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decided to pursue them. On June 29, just as Howard was about to cross, he received word that
Looking Glass and his party posed a threat and might join the conflict. Volunteers from Mount Idaho reported that Nez Perces from Looking Glass's group had looted two properties near the Clearwater and set fire to one of them, and reports suggested that at least twenty of them had joined the hostile Native Americans, when in fact only a few had actually participated in the battle of White Bird Canyon. Other rumors claimed that Looking Glass and his warriors were preparing to attack the surrounding villages. Until then, Howard had always been skeptical that Looking Glass could play a role in the conflict, and was satisfied that he had chosen to stay on his land, but this latest information changed his mind and he ordered Captain
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occupants by surprise, but due to the rugged nature of the terrain and a miscalculation (the camp was fifteen kilometers further away than planned), they didn't arrive until 7 a.m. on the morning of July 1, well after sunrise. The
American troops dismounted and positioned themselves on the crest of a hill, some 400 m west of the Amerindian village from which they were separated by Clear Creek.
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his weapon. This time, one of the officers, accompanied by two or three men and the interpreter, returned to the camp with Peopeo
Tholekt and Kalowet and asked to see Looking Glass. As they arrived at the white flag, someone – probably one of the volunteers – fired a shot in the direction of the camp and wounded an Amerindian in the hip, putting an end to all attempts at negotiation.
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Having seen how the
Americans had treated Peopeo Tholekt, and fearing that they might kill their leader, the Nez Perces advised Looking Glass not to go. He asked Peopeo Tholekt, and Kalowet who spoke a little English, to return to the American troops and ask them once again to leave. After planting a
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Alerted by the arrival of the soldiers, Looking Glass, who was having breakfast in his tepee with several of his men, sent Peopeo
Tholekt to tell them that they were living here in peace, and asked them to leave them alone. The young warrior mounted his horse, crossed Clear Creek and climbed the hill
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In a report, Whipple states that "an opportunity was given
Looking Glass to surrender, which he at first promised to accept, but afterward defiantly refused, and the result was that severals Indians were killed" but Peopeo Tholekt insists that at no time did Looking Glass agree to surrender and that
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The attack was a major blow to the Nez-Percés of
Looking Glass. Their homes and most of their possessions were destroyed, as were their vegetable gardens, which were ransacked and trampled by the Americans' horses. They also lost most of their horses and cattle. According to Peopeo Tholekt, three or
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At the same time, Lieutenants Forse and
Shelton, accompanied by some 20 men, captured the Nez Percés' herd of horses. The Americans then ransacked the Amerindians' camp, searching their tipis for the few valuables and destroying the rest of their possessions. The soldiers then attempted to set fire
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and White Bird gathered not far from the mouth of
Cottonwood Creek, then planned to settle near Looking Glass's camp. Furious with White Bird for not having been able to prevent the young men of his group from committing these attacks, Looking Glass opposed their coming and addressed these words to
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to avenge the death of a relative killed by whites a few years earlier. Back at camp, they announced that they had killed four men and wounded another. Over the next two days, some sixteen Nez Perces, carried away by the fury of war, launched new raids on the surrounding villages, killing 18 whites
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was hung as a white flag, the two
Amerindians went back to the Americans and repeated their message of peace. Again, the same volunteer threatened to kill Peopeo Tholekt, certain that he was Looking Glass, but the interpreter pointed out that he was too young to be Looking Glass and made him lower
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After the first shot, the Americans accompanying the Amerindians to the camp turned their horses around and hurried back to the rest of the troops. A general fusillade broke out in the camp, causing panic among its occupants. Despite the late hour, the attack took the Amerindians by surprise, and
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and a few men to maneuver them, and after giving the rest of the troops several hours to rest, he set off again in the late afternoon, accompanied by twenty civilian volunteers led by Darius B. Randall. Whipple planned to ride at night, hoping to arrive at the Native camp before dawn to take its
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Having learned of the scale of the defeat, General Howard mobilized troops and took charge of the campaign. Certain that the Americans would be back in force, the Amerindians preferred to retreat to the other side of the Salmon River, even if it meant re-crossing at another point if the soldiers
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My hands are clean of white men's blood, and I want you to know they will so remain. You have acted like fools in murdering white men. I will have no part in these things, and have nothing to do with such men. If you are determined to go and fight, go and fight yourselves and do not attempt to
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When the Americans arrived, Looking Glass told them they were living in peace and asked them to leave, but a shot fired by one of the civilian volunteers accompanying the soldiers precipitated the confrontation. Surprised by the attack, the Amerindians fled their village and took refuge in the
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Despite Whipple's apparent success, General Howard was not entirely satisfied with the outcome. Due to the late arrival at the camp and the loss of the element of surprise, the main objective of capturing Looking Glass and his group was not achieved. Worse still, the American army's task was
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Although Looking Glass's camp was destroyed, the mission was a failure for the Americans, since Whipple was unable to capture the group of Native Americans. Moreover, Looking Glass, furious at the way he had been treated by the Americans, chose to join the other groups of hostile Nez-Percés,
749:. On July 1, 2000, a wildlife observation trail was inaugurated around the site, and in 2003, a replica of an ancient bronze historical marker originally erected in 1928 was installed to commemorate the July 1, 1877 attack. A historical sign has also been installed along
511:, some 80 km from Lapwai. While there, Perry was persuaded by the people of Grangeville to pursue the Indians before they crossed the Salmon River. At dawn on June 17, American troops entered White Bird Canyon, while the Nez Perce stood ready to confront them. The
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encompassing much of their traditional lands. In 1863, however, following the discovery of gold within the reservation, the U.S. government imposed a new treaty on the Nez Perce, reducing the size of the reservation by almost 90%. Several groups, including
545:, with Edwin H. Shelton as first lieutenant and Sevier M. Rains as second lieutenant. Company E was led by Captain William H. Winters, with Albert G. Forse as first lieutenant and William H. Miller as second lieutenant. The troops initially carried two
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to "arrest Indian Chief Looking Glass, and all other Indians who may be encamped with or near him, between the arms of the Clearwater, and imprison them at Mount Idaho, turning them over to the volunteer organization of that place for safe keeping".
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chief Husishusis Kute and his group based not far from Looking Glass's camp. This not only strengthened the ranks of the Nez-Percés fighters, but also gave them, in Looking Glass, a recognized and respected military leader who was familiar with the
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very few attempted to fight back. In small groups, they fled to the north and east of the village, seeking cover from the soldiers in the bushes. Soon, however, the firing ceased and the American soldiers came down the hill in
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Knowing that the army would respond to these attacks, most of the Amerindians prepared to leave. The Looking Glass group returned to their lands within the boundaries of the reservation, near the
442:, refused to sign the "Treaty of Flight" and continued to live outside the reservation until the spring of 1877. In May 1877, after several incidents between settlers and the Nez-Percés, General
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formation, across Clear Creek and into the deserted camp. The Nez-Percés had taken refuge upstream from Clearwater and on a hill to the east of the village, out of range of American fire.
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771:, pp. 164–166 asserts that the looting was committed by whites, and suggests that the reports were formulated to enable volunteers to attack the Looking Glass group.
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complicated by the fact that Looking Glass, furious at having been treated in this way, chose to join the other Nez-Percés factions hostile to the Americans, as did the
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The Looking Glass camp was situated on the banks of Clear Creek, not far from its confluence with the Central Branch of the Clearwater, near the present-day town of
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to the tipis, but only two actually caught fire. The Americans finally returned to Mount Idaho, taking with them more than 600 horses belonging to the Nez-Percés.
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Peopeo Tholekt, one of the Nez Perce warriors present with Looking Glass on July 1, 1877. His testimony shed light on the circumstances of the attack.
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This was a tactic regularly used by the American army against Native Americans at the time, particularly when small encampments were involved
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embroil me or my people. Go back with your warriors; I do not want any of your band in my camp. I wish to live in peace.
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Chief Joseph, Toohoolhoolzote and White Bird then set off for White Bird Canyon, some forty kilometers to the south.
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was a heavy defeat for the American army; Perry lost 34 of his men, while the Nez Perce suffered no casualties.
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four Nez-Percés were wounded, one fatally. A woman and her baby were also killed while attempting to cross the
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surrounding hills. The soldiers then ransacked the camp, capturing nearly 700 horses and taking them back to
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north of the village, when their horse was swept away by the current. The Americans suffered no casualties.
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Current view of the Native American settlement. The site is now occupied by a fish hatchery run by the
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before finally rejoining the reservation, several young Nez Perces belonging to
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Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890: the wars for the Pacific Northwest
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where the Americans were stationed. One of the volunteers welcomed him in
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flagpole between the Looking Glass tepee and Clear Creek, on which a
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The soldiers sent by General Howard formed Companies E and L of the
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When General Howard received news of these incidents on June 15 at
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was a military attack carried out on July 1, 1877 as part of the
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Nez Perce summer, 1877: the U.S. Army and the Nee-Me-Poo crisis
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810:, p. 168 suggests that they escaped shortly afterwards.
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Map depicting the first engagements of the Nez Perces War.
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Forlorn Hope: The Nez Perce victory at White Bird Canyon
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The Nez Perce Indians and the opening of the Northwest
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Map depicting the attack on the Looking Glass camp.
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1544:Wolf, Yellow; Mcwhorter, Lucullus Virgil (1940).
1489:Hear Me, My Chiefs!: Nez Perce History and Legend
729:lands to which the Amerindians would later head.
716:he instead sought to avoid meeting the soldiers.
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793:Later identified as Lieutenant Sevier M. Rains (
911:. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. p. 467.
300:factions hostile to the Americans, so General
1644:Flight of the Nez Perce and key battle sites.
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1384:. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press.
620:The two American cavalry companies left the
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806:What happened to the horses is uncertain.
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1413:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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1518:The last Indian war: the Nez Perce story
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693:We thus stirred up a new hornet's nest.
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573:and some thirty kilometers northeast of
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16:1877 attack in the Western United States
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747:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
563:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
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1550:. Caldwell: The Caxton Printers, Ltd.
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296:. Glass had refused to join the other
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1521:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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1492:. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers.
1486:Mcwhorter, Lucullus Virgil (2001) .
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250:Attack on Looking Glass camp (Idaho)
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1571:"Looking Glass' 1877 Camp History"
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741:Historic sign along U.S. Route 12.
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588:The Amerindians called this place
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1738:Nez Perce National Historic Trail
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1407:Howard, Helen Addison (1978).
1352:Nez Perce 1877: the last fight
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225:Show map of the United States
1794:Battles of the Nez Perce War
1667:Attack on Looking Glass camp
1457:McDermott, John D. (2003) .
1434:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1355:. Oxford: Osprey Publishin.
1320:Brown, Mark Herbert (1967).
1289:"Looking Glass Village Site"
408:Attack on Looking Glass camp
266:Attack on Looking Glass Camp
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1655:Battle of White Bird Canyon
1323:The flight of the Nez Perce
698:Général Oliver Otis Howard
458:'s group set out along the
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1634:Battles and Events of the
1547:Yellow Wolf: his own story
1428:Josephy, Alvin M. (1997).
1378:Greene, Jerome A. (2000).
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1463:. Cadwell: Caxton Press.
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1673:Battle of the Clearwater
1349:Forczyk, Robert (2011).
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687:Results and consequences
905:Cozzens, Peter (2001).
1709:Nez Perce at Cow Creek
1703:Battle of Canyon Creek
1699:(August 20 and Sept 7)
1685:Battle of the Big Hole
1515:West, Elliott (2009).
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521:Stephen Girard Whipple
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280:on the village of the
171:20 civilian volunteers
153:Stephen Girard Whipple
146:Commanders and leaders
95:46.13250°N 115.94806°W
75:, Idaho, United States
1691:Battle of Camas Creek
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733:Places of remembrance
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181:Casualties and losses
1661:Battle of Cottonwood
1410:Saga of Chief Joseph
1326:. New York: Putnam.
539:1st Cavalry Regiment
219:class=notpageimage|
100:46.13250; -115.94806
1784:Idaho County, Idaho
448:Columbia Department
288:, located near the
174:around 20 warriors
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1715:Battle of Bear Paw
1117:, pp. 167–168
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533:United States Army
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302:Oliver Otis Howard
278:United States Army
274:Stephen G. Whipple
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1528:978-0-19-513675-3
1499:978-0-87004-310-9
1441:978-0-395-85011-4
1420:978-0-8032-7202-6
1391:978-0-917298-68-4
1362:978-1-84908-192-4
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1789:History of Idaho
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513:ensuing battle
446:, head of the
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164:Units involved
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19:Main article:
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1687:(August 9–10)
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1636:Nez Perce War
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1470:0-87004-435-4
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1220:Greene (2000)
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1199:
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1020:Greene (2000)
1016:
1009:
1008:Howard (1978)
1004:
998:, p. 184
997:
996:Howard (1978)
992:
985:
984:Greene (2000)
980:
978:
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784:, p. 52.
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751:U.S. Route 12
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440:Looking Glass
436:
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429:In 1855, the
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351:Nez Perce War
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286:Looking Glass
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270:Nez Perce War
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158:Looking Glass
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41:Looking Glass
36:
31:
26:
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21:Nez Perce War
1743:Chief Joseph
1675:(July 11–12)
1666:
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1351:
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1314:Bibliography
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1283:
1271:
1266:, p. 58
1242:
1222:, p. 57
1205:, p. 56
1179:
1157:Brown (1967)
1115:Brown (1967)
1110:
1105:, p. 55
1083:
1071:
1066:, p. 54
1045:, p. 52
1015:
1003:
991:
986:, p. 51
960:
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948:
936:
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888:
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871:, p. 30
849:
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795:Brown (1967)
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764:
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696:
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681:
673:
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630:Gatling guns
622:Salmon River
619:
589:
587:
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547:Gatling guns
536:
517:
498:
495:
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480:Chief Joseph
473:
460:Salmon River
428:
407:
398:Canyon Creek
314:
306:
265:
263:
169:67 soldiers
123:Belligerents
114:Inconclusive
73:Idaho County
63:July 1, 1877
1748:Yellow Wolf
1693:(August 20)
1679:Fort Fizzle
1276:West (2009)
941:West (2009)
881:West (2009)
842:West (2009)
832:, p. 8
626:Mount Idaho
575:Mount Idaho
509:Mount Idaho
505:Grangeville
501:Fort Lapwai
435:reservation
388:Camas Creek
378:Fort Fizzle
310:Mount Idaho
272:by Captain
98: /
86:115°56′53″W
1773:Categories
1663:(July 3–5)
1333:0803260695
817:References
808:Brown 1967
710:Clearwater
677:tirailleur
655:white flag
610:dairy cows
553:Nez Perces
476:Clearwater
456:White Bird
373:Clearwater
368:Cottonwood
45:Clearwater
1681:(July 28)
1657:(June 17)
1537:255902883
1479:758476617
1371:709777768
647:nez perce
452:Tolo Lake
431:Nez Perce
403:Cow Creek
298:Nez Perce
140:Nez Perce
83:46°7′57″N
1669:(July 1)
1556:29580343
1508:71826048
1450:36170547
1400:43951833
927:45248304
594:potatoes
413:Bear Paw
383:Big Hole
151:Captain
68:Location
1575:nps.gov
1301:18 June
1296:fws.gov
727:Montana
722:Palouse
616:Prelude
590:Kamnaka
571:Kooskia
425:Context
294:Kooskia
276:of the
49:Kooskia
1584:Portal
1554:
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1388:
1369:
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1342:633657
1340:
1330:
925:
915:
662:Attack
606:melons
602:squash
583:Kamiah
487:them:
284:chief
134:
111:Result
1598:Idaho
1292:(PDF)
757:Notes
1552:OCLC
1533:OCLC
1523:ISBN
1504:OCLC
1494:ISBN
1475:OCLC
1465:ISBN
1446:OCLC
1436:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1396:OCLC
1386:ISBN
1367:OCLC
1357:ISBN
1338:OCLC
1328:ISBN
1303:2016
923:OCLC
913:ISBN
604:and
598:corn
507:and
264:The
186:None
60:Date
39:The
1775::
1573:.
1531:.
1502:.
1473:.
1444:.
1394:.
1365:.
1336:.
1294:.
1254:^
1227:^
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1027:^
972:^
921:.
861:^
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612:.
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312:.
1627:e
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1344:.
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931:.
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565:.
342:e
335:t
328:v
51:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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