249:, he ruled for three years. His identification as "king of Assyria" comes from Babylonian sources. Contemporary Assyrian inscriptions suggest that the Assyrians saw Aššur-uballiṭ as their legitimate ruler, but continued to refer to him as "crown prince" seeing as he could not undergo the traditional Assyrian coronation ceremony at Assur and thus hadn't formally been bestowed with the kingship by the Assyrian chief deity, Ashur. His rule at Harran came to an end when the city was seized by Medo-Babylonian forces in 610 BC. Aššur-uballiṭ's attempt at retaking it in 609 BC was repulsed whereafter he is no longer mentioned in contemporary chronicles, signalling the end of the ancient Assyrian monarchy.
429:, protect the crown prince!". Such names were common in Assyria but usually referred to the king, not the crown prince. Aššur-uballiṭ not formally being king does not indicate that his claim to the throne was challenged, only that he had yet to go through with the traditional ceremony. The appointment of a crown prince required the formal recognition of all subjects and of the gods. Should the king be unable to exercise his duties, the crown prince was a competent substitute, exercising similar legal and political power. Aššur-uballiṭ was the recognized legitimate ruler, and his title was only a provisional arrangement until he could undergo the proper coronation.
549:, Psamtik I's successor, personally led a large Egyptian army into former Assyrian territory to rescue his ally and turn the tide of the war. Because there is no mention of a large battle between the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Medes in 608 BC (a battle between the four greatest military powers of their day is unlikely to have been forgotten and left out of contemporary sources) and no later mentions of Aššur-uballiṭ, it is possible that he died at some point in 608 BC before his allies and his enemies could clash in battle.
382:, during the New Year festivals in Assur. The last king to be crowned at the temple of Ashur at Assur had been Sîn-šar-iškun and with the city's destruction in 614 BC, the traditional Assyrian coronation ritual was now impossible. The coronation ritual in Assur saw the god Ashur invest the king with royal power, affirming his status as Ashur's earthly representative. Aššur-uballiṭ did have a coronation ceremony in late 612 BC, but instead of conducting it in Assur, it was conducted in the temple of the moon god
2265:
22:
390:. At Harran, the Assyrian Empire continued to endure under the rule of Aššur-uballiṭ. His identification as Sîn-šar-iškun's successor and the king of Assyria comes from Babylonian chronicles. The Babylonians thus saw him as the Assyrian king, but the few subjects Aššur-uballiṭ governed himself probably did not share this view. Instead, Aššur-uballiṭ's formal title was crown prince (
522:
campaign against Harran in
November of 610 BC. Intimidated by the approach of the Medo-Babylonian army, Aššur-uballiṭ and a contingent of Egyptian reinforcements fled the city into the deserts of Syria. The siege of Harran lasted from the winter of 610 BC to the beginning of 609 BC and the city eventually capitulated. Aššur-uballiṭ's
518:, this goal was probably seen as quite possible and his rule at Harran and role as crown prince (and not legitimately crowned king) probably seemed like a mere temporary retreat. Instead, Aššur-uballiṭ's rule at Harran composes the final years of the Assyrian Empire, which at this point had effectively ceased to exist.
360:
Aššur-uballiṭ 's background is uncertain. It is known that he was an
Assyrian general and he might have been the son of Sîn-šar-iškun. Aššur-uballiṭ is likely the same person as the unnamed crown prince (designated heir) attested in inscriptions from Nineveh dated to 626 and 623 BC. Sîn-šar-iškun's
521:
In 611 BC, Nabopolassar's army consolidated his rule throughout northern
Mesopotamia, going as far as to the border of Harran itself. After Nabopolassar himself had travelled the recently conquered Assyrian heartland in 610 BC in order to ensure stability, the Medo-Babylonian army embarked on a
290:
One of the major reasons for its fall was
Assyria's failure to efficiently solve the so-called "Babylonian problem", the near constant rebellions in its southern provinces, especially in the ancient and prestigious city of Babylon. Although some kings had ruled successfully without revolts in
458:
In
Assyria, each year was assigned an eponym name. The name used for the year noted in the Dur-Katlimmu legal document, "Seʾ-ilaʾi", only appears in this source and demonstrates that it is from after the Assyrian heartlands had fallen to invaders, when eponym names, in the absence of central
438:
as a regnal name was probably a highly conscious one. The meaning of the name, "Ashur has kept alive", suggests that
Assyria's chief deity and its empire would be ultimately successful in their battle against their enemies. It also connects him to the earlier Assyrian king of the same name,
544:
and his siege of Harran in 609 BC is the last time he, or the
Assyrians in general, are mentioned in Babylonian records. After the battle at Harran, Nabopolassar resumed his campaign against the remainder of the Assyrian army in the beginning of the year 608 or 607 BC. It is thought that
459:
authority, became local and often confined to single cities. The Šulmu-šarri, whose son is mentioned, also appears in inscriptions dating to the reign of
Ashurbanipal a little over a decade prior. Although the document uses traditional Assyrian titles such as Companion (
318:, who successfully seized both Babylon and Nippur. The defeat of Sîn-šar-iškun's attempted reconquest of these cities in October of 626 BC was the final Assyrian campaign for the city of Babylon. On 22/23 November of that year, Nabopolassar was formally crowned as k
513:
At the time Aššur-uballiṭ became the ruler of
Assyria in 612 BC, his main objective would have been to retake the Assyrian heartland, including Assur and Nineveh. Bolstered by the forces of his allies, Egypt (a leading military power in the region) and
532:
Beginning in July or June 609 BC, Aššur-uballiṭ's siege lasted for two months, until August or
September, but he and the Egyptians retreated when Nabopolassar again led his army against them. It is possible that they had retreated even earlier.
353:, allies of Nabopolassar. The Babylonian army under Nabopolassar had been late to the battle, only arriving after the Medes had already killed many of the city's inhabitants and begun plundering it. Two years later, the Assyrian capital itself,
425:), showing that the office of king was vacant and the crown prince filled that role instead. Inscriptions from this time also record the name of the final Commander-in-Chief of the Assyrian army, Nabû-mar-šarri-uṣur, which means "O
310:
in 626 BC, who successfully seized some cities in northern Babylonia, including Babylon itself and Nippur. Although Sîn-šumu-līšir was defeated after only three months, his revolt weakened Assyrian control in Babylonia.
562:
in 605 BC. Throughout the next century, Egypt and Babylon, brought into direct contact with each other through Assyria's fall, would frequently be at war with each other over control in the Fertile Crescent.
409:
28th day, month Tebetu, eponym year of Seʾ-ilaʾi. Witness is the city lord Iadiʾ-il. Witness is Nabû-naṣir son of Šulmu-šarri. Witness is Šarru-emuranni son of Nabû-eṭir. Witness is Salmanu-reḫtu-uṣur.
361:
appointment of a crown prince so early in his reign (having only become king in 627 BC) was likely to avoid the succession problems which had been common in Assyria since the reign of
326:. Sîn-šar-iškun attempted to reconquer cities in northern Babylonia in 625–624 BC but was repeatedly repelled. In 622 BC, Nabopolassar seized the last Assyrian outposts in Babylonia.
529:
After the Babylonians had ruled Harran for three months, Aššur-uballiṭ and a large force of Egyptian soldiers attempted to retake the city, but this campaign failed disastrously.
245:
After the loss of these cities and the death of Sîn-šar-iškun, Aššur-uballiṭ II rallied what remained of the Assyrian army at Harran where, bolstered by an alliance with
440:
477:) a title formerly only associated with members of the Assyrian ruling dynasty. A non-dynastic appointed official for the government of a city was usually titled as
419:). This phrase is common in legal documents, appearing frequently since the reign of Esarhaddon in 672 BC, but always in the form of "covenant of the king" (
1828:
471:), suggesting that they still carried their traditional importance, the document also calls the local leader Iadiʾ-il by the title of city lord (Akkadian:
396:, literally meaning "son of the king"), which can be inferred from preserved documents, such as the following portion of a legal document from the city
211:
in 609 BC. He was possibly the son of Sîn-šar-iškun and likely the same person as a crown prince mentioned in inscriptions at the Assyrian capital of
558:
Although Aššur-uballiṭ is no longer mentioned after 609 BC, the Egyptian campaigns in the Levant continued for some time until a crushing defeat at
2011:
258:
227:
1861:
345:
in the east, rushed to Sîn-šar-iškun's aid, but a joint Egyptian-Assyrian campaign into Babylonia was unsuccessful. In 614 BC, the city of
609:
Nabû-mar-šarri-uṣur's predecessor as Commander-in-Chief, Šamaš-sarru-ibni, had probably died with King Sîn-šar-iškun at Nineveh in 612 BC.
1856:
582:
413:
The portion of the document that is important in regards to Aššur-uballiṭ's status is the mention of the "covenant of the crown prince" (
2105:
329:
The Babylonians scored repeated victories against the Assyrians and by 616 BC Babylonian troops had even reached as far north as the
349:, once the capital and still the ideological and religious center of Assyria, was captured, plundered and sacked by the Medes under
1821:
1232:
222:
had been irreversibly weakened. A revolt in 626–620 BC had seen the loss of the empire's southern provinces to the newly formed
2297:
357:, fell. The fate of Sîn-šar-iškun is not certain, but it is commonly accepted that he died in defense of Nineveh in 612 BC.
271:
was under the rule of the Assyrian king and due to the flourishing of trade and culture, the era has been described as the
1814:
407:
shall be his legal adversaries; the covenant of the crown prince shall seek vengeance; he shall give ten minas of silver.
39:
1019:
555:
but by then the Egyptian army is mentioned in Babylonian sources without any references to the Assyrians or their king.
2249:
1266:
1029:
1008:
998:
1866:
1261:
2050:
443:
of the 14th century BC. Aššur-uballiṭ I had been the first Assyrian ruler to abandon the old religious title of
2098:
169:
35:
338:
246:
2287:
2072:
1225:
2312:
287:). By the end of the same century, Assyria had fallen and disappeared from history, never to rise again.
302:(reigned 627–612 BC). Sîn-šar-iškun had come to the throne in 627 BC following the death of his brother
2292:
2268:
2091:
2040:
1125:
341:, who saw Assyria as a useful buffer state between his own empire and those of the Babylonians and
307:
303:
2307:
2302:
2194:
1256:
1218:
1052:"Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources"
1542:
1251:
577:
600:
As per Reade (1998), discussing the crown prince in 626 BC as "probably then in his twenties".
378:
In Assyrian tradition, the king was appointed to his position by the Assyrian national deity,
1613:
1201:
323:
223:
1179:
299:
262:
238:
proved disastrous for Assyria; leading to sacks and destructions of the important cities of
196:
148:
86:
2220:
1328:
559:
267:
In the beginning of the 7th century BC, Assyria was at the height of its power. The entire
495:
indicates that parts of the Assyrian administrative framework were no longer functioning.
8:
1933:
1837:
1750:
1693:
1527:
1277:
1040:
219:
68:
2035:
1887:
1710:
1678:
1673:
1598:
1522:
1517:
1502:
1105:
1076:
985:
977:
2159:
2139:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1603:
1583:
1354:
1109:
1025:
1004:
989:
123:
2199:
2168:
2114:
1974:
1963:
1892:
1785:
1780:
1715:
1593:
1588:
1467:
1152:
1097:
1042:
Symbols of Power: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy (681-669 BC)
969:
572:
268:
138:
29:
314:
Almost immediately afterwards, another revolt sprung up in Babylonia, this one by
2215:
2045:
1913:
1897:
1730:
1720:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1558:
1512:
1477:
1457:
1406:
1186:
508:
383:
319:
204:
200:
59:
545:
Aššur-uballiṭ was still alive at this point, for in 608 BC the Egyptian Pharaoh
526:
marks the end for the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which would never be restored.
2210:
1928:
1918:
1902:
1882:
1806:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1705:
1658:
1638:
1618:
1507:
1472:
1462:
1447:
1376:
1338:
1323:
523:
504:
2281:
2173:
2055:
1968:
1938:
1923:
1790:
1755:
1740:
1668:
1643:
1578:
1573:
1492:
1482:
1422:
1343:
1293:
1197:
274:
2241:
2236:
2153:
1958:
1775:
1683:
1568:
1563:
1532:
1497:
1067:
Reade, J. E. (1998). "Assyrian eponyms, kings and pretenders, 648-605 BC".
397:
330:
315:
231:
2133:
1948:
1907:
1765:
1608:
1452:
1400:
1394:
1371:
1298:
465:, literally meaning "he who is close to the king") and cohort commander (
379:
362:
188:
1080:
552:
M.B. Rowton speculates that Aššur-uballiṭ could have lived until 606 BC,
2148:
1953:
1770:
1348:
1333:
981:
292:
282:
2204:
2128:
1943:
1760:
1442:
1427:
1388:
1382:
1366:
1308:
1303:
515:
334:
1051:
973:
957:
2083:
1412:
1318:
1210:
1101:
546:
350:
182:
1487:
1437:
354:
212:
192:
133:
1432:
1417:
1360:
1313:
387:
208:
346:
342:
298:
the revolts in the region had intensified during the rule of
239:
235:
900:
898:
870:
868:
843:
841:
839:
306:
and was almost immediately faced by a revolt by the general
1021:
The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule
426:
1088:
Rowton, M. B. (1951). "Jeremiah and the Death of Josiah".
936:
934:
932:
930:
917:
915:
913:
778:
766:
895:
865:
836:
498:
885:
883:
797:
795:
793:
1000:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume I
927:
910:
826:
824:
822:
807:
754:
720:
718:
705:
703:
701:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
730:
626:
624:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
455:("king"), signifying his role as an absolute monarch.
450:
444:
433:
420:
414:
391:
880:
853:
790:
742:
819:
715:
698:
664:
662:
636:
686:
621:
489:(meaning "city oversser") and the use of the title
280:
272:
674:
659:
2279:
1836:
259:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
242:and Nineveh in 614 BC and 612 BC respectively.
218:Over the course of Sîn-šar-iškun's reign, the
2099:
1822:
1226:
1126:"Royal marriage alliances and noble hostages"
541:The eventual fate of Aššur-uballiṭ is unknown
962:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
386:, another important deity in the empire, at
373:
583:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2106:
2092:
1829:
1815:
1233:
1219:
1017:
940:
921:
813:
784:
772:
760:
736:
191:has kept alive"), was the final ruler of
40:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2280:
1123:
1087:
1049:
1038:
955:
904:
889:
874:
859:
847:
801:
748:
724:
709:
692:
668:
653:
499:Fall of Harran and attempted recapture
2087:
1875:
1810:
1214:
1066:
949:
830:
630:
2113:
1240:
1117:
1262:Legendary kings and early governors
996:
958:"Babylonian Chronology and History"
680:
483:(usually translated as "mayor") or
449:("governor") in favor of the title
13:
14:
2324:
1056:State Archives of Assyria Studies
42: instead of cuneiform script.
2264:
2263:
2051:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
404:Whoever contests the agreement,
20:
1090:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
603:
279:(a term coined to parallel the
174:
594:
195:, ruling from his predecessor
60:Ruling crown prince of Assyria
47:Ruling crown prince of Assyria
1:
2298:7th-century BC Assyrian kings
1548:
1283:
1161:
1045:. University of Pennsylvania.
615:
252:
115:
111:
100:
1191:612 – 609 BC
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
451:
445:
434:
421:
415:
392:
183:
7:
1039:Porter, Barbara N. (1987).
566:
281:
273:
10:
2329:
502:
333:. Assyria's ally, Pharaoh
256:
173:
2261:
2229:
2187:
2121:
2068:
2041:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
2031:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1852:
1845:
1692:
1541:
1276:
1246:
1184:
1176:
1146:
374:Rule at Harran and status
144:
132:
122:
107:
96:
92:
82:
74:
66:
57:
52:
1130:Assyrian empire builders
1069:Orientalia (NOVA Series)
1018:Lipschits, Oled (2005).
588:
368:
1196:Fall of Assyria to the
536:
1543:Middle Assyrian Empire
1252:List of Assyrian kings
1202:Neo-Babylonian Empires
1124:Radner, Karen (2013).
1050:Radner, Karen (2019).
578:List of Assyrian kings
411:
365:(reigned 705–681 BC).
28:This article contains
1614:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
997:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
402:
324:Neo-Babylonian Empire
224:Neo-Babylonian Empire
203:in 612 BC to his own
170:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
2221:Ana-Tashmetum-taklak
2012:State communications
560:Battle of Carchemish
2288:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1934:Tiglath-Pileser III
1862:Resettlement policy
1838:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1751:Tiglath-Pileser III
1694:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1528:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
1278:Old Assyrian period
956:Bertin, G. (1891).
907:, pp. 140–141.
877:, pp. 137–139.
850:, pp. 135–136.
291:Babylonia, such as
220:Neo-Assyrian Empire
215:in 626 and 623 BC.
69:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2313:Dethroned monarchs
2036:Assyrian sculpture
1888:Tukulti-Ninurta II
1711:Tukulti-Ninurta II
1679:Tiglath-Pileser II
1674:Ashur-resh-ishi II
1599:Enlil-kudurri-usur
1523:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
1518:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
1503:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
950:Cited bibliography
2275:
2274:
2254:
2165:
2160:Shamash-shum-ukin
2145:
2140:Ashur-nadin-shumi
2081:
2080:
2064:
2063:
2020:
2019:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1804:
1803:
1699:
1634:Asharid-apal-Ekur
1629:Tiglath-Pileser I
1624:Ashur-resh-ishi I
1604:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
1584:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1552:
1287:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1148:Ashur-uballit II
1118:Cited web sources
787:, pp. 16–17.
775:, pp. 14–16.
524:failure at Harran
230:against its king
181:
155:
154:
114:608–606 BC (aged
36:rendering support
2320:
2293:Sargonid dynasty
2267:
2266:
2250:Full family tree
2246:
2200:Tashmetu-sharrat
2179:Ashur-uballit II
2169:Ashur-etil-ilani
2163:
2143:
2115:Sargonid dynasty
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2029:
2028:
2002:
2001:
1981:Ashur-uballit II
1975:Sin-shumu-lishir
1964:Ashur-etil-ilani
1893:Ashurnasirpal II
1873:
1872:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1796:Ashur-uballit II
1786:Sin-shumu-lishir
1781:Ashur-etil-ilani
1716:Ashurnasirpal II
1697:
1594:Ashur-nirari III
1589:Ashur-nadin-apli
1550:
1546:
1468:Shamshi-Adad III
1285:
1281:
1241:Kings of Assyria
1235:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1187:Ruler of Assyria
1177:Preceded by
1172:
1165:
1163:
1153:Sargonid dynasty
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1113:
1084:
1063:
1046:
1035:
1014:
993:
944:
938:
925:
919:
908:
902:
893:
887:
878:
872:
863:
857:
851:
845:
834:
828:
817:
811:
805:
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782:
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770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
713:
707:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
657:
651:
634:
628:
610:
607:
601:
598:
573:Sargonid dynasty
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
454:
448:
437:
424:
418:
416:adê ša mar šarri
395:
304:Aššur-etil-ilāni
286:
278:
269:Fertile Crescent
199:'s death at the
186:
180:romanized:
179:
177:
176:
162:Assur-uballit II
158:Aššur-uballiṭ II
139:Sargonid dynasty
117:
113:
102:
53:Ashur-uballit II
50:
49:
30:cuneiform script
24:
23:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
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2271:
2257:
2225:
2216:Libbali-sharrat
2183:
2117:
2112:
2082:
2077:
2060:
2046:Lachish Reliefs
2016:
1985:
1914:Adad-nirari III
1898:Shalmaneser III
1871:
1841:
1835:
1805:
1800:
1731:Adad-nirari III
1721:Shalmaneser III
1696:
1688:
1664:Ashur-nirari IV
1654:Ashurnasirpal I
1649:Shamshi-Adad IV
1559:Ashur-uballit I
1545:
1537:
1513:Ashur-nirari II
1478:Puzur-Ashur III
1458:Shamshi-Adad II
1280:
1272:
1271:
1242:
1239:
1190:
1182:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1096:(10): 128–130.
1032:
1024:. Eisenbrauns.
1011:
974:10.2307/3678045
952:
947:
939:
928:
920:
911:
903:
896:
888:
881:
873:
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858:
854:
846:
837:
829:
820:
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808:
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791:
783:
779:
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747:
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731:
723:
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637:
629:
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591:
569:
539:
511:
509:Siege of Harran
503:Main articles:
501:
441:Aššur-uballiṭ I
408:
376:
371:
322:, founding the
265:
255:
201:Fall of Nineveh
166:Ashuruballit II
160:, also spelled
48:
45:
44:
43:
34:Without proper
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2308:600s BC deaths
2305:
2303:640s BC births
2300:
2295:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Esharra-hammat
2208:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2005:Infrastructure
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Ashur-nirari V
1926:
1921:
1919:Shalmaneser IV
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:Shamshi-Adad V
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Adad-nirari II
1879:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840: articles
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Ashur-nirari V
1743:
1738:
1736:Shalmaneser IV
1733:
1728:
1726:Shamshi-Adad V
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Adad-nirari II
1702:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Shalmaneser II
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:Ashur-bel-kala
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Mutakkil-Nusku
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Enlil-Nasir II
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Ashur-nirari I
1470:
1465:
1463:Ishme-Dagan II
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Sharma-Adad II
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1377:Ashur-apla-idi
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1339:Shamshi-Adad I
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Puzur-Ashur II
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:Later kingship
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1102:10.1086/371028
1085:
1075:(2): 255–265.
1064:
1047:
1036:
1031:978-1575060958
1030:
1015:
1010:978-1440845680
1009:
994:
951:
948:
946:
945:
941:Lipschits 2005
926:
922:Lipschits 2005
909:
894:
892:, p. 140.
879:
864:
862:, p. 137.
852:
835:
833:, p. 260.
818:
814:Lipschits 2005
806:
804:, p. 135.
789:
785:Lipschits 2005
777:
773:Lipschits 2005
765:
761:Lipschits 2005
753:
751:, p. 1–2.
741:
737:Lipschits 2005
729:
727:, p. 141.
714:
712:, p. 136.
697:
685:
683:, p. 214.
673:
658:
656:, p. 128.
635:
633:, p. 264.
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:
602:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
568:
565:
538:
535:
505:Fall of Harran
500:
497:
432:The choice of
375:
372:
370:
367:
320:ing of Babylon
308:Sîn-šumu-līšir
254:
251:
153:
152:
146:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
38:, you may see
26:
19:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2325:
2314:
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2309:
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2304:
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2245:
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2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
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2222:
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2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Sinsharishkun
2172:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2057:
2056:Balawat Gates
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:Sinsharishkun
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Shalmaneser V
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Ashur-Dan III
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
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1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Sinsharishkun
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Shalmaneser V
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Ashur-dan III
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
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1717:
1714:
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1709:
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1704:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Ashur-rabi II
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Eriba-Adad II
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
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1627:
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1620:
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1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Shalmaneser I
1577:
1575:
1574:Adad-nirari I
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1544:
1540:
1534:
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1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Ashur-shaduni
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Enlil-nasir I
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Sharma-Adad I
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Ishme-Dagan I
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Puzur-Ashur I
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:2025–1364 BC)
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:Sîn-šar-iškun
1175:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1103:
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1095:
1091:
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1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
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1043:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
953:
943:, p. 20.
942:
937:
935:
933:
931:
924:, p. 19.
923:
918:
916:
914:
906:
901:
899:
891:
886:
884:
876:
871:
869:
861:
856:
849:
844:
842:
840:
832:
827:
825:
823:
816:, p. 18.
815:
810:
803:
798:
796:
794:
786:
781:
774:
769:
763:, p. 13.
762:
757:
750:
745:
739:, p. 11.
738:
733:
726:
721:
719:
711:
706:
704:
702:
695:, p. 42.
694:
689:
682:
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648:
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644:
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570:
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561:
556:
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543:
534:
531:
527:
525:
519:
517:
510:
506:
496:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
456:
453:
447:
442:
436:
435:Aššur-uballiṭ
430:
428:
423:
417:
410:
406:
401:
399:
394:
389:
385:
381:
366:
364:
358:
356:
352:
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344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
300:Sîn-šar-iškun
297:
294:
288:
285:
284:
277:
276:
275:Pax Assyriaca
270:
264:
263:Sîn-šar-iškun
260:
250:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Sîn-šar-iškun
194:
190:
185:
184:Aššur-uballiṭ
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
149:Sîn-šar-iškun
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:Aššur-uballiṭ
127:
125:
121:
110:
106:
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:Sîn-šar-iškun
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:Ruler of the
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
41:
37:
33:
31:
16:
2248:
2242:Serua-eterat
2237:Arda-Mulissu
2178:
2158:
2154:Ashurbanipal
2138:
1980:
1973:
1959:Ashurbanipal
1795:
1776:Ashurbanipal
1698:(911–609 BC)
1684:Ashur-dan II
1569:Arik-den-ili
1564:Enlil-nirari
1551:1363–912 BC)
1533:Eriba-Adad I
1498:Ashur-rabi I
1257:Royal titles
1194:
1185:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1093:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1041:
1020:
1003:. ABC-CLIO.
999:
965:
961:
855:
809:
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
688:
676:
605:
596:
557:
553:
550:
542:
540:
530:
528:
520:
512:
486:ša muḫḫi āli
457:
431:
422:adê ša šarri
412:
405:
403:
398:Dur-Katlimmu
377:
359:
331:Balikh River
328:
316:Nabopolassar
313:
296:
289:
266:
244:
232:Nabopolassar
217:
165:
161:
157:
156:
58:
27:
15:
2134:Sennacherib
1949:Sennacherib
1908:Shammuramat
1766:Sennacherib
1609:Ashur-dan I
1453:Erishum III
1401:Adad-salulu
1395:Ipqi-Ishtar
1372:Ashur-dugul
1299:Shalim-ahum
1135:26 November
905:Radner 2019
890:Radner 2019
875:Radner 2019
860:Radner 2019
848:Radner 2019
802:Radner 2019
749:Porter 1987
725:Radner 2019
710:Radner 2019
693:Bertin 1891
669:Radner 2013
654:Rowton 1951
363:Sennacherib
187:, meaning "
83:Predecessor
2282:Categories
2149:Esarhaddon
1954:Esarhaddon
1771:Esarhaddon
1349:Mut-Ashkur
1334:Erishum II
1171:608–606 BC
1062:: 135–142.
831:Reade 1998
631:Reade 1998
616:References
462:ša qurbūte
293:Esarhaddon
283:Pax Romana
257:See also:
253:Background
175:𒀸𒋩𒌑𒋾𒆷
78:612–609 BC
2164:(Babylon)
2144:(Babylon)
2129:Sargon II
1944:Sargon II
1910:(regent?)
1761:Sargon II
1443:Shu-Ninua
1428:Iptar-Sin
1389:Sin-namir
1383:Nasir-Sin
1367:Puzur-Sin
1329:Naram-Sin
1309:Erishum I
1304:Ilu-shuma
1110:162308322
990:164087631
468:rab kiṣri
393:mar šarri
335:Psamtik I
2269:Category
2188:Consorts
2073:Category
1857:Military
1846:Politics
1413:Bel-bani
1319:Sargon I
1081:43076393
968:: 1–52.
681:Kia 2016
567:See also
547:Necho II
351:Cyaxares
234:and the
124:Akkadian
2025:Culture
1998:Economy
1488:Nur-ili
1438:Lullaya
982:3678045
492:bēl āli
480:ḫazannu
474:bēl āli
446:iššiʾak
355:Nineveh
213:Nineveh
193:Assyria
134:Dynasty
2230:Others
2205:Naqi'a
2195:Atalia
1876:Rulers
1867:Queens
1433:Bazaya
1418:Libaya
1361:Asinum
1355:Rimush
1314:Ikunum
1198:Median
1167:
1164:645 BC
1108:
1079:
1028:
1007:
988:
980:
516:Mannea
452:šarrum
388:Harran
209:Harran
205:defeat
145:Father
103:645 BC
2122:Kings
1407:Adasi
1169:Died:
1159:Born:
1106:S2CID
1077:JSTOR
986:S2CID
978:JSTOR
589:Notes
380:Ashur
369:Reign
347:Assur
343:Medes
339:Egypt
247:Egypt
240:Assur
236:Medes
189:Ashur
75:Reign
1200:and
1137:2019
1026:ISBN
1005:ISBN
537:Fate
507:and
427:Nabu
261:and
226:and
164:and
108:Died
97:Born
2207:(?)
1409:(?)
1403:(?)
1397:(?)
1391:(?)
1385:(?)
1379:(?)
1363:(?)
1357:(?)
1351:(?)
1098:doi
970:doi
384:Sin
337:of
228:war
207:at
151:(?)
118:40)
2284::
1549:c.
1284:c.
1162:c.
1128:.
1104:.
1092:.
1073:67
1071:.
1060:28
1058:.
1054:.
984:.
976:.
964:.
960:.
929:^
912:^
897:^
882:^
867:^
838:^
821:^
792:^
717:^
700:^
661:^
638:^
623:^
400::
178:,
172::
116:c.
112:c.
101:c.
2253:)
2247:(
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2100:t
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1816:v
1547:(
1282:(
1234:e
1227:t
1220:v
1139:.
1112:.
1100::
1094:2
1083:.
1034:.
1013:.
992:.
972::
966:5
671:.
295:,
168:(
32:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.