119:
143:
265:
periods. Stem of the order of several mm to several cm in diameter and several cm to several metres long, erect or arched, dichotomizing occasionally, furnished with true roots at the base. Vascular bundle an exarch
570:"Characterizing the branching architecture of drepanophycalean lycophytes (Lycopsida): an exceptional specimen from the Early Devonian Hunsrück Slate, southwest Germany, and its paleobiological implications"
278:(leaves with a single vascular thread or 'vein'), or with leaf-like enations (unvascularized projections) with a vascular trace into the base of each enation. Homosporous, with
290:
The following families have, at various times, been segregated within the
Drepanophycales. However, Kenrick and Crane (1997) in their cladistic study place
664:
294:
in the clade
Drepanophycaceae. Taylor, Taylor & Krings (2009) do not use the family at all, only the order Drepanophycales, and say that
482:"Phylogenetic relationships of the zosterophylls and lycopsids: evidence from morphology, paleoecology, and cladistic methods of inference"
361:
513:"An organismal concept for Sengelia radicans gen. et sp. nov. – morphology and natural history of an Early Devonian lycophyte"
464:
439:
245:), found in North America, China, Russia, Europe, and Australia. Sometimes known as the Asteroxylales or Baragwanathiales.
733:
738:
743:
17:
142:
655:
512:
728:
723:
718:
481:
695:
617:
301:
The anatomical details for the genera in the included families are tabulated by Gensel (1992)
690:
682:
669:
568:
Poschmann, Markus; Gossmann, Rolf; Matsunaga, Kelly K. S.; Tomescu, Alexandru M. F. (2020).
267:
8:
597:
545:
137:
569:
677:
601:
589:
550:
532:
460:
435:
394:
581:
540:
524:
493:
305:
214:
274:
of primitive annular or helical type (so-called G-type). Stem clothed in either
585:
370:
254:
210:
167:
118:
712:
640:
593:
536:
339:
319:
76:
41:
432:
The origin and early diversification of land plants : a cladistic study
554:
649:
528:
381:
240:
128:
51:
352:
sporangia borne axially (whether on microphylls or on stem is not known)
393:
A large unnamed drepanophylacean is also known from the Early
Devonian
312:
279:
275:
96:
61:
227:
180:
101:
611:
497:
634:
271:
262:
258:
235:
231:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
45:
567:
346:
microphylls long, not tapering over most of length (strap-shaped)
326:
microphylls short, tapering rapidly from wide base (thorn-shaped)
106:
81:
511:
Matsunaga, Kelly K. S.; Tomescu, Alexandru M. F. (May 2017).
154:
434:, Washington & London: Smithsonian Institution Press,
457:
Paleobotany The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
455:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009),
418:, Prague: Nakladatelství Československé Akademie Věd
459:(2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press,
454:
329:microphylls arranged spirally or randomly on stem
710:
510:
332:sporangia borne on upper surface of microphylls
298:is sometimes included in the Drepanophycales.
282:borne singly and dehiscing by a single slit.
429:
117:
544:
486:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
14:
711:
479:
616:
615:
413:
349:microphylls arranged spirally on stem
27:Extinct order of spore-bearing plants
285:
24:
376:stem with unvascularized enations
25:
755:
430:Kenrick, P.; Crane, P.R. (1997),
141:
49:
561:
504:
473:
448:
423:
407:
248:
13:
1:
416:Vyšší rostliny. Tracheophyta
7:
10:
760:
734:Silurian first appearances
586:10.1007/s12542-018-00443-w
739:Late Devonian extinctions
624:
208:
203:
138:Scientific classification
136:
125:
116:
34:
744:Prehistoric plant orders
400:
365:Matsunaga & Tomescu
226:is an order of extinct
308:Kräusel & Weyland
691:Paleobiology Database
414:Novák, F.A. (1961),
253:Extinct terrestrial
241:430 to 360
126:Life restoration of
501:, tables 2 & 3.
480:Gensel, P. (1992),
373:Kidston & Lang
343:Lang & Cookson
529:10.1093/aob/mcw277
385:Kidston & Lang
706:
705:
678:Open Tree of Life
618:Taxon identifiers
466:978-0-12-373972-8
441:978-1-56098-729-1
243:million years ago
221:
220:
199:
16:(Redirected from
751:
699:
698:
686:
685:
673:
672:
660:
659:
658:
645:
644:
643:
613:
612:
606:
605:
565:
559:
558:
548:
523:(7): 1097–1113.
517:Annals of Botany
508:
502:
500:
477:
471:
469:
452:
446:
444:
427:
421:
419:
411:
306:Drepanophycaceae
286:List of families
244:
215:Drepanophycaceae
197:
192:
146:
145:
121:
111:
48:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
750:
749:
748:
729:Silurian plants
724:Devonian plants
719:Drepanophycales
709:
708:
707:
702:
694:
689:
681:
676:
668:
663:
656:Drepanophycales
654:
653:
648:
639:
638:
633:
626:Drepanophycales
620:
610:
609:
566:
562:
509:
505:
498:10.2307/2399750
478:
474:
467:
453:
449:
442:
428:
424:
412:
408:
403:
288:
255:vascular plants
251:
239:
230:plants of Late
224:Drepanophycales
213:
196:
194:Drepanophycales
190:
140:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
35:Drepanophycales
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
757:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
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622:
621:
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607:
560:
503:
472:
465:
447:
440:
422:
405:
404:
402:
399:
395:Hunsrück Slate
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
386:
371:Asteroxylaceae
368:
367:
366:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
350:
347:
335:
334:
333:
330:
327:
287:
284:
250:
247:
219:
218:
211:Asteroxylaceae
206:
205:
201:
200:
188:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
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152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
756:
745:
742:
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735:
732:
730:
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725:
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714:
697:
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631:
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623:
619:
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583:
579:
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369:
364:
363:
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348:
345:
344:
342:
341:
340:Baragwanathia
336:
331:
328:
325:
324:
322:
321:
320:Drepanophycus
316:
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:
304:
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293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
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217:
216:
212:
207:
202:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:Tracheophytes
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
130:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
42:late Silurian
33:
30:
19:
18:Asteroxylales
625:
577:
573:
563:
520:
516:
506:
489:
485:
475:
456:
450:
431:
425:
415:
409:
397:of Germany.
392:
380:
360:
338:
318:
300:
295:
291:
289:
252:
238:age (around
223:
222:
209:
193:
174:
161:
127:
29:
650:Wikispecies
580:(1): 1–16.
492:: 450–473,
382:Asteroxylon
313:microphylls
296:Asteroxylon
292:Asteroxylon
276:microphylls
268:actinostele
249:Description
198:Novák, 1961
129:Asteroxylon
713:Categories
311:stem with
181:Lycophytes
602:135090137
594:0031-0220
537:0305-7364
280:sporangia
272:tracheids
228:lycophyte
204:Families
151:Kingdom:
635:Wikidata
555:28334100
470:, p. 270
445:, p. 213
362:Sengelia
323:Göppert
263:Devonian
259:Silurian
236:Devonian
234:to Late
232:Silurian
46:Devonian
683:5279215
641:Q147600
546:5604611
420:, p. 84
257:of the
187:Order:
155:Plantae
131:mackiei
600:
592:
553:
543:
535:
463:
438:
379:genus
359:genus
337:genus
317:genus
696:55156
670:10320
665:IRMNG
598:S2CID
401:Notes
175:Clade
162:Clade
590:ISSN
574:PalZ
551:PMID
533:ISSN
461:ISBN
436:ISBN
52:PreꞒ
582:doi
541:PMC
525:doi
521:119
494:doi
261:to
715::
693::
680::
667::
652::
637::
596:.
588:.
578:94
576:.
572:.
549:.
539:.
531:.
519:.
515:.
490:79
488:,
484:,
270:,
177::
164::
102:Pg
604:.
584::
557:.
527::
496::
191:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
44:–
20:)
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