37:
339:
spores, ranging from 64 to 128, and in rare cases, the algae can produce 2 to 8 self-replicating spores (autospores). They also noted that zoospores are unique in their appearance, lacking a protective covering, being flattened from back to front, and equipped with two forward-facing flagella for movement. These zoospores carry their green chloroplast at the back, the nucleus in the middle or toward the back, and lack a clear visual receptor (
338:
Skaloud and Peksa further detailed that before the algae reproduce asexually—either through the release of swimming spores (zoospores) or non-swimming spores (aplanospores)—the chloroplast changes shape, flattening against the cell wall. The reproduction process typically results in a large number of
334:
can also be oval or pear-shaped, and the cell wall, while generally thin, may have localized areas of thickening. The nucleus of each cell is positioned along the side within a large fold of the chloroplast, a green structure critical for photosynthesis that has a star-like shape with lobes extending
343:). When zoospores are released, they initially swim together as a group, connected at the back, before dispersing. Skaloud and Peksa also mentioned that sexual reproduction occurs but is rare, involving the merging of two similar (
335:
to the cell's edge. Central to the chloroplast are one to several pyrenoids, structures essential for starch production, surrounded by a noticeable layer of starch, indicating the cell's active energy production.
977:
Moya, Patricia; Škaloud, Pavel; Chiva, Salvador; García-Breijo, Francisco J.; Reig-Armiñana, José; Vančurová, Lucie; Barreno, Eva (2015). "Molecular phylogeny and ultrastructure of the lichen microalga
651:
Friedl, Thomas; Zeltner, Cornelia (1994). "Assessing the relationships of some coccoid green lichen algae and the
Microthamniales (Chlorophyta) with 18s ribosomal RNA gene sequence comparisons 1".
888:Škaloud, Pavel; Steinová, Jana; Řídká, Tereza; Vančurová, Lucie; Peksa, Ondřej (2015). "Assembling the challenging puzzle of algal biodiversity: species delimitation within the genus
709:
Helms, Gert; Friedl, Thomas; Rambold, Gerhard; Mayrhofer, Helmut (2001). "Identification of photobionts from the lichen family
Physciaceae using algal-specific ITS rDNA sequencing".
577:
534:
307:
frequently contain clear, oily droplets, which are likely used as energy storage. Unlike some algae that reproduce through the production of autosporous (self-generating) spores,
524:
219:
125:
513:
555:
463:
545:
423:
392:
493:
453:
443:
588:
483:
433:
403:
503:
413:
330:, providing more detailed insights into its cellular features and reproductive behaviours. They observed that, in addition to being spherical, cells of
1225:
1138:
1151:
1112:
284:. The cell wall is thin and firm, lacking the gelatinous texture often found in similar organisms. Inside, there is a single
690:(Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae): molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear-encoded large subunit rRNA gene sequences".
827:"Evolutionary inferences based on ITS rDNA and actin sequences reveal extensive diversity of the common lichen alga
1210:
1177:
1156:
1220:
780:
940:
Kim, Jong Im; Kim, Yong Jun; Nam, Seung Won; So, Jae Eun; Hong, Soon Gyu; Choi, Han-Gu; Shin, Woongghi (2020).
368:
157:
826:
296:. Pyrenoids are specialised structures within the chloroplast that play a crucial role in the synthesis of
36:
292:—shaped like a thick cup with edges that resemble the rays of a star, and it may contain one or multiple
1019:"Asterochloris sejongensis sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) from King George Island, Antarctica"
1215:
210:
1205:
1182:
363:
214:
1018:
300:. These pyrenoids are encircled by grains of starch, suggesting an active photosynthetic machinery.
736:
Piercey-Normore, Michele D.; DePriest, Paula T. (2001). "Algal switching among lichen symbioses".
1090:
238:
1104:
1017:
Kim, Jong Im; Nam, Seung Won; So, Jae Eun; Hong, Soon Gyu; Choi, Han-Gu; Shin, Woongghi (2017).
1052:
570:
473:
1143:
1169:
901:
799:
660:
198:
176:
8:
905:
803:
664:
753:
189:, the placement of the chloroplast along the cell's periphery before the initiation of
31:
1164:
999:
917:
853:
761:
672:
564:
340:
1033:
991:
957:
909:
845:
807:
745:
718:
668:
633:
152:
71:
1075:
276:
is characterised by its unique cellular structure and reproduction methods. Each
849:
1037:
962:
941:
289:
108:
811:
1199:
320:
91:
51:
1003:
921:
857:
765:
722:
369:
281:
246:
224:
158:
117:
81:
686:
Friedl, T.; Rokitta, C. (1997). "Species relationships in the lichen alga
1125:
1084:
995:
316:
285:
234:
194:
186:
148:
61:
1117:
757:
637:
1130:
913:
1099:
229:
181:
1046:
749:
1069:
312:
293:
190:
729:
984:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
379:
344:
168:
375:
348:
297:
280:
cell is spherical and exists in isolation, containing a single
164:
976:
946:(Trebouxiophyceae) based on morphological and molecular data"
887:
781:"Comparative study of chloroplast morphology and ontogeny in
144:
982:
708:
257:. In 2010, Škaloud and Peksa proposed to split the genus
679:
644:
818:
772:
735:
611:
609:
607:
326:
In 2015, Skaloud and Peksa updated the description of
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
604:
864:
620:, gen. et spec., nov., der Phycobiont der Flechte
935:
933:
931:
1197:
970:
702:
1010:
615:
319:. These spores are produced through successive
227:. She differentiated it from the related genus
928:
468:(Hildreth & Ahmadjian) Skaloud & Peksa
685:
650:
1016:
824:
778:
939:
354:
520:, 2015 – Iberian Peninsula; Canary Islands
518:E.Barreno, S.Chiva, P.Moya & P.Škaloud
961:
382:of more than 20 lichen genera worldwide.
197:formation, and its tendency to primarily
171:of more than 20 lichen genera worldwide.
942:"Taxonomic study of three new Antarctic
201:through the production of aplanospores.
1226:Taxa named by Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess
1198:
825:Skaloud, Pavel; Peksa, Ondrej (2010).
779:Škaloud, Pavel; Peksa, Ondřej (2008).
253:species were closely related to genus
1051:
1050:
838:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
616:Tschermak-Woess, Elisabeth (1980). "
185:, primarily due to its deeply lobed
13:
892:(Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)".
311:propagates through the release of
14:
1237:
831:(Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)"
785:(Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)"
673:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00500.x
35:
626:Plant Systematics and Evolution
578:Asterochloris stereocaulonicola
535:Asterochloris pseudoirregularis
508:(Archibald) Skaloud & Peksa
478:(Archibald) Skaloud & Peksa
428:(Archibald) Skaloud & Peksa
418:(Ahmadjian) Skaloud & Peksa
288:—the component responsible for
268:
1:
598:
582:Y.J.Kim, J.I.Kim & W.Shin
539:Y.J.Kim, J.I.Kim & W.Shin
397:Y.J.Kim, J.I.Kim & W.Shin
261:and formally delineate genus
362:is a widely distributed and
175:is distinguishable from the
7:
850:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.035
618:Asterochloris phycobiontica
525:Asterochloris phycobiontica
458:(Warén) Skaloud & Peksa
303:Additionally, the cells of
220:Asterochloris phycobiontica
204:
126:Asterochloris phycobiontica
10:
1242:
1038:10.11646/phytotaxa.295.1.5
980:Asterochloris mediterranea
963:10.4490/algae.2020.35.2.23
738:American Journal of Botany
514:Asterochloris mediterranea
385:
1059:
812:10.2478/s11756-008-0115-y
556:Asterochloris sejongensis
464:Asterochloris irregularis
215:Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess
123:
116:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
622:Varicellaria carneonivea
546:Asterochloris pyriformis
424:Asterochloris excentrica
393:Asterochloris antarctica
355:Habitat and distribution
1211:Trebouxiophyceae genera
494:Asterochloris lobophora
454:Asterochloris glomerata
444:Asterochloris gaertneri
1221:Taxa described in 1980
723:10.1006/lich.2000.0298
589:Asterochloris woessiae
571:Sphaerophorus globosus
484:Asterochloris leprarii
474:Asterochloris italiana
434:Asterochloris friedlii
404:Asterochloris echinata
366:genus. It is a common
562:, 2017 – Antarctica;
241:research showed that
996:10.1099/ijs.0.000185
894:Journal of Phycology
653:Journal of Phycology
504:Asterochloris magnus
367:
156:
131:Tscherm.-Woess, 1980
990:(Pt_6): 1838–1854.
906:2015JPcgy..51..507S
804:2008Biolg..63..873S
665:1994JPcgy..30..500F
593:Skaloud & Peksa
584:, 2020 – Antarctica
541:, 2020 – Antarctica
498:Skaloud & Peksa
488:Skaloud & Peksa
448:Skaloud & Peksa
438:Skaloud & Peksa
414:Asterochloris erici
408:Skaloud & Peksa
399:, 2020 – Antarctica
378:, occurring in the
199:reproduce asexually
167:, occurring in the
638:10.1007/BF00983192
237:morphology. Later
233:by differences in
1216:Lichen photobiont
1193:
1192:
1165:Open Tree of Life
1053:Taxon identifiers
914:10.1111/jpy.12295
711:The Lichenologist
565:Cladonia pyxidata
529:E.Tschermak-Woess
155:. It is a common
136:
135:
112:
1233:
1206:Trebouxiophyceae
1186:
1185:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
974:
968:
967:
965:
937:
926:
925:
885:
862:
861:
835:
822:
816:
815:
789:
776:
770:
769:
744:(8): 1490–1498.
733:
727:
726:
706:
700:
699:
683:
677:
676:
648:
642:
641:
632:(3–4): 279–294.
613:
594:
583:
561:
551:
540:
530:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
398:
371:
249:, and that some
223:assigned as the
160:
153:Trebouxiophyceae
107:
72:Trebouxiophyceae
40:
39:
21:
20:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1055:
1045:
1021:
1015:
1011:
975:
971:
938:
929:
886:
865:
833:
823:
819:
787:
777:
773:
750:10.2307/3558457
734:
730:
707:
703:
684:
680:
649:
645:
614:
605:
601:
592:
581:
559:
549:
538:
528:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
396:
388:
373:
357:
271:
207:
177:morphologically
162:
132:
129:
106:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1081:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1009:
969:
927:
900:(3): 507–527.
863:
817:
798:(6): 873–880.
771:
728:
701:
678:
659:(3): 500–506.
643:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
585:
574:
560:Kim & Shin
552:
542:
531:
521:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
387:
384:
356:
353:
321:cell divisions
290:photosynthesis
270:
267:
209:The genus was
206:
203:
179:similar genus
151:in the family
134:
133:
130:
121:
120:
114:
113:
109:Tscherm.-Woess
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
42:
41:
28:
27:
16:Genus of algae
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:Asterochloris
1086:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:Asterochloris
1058:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
945:
944:Asterochloris
936:
934:
932:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Asterochloris
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
829:Asterochloris
821:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
784:
783:Asterochloris
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
689:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
639:
635:
631:
628:(in German).
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
603:
591:
590:
586:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:
567:
566:
558:
557:
553:
548:
547:
543:
537:
536:
532:
527:
526:
522:
516:
515:
511:
506:
505:
501:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
466:
465:
461:
456:
455:
451:
446:
445:
441:
436:
435:
431:
426:
425:
421:
416:
415:
411:
406:
405:
401:
395:
394:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
372:
365:
361:
360:Asterochloris
352:
350:
346:
342:
336:
333:
332:Asterochloris
329:
328:Asterochloris
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Asterochloris
306:
305:Asterochloris
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Asterochloris
275:
274:Asterochloris
266:
264:
263:Asterochloris
260:
256:
255:Asterochloris
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:circumscribed
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:Asterochloris
170:
166:
161:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
140:Asterochloris
128:
127:
122:
119:
115:
110:
105:
104:
103:Asterochloris
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Trebouxiaceae
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:Viridiplantae
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
25:Asterochloris
22:
19:
1060:
1032:(1): 60–70.
1029:
1025:
1012:
987:
983:
979:
972:
956:(1): 17–32.
953:
949:
943:
897:
893:
889:
844:(1): 36–46.
841:
837:
828:
820:
795:
791:
782:
774:
741:
737:
731:
717:(1): 73–86.
714:
710:
704:
695:
691:
687:
681:
656:
652:
646:
629:
625:
621:
617:
587:
576:
569:
563:
554:
544:
533:
523:
512:
502:
492:
482:
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
391:
364:cosmopolitan
359:
358:
337:
331:
327:
325:
317:aplanospores
308:
304:
302:
277:
273:
272:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:paraphyletic
242:
228:
225:type species
218:
208:
180:
172:
139:
138:
137:
124:
118:Type species
102:
101:
82:Trebouxiales
45:
24:
18:
1126:iNaturalist
1085:Wikispecies
550:Thüs et al.
286:chloroplast
269:Description
235:chloroplast
213:in 1980 by
195:aplanospore
187:chloroplast
149:green algae
62:Chlorophyta
1200:Categories
698:: 125–148.
599:References
370:photobiont
159:photobiont
58:Division:
1100:AlgaeBase
1076:Q84403360
1026:Phytotaxa
692:Symbiosis
688:Trebouxia
345:isogamous
313:zoospores
294:pyrenoids
259:Trebouxia
251:Trebouxia
243:Trebouxia
239:molecular
230:Trebouxia
182:Trebouxia
1070:Wikidata
1004:25757706
922:26986666
858:19853051
792:Biologia
766:21669682
205:Taxonomy
191:zoospore
88:Family:
1144:1107820
1118:2642029
902:Bibcode
800:Bibcode
758:3558457
661:Bibcode
386:Species
349:gametes
282:nucleus
217:, with
98:Genus:
78:Order:
68:Class:
1183:601375
1157:291965
1131:202576
1002:
920:
856:
764:
756:
380:thalli
376:lichen
341:stigma
298:starch
169:thalli
165:lichen
111:, 1980
1178:WoRMS
1170:84514
1139:IRMNG
1105:45140
1022:(PDF)
950:Algae
834:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
754:JSTOR
145:genus
143:is a
46:Clade
1152:NCBI
1113:GBIF
1000:PMID
918:PMID
854:PMID
762:PMID
245:was
1034:doi
1030:295
992:doi
958:doi
910:doi
846:doi
808:doi
746:doi
719:doi
669:doi
634:doi
630:135
624:".
374:in
315:or
193:or
163:in
147:of
1202::
1180::
1167::
1154::
1141::
1128::
1115::
1102::
1087::
1072::
1028:.
1024:.
998:.
988:65
986:.
954:35
952:.
948:.
930:^
916:.
908:.
898:51
896:.
866:^
852:.
842:54
840:.
836:.
806:.
796:63
794:.
790:.
760:.
752:.
742:88
740:.
715:33
713:.
696:23
694:.
667:.
657:30
655:.
606:^
568:,
351:.
347:)
323:.
265:.
48::
1040:.
1036::
1006:.
994::
966:.
960::
924:.
912::
904::
860:.
848::
814:.
810::
802::
768:.
748::
725:.
721::
675:.
671::
663::
640:.
636::
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