Atyap - Knowledge

1594:"Achievers in every chosen vocation were given titles and walking sticks with bells tied to the sticks. The bells jingled as their owners walked to announce the arrival of an achiever. At death, such achiever was given a befitting burial with prolonged drumming and feasting. Hence, the A̱nak festival (annual mourning for the departed souls of achievers) as a way of recognising the positive contributions of the deceased to the development of society. Because of the belief that too much mourning could make the deceased uncomfortable in his new life, the ceremony took the form of feasting, dancing and recounting the heroic deeds of the deceased. If it was a male achiever that died, the A̱nak festival had to be preceded by a hunting expedition on horses. This was a hunt for a big animal as a symbol of the immerse contributions of the deceased. For the A̱gbaat, 293: 1643:

Even when issues leadinɡ to war were fundamental, these did not destroy the possibility of peaceful inter-ɡroup relations as seen in the alliances of protection between the Atyap and Bajju, Agworok, Asholyio, Akoro, and Ham. Such alliances often resulted to the establishment of jokinɡ relationships as a way of dissipatinɡ hostility between the polities. Beheadinɡ war victims was, therefore, a way of encouraɡinɡ individuals in their chosen vocations. The A̱nak festival indicates the sanctity of life as practised by the Atyap. This respect for Human life was also shown in the type of punishment meted to those who treated human beinɡs with levity. Any act of murder led to

1802:

the final rites, a goat to the girl's mother, three fowls to the father and 100 cowries to her maternal grandfather. However, this study discovers that the number of cowries did not exceed 1000. When these are completed, a date is then set by the girl's father for the wedding, which takes the form of capture. Here, the close associates sets an ambush for the girl, seize and leave her in the hut of one of the man's relatives, where the bride stays for three days and nights. On the fourth day, the marriage is consummated in the hut. Primary marriages always take place during the

262: 254: 1753: 1295:. This attack came at the time of the A̱nak Festival when people were less ready for war. Kwassau was said to have destroyed many lives in the Santswan Forest where many Atyap escapees went hiding by clearing the forest and was also said to have vowed not to spare a soul and needed neither slave nor concubine and the Kaduna River was said to flowed with the blood of his victims who were estimated to have numbered about a thousand at that very event. 4398: 1598:(elephant) was usually the tarɡet. Demonstrations involvinɡ stronɡ youths on horsebacks with weiɡhted pestles, were held before the actual huntinɡ expedition. These moved at top speed and attempted breakinɡ a standinɡ wall with the pestle. For the A̱ku and Ashokwa clans, their A̱nak festival is called Sonɡ Á̱swa (Dance of the achievers) where only married men and women of the clan were involved. 1676: 1695: 1928:

fellow villager. These regulations applied to all the clans and sub-clans if Atyap within and on diaspora. Any violation attracts severe punishment. Meek (1931) however reported that members of Minyam and Agbaat clans are enjoyed to seek their secondary wives among the wives of fellow clansmen, and take their secondary wives from the men of Minyam and Agbaat.

1479:

convicted of unlawfully assaulting the police and resisting authority and sentenced to two to six months imprisonment with hard labour. The British knew what to do but refused to ensure that justice was done instead continued to promote feudal tyranny against the Atyap. Usman Sakwat and 12 other Bajju were also thrown into prison for an entire year.

877:), who ensured traders' safety within and outside the perimeters of Atyapland and mobilized armed youths to accompany traders from Magwafan (Hausa: Bakin Kogi) up to the Ham area and then return. He also ensured that sufficient land was allocated for the Zango market and for the residence of the traders, through the clan head (Tyap: 1368:

similarly, not all Hausa people are Muslims. Oftentimes, historians make more emphasis on religious factor other than other basic factors like land for example. The Atyap also resented loss of land, considering that they had originally owned all of the Zangon-Kataf territory and had been illegally dispossessed by Hausa intruders.

1741:(now in their present home and no more in their original home in Mashan, Atyap land) after hunting a big animal, usually sent the head considered the most important part of the meat to the Atyap as a sign of allegiance to their progenitors. There is usually a carry over if this traditional hunting done by the 2317:. This type of vegetation is usually considered suitable for the habitation of less harmful animals while the soil type is suitable for farming. This perhaps also explains why the dominant occupation of the people is farming. As in most parts of central Niɡeria, the fields in the Atyap area during the 1647:

of the murderer to Zali (Malaɡum) where such criminals took refuɡe if the convict was spared from capital punishment. If any member killed another, the offender was handed over to the offended family to deal with accordinɡ to tradition. Here, compensation for an injury was expected to be commensurate

1642:

dried these throuɡh smokinɡ. This does not mean that the Atyap and their neiɡhbours indiscriminately waɡed wars to hunt for human heads as presented by British colonial officers. It is also not a siɡn of permanent hostility between the Atyap and those polities or ɡroups aɡainst whom they went to war.

1430:

but faced discrimination always when it came to employment and reported that in 1953, the Native Authority had 102 staff, 60 being Hausa/Fulani, 42 indigenes from Atyap, Bajju, Bakulu, Anghan, Atsam and Atyecharak—i.e., 25 village scribes, four court scribes, three local police, nine teachers and one

1358:

Achi in Achi et al. (2019) described the fabrication of the claims by Zaria about her sovereignty over the Atyap a deliberate distortion of history, as many of the polities portrayed by her as dependents were in reality independent. Accepting these claims, the British in 1912 appealed to the Atyap to

598:

was located around Atyekum, and it used to be a meeting place where the Atyap elders gathered to make deliberations concerning their land and people; the Hausa settlement, the Zango, and its population were and are still called "Á̱nietcen" i.e. "visitors" because that is what the Hausas remain to the

560:

In terms of clans, each of the subgroups has its clans and subclans. The Agworog have two main clans: Ankwai and Kpashang. The Asholyio have four: Neabwaat, Nelutswe, Neswe and Nezam. The Atyap proper have four main clans: Agbaat, Aminyam, Aku and Ashokwa. The Fantswam have six: Manyii, Takau, Takum,

507:

But who are the Atyap and what is their origin? The problem of identifying the original homelands of Nigerian people has been a difficult one to solve. Apart from the existence of a variety of versions of the tradition of origin which contradict one another, there has been the tendency by many groups

1991:

were put at 46,165 (excluding the Hausa population of 2,736 resident in Zango town), out of a total of 125,303 counted for the defunct Zangon Kataf District. Using the 1963 census figures to project the population figures for 1991, an adaptation from the Kaduna State Ministry of Finance and Economic

1617:

It is the practice of displayinɡ some of the achievements of the deceased that encouraɡed the practice of beheadinɡ war victims as a very tanɡible proof of victory in battle. The circumstances in which the head was acquired was also noted. Those who durinɡ a face to face battle were able to kill and

1613:

If the deceased was a hunter and warrior, the skulls of human and animal victims killed by him were placed on the ɡrave. The Atyap could behead a Bajju victim. Hausa and Fulani were also liable to such treatment in battle. The Atyap were not alone it this practice. The Agworok could behead Bajju and

1508:

Tensions steadily increased, flaring up in February 1992 over a proposal to move the market to a new site, away from land that had been transferred to the Hausas. The proposal by the first Atyap head of the Zangon Kataf Local Government Area was favoured by the Atyap who could trade beer and pork on

1367:

Christian missionaries found fertile ground with the Atyap, who had rejected the Moslem religion. This served to increase tensions between the Atyap and the Hausa. However, one has to be very careful when referring to religious conflicts in Nigeria, as it is not all Atyap people that are Christians,

427:

The implication for Tyap is that it has taken thousands of years to separate, in the same general geographical location from its six or so most closely related dialects. As a sub-unit they required probably more thousands of years earlier to separate from other members of the Kataf group like Gyong,

2253:

British administration of Atyap and other non-Muslim, non-Hausa peoples could not help but have an effect on them. Their religion was non-Islamic. Being under the control of the Zaria emirate (beginning from the onset of the British administration in the area in 1903), the Atyap were supposed to be

1927:

Ninyio (2008) reports, "In this type of marriage, husband was not allowed to marry a member of the same clan, a close relation of his mother (that is presumably, a member of his mother's lineage), a member of a primary wife's parental household, the wife of a member of his kindred, it the wife of a

1867:

From an oral account, "At the announcement of the birth of a baby girl within the neighbourhood, parents of a young boy who is yet to be booked down a wife would come and put a necklace or a ring on the infant girl with the consent of her parents, signifying that she has been betrothed (engaged) to

1093:

The itinerant traders of Zangon Kataf in the 1830s began regarding themselves as subjects of the Emir of Zaria, again refusing to pay tribute to the Atyap instead, began showing signs of independence from the Atyap which by the 1840s reached its climax. It was then that the Atyap were conferred the

1953:

Avong (1999:7) researched and discovered that the fertility rate among the non-Protestant church women, such as the Roman Catholics was quite higher on average, than that of the ECWA women, pointing out that it is an indication that doctrines and belief system in religious institutions like play a

1944:

household, the husband spends two nights consecutively with each of his wives in his room. The woman in whom he spends the night with is responsible for cooking the food to be consumed by all family members, from a central cooking pot. After the food is cooked, men were served with theirs in their

1918:

Another benefit of participating in this task was that one could become a member of council both at the village and clan levels. From this point he could then seek to obtain a title in his chosen vocation. Thus, the direct producers (suitors) depended on the elders of society to control labour and

1801:

or heir equivalent to the girl's father, who keeps relatives, that is brothers and paternal cousins. In addition, presumably at the time of the actual wedding, 20,000 cowries was given to the father (who keeps two-thirds for his use and distributes the balance among his relatives). Finally, before

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and "pagan" courts (latter established about 1927) and threatened to attack the about 5,000 Hausa/Fulani inhabitants of Zangon Katab and demanding for the separation of the Atyap area from the Zaria Emirate. The situation became delicate and the British Resident in Zaria, G. D. Pitcairn blamed the

1349:

The British military entered Atyapland 3 April 1903, and took it without a fight from the Atyap, probably due to the fatigue incurred on the Kwassau wars which the people were still recovering from. The British then left Atyapland and moved to the Bajju who, however, put up a fight but fell to the

1453:

The driving force behind the anti-colonial revolts by the Atyap peasants and their Bajju allies had to do with the high taxes, lack of enough schools, non-employment of Atyap indigenes even in the Native Authority and prevalent societal social injustice and domination by Zaria feudal aristocrats,

1914:

Those who did not undertake this compulsory farm labour for their father-in-law were derided and were not allowed to marry among the Atyap . They could however marry a divorcee on whom this compulsory labour was not necessary. Such men were given the same labour in their old age even if they had

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and the colonial authorities, their message was all the more welcome to the Atyap, to whom Christianity was unfettered by association with political structures they considered oppressive. Due to the resentment of Atyap people to the Hausa and their Islamic religion, Christian nissionaries found

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and Sako. Zaria's expectations were to have them as bases for her advancing and retreating forces, and to feed her with vital information. Through them she penetrated Atyapland and enforced the payment of tributes, which she increased in the early 1890s from 15 to 100 slaves annually. The Atyap

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in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862" (1867:96), described the region as "a country devastated by war" and reported the king (of 'Zariya') on 15 June 1862, amidst confusion moving his camp to the Kaduna with about 3000 horses, men, women, and beasts of burden on a wet ground, finally,

1931:

Bride price in this category cost about 15 pounds and a goat. With regards to inheritance of widows, Sanɡa̱niet Kambai (an interviewee of Ninyio's) accounts that he inherited and adopted his junior brother's wife when the latter died. This corroborated colonial report that ' secondary official

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The leaders of both parties thereafter appointed officials to see to the agreement's successful implementation. The Hausa leader of caravans (Hausa: madugu) appointed an itinerant settlement prince (Hausa: magajin zango) who resided in Zangon Katab, to collect duties from the itinerant traders

1765:

One interesting thing among the A̱tyap, though also a common phenomenon among other neighbouring ethnic groups is how marriage was being contracted. The A̱tyap, like other African cultural groups (see Molnos 1973; Bygrunhanga-Akiiki 1977; Robey et al. 1993), strongly believe that marriage was

511:

The tradition is unknown to most Atyap elders. This is partly why it is not found in most of the writings of colonial ethnographic and anthropological authors who wrote on the Atyap people. Though these colonial officers could not have recorded all existing versions of the people's tradition,

2244:

The Atyap traditional religion is known as the Abwoi . The Abwoi cult includes elaborate initiation ceremonies, and belief in the continued presence of deceased ancestors. It was, and is still, secretive in some places, with incentives for spies who reported saboteurs and death penalties for

1871:

In Ninyio (2008), the account states, "When a new child is born (female) the suitor represented by an elder (either male or female) interestingly admires the new born female child, states intention of marriage to his or her son and subsequently ties a string round the hand of the baby. This

1478:

who was an elder in support of the resistance, who later died of a heart-related complication in detention in Zaria and 25 others convicted of offence against taxation ordinance and sentenced to three months imprisonment with hard labour. Others like Sheyin (AKA Mashayi) and five others were

1497:

Much earlier in 1922 the then emir of Zaria acquired a stretch of land in Zango town, the Atyap capital, with no compensation. In 1966 the emir gave the land, now used as a market, to the Hausa community. The Atyap complained that the Hausa traders treated them as slaves in this market.

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and deaths to force them into submission. Instead, they allied with one another against Zaria in the 19th century. The insecurity and economic turbulence brought by the raids and tributes were meant to create avenues for slavery and its trade in the area and succeeded to a great extent.

1809:

In a situation where a girl is pregnant at her paternal house before marriage an arrangement was made for an emergency marriage. Unwanted pregnancy was rare and unusual. Meek (1931) reported that pre-marital intercourse is said to be unusual because lineages (and clans) are localised."

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cattle were found in abundance. Although, quite disappointed because the compact urban settlement like Kano he hoped to meet was not what he saw, however, he expressed his impression as thus: "all bore an air of peace, loveliness, simplicity and comfort, that delighted and charmed me."

892:

The reluctance of Hausa traders and their leaders to pay for the tribute meant for their protection to the Atyap became a major cause of breach to the agreement and this led to insecurity in the area. The Hausa of the settlement instead began to support the Hausa kings in

1648:

with the injury. If the offender was however forɡiven, he was not accepted into society until he had performed rituals for cleansinɡ by the spirits of the ancestors. This implies viɡorous diplomatic relationships that were healthy amonɡ the Atyap and their neiɡhbours."

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revelation of secrets. For six months of the year, women were restricted in their dress and travel. After this, there was a celebration and loosening of restrictions. The Abwoi cult was and is still common among other Nenzit (Nerzit) groups but with fewer adherence.

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region, as were the Hausa. Both groups were in the area by at least the 1750s, possibly much longer, and both groups claim to have been the first settlers. However, Achi et al. (2019) asserted that the time of establishment of the aforementioned trading pact (Tyap:

3072: 1793:

Ninyio (2008) has it that a girl, in this cateɡory may be betrothed to a male child or adult at birth, through the girl's uncle or a male paternal cousin. The engagement between the girl and her husband-to-be was officially done when the girl is seven years old.

1254:

The next Emir of Zaria Yero (1890–1897) organized a force of royal slaves and equipped them with firearms to instill terror on the local population, seizing people into slavery, food supplies, preventing them from cultivating their crops and causing widespread

1907:

The farm labour and the gifts occasionally sent by the suitor were not all that was required of him. In each dry season, he had to send twelve bundles of grass to the father-in-law. After completing all the necessary requirements, the marriage date was fixed.

1509:

the neutral site and opposed by the Hausa, who feared loss of trading privileges. Over 60 people were killed in the February clashes. Further violence broke out in Zango on 15/16 May, with 400 people killed and most buildings destroyed. When the news reached

1601:

Durinɡ the A̱nak festival, all relatives of the deceased in the whole clan had to be invited. All females of the clan married outside the clan had to come with ɡrains and ɡoats accompanied by horn blowers. This contribution by all female relatives is called

1446:. On the other hand, the Hausa were Muslims and non-indigenous to the area. However, the British selected persons from the Zaria ruling circles to rule over the Atyap who although had chiefs, but were made to bow to the Hausa aristocrats and any among the 1562:

was upgraded to first class in 2007. In 2010 the president of Atyap Community Development Association (ACDA) said that since the chiefdom was established there had been only a few occasions when it was necessary to intervene to resolve misunderstandings.

1383:

A second uprising occurred in 1922, this time around with a combined Atyap-Bajju alliance against the oppressive taxation policies if the British. The British again used force to quell the revolt but failed to arrest the leaders who escaped the area.

1884:

In continuation, Achi et al. (2019) narrates, "When he had attained the age of ten years, he had to start providing the compulsory farm labour to his father-in-law. The compulsory farm labour lasted for at least two months each year for nine years.

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The Bajju in 1847 were affected by this aggression when Mamman attacked Dibyyi (H. Kurmin Bi), one of their villages. They responded by attacking the Hausa and Fulani in their territory holding some captives and compelling the emirs of Zaria and

1939:

The first wife of the family is considered the senior among the wives. The most senior wife in the household depends on who among the male members marry first. A junior son may marry before the senior, in respect accorded to a mother. In a

1422:. The increased diversion of labour from food production to the tin mines, railway and road construction and into the army resulted to increase in use of child labour for agricultural activities. The Atyap were, however, denied jobs in the 1104:) to the Emir of Zaria to avoid jihadist attack, which also included an annual donation of 15 slaves, 20 raffia mats, some kegs of honey and bundles of raffia fronds to be collected from each clan by their princes (or Hausa: magajis). The 1471:, appointed as the first Christian chief in the whole of Zaria province in 1945, a year earlier, for fuelling the crisis because the Zaria feudal ruling circles were uncomfortable with his being chief and wanted him out by all means. 2346:

vegetation is usually considered suitable for the habitation of less harmful animals while the soil type is suitable for farming. This perhaps also explains why the dominant occupation of the people is farming. They mostly practised

455:

personality long before the time the British took over control of the Atyap early in the 20th century. This personality was bequeathed down from one generation of ancestors to another until it reached the most recent descendants.

419:

and Yoruba language clusters', noting that this indicates that 'even within dialect clusters, a period of up to 2,000 years was needed to create clearly identifiable dialect separation and that it is thus a slow process of steady

1363:

and Zaria as their paramount chiefs in a bid to impose colonial rule through those newfound allies. Earlier, in 1907, the Atyap were placed under Kauru, renamed Katuka District, and in 1912 the Zangon Katab District was created.

1076:

After some other encounters, Lander left Zangon Katab to proceed in his journey and was intercepted by four horsemen from the Emir of Zaria who took him back to Zaria, forbidding him to travel to Panda which was at war with the

918:

Another agreement was entered into by the Atyap and the Hausa traders in the early 19th century and trading again resumed and Atyapland prospered to the level that every house was said to have had livestock including horses.

904:

Achi et al. (2019) also reported that the Atyap in 1780 withdrew their armed escorts and used them to attack the Hausa settlement of Zangon Katab, leading to the sacking of the settlement which remained empty for many years.

859:(Hausa: fatake) from where their Atyap hosts were paid for peace, security and the provision of land for the itinerant settlement (Hausa: zango) establishment. The Atyap also appointed a prince, heir to the clan head (Tyap: 1454:

their arrogance, contempt for the Atyap culture and above all, the demand for the creation of an Atyap Chiefdom, modelled after those of Moroa, Kagoro and Kwoi which had indigenous chiefs and were not under any emirate.

1108:

appointed by Zaria, then collect these items and transport them to the Emir on Zaria. The Atyap however, did not feel obliged to pay for these tributes because they felt it was only applicable to non-Muslims living in a

1606:. Since the festival involved all females of the clan married outside, it therefore involved all neiɡhbourinɡ states who took Atyap dauɡhters as wives. This is why all neiɡhbourinɡ states and ɡroups includinɡ Hausa and 1380:, causing hardship on the people, the Atyap in 1910 arose against the British in protest, which was crushed by the British but on the long run, led to the people's greater hatred against the Zangon Katab District Head. 3747:

National Population Census, 1963. See also Kaduna State Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Statistics Division. Projections by Local Government, Councils, District and Town 1 Village Units from 1984-1990, p.

3080: 1875:

However, Achi (2019) accounts thus, "A girl at birth was betrothed to a boy of four years old. To ensure that the girl remained his, he had to send a necklace. Later he had to send four chickens, tobacco and a mat."

991:

earlier, on his return chose to pass through another route which led him to becoming the first European to visit and describe the important town of Zangon Katab (which he spelt "Cuttub") and its people, the Atyap.

1457:

In May 1946, the Atyap revolted by refusing to pay tax to the Hausa, refused forced labour, boycotted the Zangon Kataf market and the refusal of youths to obey orders of the Hausa District Head, disregarded the

2304:

The vegetation type recognizable in the area is the Guinea savanna or savanna woodland type which is dotted or characterized by short and medium size trees, shrubs and perennial mesophytic grasses derived from

1354:

of Nigeria in 1903–4, they followed a system of indirect rule. The British gave the emir of Zaria increased powers over the Atyab through the village heads that he appointed, and causing increasing resentment.

606:

Due to increasing volume of trade between the Atyap and the Hausa traders, the need for security became vital, the development which later led to the establishment of more markets such as the ones in Magwafan

1546:

For some time, the Atyap had been increasingly speaking Hausa, the primary (i.e. major) language of the region. However, after the violent clashes in 1992 there has been a strong trend back to use of Tyap.

1438:

In 1942, Bajju militants led by Usman Sakwat waged intense anti-colonial struggles directly against the Zaria Emirate and this brewed to the post World War II Atyap–Bajju movement against the colonialists.

1868:

their son, and the dowry is paid immediately. At the turn of adolescence, the girl is then taken to her husband's house to complete the marriage process, and this is normally accompanied by a feast".

1566:

Between 2020-2023, Atyap land faced constant Fulani terror attacks, which the Hausa community in the Zangon Urban district had distanced itself from in spite of allegations levelled against it by the

399:

Achi (2005) states that the Atyap speak a language in the Kwa group of the Benue-Congo language family. Furthermore, according to Achi et al. (2019), the Kataf Group (an old classification) to which

515:

It is not denied that some people moved from Hausaland into the area occupied by the Atyap before the Nineteenth century. The consolidation of Zangon Katab by 1750 A.D. essentially inhabited by the

508:

to claim areas outside Africa as their centres of origin. This is true of the Atyap to an extent. Movements were undertaken under clan leaders and in small parties at night to avoid detection.

1706:

ga̱do) then applies poisons to the arrows to be used – which were of differing sizes, and traps were also used. One gets referred to as a "successful hunter" when such a one kills an elephant (

2270:, about 84.00% of the Atyap people practice Christianity (with Independents having 10.00%, Protestants 15.00% and Roman Catholics 75.00%), 10.00% practicing Islam] and 6.00% ethnic religion ( 1494:(1966–1975) introduced reforms, letting the Atyap appoint their own village district heads, but the appointees were subject to approval by the emir, and were therefore often seen as puppets. 1310:

of Magata, was captured by the Hausa forces who executed him by impalling on a stake, while others like Zinyip Katunku and Kuntai Mado of Mashan were said to have been buried alive, in 1902.

1774:

explained that the unmarried are considered to be, "á̱niet ba ba̱ yet á̱kukum a̱ni" (people who are only 50.0 per cent complete), who become 100.0 per cent human beings only after marriage.

1734:), the head being used for societal display. Portions of the meat obtained from the hunt are usually shared to deserving elders, achievers, chief blacksmith and medicine man (a̱la̱n a̱wum). 1065:(Tyap: tuk cyia̱ga̱vang) for at least 50 hungry men. He also was surprised at the "unrestricted liberty" of the wives of the king which he contrasted with what he found in the Hausa states, 512:

nevertheless, most of the versions recorded by then show remarkable similarities with those recounted by the elders today. The authenticity of the northern origin is therefore questionable.

3395: 1892:, though suitors were liable to providing another labour termed Khap A̱kan (Beer farming). This extra farming for grains for the beer that the in-laws needed in a year when festivals like 1283:

The last pre-colonial Emir of Zaria, Kwassau (1898–1903) in 1899, launched a carefully planned attack on the Atyap for disrupting the trade in the area and succeeded in reestablishing the

594:, bangles and necklaces and the Zangon Katab market developed (a few miles from the Atyap traditional ground or capital at A̱tyekum – the area known to the Atyap as Maba̱ta̱do also spelt 539:

and taxation is a folk memory of these late nineteenth-century movements. But migration of individuals and groups of people should not be confused with migration of a whole Atyap people.

2551:† (1952-2014), former Nigerian Minister of State for Works and Housing (1999–2000); Senator representing Kaduna South Senatorial District (2003–2007); also a businessman and founder of 411:

languages and their neighbours, the separation of the Kataf Group into distinguishable dialects and dialect clusters would require thousands of years. Also mentioned was that, 'Between

1777:

There are a number of narratives as to how marriages were conducted in the pre-colonial times in Atyapland. But of note, Meek (1931) accounted that there were basically of two types:

1350:

British. In 1904, the British moved to the Agworok in what was known as the Tilde Expedition, starting from Jema'a Daroro on 7 November 1904. When the British conquered the north and

1117:

from Zaria were usually attacked and killed by the Atyap and the Hausa traders and their cattle sometimes faced similar threats. The captives realised were sold into slavery to the

1022:

in Achi et al. (2019): on his arrival, he met a town with almost 500 "small and nearly contiguous villages" situated in a "vast and beautiful plain," quite far from the south where

2535:† (1956-2005), a Niɡerian historian, educationist and writer and first Head of Station (Chief Research Officer) of the Niɡerian National Commission of Museums and Monuments, Abuja. 599:

Atyap. In otherwords, the Zango was developed in an area known as "Mabatado" to the Atyap, hence, the Hausa word for that area, "Mabaradawa"). Before then, people took iron ore to

1844:

Other valuables items can be added according to the clan or family the lady is coming from but as far as tradition is concerned these are the necessary items required in Atyap.

557:

are considered as a part of this group due to their cultural and linguistic similarities, although each of these groups consider itself independent of the Atyap ethnic identity.

415:

and Yoruba language, for example, at least 2,000 years were required to develop the distinction, while 6,000 years were needed for the differences observable in a comparison of

3362: 3036: 1824:

Sum of N40,000 or more, depending on what the girl's family arranged; this money is given to the father who will share it to every male relative and keep part to himself.

847:

Pact) between the Atyap and the Hausa is unknown, but it is certain that the residents in Zangon Katab entered into an agreement with the Atyap, centred on two issues:

1482:

In January 1954, soldiers were sent to Zangon Katab town by the British to avert an impending attack by Atyap and Bajju extremist groups against the Hausa population.

1263:

In a bid to penetrate the area, Zaria collided one clan against another and was able weaken certain sections of the Atyap polity through trickery, forcing them into

3250:"Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria" 603:

to form them the tools they wanted and paid him in grains or meat. After the coming of the Hausa, local blacksmiths began copying the products brought in by them.

1211:, a task which became difficult to accomplish and his title snatched by the District Head of Zangon Katab. Yawa on the other hand was appointed in the 1880s as 1172:

making camp between 14° and 16° west near the river. He went ahead to describe the town of Zango (to the northeast) through which he passed on 18 June 1862, as

1426:. Most of the employees in the 1950s in the Zaria Native Authority were the emir's relatives. Achi in Achi et al. (2019) noted that the Atyap were always told 553:

The Atyap sub-groups consists of a group of seven or eight ethnic groups namely: Agworog, Asholyio, Atyap proper, Atyecharak, Atyuku, Fantswam and Takad. The

1276:

Kauru who knew the area very well. The Atyap, however, through an ambush completely defeated the combined forces and sold some of the fighters captured into

2186:

gave the population of the Atyap, comprising the seven subgroups including the "Mabatado" (Abyin Atyap) population in 1993 as 130,000 as documented by SIL.

3977: 2687: 1656:

During the dry season after crop harvest, men go hunting for animals in the wild between December and March annually, embarking on expeditions to Surubu (

2539: 4008: 3951: 2263:

fertile ground and had opportunity to propagate the gospel. This worsen the relationship between the two. Today very few Atyap people belong to Islam.

2174:

Avong (2000:67) accounted that the population is unknown, however, it was estimated that about a half of the 145,000 people officially registered for

1591:

was part of those practices which was later outlawed by the colonial government. Here is an account by Achi et al. (2019) on one of those ceremonies:

3403: 3114: 1191:

The new Emir of Zaria few decades later, Abdullahi in 1871 appointed Tutamare and Yawa, deploying them across the Zangon Katab area. Tutamare was a

519:, is a clear case of pre-nineteenth century immigrations and interactions. It was however in the nineteenth century as a result of over-taxation, 3769:"Perception of and Attitudes toward the Nigerian Federal Population Policy, Family Planning Program and Family Planning in Kaduna State, Nigeria" 3305: 3022:

The Handy System in the Economy of Hausaland. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Congress of the Historical Society of Nigeria, University of Jos

3426: 2439:), etc., with the entire economy heavily dependent on the production of sorghum, used for food and beer, and beniseed, used in several rituals. 1287:

Pact relationship with some Atyap lineages and settlements (Ataghyui, Sako, Mazaki and Kanai), using Mazaki as an attack base and also used the

1272:

however stopped paying these tributes in 1894 and Zaria reacted by sending a large army of fighters to Zangon Kataf from Zaria, assisted by the

2505:

After the formation of the Atyap Chiefdom in 1995, the A̱tyap people were ruled by a succession of three monarchs who have come to be known as

440:(Koro) who are little intelligible to them. The stability of language and other culture traits in this region of Nigeria has been recognized. 901:

to use their forces to subdue the entire states along the trading routes so their traders could be free from tribute payment and highwaymen.

578:

area, whose civilization spanned c. 1500 BC to c. 500 AD, with many archeological discoveries found scattered within and around Atyap land.

2867:

Interim Report on Fieldwork Conducted on the Nerzit Reɡion (Kaduna State) on Traditional Farminɡ in Niɡeria, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

1932:

marriage occur: a man may inherit widows of his grandfather, father and brother, but only when these are young women and do not have adult

3548: 3574: 1156:

in the Kauru area who refused allying with the Emir of Zaria through the Sarkin Kauru, viewing the alliance as a loss of independence.

403:

belongs, is a member of the eastern Plateau. He went further to suggest that by using a glotochronological time scales established for

3694: 1797:

Gunn (1956) reported that payment and or service are as follows: 'Four fowls for the girl's father (or cash in lieu of service), 2000

999:, he travelled down along with William Pascoe, a Hausa man who served as his interpreter, to Kano but again chose to travel south to 3521: 3007:

Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria Compiled from Official Reports by O. Temple

1945:

rooms. Husbands and wives, men and women whether married or not do not eat their food together, because this was separately done."

1164:

to pay tribute to them for some years, after which the latter launched a counter offensive against them to set their people free.

1018:

On his journey, he heard of several tales concerning a great and populous town, known for the importance of its market. As put by

464:

The Atyap call themselves 'Atyap' and are so known and addressed by their immediate neighbouring groups like Asholyio (or Morwa),

3369: 2711: 2680: 2518: 1911:

Age mates of the suitor would waylay the bride either in the marketplace, farm or river and whisk her away to the groom's house.

1567: 1520:

military government sentenced 17 people to death for alleged complicity in the killings, including a former military governor of

1215:(chief of the west) by Emir Sambo (1881–1889). His functions include policing the western sections against Ibrahim Nagwamatse of 3044: 1302:

where he resorted to impaling his victims on stakes and burning others alive. In the course of this war, the leading warrior as

443:

It is therefore persuasive to take as granted, long antiquity of cultural interaction and emergence of specific dialects in the

4001: 615:

market became the most important of them all and was an important link between the four main trade routes in the area, namely:

3658: 2940: 943:

in Hausaland who sought to acquire wealth through their new cause, same waged wars of expansion on settlements all over. The

2363:

Culturally, since time immemorial, the Atyap had been farmers, especially during the rainy season producing food crops like

1766:

established by A̱gwaza (God) and the fullness of an Atyap womanhood lies, first, in a woman having a husband of her own. A

1528:, an Atyap. The sentences were eventually reduced to gaol terms. It was said that Lekwot's arrest was due to his feud with 1042:

He also described the ruler of Zangon Katab who he called a "very great man" and to whom he gifted eight yards of blue and

3471: 1936:

with whom they can live. A woman may choose apparently, whether she will be inherited by her husband's son or grandson.'

3494: 2716: 2668: 2583:(b. 1960), senator representing Kaduna South Senatorial District (2015–); also a businessman in the hospitality industry. 1516:

In the aftermath, many Hausa fled the area, although some returned later, having no other home. A tribunal set up by the

1505:

was made the first indigenous District Head of Zangon Kataf and Kuyambanan Zazzau and remained so for the next 28 years.

1847:

After these are done a wedding date is fixed immediately with a feast. The Primary marriage had two prominent features:

363:

remains were particularly abundant in hiɡh heaps. This cateɡory of information is complemented by shallow caves and the

1976: 971:

and those settlements served as attack launching centres for Emirate campaigns against the Atyap and their neighbours.

3903: 3843: 4426: 3994: 3288: 3232: 3207: 2834: 2799: 1771: 1614:

Atakat (Attakad) victims and not the Atyap. The skulls of such victims were displayed at the death of the achiever.

3890:

A Reconsideration of the Origin and Migration of Atyap People of Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area of Kaduna State

2342:

Agriculture is the main stay of the economy. Farming, fishing and hunting are the occupations of the Atyap people.

1626:(War ɡenius). Specialists were appointed from specific families for treatinɡ the heads of victims. These included 694:

for which the Atyap were known for and their possession of horses leading to the Hausa referring to the area as "

387:(9°58.5'N, 8°17, 85'E). More such pits have been identified in later search, suggesting that iron ore mining was 2852:"Preliminary Survey on Some Sites in Zangon Kataf District of Upper Kaduna River Basin": African Study Monograms 292: 2931:

Achi, B.; Bitiyonɡ, Y. A.; Bunɡwon, A. D.; Baba, M. Y.; Jim, L. K. N.; Kazah-Toure, M.; Philips, J. E. (2019).

1587:

in the area in 1903, the Atyap cultural practices included various annual and seasonal ceremonies and indeed,

690:, and agricultural tools. The extent of trade and wealth of Atyapland could be seen in the rate of wearing of 3929: 1391:(1929–1933), the British abolished the tax payment when the people could not even afford to feed themselves. 500:(or Chawai) and Rukuba, together with the Atyap, form part of the Eastern Plateau group of languages of the 3107: 2760: 447:

language region. It means that Tyap had long become a clearly identifiable language with a distinguishable

830:

has it that there are no written records, but there is evidence that the Atyap were early settlers in the

1450:(Atyap chiefs) who refused to do so was severely dealt with mostly by removal or dismissal from office. 4257: 1517: 1280:

then returned to Zangon Katab and burnt down the Zango settlement, again disrupting trade in the area.

123: 3313: 1306:

in Achi et al. (2019) puts it, "the most gallant military commander of the Atyap anti-slavery forces,

4220: 1501:

To reduce the tensions, after the death of the Hausa District Head of Zangon Kataf in 1967, an Atyap

548: 242: 1830:

Bags of salt which is given to the girls mother and is shared to every woman within the family clan.

2701: 1267:

relationships with her. Some of the towns they penetrated included: Ataghyui, Magang, Makunfwuong,

1967:

Skoggard (2014) gave the area of spread of the Atyap (Katab) people in Nigeria to include: Niger,

3449: 2623: 1622:(victor). Those who were able to pursue, overtake and destroy the opponent received the title of 1406:. The Atyap also produced food crops for internal needs for the feeding of workers in the mines, 1133: 944: 682:) and then to the upper Benue valley. Goods traded here included: horses, beads, brass, bangles, 297: 590:

up until the mid-18th century when the Hausa traders began passing across Atyap land, importing

1313:

The Kwassau wars caused many southwards migrations of Atyap to neighbouring areas of Asholyio,

2821: 4421: 1584: 1153: 1145: 1125: 1054: 324: 219: 3682:. London, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI): 21. 2521:(ACDA) is a sociocultural organization which looks after the interests of the Atyap people. 4431: 3625:. Vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Broadway House. pp. 58–76. 3199: 2348: 710:. The most important of them being elephant tusks and camwood, well cherished by the Hausa. 2325:

sets in from October/November, the veɡetation turns yellow and then brown with increasinɡ

8: 4252: 1419: 1318: 1188:

In his map (1867:unnumbered, diagram 2), he represented the town with the word "Kuttub".

1073:

and other Muslim areas, reporting that the wives were never known to abuse that liberty.

1019: 452: 3620: 2351:. Apart from cultivation, the farmers of the different Atyab communities engaged in the 1992:

Planning shows, with a constant rate of 2.5% per annum, an Atyap population of 250,167.

698:" (Land of horses). From the Atyap, the Hausa usually took back in exchange woven mats, 643:. Goods traded included: dogs, beads, slaves and clothes, in exchange for ponies, salt, 3788: 3249: 3160: 2564: 1749:, initially done every second Saturday of April, now every first of January, annually. 1428:"All of us in Zaria division are brothers, whether we be Muslims, Pagans or Christians" 1376:

With the introduction of taxation, forced labour and compelling of people to cultivate

956: 827: 1124:

The emergence of Mamman Sani as Emir of Zaria (1846–1860) came with aggression on the

3971: 3796: 3654: 3336: 3284: 3228: 3203: 2936: 2830: 2795: 2655: 2289: 1933: 1827:

A total of three fowls to the girl's father and a sum of N10,000 for her grandfather.

1529: 1513:, rampaging Hausa youths killed many Christians of all ethnic groups in retaliation. 703: 586:

Long before the introduction of currencies into the area, the Atyap people practiced

421: 261: 1336:

jihadists tried to extend their control in this and other parts of central Nigeria.

1100:

status as a non-Muslim group in which they were expected to pay the protection fee (

611:

Bakin Kogi), Rahama, Tungan Kan (Kachechere) and Afang Aduma near Gan, although the

3780: 3152: 2864: 2738: 2663: 2343: 2306: 1638:

removed the contents from fresh heads of victims, notinɡ each skull and its owner.

1423: 1388: 1078: 448: 312: 1687:(chief hunter) who leads the group which usually included kin Bajju, Asholyio and 809: 4436: 4247: 4138: 3427:"Kaduna: Again, suspected Fulani militias kill 10, injure others in Zangon Kataf" 3278: 2595:, Nigeria (1975–1978); Nigerian Ambassador/High Commissioner to the Republics of 2510: 2509:, with the palace situated at Atak Njei in Zangon Kataf Local Government Area of 2388: 2000:

Adapted from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Statistics Division,

1719: 1665: 1540: 1137: 1121:

middlemen in particular and others with political status held ransom from Zaria.

1043: 984: 532: 528: 485: 404: 384: 223: 2930: 1888:

But for the Agworok, Atakat (or Attakad) and Fantswam, it was not more than one

939:, some migrated to Zangon Katab and were accompanied by even those who bore the 4402: 4347: 4312: 4307: 4297: 4215: 4205: 4188: 4183: 4017: 2639: 2615: 2543:, Nigerian politician and PDP running mate in Kaduna 2023 Governorship election 2514: 2500: 2271: 2239: 2224: 2146: 2059: 1988: 1968: 1756:

A cross-section of Agworok hunters at the Afan National Festival, 2020 Edition.

1559: 1536: 1502: 1443: 1399: 1321:, and many never returned since then. This migration phase is known in Tyap as 1298:

Kwassau, however, met with a strong resistance at Magata, Mayayit, Makarau and

1268: 1023: 1008: 1000: 980: 940: 854:

the need for land for a permanent marketplace and for the immigrants to settle.

608: 416: 412: 307:

sites have been located in Atyap area. Most of these were found in the area of

212: 196: 75: 4372: 4415: 4377: 4362: 4317: 4287: 4282: 4267: 4262: 4230: 4173: 4148: 4133: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4038: 4028: 3674:

Gunn, H. D. (1956). "Pagan Peoples of the Central Area of Northern Nigeria".

2706: 2675: 2587: 2420: 2352: 2283: 2076: 2009:

Nigerian Population Census Figures 1963 and 1991 Projections for Abyin Atyap

1879: 1746: 1657: 1607: 1525: 1403: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1208: 1192: 1176:"a rocky defile with granite blocks of granite placed one on another, like a 1149: 1141: 1129: 1118: 1110: 968: 948: 817: 785: 781: 777: 652: 444: 437: 433: 429: 400: 238: 234: 143: 111: 99: 59: 3225:

Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies

3141:"Notes of a Journey from Bida in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862" 1872:

indicates that she ( baby girl) is engaged. This stands till marriage day."

1057:, and several smaller items also. In return, the king gave him a sheep, two 574:

It has already been established earlier that the Atyap occupy a part of the

4382: 4352: 4332: 4292: 4272: 4242: 4235: 4158: 4153: 4143: 4113: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4058: 4048: 3986: 3907: 3851: 3800: 3522:"42 killed, 338 houses burnt in latest Zango Kataf attacks – Atyap leaders" 2592: 2579: 2559: 2547: 2259: 2204: 2175: 1972: 1889: 1752: 1703: 1555:

Continued tension and outbreaks of violence were reported as late as 2006.

1521: 1491: 1442:

The Atyap were up to the 1950s predominantly animists and adherents of the

1432: 1395: 1292: 1288: 1232: 964: 831: 805: 789: 749: 714: 671: 644: 636: 632: 612: 587: 554: 516: 497: 481: 477: 473: 408: 364: 279: 253: 226: 208: 188: 127: 119: 115: 103: 91: 71: 3821: 1539:

was created in 1995 following the recommendation of a committee headed by

4367: 4342: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4302: 4225: 4210: 4200: 4195: 4168: 4128: 4118: 4108: 4098: 2631: 2571: 2326: 1814: 1669: 1588: 1468: 1351: 1307: 1113:

and being that they were in their own state, refused paying. Some of the

1066: 1004: 932: 821: 793: 765: 659: 624: 575: 523:

and the imposition of corvee labour on people under the influence of the

520: 501: 283: 275: 155: 151: 139: 131: 3696:

Religion and the fertility behaviour of the Atyap, Kaduna State, Nigeria

4357: 4123: 4093: 3892:. Vol. 2. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Studies. pp. 71–75. 3792: 3768: 3164: 3140: 2644: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2255: 2182: 2110: 1941: 1803: 1767: 1644: 1398:(1939–1945), a few Atyap were recruited as contribution for the war in 1256: 1240: 797: 753: 687: 600: 469: 147: 135: 95: 1710:) and extracts its tusks, or kills and removes the head of a giraffe ( 1672:

encarpment, east of Atyap land. These hunts can last a month or more.

851:

The need to ensure the safety of traders and their wares in Atyapland;

2531: 2310: 1738: 1415: 1407: 1377: 1360: 1325:(escape from Kwassau), while those which happened earlier are called 1303: 1216: 1177: 1161: 1050: 691: 683: 531:

as a form of protest. It is most likely that the traditions of Atyap

468:(or Kagoro), Atyecarak (or Kachechere), Atakat (or Attaka, Attakar), 424:

and expansion and cultural differentiation over thousands of years'.

388: 216: 3784: 3156: 2355:

of animals and birds. Those in the riverine side practiced fishing.

2258:

activity. Since missionaries were disapproved of by both the ruling

792:

all took part in this trade. The Atyap trading contacts extended to

4033: 1834: 1727: 1715: 1181: 1027: 928: 801: 757: 489: 304: 286: 3575:"Hausa Community disagrees with Atyap over Southern Kaduna crisis" 3549:"Southern Kaduna Villagers Stand Up to Security Threats, Killings" 2865:

Jemkur, J. F.; Bitiyonɡ, Y. I.; Mahdi, H.; Jada, Y. H. Y. (1989).

2517:, known as Agwatyap III, is a First Class Chief in the state. The 1291:

against the Atyap by making them block the Atyap escaping via the

4043: 2648: 2596: 2476: 2364: 2093: 1798: 1299: 1277: 1220: 1204: 1082: 1031: 1012: 927:

Following the attacks of those who varied from the ideals of the

718: 713:

An arm of the trade routes by the mid-18th century branched from

699: 536: 493: 184: 159: 107: 47: 3495:"Southern Kaduna killings: Govt has failed us – Atyap community" 2960:. Journal of Historic Society of Nigeria, 1:4. pp. 288–293. 2768: 1987:

By way of the 1963 Nigerian population census, the Atyap within

3525: 3498: 3195: 2484: 2428: 2404: 2380: 2372: 2314: 2127: 2001: 1742: 1510: 1475: 1464: 1411: 1333: 1314: 1228: 1224: 1096: 1058: 1046: 1035: 996: 988: 960: 936: 813: 769: 761: 737: 733: 722: 679: 648: 640: 628: 620: 465: 360: 320: 3279:

Ernest E. Uwazie; Isaac Olawale Albert; G. N. Uzoigwe (1999).

2447:

The Atyap also since long ago reared animals such as the dog (

1948: 1618:

remove the heads of their opponents were awarded the title of

4277: 4178: 4163: 3472:"11 killed, houses burnt in fresh attack in Kaduna community" 2396: 2309:(Gandu 1985, Jemkur 1991) and the soil type is predominantly 2214: 1688: 1675: 1661: 1474:

Many Atyap were arrested en masse, including Ndung Amaman of

1196: 1101: 1070: 952: 898: 894: 773: 741: 729: 707: 675: 667: 663: 591: 230: 79: 2635:(b. 1943), Nigerian educationist, writer, and administrator. 1694: 4103: 2659:† (1959-2017), Nigerian historian, academic, pan-Africanist 2575:† (18??-1902), a West African precolonial historical figure 2412: 1168: 1034:

trees grew in abundance and quite far from the north where

670:

through Karko, Garun Kurama, Magang and finally leading to

356: 332: 316: 172: 1880:

Khap ndi (farming dowry) or khap niat (in-lawship farming)

3552: 3337:"FIGHTING MUHAMMAD'S WAR: REVISITING SANI YERIMA'S FATWA" 3281:

Inter-ethnic and religious conflict resolution in Nigeria

744:; as a result of expanding trade in the area at the time. 1610:

livinɡ in and around Atyap land attended such festival.

383:, respectively. The same study reveals several iron ore 3930:"Atyap: New leadership set to roll out strategic plans" 3145:

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

2994:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., London: 171–195. 2467:

The Atyap also produced farming tools such as the hoe (

3073:"Peace has returned to Zangon Kataf -Community leader" 3037:"Kafanchan: Rising from rot wrought by Railways' woes" 2986:

Meek, C. K. (1928). "The Northern Tribes of Nigeria".

2627:(b. 1967), Chief of Defence Staff, Nigeria (2023-date) 1954:

major role in the fertility rates of the Atyap woman.

1862: 2935:. Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria. pp. 9–245. 721:

via Kakar, Doka, Kateri, Jere, leading to Abuja (now

2619:, Nigerian writer, philosopher and professor of Law. 1813:As it is today, the following items are brought as 1679:

A̱gwak a̱kat, Chief Hunter of a hunting expedition.

1570:of harbouring Fulani terrorists in the settlement. 1088: 3009:(2nd ed.). Cape Town: Argus. pp. 31–222. 2691:(b. 1993), A renowned Sociologist and Data analyst 1702:The traditional medicine man (Tyap: a̱la̱n a̱wum; 1418:and export of those crops to the colonial army in 1081:at the moment. He finally returned to England via 706:, elephant tusks, pots, goats, iron ore, rice and 581: 269: 3601:Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap 2975:. Indiana University, Bloomington. pp. 8–46. 2679:(b. 1955), former group managing director of the 1578: 983:in his first expedition with his master, Captain 748:With their neighbours, the Atyap traded with the 4413: 3976:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3363:"The Status of the Languages of Central Nigeria" 2970: 1371: 2849: 1837:and crates of wine or other drinks (sometimes). 3113:. Human Rights Watch. April 2006. p. 51. 2288:The Atyap people speak Tyap, which belongs to 1332:Atyap nationalism grew in the 19th century as 4002: 3887: 3676:Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Western Africa 3648: 3334: 3303: 3070: 3004: 2513:, Nigeria. As of 2020,, the present monarch, 1543:that investigated the cause of the uprising. 1532:, then Head of State. No Hausa were charged. 16:An ethnic group in the Middle Belt of Nigeria 4016: 3958:. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 3360: 3222: 3202:: Indiana University Press. pp. 75–76. 702:(Tyap: gba̱ndaat; Hausa: katambari), ropes, 639:into Zangon Katab, from whence it passed to 3673: 3618: 3572: 3450:"Terrorists kill 10 in fresh Kaduna attack" 3227:. University Rochester Press. p. 216. 2985: 1949:Relationship between fertility and religion 1167:Dr. Baikie in his "Notes of a Journey from 872: 4009: 3995: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3594: 3592: 3138: 2563:† (194?-1986), Nigerian military officer ( 1660:) and Karge hills to the north and to the 884: 878: 866: 860: 3872: 3653:. Ya-Byangs Publishers, Jos. p. 93. 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3573:Hassan-Wuyo, Ibrahim (14 February 2022). 3474:. Tribune Online Nigeria. 30 January 2022 3393: 3189: 3034: 3028: 974: 257:A young woman in Traditional Atyap attire 3717: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3019: 2964: 2955: 2824:Local History in Post-Independent Africa 2733: 2731: 1751: 1693: 1674: 1485: 291: 260: 252: 3729:. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files 3607: 3589: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3013: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2843: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2789: 2739:"Joshua project entry on Katab (Atyap)" 2712:Atyap Community Development Association 2681:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 2643:(b. 1940), former Military Governor of 2519:Atyap Community Development Association 1698:A̱la̱n a̱wum, Traditional Medicine Man. 1219:'s forces and raid for slaves. He used 265:A young man in Atyap Traditional attire 207:) are an ethnic group found majorly in 4414: 3904:"Ministry of Local Government Affairs" 3881: 3836: 3773:African Journal of Reproductive Health 3629: 3546: 3247: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3035:Archibong, Maurice (26 October 2006). 2998: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2794:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 15ff. 2783: 1770:clergyman of the largest denomination 1203:title and put in-charge of extracting 913: 542: 394: 3990: 3866: 3766: 3692: 3651:Pre-colonial History of Atyab (Kataf) 3447: 3424: 3178: 2858: 2728: 1922: 1691:people to the hunting ground chosen. 1683:The hunt is usually initiated by the 527:of Hausaland, which led to increased 3667: 3297: 3241: 3059: 2979: 2819: 2808: 1490:After independence in 1960, General 658:The North-South Route: Running from 42:Regions with significant populations 3519: 3492: 3306:"Zangon-Kataf: For Peace to Endure" 3095: 2973:The Languages of Africa 2nd edition 2873: 2717:Ayet Atyap annual cultural festival 2358: 1863:Nyeang alala (marriage by necklace) 1821:A black goat for the girl's mother. 1788: 1745:, which is today celebrated as the 1344: 922: 13: 3875:Atyap People, Culture and Language 3622:Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria 3547:Obiezu, Timothy (25 August 2020). 3304:Agaju Madugba (9 September 2001). 3120:from the original on 16 March 2010 2176:Zangon Kataf Local Government Area 1015:because he had little money left. 569: 14: 4448: 3335:Yusuf Yariyok (4 February 2003). 2524: 2442: 459: 4396: 3598: 3283:. Lexington Books. p. 106. 2591:(b. 1944), Military Governor of 2462: 2178:in the 1991 census, were Atyap. 1089:Later jihad days and slave trade 3944: 3922: 3896: 3814: 3760: 3751: 3741: 3711: 3686: 3566: 3540: 3513: 3486: 3464: 3448:Bulus, Israel (15 March 2023). 3441: 3418: 3387: 3354: 3328: 3272: 3216: 3132: 1962: 1957: 1550: 1339: 908: 768:cakes and honey and the Bajju, 582:Barter trade era – 18th century 296:Head, Nok culture, terracotta, 270:Archeoloɡical material evidence 3071:IBRAHEEM MUSA (7 March 2010). 2988:Journal of the African Society 2949: 2753: 2337: 1840:Local beans are also required. 1579:A̱nak festival and headhunting 1541:Air Vice Marshall Usman Mu'azu 480:(or Kadara), Akoro (or Koro), 1: 3493:Ojo, Sola (8 February 2022). 3425:Tauna, Amos (15 March 2023). 3361:Roger Blench (29 July 1997). 3254:African Social Science Review 3248:Yahaya, Aliyu (Spring 2016). 3139:Baikie, W.; Kirk, J. (1867). 2958:The Nok Culture in Prehistory 2722: 2299: 2233: 1982: 1372:Atyap anti-colonial movements 1007:instead, so as to get to the 274:The Atyap occupy part of the 3932:. Blueprint. 14 January 2021 3192:Readings in African politics 3108:"They Do Not Own This Place" 2933:A Short History of the Atyap 2294: 2248: 7: 3757:Achi et al. 2019, pp. 35–6. 3693:Avong, H. N. (March 1999). 3396:"Yakowa at 60: Any legacy?" 2695: 2494: 2277: 2189: 1760: 1526:Major-General Zamani Lekwot 561:Zakhwo, Zibyin and Zikpak. 10: 4453: 3877:. Unpublished. p. 12. 3844:"The Culture and Religion" 3520:Ojo, Sola (17 July 2021). 2826:in Writing African history 2498: 2332: 2281: 2237: 1651: 1573: 732:descending through Kalla, 619:The East-West Route: From 564: 546: 248: 237:, Nigeria. They speak the 4393: 4024: 2971:Greenberg, J. H. (1966). 2669:Federal Road Safety Corps 2451:), pig (a̱kusuru), goat ( 2321:become ɡreen; but as the 2266:As of 2020, according to 2139: 2008: 1583:Before the coming of the 1387:During the period of the 1359:acknowledge the emirs of 1329:(escape from the Hausa). 1180:wall, surrounded by huge 674:, whence it continues to 549:Atyap subgroups and clans 243:Central Plateau languages 90: 85: 70: 65: 58: 53: 46: 41: 36: 31: 4427:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 4018:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 3952:"PROFILE: Zamani Lekwot" 3720:"Culture Summary: Katab" 3718:Skoggard, I. A. (2014). 2850:Bitiyong, Y. I. (1988). 2702:1992 Zangon Kataf crises 2651:; also a business mogul. 2254:outside of the range of 2031:Atak Njei (Ungwan Gayya) 1919:choose wives for them." 1915:marriageable daughters. 1817:during an introduction: 1806:, mostly after harvest. 1207:from his people and the 963:by 1820 were subdued as 535:from the north to avoid 2792:Writing African history 2790:Philips, J. E. (2005). 2761:"The Atyap Nationality" 2624:Christopher Gwabin Musa 2023:1991 Projected Figures 1630:(killer of people) and 1003:(spelt "Funda") on the 885: 879: 867: 861: 804:to the west and south; 772:, Asholyio, Atyecarak, 298:Honolulu Museum of Arts 282:valley, famous for its 3888:Yakubu, K. Y. (2013). 3848:Atyap Community Online 3649:Ninyio, Y. S. (2008). 3005:Temple, C. L. (1922). 2765:Atyap Community Online 1757: 1699: 1680: 1410:construction sites in 1186: 975:Richard Lander's visit 873: 635:area and crossing the 339:) on the banks of the 327:. In two sites in the 315:. The remains include 300: 266: 258: 220:Local Government Areas 3956:Premium Times Nigeria 3223:Toyin Falola (2001). 2511:southern Kaduna State 1755: 1697: 1678: 1668:) territories on the 1486:Post colonial Nigeria 1231:as bases to raid the 1174: 816:to the north; Berom, 492:(or Kafanchan), Afo, 371:(9°55'N, 8°10'E) and 295: 264: 256: 86:Related ethnic groups 3619:Meek, C. K. (1931). 3200:Bloomington, Indiana 3047:on 29 September 2007 2667:, former Secretary, 2349:shifting cultivation 2020:1963 Census Figures 375:(9°51'N, 8°22'E) at 353:A̱ta̱bat A̱ta̱nyeang 343:stream and banks of 276:Nok cultural complex 3316:on 26 November 2005 2771:on 17 November 2012 2683:, NNPC (2012–2014). 2045:Mazaki (Gidan Zaki) 2005: 1420:British West Africa 914:Resumption of trade 862:nggwon a̱tyia̱khwop 728:Another route from 704:mortars and pestles 543:Subgroups and clans 453:social organisation 395:Linguistic evidence 28: 4403:Nigeria portal 3910:on 15 January 2021 3873:Ayuba, K. (2016). 3767:Avong, H. (2000). 3577:. Vanguard Nigeria 3190:Tom Young (2003). 2854:. pp. 97–107. 2688:Audi Obadiah Peter 2676:Andrew Laah Yakubu 2671:, FRSC (2022-2023) 1995: 1923:Secondary marriage 1758: 1700: 1681: 1199:who was given the 951:and others around 868:nggwon a̱tyia̱nwap 828:Human Rights Watch 301: 267: 259: 60:Tyap (A̱lyem Tyap) 24: 4409: 4408: 3660:978-978-54678-5-7 3528:: Sun News Online 3501:: Sun News Online 3020:Achi, B. (1987). 2956:Fagg, B. (1959). 2942:978-978-54678-5-7 2820:Achi, B. (2005). 2656:Toure Kazah-Toure 2540:John Markus Ayuba 2290:Plateau languages 2172: 2171: 2004: 1934:lineal descendant 1904:were celebrated. 1530:Ibrahim Babangida 1061:humps and enough 627:, running across 623:to Rukuba on the 504:language family. 422:population growth 381:Atabad-Atanyieang 349:Atabad Atanyieanɡ 165: 164: 4444: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3906:. Archived from 3900: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3850:. Archived from 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3646: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3406:on 13 March 2016 3402:. Archived from 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3375:on 26 March 2009 3374: 3368:. Archived from 3367: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3312:. Archived from 3301: 3295: 3294: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3083:on 13 March 2010 3079:. Archived from 3068: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3043:. Archived from 3032: 3026: 3025: 3024:. pp. 1–15. 3017: 3011: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2928: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2817: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2767:. Archived from 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2741:. Joshua Project 2735: 2664:Ayuba Gora Wobin 2553:Gora Oil and Gas 2359:Crop cultivation 2307:deciduous forest 2222: 2212: 2202: 2161:Zangon Kataf LGA 2006: 1996: 1994: 1789:Primary marriage 1737:Much later, the 1424:Native Authority 1389:Great Depression 1345:Colonial Nigeria 1079:Sokoto caliphate 923:Early jihad days 888: 882: 876: 870: 864: 818:Ganawuri (Niten) 449:material culture 160:southern Nigeria 32:Total population 29: 23: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4020: 4015: 3985: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3854:on 23 July 2011 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3785:10.2307/3583244 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3647: 3630: 3617: 3608: 3597: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3394:Ephraim Shehu. 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3188: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3157:10.2307/1798520 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3018: 3014: 3003: 2999: 2984: 2980: 2969: 2965: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2929: 2874: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2829:. p. 375. 2818: 2809: 2802: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2698: 2527: 2503: 2497: 2465: 2445: 2361: 2340: 2335: 2302: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2210: 2208: 2200: 2197:Atyap religion 2192: 1985: 1975:states and the 1965: 1960: 1951: 1925: 1882: 1865: 1791: 1763: 1654: 1581: 1576: 1553: 1488: 1465:Gworok (Kagoro) 1374: 1347: 1342: 1221:Wogon (Kagarko) 1091: 1051:king of England 985:Hugh Clapperton 977: 925: 916: 911: 736:, Afang Aduma, 719:Wogon (Kagarko) 584: 572: 570:Prehistoric era 567: 551: 545: 488:(or Kamantan), 462: 397: 369:Bakunkunɡ Afanɡ 272: 251: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4450: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4407: 4406: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3984: 3983: 3943: 3921: 3895: 3880: 3865: 3835: 3813: 3759: 3750: 3740: 3710: 3685: 3666: 3659: 3628: 3606: 3588: 3565: 3539: 3512: 3485: 3463: 3440: 3417: 3400:People's Daily 3386: 3353: 3327: 3296: 3289: 3271: 3240: 3233: 3215: 3208: 3177: 3131: 3094: 3058: 3027: 3012: 2997: 2978: 2963: 2948: 2941: 2872: 2857: 2842: 2835: 2807: 2800: 2782: 2752: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2652: 2640:Ishaya Shekari 2636: 2628: 2620: 2616:Kyuka Lilymjok 2612: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2536: 2526: 2525:Notable people 2523: 2515:Dominic Yahaya 2501:Atyap Chiefdom 2499:Main article: 2496: 2493: 2464: 2461: 2444: 2443:Animal rearing 2441: 2360: 2357: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2282:Main article: 2279: 2276: 2268:Joshua Project 2250: 2247: 2240:Abwoi religion 2238:Main article: 2235: 2232: 2219: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 1984: 1981: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1924: 1921: 1881: 1878: 1864: 1861: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1790: 1787: 1762: 1759: 1712:a̱lakumi a̱yit 1653: 1650: 1604:"kpa̱t dudunɡ" 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1560:Atyap Chiefdom 1552: 1549: 1537:Atyap Chiefdom 1503:Bala Ade Dauke 1487: 1484: 1444:Abwoi religion 1400:southeast Asia 1373: 1370: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1319:Batinor (Koro) 1225:Ajure (Kajuru) 1090: 1087: 1063:tuwon shinkafa 1049:prints of the 1009:Bight of Benin 987:, who died in 981:Richard Lander 976: 973: 961:Ajure (Kajuru) 941:jihadist flags 924: 921: 915: 912: 910: 907: 856: 855: 852: 826:An account by 822:Rukuba (Bache) 746: 745: 734:Ajure (Kajuru) 726: 711: 656: 583: 580: 571: 568: 566: 563: 547:Main article: 544: 541: 461: 460:Other evidence 458: 396: 393: 271: 268: 250: 247: 163: 162: 88: 87: 83: 82: 68: 67: 63: 62: 56: 55: 51: 50: 44: 43: 39: 38: 34: 33: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4449: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4392: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3823: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3754: 3744: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3699:. Unpublished 3698: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3576: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3473: 3467: 3451: 3444: 3428: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3290:0-7391-0033-5 3286: 3282: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3234:1-58046-052-6 3230: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3209:0-253-21646-X 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2836:9781580462563 2832: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2803: 2801:1-58046-164-6 2797: 2793: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2707:Afan festival 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647:(1978–1979), 2646: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2588:Zamani Lekwot 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463:Manufacturing 2460: 2458: 2455:) and sheep ( 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:finger millet 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2353:domestication 2350: 2345: 2344:Sudan savanna 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2284:Tyap Language 2275: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2246: 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Retrieved 2686: 2674: 2662: 2654: 2638: 2630: 2622: 2614: 2593:Rivers State 2586: 2580:Danjuma Laah 2578: 2570: 2560:Musa Bityong 2558: 2552: 2548:Isaiah Balat 2546: 2538: 2530: 2506: 2504: 2488: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2400: 2392: 2384: 2376: 2368: 2362: 2341: 2322: 2319:rainy season 2318: 2313:with little 2303: 2287: 2267: 2265: 2260:Hausa-Fulani 2252: 2243: 2205:Christianity 2196: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2160: 2145: 2140: 2113:(Zaman Dabo) 1997: 1986: 1966: 1963:Distribution 1958:Demographics 1952: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890:rainy season 1887: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1812: 1808: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1764: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1685:a̱gwak a̱kat 1684: 1682: 1664:and Rukuba ( 1655: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1582: 1565: 1557: 1554: 1551:21st century 1545: 1534: 1522:Rivers State 1515: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1492:Yakubu Gowon 1489: 1481: 1473: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1396:World War II 1393: 1386: 1382: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1340:20th century 1331: 1327:Tyong A̱kpat 1326: 1322: 1317:, Bajju and 1312: 1297: 1293:Kaduna River 1284: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1253: 1213:Sarkin Yamma 1212: 1200: 1190: 1187: 1175: 1166: 1158: 1123: 1114: 1111:Muslim state 1105: 1095: 1092: 1075: 1062: 1055:Duke of York 1041: 1017: 994: 978: 935:, Zaria and 926: 917: 909:19th century 903: 891: 880:a̱tyia̱khwop 857: 844: 840: 836: 832:Zangon Katab 825: 747: 740:and then to 715:Zangon Katab 696:Kasar dawaki 695: 672:Zangon Katab 637:Kaduna River 613:Zangon Katab 605: 595: 588:barter trade 585: 573: 559: 552: 524: 514: 510: 506: 463: 442: 426: 398: 380: 376: 372: 368: 365:rock shelter 352: 348: 344: 340: 337:A̱yit Mapama 336: 329:Ayid-ma-pama 328: 308: 302: 280:Kaduna River 273: 227:Kaduna State 209:Zangon-Kataf 204: 200: 192: 180: 179:, singular: 176: 168: 166: 72:Christianity 25: 21:Ethnic group 18: 4432:Headhunting 3828:22 December 3806:18 December 3703:17 December 3170:22 December 2632:Andrew Nkom 2572:Marok Gandu 2435:), potato ( 2338:Agriculture 2327:desiccation 2147:Abyin Atyap 1989:Abyin Atyap 1815:bride price 1785:marriages. 1670:Jos Plateau 1589:headhunting 1469:Gwamna Awan 1414:, Kano and 1352:Middle Belt 1308:Marok Gandu 1195:convert to 1005:Benue River 886:a̱tyia̱nwap 843:, English: 766:locust bean 625:Jos Plateau 601:blacksmiths 576:Nok culture 521:slave raids 502:Benue-Congo 484:(or Kaje), 472:(or Jaba), 385:mining pits 373:Tswoɡ Fwuam 313:settlements 311:and nearby 284:terra-cotta 156:Middle Belt 154:peoples of 152:Benue-Congo 4416:Categories 3733:18 January 3151:: 92–108. 2745:19 January 2723:References 2645:Kano State 2609:The Gambia 2605:Cape Verde 2601:Mauritania 2489:a̱la̱ujhyi 2323:dry season 2311:sandstones 2300:Vegetation 2256:missionary 2234:Indigenous 2183:Ethnologue 2111:Atak Nfang 2096:(Magamiya) 1983:Population 1942:polygamous 1902:Song A̱nak 1898:Song A̱swa 1894:Song A̱yet 1804:dry season 1768:Protestant 1645:banishment 1378:cash crops 1257:starvation 931:groups in 798:Yorubaland 529:migrations 345:Chen Fwuam 150:and other 3041:Daily Sun 2532:Bala Achi 2507:A̱gwatyap 2429:groundnut 2295:Geography 2249:Abrahamic 2079:(Jankasa) 1857:Khap Niat 1835:kola nuts 1783:Secondary 1634:(drier). 1518:Babangida 1463:Chief of 1416:Maiduguri 1408:aerodrome 1239:, Atyap, 1217:Kontagora 1201:Kuyambana 1178:Cyclopean 979:In 1827, 949:Arumaruma 871:; Hausa: 845:Integrity 839:; Hausa: 806:Hausaland 533:migration 389:intensive 287:figurines 181:A̱tyotyap 54:Languages 4308:Mambilla 4248:Itsekiri 4216:Kalabari 4034:Anlo Ewe 3972:cite web 3801:11000710 3723:(Online) 3581:26 March 3558:26 March 3532:26 March 3505:26 March 3478:26 March 3456:26 March 3433:26 March 3115:Archived 3051:27 March 2696:See also 2565:Lt. Col. 2495:Politics 2471:), axe ( 2437:a̱ga̱mwi 2405:beniseed 2278:Language 2190:Religion 2168:250,167 1969:Nasarawa 1853:Khap Ndi 1761:Marriage 1739:Fantswam 1728:antelope 1716:reindeer 1640:Lyekhwot 1632:Lyekhwot 1205:tributes 1182:boulders 1154:Kuzamani 1024:plantain 929:jihadist 802:Igboland 794:Nupeland 758:palm oil 692:red caps 684:red caps 596:Mabarado 525:Sarakuna 490:Fantswam 325:furnaces 303:Several 224:southern 171:people ( 66:Religion 4348:Tangale 4313:Mandara 4298:Longuda 4206:Engenni 4189:Ukwuani 4184:Ikwerre 4044:Afusari 3914:10 July 3858:6 March 3793:3583244 3452:. Punch 3410:8 March 3379:6 March 3346:6 March 3320:6 March 3310:ThisDay 3165:1798520 3124:6 March 3087:7 March 2775:6 March 2649:Nigeria 2597:Senegal 2477:cutlass 2473:a̱khwon 2457:zonseap 2385:ji̱njok 2365:sorghum 2333:Economy 2315:gravels 2217:(10.0%) 2207:(84.0%) 2165:125,303 2155:92,695 2135:13,078 2119:14,399 2094:Taligan 2085:11,088 2068:17,290 2037:20,465 1998:Source: 1799:cowries 1779:Primary 1743:Agworok 1732:a̱lywei 1720:buffalo 1652:Hunting 1636:Hyaniet 1628:Hyaniet 1624:Nwalyak 1620:Yakyanɡ 1585:British 1574:Culture 1394:During 1315:Agworok 1278:slavery 1126:Aniragu 1115:jekadas 1083:Badagry 1059:bullock 1044:scarlet 1032:coconut 1020:Philips 1013:England 965:vassals 837:A̱ka̱be 770:Agworok 700:camwood 666:, into 631:to the 565:History 537:slavery 494:Afizere 466:Agworok 361:tuyeres 351:(Tyap: 321:tuyeres 249:Origins 193:Ba̱tyap 185:exonyms 108:Afizere 48:Nigeria 37:281,000 4437:Nenzit 4378:Yoruba 4363:Urhobo 4318:Mumuye 4288:Kotoko 4283:Kofyar 4268:Kanuri 4263:Kamuku 4231:Nkoroo 4174:Ekpeye 4149:Ibibio 4139:Goemai 4134:Gbagyi 4084:Djerma 4074:Defaka 4069:Chamba 4064:Buduma 4054:Bariba 4039:Anaang 4029:Afemai 3962:13 May 3936:5 June 3822:"Tyap" 3799: 3791: 3657: 3526:Kaduna 3499:Kaduna 3287: 3264:5 June 3231: 3206: 3196:London 3163: 2939: 2833: 2798: 2485:sickle 2483:) and 2469:a̱tyem 2373:millet 2227:(6.0%) 2223: 2221: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2201: 2152:46,429 2128:Zonzon 2102:7,302 2062:(Gora) 2051:8,074 2034:10,250 2002:Kaduna 1973:Kaduna 1608:Fulani 1511:Kaduna 1476:Zonzon 1460:alkali 1433:mallam 1412:Kaduna 1361:Jema'a 1334:Fulani 1274:Sarkin 1249:Anghan 1245:Bakulu 1237:Gbagyi 1229:Kachia 1209:Anghan 1193:Bakulu 1162:Jema'a 1146:Agbiri 1119:Irigwe 1106:jekada 1097:dhimmi 1047:damask 1036:Fulani 997:Sokoto 989:Sokoto 937:Bauchi 874:magaji 814:Agades 800:, and 782:Bakulu 762:ginger 738:Kachia 725:); and 723:Suleja 680:Suleja 653:grains 649:potash 645:cowrie 641:Lokoja 629:Miango 621:Bukuru 609:Hausa: 592:swords 486:Anghan 405:Yoruba 355:) the 217:Jema'a 177:A̱tyap 144:Yoruba 112:Irigwe 100:Bakulu 76:A̱bwoi 4383:Ijebu 4353:Tarok 4333:Ogoni 4293:Kuteb 4278:Kirdi 4273:Kilba 4258:Jukun 4243:Isoko 4236:Obolo 4226:Nkoro 4211:Ibani 4201:Bille 4179:Etche 4164:Igede 4159:Igala 4154:Idoma 4144:Hausa 4114:Eleme 4089:Ebira 4079:Dendi 4059:Berom 4049:Atyap 3789:JSTOR 3727:eHRAF 3373:(PDF) 3366:(PDF) 3161:JSTOR 3118:(PDF) 3111:(PDF) 2449:a̱bwu 2433:shyui 2425:gbeam 2417:kusat 2397:fonio 2381:beans 2369:swaat 2305:semi- 2272:Abwoi 2225:Abwoi 2215:Islam 2141:Total 2132:7,051 2116:7,212 2099:3,658 2082:5,554 2065:8,660 2060:Kanai 2048:4,044 2017:Ward 1833:Male 1726:) or 1708:zwuom 1689:Atsam 1662:Atsam 1658:Avori 1596:zwuom 1289:Atsam 1285:Amana 1269:Kanai 1265:Amana 1233:Adara 1197:Islam 1150:Avori 1142:Avono 1134:Koono 1130:Atumi 1102:jizya 1071:Borgu 1001:Panda 995:From 969:Zaria 953:Kauru 945:Amala 899:Zaria 895:Kauru 841:Amana 810:Azbin 790:Berom 786:Avori 778:Niten 774:Atsam 750:Gwong 742:Keffi 730:Zaria 708:honey 676:Keffi 668:Kauru 664:Zaria 633:Atsam 555:Bajju 517:Hausa 498:Atsam 482:Bajju 478:Adara 474:Gwong 445:Kataf 417:Idoma 413:Igala 231:Riyom 213:Kaura 205:Katab 201:Kataf 197:Hausa 169:Atyap 128:Kuteb 124:Jukun 120:Tarok 116:Berom 104:Adara 92:Bajju 80:Islam 26:Atyap 4373:Yakö 4368:Waja 4343:Tera 4338:Saro 4328:Ogba 4323:Nupe 4303:Mafa 4221:Kula 4196:Ijaw 4169:Igbo 4129:Fula 4119:Esan 4109:Ekoi 4104:Eket 4099:Efik 3978:link 3964:2020 3938:2024 3916:2020 3860:2010 3830:2020 3808:2020 3797:PMID 3735:2021 3705:2020 3655:ISBN 3583:2023 3560:2023 3534:2023 3507:2023 3480:2023 3458:2023 3435:2023 3412:2010 3381:2010 3348:2010 3322:2010 3285:ISBN 3266:2024 3229:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3172:2020 3126:2010 3089:2010 3053:2023 2937:ISBN 2831:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2777:2010 2747:2021 2607:and 2481:a̱da 2413:okra 2409:cwan 2401:tson 2389:yams 2014:S/N 1900:and 1851:and 1781:and 1772:ECWA 1704:Jju: 1666:Bace 1568:ACDA 1558:The 1402:and 1304:Achi 1247:and 1241:Koro 1227:and 1169:Bida 1152:and 1067:Nupe 1030:and 1028:palm 959:and 957:Lere 933:Kano 897:and 820:and 812:and 788:and 756:for 752:and 688:gums 660:Kano 651:and 451:and 438:Ashe 436:and 434:Duya 430:Hyam 407:and 379:and 359:and 357:slaɡ 333:Tyap 323:and 317:slag 229:and 215:and 173:Tyap 167:The 158:and 140:Igbo 132:Efik 4358:Tiv 4124:Fon 4094:Edo 3781:doi 3748:15. 3553:VOA 3260:(1) 3153:doi 2491:). 2475:), 2459:). 2453:zon 2427:), 2419:), 2411:), 2403:), 2395:), 2393:cyi 2387:), 2379:), 2377:zuk 2371:), 2274:). 1977:FCT 1855:or 1724:zat 1714:), 1535:An 1138:Anu 967:of 889:). 883:or 865:or 754:Ham 717:to 662:to 470:Ham 409:Edo 377:Gan 367:at 347:at 309:Gan 233:of 222:of 189:Jju 148:Edo 136:Tiv 96:Ham 4418:: 3974:}} 3970:{{ 3954:. 3846:. 3795:. 3787:. 3775:. 3771:. 3725:. 3680:12 3678:. 3631:^ 3609:^ 3591:^ 3551:. 3524:. 3497:. 3398:. 3339:. 3308:. 3256:. 3252:. 3198:, 3194:. 3180:^ 3159:. 3149:37 3147:. 3143:. 3097:^ 3075:. 3061:^ 3039:. 2992:27 2990:. 2875:^ 2810:^ 2763:. 2730:^ 2603:, 2599:, 2329:. 1979:. 1971:, 1896:, 1859:. 1718:, 1524:, 1467:, 1435:. 1251:. 1243:, 1235:, 1223:, 1184:". 1148:, 1144:, 1140:, 1136:, 1132:, 1128:, 1085:. 1069:, 1026:, 955:, 947:, 808:, 796:, 784:, 780:, 776:, 764:, 760:, 686:, 647:, 496:, 432:, 335:: 319:, 289:. 245:. 211:, 203:, 199:: 195:; 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