cochlear nucleus important for speech perception.
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163:). In Europe, ABIs have been used in children and adults, and in patients with
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and an ENT surgeon together, who insert the electrode array through the
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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196:
320:
341:, are undergoing feasibility studies in the pediatric population.
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Sennaroglu, Levent; Sennaroglu, Gonca; Atay, Gamze (2013-06-01).
378:
303:
254:
204:
152:
894:
216:
212:
851:"History of Cochlear Implants and Auditory Brainstem Implants"
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The auditory brainstem implant was first developed in 1979 by
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671:"Open set speech perception with auditory brainstem implant?"
220:
646:"Auditory brainstem implant results in adults and children"
246:
826:
Davis NL, Rappaport JM, MacDougall JC (Fall–Winter 1997).
334:
238:
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Colletti, Vittorio; Shannon, Robert V. (November 2005).
465:
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The external audio processor is worn on or behind the
275:(also known as acoustic neuromas) often form on the
614:"Expanded Candidacy: Auditory Brainstem Implants"
939:
668:
46:Please review the contents of the article and
775:"Auditory Brainstem Implantation in Children"
211:implant with an audio processor based on the
583:Trust, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation.
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265:
207:, performed an ABI implantation using a 12-
361:onto the surface of the cochlear nucleus.
920:
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555:Staff, Hearing Review (3 August 2010).
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468:"An auditory brainstem implant system"
860:. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.
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425:Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
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779:Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports
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687:10.1097/01.mlg.0000178327.42926.ec
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159:, and so precluding the use of a
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199:. In 1997, Robert Behr at the
48:add the appropriate references
1:
897:"Auditory brainstem implants"
472:American Journal of Audiology
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837:(3): 115–120. Archived from
585:"Auditory brainstem implant"
437:10.1097/MOO.0b013e328357613d
349:ABI implantation requires a
62:"Auditory brainstem implant"
7:
484:10.1044/1059-0889(2002/015)
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241:. It contains at least one
33:reliable medical references
10:
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913:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.10.068
835:McGill Journal of Medicine
730:Journal of Hearing Science
589:www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk
344:
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145:auditory brainstem implant
126:Auditory brainstem implant
792:10.1007/s40136-013-0016-7
618:MED-EL Professionals Blog
165:neurofibromatosis type II
130:
125:
39:or relies too heavily on
650:ENT & Audiology News
266:Neurofibromatosis Type 2
229:
189:neurofibromatosis type 2
273:vestibular schwannomas
249:to the implant below.
201:University of Wurzburg
561:www.hearingreview.com
858:Adv Otorhinolaryngol
530:Shapiro, William H.
187:, for patients with
183:associated with the
953:Implants (medicine)
339:New York University
185:House Ear Institute
849:Møller AR (2006).
948:Artificial organs
901:Neurotherapeutics
879:978-3-8055-8157-8
870:10.1159/000094455
681:(11): 1974–1978.
286:Other Indications
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404:Cochlear implant
359:fourth ventricle
326:Severe cochlear
193:cochlear nucleus
177:William F. House
161:cochlear implant
134:edit on Wikidata
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308:Auditory nerve
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58:Find sources:
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29:This article
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963:Neurosurgery
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839:the original
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785:(2): 80–91.
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736:(4): 37–45.
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653:. Retrieved
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620:. 2018-04-18
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431:(5): 353–7.
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355:neurosurgeon
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328:ossification
294:and accrued
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103:January 2015
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37:verification
30:
315:Head trauma
261:Indications
223:, in 1999.
31:needs more
942:Categories
655:2021-11-01
624:2021-11-01
594:2021-11-01
566:2021-11-01
541:2021-11-01
410:References
351:craniotomy
310:hypoplasia
296:etiologies
292:congenital
243:microphone
73:newspapers
801:2167-583X
760:219627118
752:2083-389X
695:0023-852X
492:1059-0889
197:brainstem
931:18164492
888:16891833
864:: 1–10.
809:71535226
703:16319608
500:12691224
453:23791567
445:22886036
393:See also
369:Outcomes
319:Non-NF2
968:Otology
922:5084135
711:8601242
379:vertigo
345:Surgery
333:The US
321:tumours
304:aplasia
255:cochlea
205:Germany
195:on the
171:History
153:cochlea
87:scholar
52:removed
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213:MED-EL
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842:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
805:S2CID
756:S2CID
707:S2CID
449:S2CID
230:Parts
221:Italy
132:[
94:JSTOR
80:books
927:PMID
884:PMID
874:ISBN
797:ISSN
748:ISSN
699:PMID
691:ISSN
496:PMID
488:ISSN
441:PMID
247:skin
179:, a
66:news
35:for
917:PMC
909:doi
866:doi
787:doi
738:doi
683:doi
679:115
480:doi
433:doi
335:FDA
239:ear
155:or
149:ABI
143:An
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