33:
726:
autosporangia with numerous small autospores, but without adhering packages or tetrad formation. The formation of autospores can occur in two ways. The first way is in which species with permanent aplanosporic (autospore) state arrest the development of zoospores. The division of the chloroplast is accompanied by rounding off and developing a cell wall. In the second way, polygonal- like divisions of the chloroplast form reproductive daughter cells with the cell walls independent of parent cells. The production of aplanospores (autospores) in the second way leads to the development of 16-32 spores in the sporangium.
876:
46:
703:
nucleus, dictyosome, chloroplast, and single mitochondrial reticulum or branched mitochondria linked to microbody. Some species have a stigma (eyespots) which helps orient zoospores towards high light intensity. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. One type connects to two basal bodies and one nucleus. The other type attaches to left and right plasma membrane at cell surfaces.
864:
environment suitable for the colonization of other organisms such as land plants, animals, and insects. Even today lichens make many unsuitable extreme habitats more suitable for species to colonize and survive. Lichens increase the amount of organic matter and organic nitrogen in the soil by producing organic acid that increases rock weathering.
736:
However, in recent (~2000) years, through molecular methods, evidence of recombination and sexual fusions of gametes of the same size suggests the occurrence of sexual reproduction. The zygotes, quite distinct from zoospores, are 6.6 ÎĽm in diameter and smooth walled with two round chloroplasts.
721:
can occur by zoospores or autospores. Zoospores are flagellated motile stages within lichens that migrate and settle near fungal spores when liquid water is present. The clustering of zoospores around fungal spores can lead to the secretion of an attractant that induces zoospores settlement. Once the
662:
is divided into two groups based on shape of vegetative cells and nature of chromatophore. In the first group, chromatophores are located in the parietal position during the cell division and are deeply incised with irregular, narrow processes that extend to the cell wall and compress against it. The
702:
Later in development, they round up to form walls and become vegetative cells. The zoospores are flattened cells that contain a cup- shaped green chromatophore and two flagella of equal length arising from the basal body and extending beyond the length of body. They contain one contractile vacuole,
549:
Trebouxia’s systematic location and taxonomy has been uncertain for decades. Initially, in 1995, the group was placed in the order
Pleurastrales and then in Microthamniales. Later in 2002, it was part of the order Chlorococcales and now it is placed in the order Trebouxiales. It is unknown whether
1616:
Xu, Maonian; De Boer, Hugo; Olafsdottir, Elin Soffia; Omarsdottir, Sesselja; Heidmarsson, Starri (12 November 2020). "Phylogenetic diversity of the lichenized algal genus
Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): a new lineage and novel insights from fungal-algal association patterns of Icelandic
867:
Furthermore, lichens are a critical bioindicators of habitat disturbances, freshwater quality, air pollution, carbon dioxide measures, and long term ecological continuity of undisturbed forests. Lichens are also used to date the divergence times of many extinct or extant species. Moreover, lichens
710:
occurs by the cleavage of the chromatophore into two equal halves followed by the pyrenoid division. The pyrenoid can either divide by simple constriction or it can disappear during the division of the chromatophore as observed during zoosporogenesis. In some cells, the nucleus divides before the
553:
Furthermore, in earlier years, classification and nomenclature of species was based on organism’s color, size, growth and shape of colonies, texture, and the lichen it was isolated from. It was believed that each algae species belonged to a specific lichen species. However, since the 1960s, each
410:
concentration, and climate change. Furthermore, its life cycle is complex and much research needs to be done to characterize it more completely. For decades, the presence of sexual reproduction was unknown. However, recent (2000s) molecular evidence of recombination and the observation of sexual
694:
is mediated by autospores and zoospores. Autospores are non-motile spores that have the same shape as their parent cells. They are produced inside the parent cells. Zoospores are motile spores that are produced inside the lichen thalli and released. They are similar in structure and size in all
863:
One of the first organisms to colonize terrestrial habitats were lichens. Lichens, along with few other organisms, introduced nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis into terrestrial environments approximately 450 million years ago. They played a significant role in making the harsh terrestrial
578:
Some species can live in extreme conditions such as dry valleys of
Antarctica with less than 5% soil moisture or habitats that are rich in iron and metals. It can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and prolonged periods of desiccation;. Carotenoids such as xanthophyll astaxanthin allow
725:
The first cell division after zoospore settlement can either result in the formation of zoosporangium/ autosporagium with 4 to 32 adhering autospore packages (tetrads) or into differentiated vegetative cells. These differentiated vegetative cells are later transformed into zoosporangium/
574:
is a photosynthetic autotrophic genus that can exist in almost every environmental condition in nature. It can be found in the tropics, Arctic, Antarctic, boreal forest, fresh water, marine, bare rocks, wood debris, tree bark, sandstone, soil, hot and semi-arid deserts.
711:
second division of chromatophore halves whereas in other cells it divides after the second division of the chromatophore by migrating to centre of cell between chromatophore halves. The detail of cell division is understudied and more research needs to be conducted.
663:
shape of vegetative cells is ellipsoidal in group 1. In group 2, chromatophores are smooth-margined structures located in a central position during the cell division and are not compressed against the cell wall. The vegetative cells are spherical in group 2.
1717:
Determeyer-Wiedmann, N., Sadowsky, A., Convey, P., & Ott, S. (2018). Physiological life history strategies of photobionts of lichen species from
Antarctic and moderate European habitats in response to stressful conditions. Polar Biology,42(2), 395-405.
590:
can exist in its free-living form or in a lichen thallus as a photobiont partner with its fungi mycobiont. The release or escape of alga zoospores from intact lichens is a source of free-living algae colonies or single free-living cells. Moreover, the same
991:
Lukesova, A., & Frouz, J. (2007). Soil and
Freshwater Micro-Algae as a Food Source for Invertebrates in Extreme Environments. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments,265-284.
607:
species are not selective towards their fungal symbionts while fungal species are very selective regarding their algae partners. In areas where algae species are scarce, fungi are less selective and forms a symbiotic relationship with any
1746:
Bidigare, R. R., Ondrusek, M. E., Kennicutt, M. C., Iturriaga, R., Harvey, H. R., Hoham, R. W., & Macko, S. A. (1993). Evidence A Photoprotective For
Secondary Carotenoids Of Snow Algae1. Journal of Phycology,29(4), 427-434.
562:
can be associated with many lichens. By 2010, the classification and nomenclature of species is based on pyrenoid structure, electron dense vesicles, chloroplast and grana shape, vegetative cell size and thickness of cell wall.
638:
uses carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b to harvest energy from the sun and synthesize organic compounds that serve as a substantial food source for a wide range of heterotrophs including animals, invertebrates and insects.
655:
is a unicellular spherical green alga that contains a star-like (stellate) or aggregated chloroplast with a single pyrenoid (aggregation of enzymes) at the centre. The size of cells can range from 8- 21 ÎĽm in length.
1759:
Catalá, S., Campo, E. M., Barreno, E., GarcĂa-Breijo, F. J., Reig-Armiñana, J., & Casano, L. M. (2016). Coordinated ultrastructural and phylogenomic analyses shed light on the hidden phycobiont diversity of
1179:
Horwath, W. R. (2017). The Role of the Soil
Microbial Biomass in Cycling Nutrients. In T. K. Russel (Author), Microbial Biomass: A Paradigm Shift In Terrestrial Biogeochemistry(pp. 1-348). World Scientific.
1102:
John, D. M., Whitton, B. A., & Brook, A. J. (2002). The freshwater algal flora of the
British Isles: An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1400:
Friedl, Thomas; Zeltner, Cornelia (June 1994). "Assessing The
Relationships Of Some Coccoid Green Lichen Algae And The Microthamniales (Chlorophyta) With 18S Ribosomal RNA GENE SEQUENCE COMPARISONS 1".
1888:
Meier, F. A., Scherrer, S., & Honegger, R. (2002). Faecal pellets of lichenivorous mites contain viable cells of the lichen-forming ascomycete
Xanthoria parietina and its green algal photobiont,
1705:
Fell, J. W., Scorzetti, G., Connell, L., & Craig, S. (2006). Biodiversity of micro-eukaryotes in Antarctic Dry Valley soils with. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,38(10), 3107-3119.
670:
associated with lichen possess lipid-rich globules in their pyrenoids known as pyrenoglobuli. Pyrenoglobuli are used by fungi in the lichen thallus for energy and as a water source.
868:
are critical in climate change and global warming studies to understand the effects of increasing greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide in natural environments. The position of
1669:
algae with different physiological performances are ever-present in lichen thalli of Ramalina farinacea. Coexistence versus Competition? Environmental Microbiology,13(3), 806-818.
1681:
Anderson, O. R. (2014). Microbial Communities Associated with Tree Bark Foliose Lichens: A Perspective on their Microecology. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology,61(4), 364-370.
737:
First, the gametes pair up and fuse with each other, leading to the formation of zygotes. Then, the flagella disappear and the zygote develops in a normal vegetative pattern.
616:
species are highly dependent on their fungal partners and cannot exist as independent organisms. Fungi obtain nutrients through self parasitism or selectively harvesting old
379:
regions. It can either exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi in the form of lichen or it can survive independently as a free-living organism alone or in colonies.
1863:
Ahmadjian, V. (1967). A Guide to the Algae Occurring as Lichen Symbionts: Isolation, Culture, Cultural Physiology, and Identification. Phycologia,6(2-3), 127-160.
215:
1813:
McCoy, A. G. (1977). Nutritional, morphological, and physiological characteristics of Trentepohlia (I.U. 1227) in axenic culture on defined media. Retrieved from
1495:
Beck, A., Divakar, P. K., Zhang, N., Molina, M. C., & Struwe, L. (2014). Evidence of ancient horizontal gene transfer between fungi and the terrestrial alga
292:
152:
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and fungi also aid in horizontal gene transfer among different phycobiont species. Furthermore, different techniques have been developed to identify different
674:
phycobionts possess different amounts and types of pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids in different environmental conditions. For instance, Antarctic
299:
278:
264:
257:
222:
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all photobionts described as “trebouxioid” belong to a single genus. Also, it is also unclear how many and which species should be accepted and recognized.
313:
285:
271:
250:
208:
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levels that can mediate the transfer process. It is suggested that intron horizontal gene transfer occurs upon the direct cell to cell contact of different
229:
159:
243:
180:
1879:(Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae): molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear-encoded large subunit rRNA gene sequences. Symbiosis, Philadelphia, Pa.(USA)
1851:
Tschermak-Woess, E. (1989). Developmental studies in trebouxioid algae and taxonomical consequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution,164(1-4), 161-195.
173:
1367:
Sanders, W. B. (2005). Observing microscopic phases of lichen life cycles on transparent substrata placed in situ. The Lichenologist,37(05), 373-382.
1122:
Archibald, And Evidence That Both Symbionts From Xanthoria Parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Can Be Found Free-Living In Nature. New Phytologist,97(3), 455-462.
236:
201:
166:
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species can escape the thallus and fuse to form hybrids or divide asexually to form micro colonies that can later be lichenized by fungi spores.
2066:
2105:
1653:
Hoek, C. v. d., Mann, D. G., & Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: An introduction to phycology. Cambridge;New York;: Cambridge University Press
744:
to inhibit the formation of novel genotypes that could be less suitable for symbiosis. However, it has recently (~2000) been proposed that
1730:
Sadowsky, A., Mettler-Altmann, T., & Ott, S. (2016). Metabolic response to desiccation stress in strains of green algal photobionts (
934:
1198:
Ismail, Asmida; Marzuki, Sarah; Mohd Yusof, Nordiana; Buyong, Faeiza; Mohd Said, Mohd; Sigh, Harinder; Zulkifli, Amyrul (7 March 2017).
872:
at the base of the food chain as a primary producer is critical for the maintenance of freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems.
699:
taxa. They are 4-6 ÎĽm in size and do not possess a cell wall. This allows them to change shape and fit into the fungal network.
624:, on the other hand, provides 90% of its photosynthetic products to the mycoboint. Pyrenoglobuli (lipid rich stores in the pyrenoid of
117:
717:
has a complex life cycle. The details of the life cycle are not properly understood, and more research is required. Reproduction in
2040:
1693:
Rascio, N., & Rocca, N. L. (2013). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences.
815:
strains within lichen thalli. Its rDNA (internal transcribed spacer regions recombinant DNA) sequence comparisons with the aid of
2079:
1776:
Rikkinen, J. (1995). Whats behind the pretty colours? A study on the photobiology of lichens. Helsinki: Finish Biological Society
968:
Erokhina, L. G., Shatilovich, A. V., Kaminskaya, O. P., & Gilichinskii, D. A. (2004). Spectral Properties of the Green Alga
1665:
Casano, L. M., Campo, E. M., GarcĂa-Breijo, F. J., Reig-Armiñana, J., Gasulla, F., Hoyo, A. D., . . . Barreno, E. (2010). Two
1573:
546:
are known to occur in four clades in molecular analysis, termed "A", "C", "I", and "S". A new "D" clade was found in 2020.
2084:
783:
genome. Within lichen, horizontal gene transfer can also occur among photobionts. The horizontal gene transfer events of
1200:"Epiphytic Terrestrial Algae (Trebouxia sp.) as a Biomarker Using the Free-Air-Carbon Dioxide-Enrichment (FACE) System"
1449:"Evolutionary inferences based on ITS rDNA and actin sequences reveal extensive diversity of the common lichen alga
2169:
2141:
1386:
Kroken, S., & Taylor, J. W. (2000). Phylogenetic Species, Reproductive Mode, and Specificity of the Green Alga
32:
2110:
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species have been documented. Many introns can self splice or reverse the splicing reaction or gain motility at
1748:
1694:
1246:
1123:
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strains can inhabit single lichen. However, the maturation of the lichen could lead to the elimination of all
509:
402:
may have introduced photosynthesis into terrestrial habitats approximately 450 million years ago. It is also a
759:
spores in fecal matter of lichen eating mites provides insight into short- and long-distance dispersal modes.
2092:
1448:
1910:
1893:
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844:
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483:
45:
2174:
2146:
1837:
1706:
1316:
972:, a Phycobiont of Cryptoendolithic Lichens in the Antarctic Dry Valley. Microbiology,73(4), 420-424.
816:
1522:
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cells in fossil lichens from the Lower Devonian period (415 million years ago) that look similar to
1864:
993:
776:
447:
436:
1606:
Nash, T. H., III. (1996). Lichen biology. Cambridge;New York, NY, USA;: Cambridge University Press
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contains low chlorophyll a, high chlorophyll b, and diverse carotenoids compared to Mid-European
1993:
1941:
368:
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1927:
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a and b to harvest energy from the sun and provide nutrients to various animals and insects.
2179:
1814:
1719:
1500:
1368:
1014:
748:
are more likely to reproduce sexually in lichen thallus. Furthermore, gametes from different
2133:
2123:
1511:
Puymaly, A. D. (1924). Le Chlorococcum humicola (Nag.) Rabenh. Revue Algologique, 1, 107-114
2014:
1410:
1144:"Fossil lichens from the Lower Devonian and their bacterial and fungal epi- and endobionts"
1013:
Seckbach, J. (2007). Algae and cyanobacteria in extreme environments. Dordrecht: Springer.
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306:
194:
187:
8:
1979:
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Forming Lichens with the Fungal GenusLetharia. The Bryologist,103(4), 645-660. 2.0.co;2]]
1090:
Seckbach, J. (2002). Symbiosis: Mechanisms and model systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
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acts as an important primary producer in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems.
520:. Some recent (2000s) studies imply that the differences between two groups are invalid.
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1802:
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1426:
505:
331:
320:
40:
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Taylor, T. N., Krings, M., & Taylor, E. L. (2015). Lichens. Fossil Fungi,201-220.
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strains in immature lichen thallus. When a lichen thallus matures, only one strain of
2118:
2001:
1583:
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1475:
1422:
1221:
1143:
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species has been treated independently from lichen species since the same species of
387:. It is a primary producer of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. It uses
1764:
microalgae in Ramalina fraxinea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,94, 765-777.
1560:(in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin.
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1311:
Friedl, T. (1993). New Aspects of the Reproduction by Autospores in the Lichen Alga
1634:
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1561:
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1418:
1211:
80:
2006:
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zoospores settle, they change shape and round up to fit into the fungal network.
1785:
Rikkinen, J. (2002). Cyanolichens: An Evolutionary Overview.Dordrecht: Springer.
1630:
1114:
Bubrick, P., Galun, M., & Frensdorff, A. (1984). Observations On Free-Living
875:
2097:
1471:
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Friedl, T., & Rokitta, C. (1997). Species relationships in the lichen alga
1852:
1351:
1342:
Melkonian, M., & Peveling, E. (1987). Zoospore ultrastructure in species of
836:
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1734:) from two Antarctic lichens of southern habitats. Phycologia,55(6), 703-714.
729:
For many years, no sexual structures or observation of sexual reproduction in
2163:
1964:
1682:
1315:(Microthamniales, Chlorophyta). Archiv FĂĽr Protistenkunde,143(1-3), 153-161.
840:
530:
431:
100:
60:
1923:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
1535:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
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Initially, it was thought that the fungus suppresses sexual reproduction in
1735:
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1225:
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phycobionts due to the low-temperature fluorescence spectra in Antarctica.
487:
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125:
90:
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1973:
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gen. nov. (Chlorophyceae, Chlorosarcinales). Phycologia,14(3), 125-137.
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arboricola. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,76(2), 259-268.
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1296:, a Genus of Lichenized Algae. American Journal of Botany,47(8), 677.
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2027:
1988:
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It is known that the most widespread photobiont in extant lichens is
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426:
376:
1935:
1958:
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species and later on switch to a more suitable algae species. Some
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372:
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1350:(Chlorophyta). Plant Systematics and Evolution,158(2-4), 183-210.
784:
455:
416:
412:
384:
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883:
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events of protein encoding genes from the fungus genome to the
538:(including photoboints of suborder Lecanorineae). The split to
444:
2019:
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species can be associated with many mycobiont species or many
524:
should instead be divided in different ways such as splitting
1197:
500:
honours Octave Treboux (1876–ca. 1940), who was an Estonian
406:
of habitat disturbances, freshwater quality, air pollution,
1442:
1440:
1815:
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/44218
1292:
Ahmadjian, V. (1960). Some New and Interesting Species of
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lichen species during the Lower Devonian looks similar to
807:
remains while others are eliminated. Viruses that infect
796:
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group; the issue was resolved by moving some members to
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organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in
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1845:
1499:. Organisms Diversity & Evolution,15(2), 235-248.
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Biodiversity and Ecology of Fungi, Lichens, and Mosses
1687:
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is known to have occurred. There is also evidence of
1842:
1803:
https://botany.natur.cuni.cz/skaloud/Treb/Trepot.htm
1740:
1724:
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was formally done in 2010. The remaining species of
534:(including photobionts of suborder Cladoniinae) and
1491:
1489:
819:(PCR) are easy and fast ways to identify different
628:) are used by the mycoboint for energy and water.
1656:
1882:
1824:
1822:
839:(415 million years ago) are composed of algae or
2161:
1699:
1647:
1617:cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)".
1486:
512:and Riga. The genus was divided into two genera
1832:de Pulmaly (Chlorophyceae, Chlorococcales) and
1549:Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen
1154:. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences: 547–563
755:Additional evidence of viable fungi spores and
1857:
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685:
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1779:
1770:
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1399:
470:throughout the terrestrial history of Earth.
1791:
1602:
1600:
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1446:
935:"Trebouxia (images of British biodiversity)"
439:of protein encoding genes between fungi and
1753:
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847:, the globose structure of photobionts in
843:and fungi layers. Through the analysis of
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419:suggest that sexual reproduction occurs.
1619:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
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383:is the most common photobiont in extant
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1908:
1749:doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1993.tb00143.x
1695:doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.00685-0
1520:
1447:Skaloud, Pavel; Peksa, Ondrej (2010).
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1321:
1302:
1251:
1247:doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387731-4.00010-4
1232:
1186:
1124:doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb03611.x
566:
346:(split generally considered incorrect)
1940:
1939:
1460:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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882:algae commonly occur as symbionts in
1894:doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00065.x
1671:doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02386.x
1554:Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names
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1105:
1093:
1019:
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978:
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903:
974:doi:10.1023/b:mici.0000036987.18559
13:
454:in lichen thalli. The presence of
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1902:
1838:doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-14-3-125.1
1707:doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.014
1317:doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80284-8
826:
1931:(images of British biodiversity)
1865:doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-6-2-127.1
1453:(Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)"
1423:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00500.x
994:doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7_14
823:species that inhabit a thallus.
425:(as circumscribed in 1994) is a
44:
1766:doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.021
1609:
1539:
849:Chlorolichenomycites salopensis
835:. The fossil lichens from the
583:to tolerate high irradiance.
510:National University of Kharkiv
1:
1720:doi:10.1007/s00300-018-2430-2
1501:doi:10.1007/s13127-014-0199-x
1369:doi:10.1017/s0024282905015070
1015:doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7
896:
647:
462:indicate the significance of
845:scanning electron microscopy
775:and fungi resulted in three
7:
1787:doi:10.1007/0-306-48005-0_4
1472:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.035
762:
686:Reproduction and life cycle
643:Description of the organism
450:among different strains of
10:
2201:
1631:10.1093/botlinnean/boaa050
603:strains except one. Also,
1948:
1909:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
1828:Archibald, P. A. (1975).
1546:Burkhardt, Lotte (2022).
1521:Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M.
817:Polymerase chain reaction
337:
330:
147:
142:
131:
124:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1801:potteri. Retrieved from
777:horizontal gene transfer
486:by Puymaly in 1924. The
448:horizontal gene transfer
437:Horizontal gene transfer
2170:Trebouxiophyceae genera
933:Silverside, AJ (2009).
1853:doi:10.1007/bf00940436
1352:doi:10.1007/bf00936344
1217:10.3390/biology6010019
893:
1683:doi:10.1111/jeu.12116
878:
706:The cell division of
1797:Ĺ kaloud, P. (2008).
1736:doi:10.2216/15-127.1
1525:Trebouxia decolorans
1403:Journal of Phycology
1142:Honegger, R (2018).
859:Practical importance
496:. The genus name of
493:Trebouxia arboricola
474:History of knowledge
133:Trebouxia arboricola
1566:10.3372/epolist2022
1415:1994JPcgy..30..500F
1298:doi:10.2307/2439519
889:Xanthoria parietina
567:Habitat and ecology
344:P.A.Archibald, 1975
894:
506:plant physiologist
2185:Lichen photobiont
2157:
2156:
2119:Open Tree of Life
1942:Taxon identifiers
1575:978-3-946292-41-8
1182:doi:10.1142/q0038
528:into two genera,
359:is a unicellular
352:
351:
345:
120:
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2175:Trebouxiophyceae
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930:
787:among different
733:were observed.
690:Reproduction in
490:of the genus is
343:
116:
81:Trebouxiophyceae
49:
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1834:Pseudotrebouxia
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1348:Pseudotrebouxia
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1120:Pseudotrebouxia
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518:Pseudotrebouxia
476:
398:An ancestor of
341:Pseudotrebouxia
326:
216:T. galapagensis
138:
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43:
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1903:External links
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837:Lower Devonian
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827:Fossil history
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482:was initially
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365:photosynthetic
350:
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471:
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304:
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300:T. pyriformis
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288:
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283:
281:
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279:T. excentrica
276:
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269:
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265:T. anticipata
262:
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258:T. incrustata
255:
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248:
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238:
234:
232:
231:
227:
225:
224:
223:T. higginsiae
220:
218:
217:
213:
211:
210:
206:
204:
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197:
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195:T. gelatinosa
192:
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188:T. arboricola
185:
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101:Trebouxiaceae
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72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:Viridiplantae
59:
56:
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47:
42:
38:
34:
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26:
22:
19:
2180:Trebouxiales
1949:
1928:
1918:
1889:
1884:
1876:
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1829:
1809:
1798:
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1618:
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1587:. Retrieved
1553:
1548:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1496:
1466:(1): 36–46.
1463:
1459:
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1347:
1343:
1312:
1293:
1207:
1203:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1147:
1119:
1115:
969:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
887:
879:
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862:
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497:
491:
488:type species
479:
477:
463:
459:
451:
440:
430:
427:paraphyletic
422:
421:
404:bioindicator
399:
397:
380:
355:
354:
353:
340:
319:
314:T. crenulata
312:
305:
298:
291:
286:T. glomerata
284:
277:
272:T. aggregata
270:
263:
256:
251:T. showmanii
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
209:T. corticola
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
132:
126:Type species
111:
110:
91:Trebouxiales
54:
24:
18:
2054:iNaturalist
1974:Wikispecies
1640:10852/82874
1589:January 27,
508:, from the
411:fusions of
393:chlorophyll
389:carotenoids
321:T. italiana
230:T. gigantea
160:T. impressa
71:Chlorophyta
2164:Categories
897:References
886:, such as
648:Morphology
478:The genus
363:. It is a
361:green alga
244:T. potteri
181:T. jamesii
67:Division:
1989:AlgaeBase
1980:Trebouxia
1950:Trebouxia
1929:Trebouxia
1920:AlgaeBase
1913:Trebouxia
1890:Trebouxia
1877:Trebouxia
1830:Trebouxia
1799:Trebouxia
1762:Trebouxia
1732:Trebouxia
1667:Trebouxia
1584:246307410
1532:AlgaeBase
1497:Trebouxia
1388:Trebouxia
1344:Trebouxia
1313:Trebouxia
1294:Trebouxia
1210:(4): 19.
1116:Trebouxia
970:Trebouxia
880:Trebouxia
870:Trebouxia
855:species.
853:Trebouxia
833:Trebouxia
821:Trebouxia
813:Trebouxia
809:Trebouxia
805:Trebouxia
801:Trebouxia
789:Trebouxia
781:Trebouxia
773:Trebouxia
769:symbiosis
757:Trebouxia
750:Trebouxia
746:Trebouxia
742:Trebouxia
731:Trebouxia
719:Trebouxia
715:Trebouxia
708:Trebouxia
697:Trebouxia
692:Trebouxia
680:Trebouxia
676:Trebouxia
672:Trebouxia
668:Trebouxia
660:Trebouxia
653:Trebouxia
636:Trebouxia
632:Trebouxia
626:Trebouxia
622:Trebouxia
618:Trebouxia
614:Trebouxia
610:Trebouxia
605:Trebouxia
601:Trebouxia
597:Trebouxia
593:Trebouxia
588:Trebouxia
581:Trebouxia
572:Trebouxia
560:Trebouxia
556:Trebouxia
544:Trebouxia
536:Trebouxia
526:Trebouxia
522:Trebouxia
514:Trebouxia
498:Trebouxia
480:Trebouxia
468:symbiosis
464:Trebouxia
460:Trebouxia
452:Trebouxia
441:Trebouxia
423:Trebouxia
400:Trebouxia
381:Trebouxia
377:temperate
356:Trebouxia
174:T. usneae
112:Trebouxia
25:Trebouxia
1959:Wikidata
1480:19853051
1431:83976513
1226:28272328
1158:March 2,
771:between
763:Genetics
502:botanist
415:to form
373:tropical
332:Synonyms
237:T. flava
202:T. erici
167:T. magna
143:Species
97:Family:
2072:1011539
2046:2638679
1965:Q653846
1411:Bibcode
1204:Biology
945:4 March
884:lichens
785:introns
620:cells.
456:globose
417:zygotes
413:gametes
385:lichens
137:Puymaly
118:Puymaly
107:Genus:
87:Order:
77:Class:
2147:600783
2134:432646
2131:uBio:
2124:510353
1582:
1572:
1556:]
1478:
1429:
1224:
445:intron
375:, and
2142:WoRMS
2111:13786
2067:IRMNG
2059:55163
2033:1TXAG
2020:13345
1994:43395
1580:S2CID
1558:(pdf)
1552:[
1456:(PDF)
1427:S2CID
369:polar
55:Clade
2106:NCBI
2085:5653
2080:ITIS
2041:GBIF
2028:EPPO
2007:7YN7
1591:2022
1570:ISBN
1476:PMID
1346:and
1222:PMID
1160:2019
947:2016
767:The
666:All
516:and
504:and
391:and
2093:NBN
2015:EoL
2002:CoL
1635:hdl
1627:doi
1623:194
1562:doi
1468:doi
1419:doi
1212:doi
797:RNA
795:or
793:DNA
2166::
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435:.
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1162:.
949:.
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