57:
2388:
66:
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304:
2398:
187:. For each issue, Burden had magazine-sized prototype editions printed and shared them with friends and people who assisted with production. Some were also sent to retailers as advance previews to generate interest in his comic. Fewer than forty copies of each prototype were made, and Burden described them as ashcans.
149:
were commonly called "ash cans" because they were used to hold ashes and soot from wood and coal heating systems. The term was applied to these editions of comics because they had no value and were meant to be thrown away after being accepted by the
Trademark Office. Some spare copies were given to
154:
instead of a finished product, and the practice of creating and submitting ashcans was abandoned when publishers began to consider it an unnecessary effort lawyers used to justify a fee. Because of their rarity, ashcans from this era are desired by collectors and often fetch a high price. In April
105:
developed the ashcan edition, which was the same size as regular comics and usually had a black and white cover. Typically, cover art was recycled from previous publications with a new title pasted to it. Interior artwork ranged from previously published material in full color to unfinished
129:
into believing the book had actually been published. Clerks at the office would accept the hastily produced material as legitimate, granting the submitting publisher a trademark to the title. Since the ashcans had no other use, publishers printed as few as two copies; one was
216:
ashcans prompted imitation, and for the next year nearly every new Image series had a corresponding ashcan. Typical print run for Image ashcans was between 500 and 5,000. Soon, other publishers began releasing ashcans in a variety of sizes and formats. In 1993,
43:
and made available for mass consumption. In the film and television industries, the term "ashcan copy" has been adopted for low-grade material created to preserve a claim to licensed property rights.
204:#1, but this ashcan was created for mass release. Instead of denoting the material as worthless, Liefeld's usage implied rarity and collectability. This ashcan was the first publication from
2257:
611:
515:
2071:
621:
594:
150:
editors, employees, and visitors to keep as souvenirs. Changes to the United States trademark law in 1946 allowed publishers to register a trademark with an
39:, who applied it to prototypes of his self-published comic book. Since the 1990s, the term has been used to describe promotional materials produced in large
27:
originally created solely to establish trademarks on potential titles and not intended for sale. The practice was common in the 1930s and 1940s when the
228:
market in comics in the mid-1990s, the term has been used by publishers to describe booklets promoting upcoming comics. Established publishers such as
122:
used ashcans more frequently than any other publisher. Not all the titles secured through ashcan editions were actually used for regular publications.
905:
2272:
815:
320:, the airing of otherwise-abandoned television programs in less desirable time slots or on sister networks, often for contractual or legal reasons
2059:
643:
256:
The term has been appropriated by the film and television industries to refer to low-quality material made specifically to preserve rights to a
2262:
2150:
2076:
260:, which often expire if unused for a set period of time. One of the earliest examples of this practice is the 1967 animated adaptation of
2023:
477:
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151:
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1620:
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783:
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114:. Some ashcans were only covers with no interior pages. Production quality on these works range from being hand-stapled with
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2125:
1859:
267:
225:
2214:
2028:
1627:
1531:
1234:
1175:
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240:
continue to use ashcan copies as part of their marketing plans for new titles. Aspiring creators also apply the term to
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1241:
695:
2049:
857:
556:
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1256:
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951:
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to further establish publication dates, but nearly all ashcan comic editions were limited to five copies or fewer.
2155:
2013:
542:
209:
126:
2315:
2229:
1987:
1407:
1287:
969:
2320:
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2018:
1201:
276:
93:
The modern comic book was created in the 1930s, and grew rapidly in popularity. In the competition to secure
81:
in 1939, but learned after submission the title was already trademarked. The material was later published as
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the
Trademark Office, the other was kept for their files. Occasionally, publishers would send copies to
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1992:
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8:
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1982:
1953:
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1148:
1025:
524:
200:
24:
195:
2135:
2130:
1997:
1541:
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1397:
478:"As fans throng to New York Comic Con, these comic books sell for millions of dollars"
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407:
Christensen, William A; Seifert, Mark (February 1994). "Evolution of the Ashcan".
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1967:
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937:
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339:
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644:"Historic DC Ashcan comic books in Heritage Auctions February 22 New York event"
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to machine-stapled and machine trimmed. Once the practice was established,
111:
1816:
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135:
83:
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advertised ashcan editions of new properties with print runs of 50,000.
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36:
28:
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241:
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119:
107:
94:
56:
40:
2160:
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1170:
1155:
1067:
784:"Let's All Read The Dark Matter/Master Class Ashcan From DC Comics"
513:
Colabuono, Gary (September 1999). "Absolutely
Amazing DC Ashcans".
2364:
303:
1072:
1050:
65:
31:
industry was in its infancy, but was phased out after updates to
2376:
2258:
Association des
Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
1787:
1746:
1464:
960:
816:"Dark Horse Sends Fight Club 2, Rebels And Archie Vs. Predator"
1775:
1165:
612:"Historic DC Ashcan Comic Books in Heritage New York Auction"
244:
they use to demonstrate their abilities to hiring editors at
97:
on titles intended to sound thrilling, publishers including
670:"Rare 'ashcan' comic books on display at Chicago Comic Con"
929:
16:
Comic book produced only for legal or promotional reasons
712:
Mallette, Jack (November 1986). "Bob Burden (part 1)".
439:"75 Years Ago Today: DC Comics Wins The Race For Flash"
696:
Action Comics #1 Ashcan Sells For $ 204,000 At
Auction
756:"C2E2: Bobby Curnow Unleashes "Battle Beasts" at IDW"
299:
125:The purpose of the ashcan editions was to fool the
406:
208:, a publisher started by popular artists during a
2273:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association
743:: Warrior Publications. August 1993. p. 125.
2414:
2072:Comics and comic strips made into feature films
540:
2263:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association
2151:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
583:Colabuono, Gary (July 1993). "Ashcan Comics".
945:
331:
2311:British Amateur Press Association (comics)
2109:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
952:
938:
2306:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
2220:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
875:
582:
512:
366:"The History of Comics: Decade by decade"
2268:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics
878:"The Weird History of the "Ashcan Copy""
813:
781:
711:
897:
753:
541:Hamerlinck, Paul; Daigh, Ralph (2001).
436:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
337:
266:. Other prominent examples include the
35:. The term was revived in the 1980s by
2415:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
476:Malito, Alessandra (October 9, 2017).
475:
363:
251:
2126:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel
933:
871:
869:
705:
606:
604:
536:
534:
508:
506:
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248:or as part of a submissions package.
2077:Comics solicited but never published
845:
636:
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469:
467:
465:
432:
430:
428:
383:
2397:
2225:Australian Cartoonists' Association
2215:Association of Canadian Cartoonists
903:
852:. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale.
667:
565:
364:Ramsey, Taylor (February 5, 2013).
13:
876:Wirestone, Clay (March 13, 2015).
866:
807:
702:. April 19, 2021 by Rich Johnston.
620:. January 31, 2012. Archived from
601:
544:Fawcett Companion: The Best of FCA
531:
497:
274:from 1994, the low-budget sequels
14:
2444:
814:Johnston, Rich (March 12, 2015).
782:Johnston, Rich (April 20, 2017).
462:
425:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2363:
2326:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund
2240:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
2141:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection
668:Cox, Brian L (August 13, 2011).
437:Seifert, Mark (August 1, 2014).
302:
173:comic book collector and dealer
127:US Patent & Trademark Office
64:
55:
2156:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
839:
775:
747:
726:
689:
661:
338:Hembeck, Fred (June 18, 2003).
286:, and a TV pilot adaptation of
46:
2230:Comic Art Professional Society
970:Glossary of comics terminology
754:Dietsch, TJ (April 12, 2012).
357:
242:hand-stapled photocopied books
1:
2321:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
324:
2235:National Cartoonists Society
2024:Based on television programs
849:Drawing Cutting Edge Anatomy
519:. Vol. 2, no. 71.
340:"Johnny Thunder and Shazam!"
164:
7:
2433:United States trademark law
2166:Words & Pictures Museum
295:
226:collapse of the speculation
212:. The sales success of the
210:boom period for comic books
136:distributors or wholesalers
10:
2449:
2210:Academy of Comic Book Arts
2182:Center for Cartoon Studies
2104:Belgian Comic Strip Center
959:
904:Ito, Robert (March 2005).
846:Hart, Christopher (2014).
77:created an ashcan copy of
2358:
2316:Club des bandes dessinées
2296:
2248:
2202:
2195:
2174:
2094:
2050:Best-selling comic series
2037:
2006:
1975:
1966:
1946:
1835:
1739:
1689:
1673:
1664:
1628:Portrayal of black people
1593:
1540:
1380:
1369:
1302:
1275:
1222:
1189:
1134:
1098:
976:
967:
161:#1 sold for US$ 204,000.
99:All-American Publications
194:applied the term to two
155:2021, an ashcan copy of
2121:British Cartoon Archive
2114:National Cartoon Museum
283:Hellraiser: Revelations
277:Porky's Pimpin' Pee Wee
190:In 1992, comic creator
2331:Finnish Comics Society
2288:Svenska Serieakademien
2278:Comics Studies Society
2146:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
1650:Women in Refrigerators
1645:The Hawkeye Initiative
1283:Female comics creators
516:Comic Book Marketplace
246:comic book conventions
198:prototype versions of
2067:Comic books on CD/DVD
1317:Comics historiography
549:TwoMorrows Publishing
180:Flaming Carrot Comics
2283:Sequart Organization
2029:Based on video games
1611:Gender and webcomics
1176:Publishing companies
761:Comic Book Resources
595:Warrior Publications
419:Wizard Entertainment
2423:Comics publications
2341:The Hero Initiative
1621:American mainstream
1423:Comics in education
1026:Comic strip formats
525:Gemstone Publishing
252:Film and television
25:American comic book
2428:Comics terminology
2382:Cartoon portal
2136:The Cartoon Museum
2131:Cartoon Art Museum
1855:France and Belgium
1640:Portrayal of women
1633:African characters
1601:Ethnic stereotypes
527:, Inc. p. 24.
258:licensed character
2410:
2409:
2370:Comics portal
2354:
2353:
2187:The Kubert School
2090:
2089:
1962:
1961:
1660:
1659:
1585:Widescreen comics
1428:Comics journalism
1298:
1297:
1090:Political cartoon
1031:Daily comic strip
906:"Fantastic Faux!"
741:Lombard, Illinois
733:"Advertisement".
722:. pp. 22–41.
591:Lombard, Illinois
344:The Hembeck Files
289:The Wheel of Time
230:Dark Horse Comics
219:Triumphant Comics
185:Aardvark-Vanaheim
23:is a form of the
2440:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2346:Xeric Foundation
2200:
2199:
2014:Based on fiction
1973:
1972:
1747:China and Taiwan
1671:
1670:
1470:Graphic medicine
1413:Autobiographical
1378:
1377:
1356:Japanese (manga)
1262:Japanese (manga)
1187:
1186:
954:
947:
940:
931:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
901:
895:
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890:
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863:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
779:
773:
772:
770:
768:
751:
745:
744:
736:Hero Illustrated
730:
724:
723:
720:Fictioneer Books
715:Comics Interview
709:
703:
693:
687:
686:
684:
682:
665:
659:
658:
656:
654:
640:
634:
633:
631:
629:
624:on June 26, 2018
608:
599:
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586:Hero Illustrated
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312:
307:
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68:
59:
33:US trademark law
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2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2336:Friends of Lulu
2298:
2292:
2250:
2244:
2191:
2170:
2096:
2095:Collections and
2086:
2060:manga magazines
2033:
2002:
1993:Manga magazines
1958:
1942:
1831:
1735:
1685:
1656:
1589:
1560:Talking animals
1536:
1497:Science fiction
1408:Anthropomorphic
1374:and narratology
1373:
1365:
1312:Years in comics
1294:
1271:
1235:Jewish American
1218:
1185:
1130:
1094:
1014:Trade paperback
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718:. No. 40.
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675:Chicago Tribune
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551:. p. 107.
547:. Raleigh, NC:
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413:. No. 30.
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183:, published by
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140:registered mail
116:untrimmed pages
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2297:Charitable and
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2117:
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2100:
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2087:
2085:
2084:
2082:Limited series
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2069:
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2063:
2062:
2057:
2047:
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2035:
2034:
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2021:
2019:Based on films
2016:
2010:
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2001:
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1931:United Kingdom
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1371:Comics studies
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1096:
1095:
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1082:
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1076:
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1065:
1058:Digital comics
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Ongoing series
1001:
996:
994:Limited series
991:
980:
978:
974:
973:
968:
965:
964:
957:
956:
949:
942:
934:
926:
925:
896:
865:
858:
838:
806:
774:
746:
739:. No. 2.
725:
704:
688:
660:
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2249:Critical and
2203:Professional
1988:Comic strips
1681:South Africa
1580:Supervillain
1116:Photo comics
1111:Motion comic
1063:Mobile comic
989:Ashcan comic
988:
916:. Retrieved
909:
899:
887:. Retrieved
883:Mental Floss
881:
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829:. Retrieved
826:Avatar Press
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794:Avatar Press
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681:December 11,
679:. Retrieved
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622:the original
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521:Coronado, CA
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489:December 11,
487:. Retrieved
481:
452:. Retrieved
449:Avatar Press
442:
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373:. Retrieved
370:The Artifice
369:
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347:. Retrieved
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206:Image Comics
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147:garbage cans
144:
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47:Original use
21:ashcan comic
20:
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2402:WikiProject
2038:Other lists
1983:Comic books
1899:Netherlands
1805:Philippines
1517:Underground
1480:Non-fiction
1398:Alternative
1144:Cartoonists
1126:Text comics
1080:Gag cartoon
1036:Lianhuanhua
1021:Comic strip
911:Los Angeles
483:MarketWatch
318:Burning off
268:unreleased
192:Rob Liefeld
84:Whiz Comics
2417:Categories
1666:By country
1507:Teen humor
1342:Modern Age
1337:Bronze Age
1332:Silver Age
1327:Golden Age
1267:Macedonian
1242:Australian
1223:By country
1209:Minicomics
1106:Film comic
1099:Techniques
984:Comic book
918:January 1,
617:CGC Comics
325:References
263:The Hobbit
214:Youngblood
201:Youngblood
175:Bob Burden
171:Golden Age
95:trademarks
41:print runs
37:Bob Burden
29:comic book
2007:By source
1998:Webcomics
1976:By format
1954:Australia
1757:Hong Kong
1697:Argentina
1575:Superhero
1532:Wrestling
1502:Superhero
1443:Dystopian
1418:Celebrity
1403:Ambiguous
1361:Webcomics
1214:Webcomics
1197:Editorial
1190:By format
1171:Letterers
1156:Colorists
1009:Minicomic
648:Art Daily
238:DC Comics
169:In 1984,
165:Later use
120:DC Comics
2392:Category
2299:outreach
2251:academic
2161:ToonSeum
1909:Portugal
1817:Thailand
1800:Pakistan
1690:Americas
1606:Feminist
1550:Antihero
1388:Abstract
1322:American
1257:Filipino
1247:Canadian
1230:American
1136:Creators
1068:Webcomic
999:One-shot
889:June 19,
831:June 25,
653:June 15,
628:June 19,
454:June 19,
375:June 23,
349:June 22,
296:See also
177:created
110:without
2175:Schools
2097:museums
1947:Oceania
1882:Ireland
1877:Hungary
1872:Germany
1865:Belgium
1850:Croatia
1827:Vietnam
1565:Masking
1527:Western
1485:Romance
1453:Fantasy
1304:History
1181:Writers
1161:Editors
1073:Webtoon
1051:Yonkoma
977:Formats
799:July 2,
767:July 2,
132:sent to
108:pencils
2045:Awards
1914:Serbia
1904:Poland
1837:Europe
1822:Turkey
1719:Mexico
1712:Quebec
1707:Canada
1702:Brazil
1674:Africa
1594:Themes
1542:Tropes
1475:Horror
1465:Gekiga
1448:Erotic
1381:Genres
1347:events
1166:Inkers
1046:Topper
961:Comics
856:
555:
410:Wizard
236:, and
2055:manga
1968:Lists
1936:Wales
1919:Spain
1887:Italy
1788:Korea
1781:lists
1776:Japan
1764:India
1570:Rogue
1438:Crime
1393:Adult
1276:Other
1252:Cuban
1924:list
1892:list
1860:list
1810:list
1793:list
1769:list
1752:list
1740:Asia
1729:list
1616:LGBT
1490:list
1458:list
1288:list
1202:list
1149:list
920:2012
891:2018
854:ISBN
833:2018
801:2018
769:2018
683:2017
655:2019
630:2018
553:ISBN
491:2017
456:2018
377:2018
351:2005
280:and
272:film
101:and
1522:War
698:at
138:by
19:An
2419::
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