2179:
1156:
114:
1276:
1138:
136:
2817:
657:
708:
1625:
1207:
2106:
1657:
1675:
1199:), microscopic classic Greek shield-shaped, stalked or sessile. They can appear solitary or clustered. Their texture can likewise be very variable, including fleshy, like charcoal (carbonaceous), leathery, rubbery, gelatinous, slimy, powdery, or cob-web-like. Ascocarps come in multiple colors such as red, orange, yellow, brown, black, or, more rarely, green or blue. Some ascomyceous fungi, such as
2432:. The beetle tunnels into the wood and into large chambers in which they lay their eggs. Spores released from the mycetangia germinate into hyphae, which can break down the wood. The beetle larvae then feed on the fungal mycelium, and, on reaching maturity, carry new spores with them to renew the cycle of infection. A well-known example of this is
653:, which are genetically identical to the mycelium from which they originate. They are typically formed at the ends of specialized hyphae, the conidiophores. Depending on the species they may be dispersed by wind or water, or by animals. Conidiophores may simply branch off from the mycelia or they may be formed in fruiting bodies.
1516:
3850:
Das, Gitishree; Shin, Han-Seung; Leyva-Gómez, Gerardo; Prado-Audelo, María L. Del; Cortes, Hernán; Singh, Yengkhom Disco; Panda, Manasa Kumar; Mishra, Abhay
Prakash; Nigam, Manisha; Saklani, Sarla; Chaturi, Praveen Kumar; Martorell, Miquel; Cruz-Martins, Natália; Sharma, Vineet; Garg, Neha; Sharma,
2332:
algal partner generates metabolic energy through photosynthesis, the fungus offers a stable, supportive matrix and protects cells from radiation and dehydration. Around 42% of the
Ascomycota (about 18,000 species) form lichens, and almost all the fungal partners of lichens belong to the Ascomycota.
2206:
Upon opening of the ascus, ascospores may be dispersed by the wind, while in some cases the spores are forcibly ejected form the ascus; certain species have evolved spore cannons, which can eject ascospores up to 30 cm. away. When the spores reach a suitable substrate, they germinate, form new
2353:
associations of fungi with the root systems of the plants, which can be of vital importance for growth and persistence for the plant. The fine mycelial network of the fungus enables the increased uptake of mineral salts that occur at low levels in the soil. In return, the plant provides the fungus
2174:
run parallel, creating two pairs of genetically different nuclei. One daughter nucleus migrates close to the hook, while the other daughter nucleus locates to the basal part of the hypha. The formation of two parallel cross-walls then divides the hypha into three sections: one at the hook with one
632:
Asexual reproduction is the dominant form of propagation in the
Ascomycota, and is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi into new areas. Asexual reproduction of ascomycetes is very diverse from both structural and functional points of view. The most important and general is production of
719:
Asexual reproduction process in ascomycetes also involves the budding which we clearly observe in yeast. This is termed a "blastic process". It involves the blowing out or blebbing of the hyphal tip wall. The blastic process can involve all wall layers, or there can be a new cell wall synthesized
730:
The initial events of budding can be seen as the development of a ring of chitin around the point where the bud is about to appear. This reinforces and stabilizes the cell wall. Enzymatic activity and turgor pressure act to weaken and extrude the cell wall. New cell wall material is incorporated
823:
on each side of the septa separating the hyphal segments which control the septal pores. If an adjoining hypha is ruptured, the
Woronin bodies block the pores to prevent loss of cytoplasm into the ruptured compartment. The Woronin bodies are spherical, hexagonal, or rectangular membrane bound
681:
The diverse conidia and conidiophores sometimes develop in asexual sporocarps with different characteristics (e.g. acervulus, pycnidium, sporodochium). Some species of ascomycetes form their structures within plant tissue, either as parasite or saprophytes. These fungi have evolved more complex
2906:. Bakers use the yeast for carbon dioxide production, causing the bread to rise, with the ethanol boiling off during cooking. Most vintners use it for ethanol production, with the carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere during fermentation. Brewers and traditional producers of
1604:
Different types of asexual spores can be identified by colour, shape, and how they are released as individual spores. Spore types can be used as taxonomic characters in the classification within the
Ascomycota. The most frequent types are the single-celled spores, which are designated
3000:
is known for its numerous medicinal benefits, including supporting the immune system, reducing inflammation, providing antioxidant effects, enhancing metabolic health, improving athletic performance, and promoting respiratory health. It contains bioactive compounds such as
724:
2202:
nuclei, usually followed by a further mitotic division that results in eight nuclei in each ascus. The nuclei along with some cytoplasma become enclosed within membranes and a cell wall to give rise to ascospores that are aligned inside the ascus like peas in a pod.
2098:(Rhodophyta). A discarded hypothesis held that a second karyogamy event occurred in the ascogonium prior to ascogeny, resulting in a tetraploid nucleus which divided into four diploid nuclei by meiosis and then into eight haploid nuclei by a supposed process called
2365:
associations with their host, do not damage their hosts. The exact nature of the relationship between endophytic fungus and host depends on the species involved, and in some cases fungal colonization of plants can bestow a higher resistance against insects,
1244:
Except for lichens, the non-reproductive (vegetative) mycelium of most ascomycetes is usually inconspicuous because it is commonly embedded in the substrate, such as soil, or grows on or inside a living host, and only the ascoma may be seen when fruiting.
1259:
species, which form black spots on bathroom caulking and other moist areas. Many ascomycetes cause food spoilage, and, therefore, the pellicles or moldy layers that develop on jams, juices, and other foods are the mycelia of these species or occasionally
1195:). Ascocarps come in a very large variety of shapes: cup-shaped, club-shaped, potato-like, spongy, seed-like, oozing and pimple-like, coral-like, nit-like, golf-ball-shaped, perforated tennis ball-like, cushion-shaped, plated and feathered in miniature (
2170:. At one end of ascogenous hyphae, characteristic U-shaped hooks develop, which curve back opposite to the growth direction of the hyphae. The two nuclei contained in the apical part of each hypha divide in such a way that the threads of their
1083:
have identified close relationships with ascus-bearing taxa, anamorphic species have been grouped into the
Ascomycota, despite the absence of the defining ascus. Sexual and asexual isolates of the same species commonly carry different
3289:
Jones, E.B. Gareth; Suetrong, Satinee; Sakayaroj, Jariya; Bahkali, Ali H.; Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A.; Boekhout, Teun; Pang, Ka-Lai (2015). "Classification of marine
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota".
1397:
that break down organic substances into smaller molecules, which are then taken up into the cell. Many species live on dead plant material such as leaves, twigs, or logs. Several species colonize plants, animals, or other fungi as
677:
all of them are single hyphae with the exception of the aggregations, termed as coremia or synnema. These produce structures rather like corn-stokes, with many conidia being produced in a mass from the aggregated conidiophores.
2910:
use both, with a primary fermentation for the alcohol and a secondary one to produce the carbon dioxide bubbles that provide the drinks with "sparkling" texture in the case of wine and the desirable foam in the case of
2124:
or fertile hyphae. They are supported by the vegetative mycelium containing uni– (or mono–) nucleate hyphae, which are sterile. The mycelium containing both sterile and fertile hyphae may grow into fruiting body, the
663:
The hypha that creates the sporing (conidiating) tip can be very similar to the normal hyphal tip, or it can be differentiated. The most common differentiation is the formation of a bottle shaped cell called a
670:, from which the spores are produced. Not all of these asexual structures are a single hypha. In some groups, the conidiophores (the structures that bear the conidia) are aggregated to form a thick structure.
1539:
through the atmosphere and freshwater environments, as well as ocean beaches and tidal zones. The distribution of species is variable; while some are found on all continents, others, as for example the white
815:
The septal walls have septal pores which provide cytoplasmic continuity throughout the individual hyphae. Under appropriate conditions, nuclei may also migrate between septal compartments through the septal
760:
Many ascomycetes are of commercial importance. Some play a beneficial role, such as the yeasts used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation, plus truffles and morels, which are held as gourmet delicacies.
1121:, the hyphal structures that carry conidia-forming cells at the end) are free or loosely organized. They are mostly isolated but sometimes also appear as bundles of cells aligned in parallel (described as
1738:
conidiogenesis, during which a cross-wall forms and the newly created cell develops into a spore. The spores may or may not be generated in a large-scale specialized structure that helps to spread them.
1576:
Asexual reproduction is the dominant form of propagation in the
Ascomycota, and is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi into new areas. It occurs through vegetative reproductive spores, the
2210:
The form of the ascus is important for classification and is divided into four basic types: unitunicate-operculate, unitunicate-inoperculate, bitunicate, or prototunicate. See the article on
2034:. Mating types are typical of the fungi and correspond roughly to the sexes in plants and animals; however one species may have more than two mating types, resulting in sometimes complex
1980:
phase, which commonly is very short, and meiosis restores the haploid state. The sexual cycle of one well-studied representative species of
Ascomycota is described in greater detail in
731:
during this phase. Cell contents are forced into the progeny cell, and as the final phase of mitosis ends a cell plate, the point at which a new cell wall will grow inwards from, forms.
1584:
cell divisions and thus are sometimes called mitospores, which are genetically identical to the mycelium from which they originate. They are typically formed at the ends of specialized
1409:
Owing to their long evolutionary history, the
Ascomycota have evolved the capacity to break down almost every organic substance. Unlike most organisms, they are able to use their own
1932:
2316:, and can grow and persist in terrestrial regions of the earth that are inhospitable to other organisms and characterized by extremes in temperature and humidity, including the
1641:
2649:
cause skin infections but are not very dangerous for people with healthy immune systems. However, if the immune system is damaged they can be life-threatening; for instance,
1848:
Several Ascomycota species are not known to have a sexual cycle. Such asexual species may be able to undergo genetic recombination between individuals by processes involving
2709:
is the causal agent of blastomycosis, an invasive and often serious fungal infection found occasionally in humans and other animals in regions where the fungus is endemic.
629:
Ascomycetes are 'spore shooters'. They are fungi which produce microscopic spores inside special, elongated cells or sacs, known as 'asci', which give the group its name.
2426:(family Scolytidae) are important symbiotic partners of ascomycetes. The female beetles transport fungal spores to new hosts in characteristic tucks in their skin, the
1456:
attack only one particular leg of one particular insect species. Many Ascomycota engage in symbiotic relationships such as in lichens—symbiotic associations with green
6066:
1813:
Sometimes the conidia are produced in structures visible to the naked eye, which help to distribute the spores. These structures are called "conidiomata" (singular:
1547:, only occur in isolated locations in Italy and Eastern Europe. The distribution of plant-parasitic species is often restricted by host distributions; for example,
5923:
5840:
1347:", are the internal boundaries of individual cells (or compartments). The cell wall and septa give stability and rigidity to the hyphae and may prevent loss of
1101:
Species of the Deuteromycota were classified as Coelomycetes if they produced their conidia in minute flask- or saucer-shaped conidiomata, known technically as
6139:
1834:
dehiscence, a double-dividing wall with a central lamella (layer) forms between the cells; the central layer then breaks down thereby releasing the spores. In
3449:
Hendey, N. I. (1964). "Some observations on Cladosporium resinae as a fuel contaminant and its possible role in the corrosion of aluminium alloy fuel tanks".
6071:
6041:
5933:
5699:
996:
Several outdated taxon names—based on morphological features—are still occasionally used for species of the Ascomycota. These include the following sexual (
5928:
5667:
924:, which are single-celled (unicellular) fungi, which reproduce vegetatively by budding. Most of these species were previously classified in a taxon called
2175:
nucleus, one at the basal of the original hypha that contains one nucleus, and one that separates the U-shaped part, which contains the other two nuclei.
6159:
5710:
2086:
of the sexual cycle, during which time the pairs of nuclei synchronously divide. Fusion of the paired nuclei leads to mixing of the genetic material and
1445:, which feeds on aircraft fuel (causing occasional problems for the airline industry), and may sometimes block fuel pipes. Other species can resist high
689:
6046:
1907:, with each daughter nuclei being genetically different from the original parent nuclei. Alternatively, nuclei may lose some chromosomes, resulting in
5272:
2416:(Isoptera). Since they do not generate fruiting bodies until the insects have left the nests, it is suspected that, as confirmed in several cases of
288:
253:
6714:
5529:
5277:
1710:) the entire spore is wound up in a spiral like a spring. Very long worm-like spores with a length-to-diameter ratio of more than 15:1, are called
2616:, the most common cause of fungal infection in the lungs of immune-compromised patients often resulting in death. Also the most frequent cause of
6056:
6008:
6197:
5705:
5373:
5135:
1859:
Parasexuality refers to the process of heterokaryosis, caused by merging of two hyphae belonging to different individuals, by a process called
293:
7368:
6051:
2959:, and is used to break down starch in rice and other grains into simple sugars for fermentation into East Asian alcoholic beverages such as
790:
Most ascomycetes are terrestrial or parasitic. However, some have adapted to marine or freshwater environments. As of 2015, there were 805
7241:
1990:
was reviewed by Wallen and Perlin. They concluded that the most plausible reason for the maintenance of this capability is the benefit of
682:
asexual sporing structures, probably influenced by the cultural conditions of plant tissue as a substrate. These structures are called the
3325:
2134:
An ascocarp is the fruiting body of the sexual phase in Ascomycota. There are five morphologically different types of ascocarp, namely:
3031:
704:
is a flat saucer shaped bed of conidiophores produced under a plant cuticle, which eventually erupt through the cuticle for dispersal.
645:. The asexual, non-motile haploid spores of a fungus, which are named after the Greek word for dust (conia), are hence also known as
7316:
3039:
805:, just as in Basidiomycota. However, these fibers are set in a matrix of glycoprotein containing the sugars galactose and mannose.
1947:, the structure that defines this fungal group and distinguishes it from other fungal phyla. The ascus is a tube-shaped vessel, a
7342:
6420:
2617:
2234:(animals that feed on decomposing material) to obtain their nutrients. Ascomycetes, along with other fungi, can break down large
1749:(repeated budding at the tip of the conidiogenic hypha, so that a chain of spores is formed with the youngest spores at the tip),
2190:
Fusion of the nuclei (karyogamy) takes place in the U-shaped cells in the hymenium, and results in the formation of a diploid
1789:(spores separate by formation of crosswalls near the tip of the conidiogenic hypha, which thus becomes progressively shorter),
1755:(simultaneous spore formation from a central cell, sometimes with secondary acropetal chains forming from the initial spores),
4032:
4013:
3581:
1389:
as energy sources. These are obtained by feeding on a variety of organic substrates including dead matter, foodstuffs, or as
7347:
1024:, or any structure resembling these morphological structures; and the Plectomycetes, which included those species that form
787:
relationships with plants, thereby providing enhanced water and nutrient uptake and, in some cases, protection from insects.
633:
conidia, but chlamydospores are also frequently produced. Furthermore, Ascomycota also reproduce asexually through budding.
3675:
Carlile, Michael J. (2005). "Two influential mycologists: Helen Gwynne-Vaughan (1879–1967) and Lilian Hawker (1908–1991)".
2186:(the typical cup-like reproductive structure of ascomycetes) showing sterile tissues as well as developing and mature asci.
766:
Some of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes are apple scab, rice blast, the ergot fungi, black knot, and the powdery mildews.
649:. The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of mitotic cell divisions and thus are sometimes called
4083:
1203:, grow as single-celled yeasts, which—during sexual reproduction—develop into an ascus, and do not form fruiting bodies.
1393:
in or on other living organisms. To obtain these nutrients from their surroundings, ascomycetous fungi secrete powerful
530:, both of animals, including humans, and of plants. Examples of ascomycetes that can cause infections in humans include
5366:
2030:
species, the two hyphae must originate from fungal clones that differ genetically, i.e., those that are of a different
1060:
997:
479:
1726:, which includes spore formation and dehiscence (separation from the parent structure). Conidiogenesis corresponds to
4051:
3994:
3975:
3273:
1287:
Large masses of yeast cells, asci or ascus-like cells, or conidia can also form macroscopic structures. For example.
2162:: Asci with two layers, produced in pseudothecia that look like perithecia. The ascospores are arranged irregularly.
7450:
5414:
4117:
2076:—occurs. Unlike in animals and plants, plasmogamy is not immediately followed by the merging of the nuclei (called
2039:
580:, meaning that they parasitise and kill insects. Other entomopathogenic ascomycetes have been used successfully in
740:
Ascomycota are morphologically diverse. The group includes organisms from unicellular yeasts to complex cup fungi.
7373:
5409:
4112:
3904:"Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Cordyceps militaris spent substrate"
753:
The unifying characteristic among these diverse groups is the presence of a reproductive structure known as the
400:
1761:(repeated sideways spore formation from behind the leading spore, so that the oldest spore is at the main tip),
1795:(double cell walls split the conidiogenic hypha into cells that develop into short, cylindrical spores called
1253:
in hyphal walls, along with prolific growth on surfaces can result in visible mold colonies; examples include
5493:
5483:
5466:
5359:
4196:
4186:
4169:
2713:
2636:, a yeast that attacks the mucous membranes, can cause an infection of the mouth or vagina called thrush or
2296:
Probably since early in their evolutionary history, the Ascomycota have formed symbiotic associations with
2035:
1783:(where a chain of conidia, in successively younger stages of development, is emitted from the mother cell),
1314:
causing mummification with a chalk-like appearance, hence the name "chalkbrood". Yeasts for small colonies
17:
3064:"Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism"
7264:
6413:
2507:
1238:
1155:
5351:
3406:
James, R.R.; Skinner, J.S. (October 2005). "PCR diagnostic methods for Ascosphaera infections in bees".
3211:
James TY; et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny".
1734:
conidiogenesis, where the spore is already evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hypha, and
1237:, can switch between growth as single cells and as filamentous, multicellular hyphae. Other species are
1187:. The ascus is often contained in a multicellular, occasionally readily visible fruiting structure, the
1531:
The Ascomycota are represented in all land ecosystems worldwide, occurring on all continents including
698:
is a globose to flask-shaped parenchymatous structure, lined on its inner wall with conidiophores. The
135:
7383:
7269:
6557:
3902:
Zhang, Danyu; Tang, Qingjiu; He, Xianzhe; Wang, Yipeng; Zhu, Guangyong; Yu, Ling (8 September 2023).
2855:
2677:
if consumed. Symptoms include hallucinations, stomach cramps, and a burning sensation in the limbs ("
1840:
dehiscence, the cell wall that joins the spores on the outside degenerates and releases the conidia.
1805:(a large bulging cell separates from the conidiogenic hypha, forms internal walls, and develops to a
1690:
When there are two or more cross-walls, the classification depends on spore shape. If the septae are
1452:
The Ascomycota is characterized by a high degree of specialization; for instance, certain species of
7455:
7308:
3172:"Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits"
2874:
2849:
2705:
2561:
are responsible for fading of woolen textiles, which is a common problem especially in the tropics.
2068:) of the other fungal isolate. The nuclei in the antheridium then migrate into the ascogonium, and
1995:
809:
2054:
are sexual structures formed from hyphae, and are the generative cells. A very fine hypha, called
505:
Ascomycetes are of particular use to humans as sources of medicinally important compounds such as
6642:
6273:
5881:
5498:
4201:
4076:
2775:
2719:
2600:
1435:
1080:
890:
581:
577:
7409:
2783:), which, probably to attack competing bacteria, produces an antibiotic that, under the name of
2156:: The asci are in a bowl shaped ascoma (apothecium). These are sometimes called the "cup fungi".
1767:(each spore separates and leaves a ring-shaped scar inside the scar left by the previous spore),
1433:—a protein that forms hair and nails—, can also serve as food sources. Unusual examples include
7194:
6406:
5873:
5657:
2987:
2930:
2916:
2787:, triggered a revolution in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in the 20th century.
2737:
2724:
2697:
2651:
2557:
2444:
393:
3329:
7488:
7404:
6870:
6520:
6018:
5680:
5649:
5461:
5390:
4164:
2805:
2749:
2612:
2087:
1896:
1892:
1662:
1085:
1068:
938:
819:
A unique character of the Ascomycota (but not present in all ascomycetes) is the presence of
336:
7442:
7396:
3764:"Do mites phoretic on elm bark beetles contribute to the transmission of Dutch elm disease?"
1406:
and derive all their metabolic energy in form of nutrients from the tissues of their hosts.
7277:
7232:
6535:
6306:
6253:
5812:
5675:
3915:
3775:
3485:
3415:
3220:
2837:
2792:
2731:
2579:
2570:
2138:
Naked asci: these occur in simple ascomycetes; asci are produced on the organism's surface.
1441:
1228:
1090:
483:
426:
122:
2669:) is a direct menace to humans when it attacks wheat or rye and produces highly poisonous
1773:(the spores arise and are ejected from the open ends of special conidiogenic cells called
8:
7478:
6283:
6258:
5998:
5799:
5738:
5733:
4979:
4763:
2997:
2935:
2829:
2592:
2405:
1986:. Also, the adaptive basis for the maintenance of sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota
1560:
1403:
1363:
within a hypha. Vegetative hyphae of most ascomycetes contain only one nucleus per cell (
1072:
977:
886:
812:. However, there is not necessarily any fixed number of nuclei in each of the divisions.
474:
group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the
414:
7419:
6398:
3938:
3919:
3903:
3779:
3626:"An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi"
3489:
3419:
3224:
1147:
which is parasitic on arthropods. Note the elongated stromata. Species unknown, perhaps
6865:
6547:
6359:
6311:
6298:
6278:
6263:
6243:
6192:
5863:
5835:
5789:
5725:
5478:
5456:
5444:
5419:
4989:
4181:
4159:
4147:
4122:
4069:
3879:
3852:
3799:
3652:
3625:
3509:
3307:
3244:
3139:
3127:
2951:
2809:
2742:
2685:
2515:
2198:, an elongated tube-shaped or cylinder-shaped capsule. Meiosis then gives rise to four
1477:
520:
233:
130:
7246:
3762:
Moser, John C.; Konrad, Heino; Blomquist, Stacy R.; Kirisits, Thomas (February 2010).
3462:
2456:
One of their most harmful roles is as the agent of many plant diseases. For instance:
7483:
7391:
6657:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6268:
6119:
5969:
5855:
5781:
5488:
5451:
5439:
5429:
5323:
5249:
5230:
4940:
4523:
4191:
4154:
4142:
4132:
4047:
4028:
4009:
3990:
3971:
3943:
3884:
3791:
3744:
3657:
3577:
3550:
3545:
3528:
3501:
3431:
3388:
3269:
3236:
3193:
3131:
3096:
3063:
2861:
2797:
2487:
2460:
2433:
2199:
2044:
1982:
1969:
1900:
1887:
1212:
1001:
971:
953:
599:
538:
321:
3853:"Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials"
3803:
3513:
3311:
2230:, breaking down organic materials, such as dead leaves and animals, and helping the
1730:
in animals and plants and can be divided into two fundamental forms of development:
1359:
connection between adjacent cells, also sometimes allowing cell-to-cell movement of
6933:
6812:
6704:
6647:
6587:
6582:
6510:
6495:
6388:
6235:
6182:
6124:
6033:
5990:
5961:
5845:
5807:
5715:
5403:
5295:
5241:
4995:
4441:
4106:
3933:
3923:
3874:
3864:
3830:
3783:
3736:
3702:
3684:
3647:
3637:
3540:
3493:
3458:
3423:
3380:
3299:
3263:
3248:
3228:
3183:
3143:
3123:
3086:
3078:
2632:
2527:
2341:
Members of the Ascomycota form two important types of relationship with plants: as
1964:
1920:
1916:
1915:(class Saccharomycetes) is an example of a fungus that has a parasexual cycle (see
1446:
1394:
1386:
1241:, exhibiting asexual (anamorphic) as well as a sexual (teleomorphic) growth forms.
1233:
1037:
1033:
947:
933:
915:
910:
858:
532:
442:
316:
304:
228:
213:
4927:
2147:
2002:. DNA damage can be caused by a variety of stresses such as nutrient limitation.
1272:
that develop on plants, especially in the tropics are the thalli of many species.
7106:
7011:
6973:
6928:
6860:
6617:
6577:
6562:
6455:
6364:
6354:
6336:
6288:
6202:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6061:
6023:
5899:
5822:
5690:
5606:
5576:
5571:
5168:
4343:
3928:
2769:
On the other hand, ascus fungi have brought some important benefits to humanity.
2621:
2482:
2475:
2438:
2253:
The fruiting bodies of the Ascomycota provide food for many animals ranging from
2171:
2159:
2144:: Asci are in flask-shaped ascoma (perithecium) with a pore (ostiole) at the top.
1682:
with vase-shaped phialides and newly formed conidia on their ends (bright points)
1324:
1183:. During sexual reproduction, many Ascomycota typically produce large numbers of
1029:
920:
882:
547:
543:
341:
326:
309:
268:
238:
218:
208:
113:
3835:
3818:
2812:, although there is some doubt over the long-term side-effects of the treatment.
2055:
429:
and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include
7303:
7166:
7111:
7101:
6943:
6757:
6709:
6622:
6597:
6592:
6572:
6567:
6470:
6460:
6349:
6344:
6169:
6149:
6129:
6111:
6096:
6081:
5938:
5830:
5771:
5434:
5264:
5254:
5218:
5193:
4882:
4673:
4574:
4496:
4305:
4137:
3082:
3010:
2943:
2907:
2903:
2844:
2645:
2588:
2532:
2401:
2355:
2329:
2141:
1593:
1536:
1465:
1453:
1275:
1261:
1196:
1143:
1045:
902:
894:
843:
820:
594:
567:
258:
248:
223:
203:
3869:
3787:
3740:
3688:
3569:
3427:
3384:
3303:
2153:
2120:
hyphae emerge in which each cell contains two nuclei. These hyphae are called
1472:, some ascomycetes form symbioses with plants by colonizing the roots to form
1373:
cells—especially in the apical regions of growing hyphae—can also be present.
1355:. The septa commonly have a small opening in the center, which functions as a
1137:
763:
Many of them cause tree diseases, such as Dutch elm disease and apple blights.
7472:
7217:
6890:
6875:
6837:
6762:
6698:
6684:
6632:
6627:
6541:
6530:
6525:
6505:
6500:
6475:
6220:
6187:
6177:
6101:
5914:
5904:
5763:
5539:
5300:
5099:
5091:
4921:
4842:
4782:
4693:
4667:
4396:
3642:
2816:
2758:
2565:
2417:
2309:
2099:
2026:
1469:
1461:
1370:
1352:
1265:
1180:
1076:
1041:
1013:
506:
487:
475:
369:
273:
263:
243:
71:
7432:
3497:
2166:
The sexual structures are formed in the fruiting layer of the ascocarp, the
1032:
included the yeasts and yeast-like fungi that have now been placed into the
7086:
7081:
7056:
7031:
7021:
6948:
6817:
6691:
6652:
6637:
6612:
6607:
6552:
6485:
6248:
6013:
5891:
5521:
5333:
5160:
5140:
5080:
4984:
4957:
4904:
4862:
4829:
4604:
4382:
4321:
4061:
3947:
3888:
3795:
3748:
3661:
3554:
3505:
3435:
3392:
3240:
3197:
3188:
3171:
3100:
2375:
2362:
2247:
1866:
1624:
1610:
1382:
1360:
1344:
1289:
1255:
1114:
1110:
1005:
983:
898:
878:
791:
684:
656:
641:
Asexual reproduction may occur through vegetative reproductive spores, the
618:
495:
471:
331:
3135:
3114:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life".
2808:
to prevent rejection, is also prescribed for auto-immune diseases such as
2105:
1449:
and grow, for example, on salted fish, and a few ascomycetes are aquatic.
1293:
species can colonize lung cavities (visible in x-rays), causing a form of
707:
519:
species on cheeses and those producing antibiotics for treating bacterial
7329:
7256:
7226:
7141:
7116:
7061:
7036:
6958:
6953:
6918:
6908:
6602:
6515:
5581:
5382:
5381:
5224:
5150:
5002:
4966:
4946:
4894:
4868:
4758:
4706:
4679:
4661:
4634:
4401:
4270:
4259:
3014:
2801:
2637:
2423:
2297:
2231:
2031:
2016:
1861:
1365:
1340:
1329:
1299:
1168:
802:
688:. This is a cushion of conidiophores created from a pseudoparenchymatous
609:
515:
46:
3371:
pneumonia: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment".
3232:
2361:
Endophytic fungi live inside plants, and those that form mutualistic or
1799:; sometimes every second cell dies off, leaving the arthroconidia free),
1656:
769:
The yeasts are used to produce alcoholic beverages and breads. The mold
513:
bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese. Examples of ascomycetes include
7174:
7136:
7066:
7046:
7041:
7026:
6996:
6968:
6923:
6913:
6880:
6822:
6797:
6490:
6465:
5752:
5305:
5129:
5120:
5105:
4973:
4910:
4769:
4730:
4725:
4611:
4528:
4423:
4335:
3018:
3002:
2784:
2505:), which is especially prevalent in North America, is brought about by
2428:
2342:
2259:
2235:
2227:
2183:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2010:
The sexual part of the life cycle commences when two hyphal structures
1991:
1977:
1973:
1882:
1836:
1727:
1555:
1532:
1505:
1501:
1473:
1414:
1269:
1179:, which—when visible to the naked eye (macroscopic)—is commonly called
1055:
Some ascomycetes do not reproduce sexually or are not known to produce
1044:
included the remaining species of the Ascomycota, which are now in the
874:
563:
555:
551:
510:
187:
91:
56:
3091:
2082:). Instead, the nuclei from the two hyphae form pairs, initiating the
1674:
1515:
1098:, for asexual and sexual isolates, respectively, of the same species.
783:
Others, such as morels (a highly prized edible fungi), form important
7334:
7290:
7091:
7071:
6963:
6842:
6777:
6767:
6752:
6747:
6728:
6480:
5204:
5145:
4853:
4818:
4776:
4753:
4735:
4622:
4558:
4433:
4310:
4253:
4240:
4092:
3006:
2971:
2956:
2939:
2921:
2690:
2584:
2540:
2520:
2367:
2350:
2346:
2321:
2279:
2272:
2239:
2223:
2095:
2078:
2073:
1908:
1904:
1819:
1580:. The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of
1489:
1418:
1390:
1356:
1348:
1304:
1294:
1280:
1224:
941:
group within the Ascomycota that was recognized following molecular (
834:
700:
694:
586:
572:
454:
450:
422:
406:
283:
147:
96:
7360:
7188:
3763:
3727:
Schulz B, Boyle C., B; Boyle, C (2005). "The endophytic continuum".
1943:
Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota leads to the formation of the
1865:, followed by a series of events resulting in genetically different
1206:
847:
are the largest subphylum and contains all ascomycetes that produce
7427:
7355:
7295:
7211:
7146:
7126:
7121:
7096:
7076:
7051:
7016:
7006:
7001:
6832:
6807:
6787:
6447:
6003:
5637:
5628:
5614:
5473:
5211:
5173:
5074:
5051:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4515:
4390:
4265:
4248:
4226:
4176:
2960:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2379:
2371:
2167:
2127:
1870:
1814:
1774:
1577:
1549:
1426:
1399:
1315:
1188:
1176:
1064:
1049:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:
965:
959:
853:
848:
666:
614:
527:
463:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
39:
7321:
2282:
relationships with other organisms, including plants and animals.
1931:
750:
There are 2000 identified genera and 30,000 species of Ascomycota.
438:
7151:
7131:
6827:
6802:
6792:
6782:
6738:
6675:
6225:
5952:
5327:
5062:
4899:
4745:
4652:
4641:
4505:
4411:
4367:
4275:
3576:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
2979:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2833:
2413:
2396:
2091:
2021:
1999:
1952:
1874:
1722:
Important characteristics of the anamorphs of the Ascomycota are
1581:
1541:
1497:
1481:
1430:
1319:
1250:
1246:
1172:
866:
744:
642:
446:
434:
385:
373:
167:
101:
76:
3476:
Laybourn-Parry J., J (2009). "Microbiology. No place too cold".
2701:
causes histoplasmosis, which affects immunocompromised patients.
2471:, has led to the death of many elms in Europe and North America.
2246:, and thus have important roles in nutrient cycling such as the
1163:
Most species grow as filamentous, microscopic structures called
6991:
6983:
6852:
5386:
4920:
4717:
4447:
4349:
4291:
2866:
2828:
Some ascomycete fungi can be altered relatively easily through
2625:
2409:
2383:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2291:
2264:
2254:
2243:
2191:
2011:
1987:
1878:
1485:
1422:
1410:
1336:
1220:
865:. The Pezizomycotina includes most macroscopic "ascos" such as
798:
757:, though in some cases it has a reduced role in the life cycle.
478:
along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or
458:
430:
361:
157:
3849:
1640:
1619:
7282:
6900:
6772:
5287:
3819:"A brief review on the medicinal uses of Cordyceps militaris"
3529:"Truffles: much more than a prized and local fungal delicacy"
3288:
2879:
2662:
2498:
2305:
2211:
2195:
2020:
species, mating is enabled between hyphae of the same fungal
1585:
1457:
1307:
1184:
1164:
1056:
870:
604:
559:
491:
418:
389:
365:
183:
3761:
3062:
Taylor, TN; Hass, H; Kerp, H; Krings, M; Hanlin, RT (2005).
2970:
Finally, some members of the Ascomycota are choice edibles;
2382:, which can affect the health of plant-eating (herbivorous)
2178:
1742:
These two basic types can be further classified as follows:
1223:
species, the thallus of the fungus defines the shape of the
6938:
6430:
4544:
2964:
2925:
2887:
2883:
2656:
2268:
1823:(which are flask-shaped and arise in the fungal tissue) or
1464:—in which the fungal symbiont directly obtains products of
1311:
3703:"Ascomycota – Characteristics, Nutrition and Significance"
2869:
of a number of ascomycete fungi have been fully sequenced.
2832:
procedures. They can then produce useful proteins such as
2150:: The ascocarp (a cleistothecium) is spherical and closed.
1328:
species in the mouth or vagina causes "thrush", a form of
723:
6428:
942:
776:
Almost half of all members of the phylum Ascomycota form
499:
482:) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on
4022:
3965:
3354:
3342:
2655:
is responsible for severe lung infections that occur in
2595:
and skin and mucous membrane lesions when eaten by pigs.
2222:
The Ascomycota fulfil a central role in most land-based
1335:
The cell walls of the ascomycetes almost always contain
3726:
2389:
2312:. These mutualistic associations are commonly known as
2994:) are some of the most sought-after fungal delicacies.
1706:
ray-like arms radiate from a central body; in others (
1526:
1381:
In common with other fungal phyla, the Ascomycota are
797:
The cell walls of the hyphae are variably composed of
425:, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are
384:. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000
3966:
Alexopoulos, C.J.; Mims, C.W.; Blackwell, M. (1996).
2693:, which damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic.
1827:(which are cushion-shaped and arise in host tissue).
1480:, which have developed hyphal traps to capture small
1476:
associations. The Ascomycota also represents several
1439:, which feeds on wall paint, and the kerosene fungus
1071:. Some taxonomists placed this group into a separate
624:
3366:
3061:
2840:, or TPa, which is employed to dissolve blood clots.
2689:, which grows on peanuts and other hosts, generates
2442:, which is carried by the European elm bark beetle,
1899:. The chromosome number may then be restored to its
1609:. If the spore is divided into two by a cross-wall (
1000:) groups, defined by the structures of their sexual
747:
have an Ascomycota as the fungal part of the lichen.
388:. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "
4023:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
2336:
1976:per nucleus. During sexual reproduction there is a
1843:
1698:, and if they possess a net-like structure it is a
4006:Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle
3823:Pharmacological Research – Modern Chinese Medicine
3526:
2102:, but this hypothesis was disproven in the 1950s.
861:. It is roughly equivalent to the previous taxon,
808:The mycelium of ascomycetes is usually made up of
3475:
1429:, an abundant structural protein in animals, and
734:
7470:
6715:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
3817:Abdullah, Salik; Kumar, Abhinandan (June 2023).
3282:
2955:is added to a pulp of soaked soya beans to make
2764:
2544:cause brown rot of stone fruit such as peaches (
2486:), and virtually eliminated the once-widespread
2131:, which may contain millions of fertile hyphae.
1895:, i.e., an exchange of genetic material between
1881:formation and results in an increased number of
1717:
794:in the Ascomycota, distributed among 352 genera.
5240:
3901:
3851:Rohit; Patra, Jayanta Kumar (8 February 2021).
3619:
3617:
3451:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
1951:, which contains the sexual spores produced by
1210:The "candlesnuff fungus" in its asexual state,
5605:
3367:Krajicek BJ, Thomas CF Jr, Limper AH (2009). "
3113:
2920:play a role in the manufacture of the cheeses
2480:is responsible for attacking Sweet Chestnuts (
2207:hyphae, which restarts the fungal life cycle.
593:Several species of ascomycetes are biological
6414:
5367:
4077:
4003:
3816:
2773:The most famous case may be that of the mold
2605:
2451:
2005:
893:. It also contains microscopic fungi such as
824:structures with a crystalline protein matrix.
773:is used to produce the antibiotic penicillin.
4091:
4041:
3623:
3614:
3405:
1125:) or as cushion-shaped masses (described as
914:comprise most of the "true" yeasts, such as
720:which is extruded from within the old wall.
4956:
3163:
2640:, and is also blamed for "yeast allergies".
2568:attack and spoil foodstuffs – for instance
2094:. A similar sexual cycle is present in the
1873:. The merging of nuclei is not followed by
1343:, and divisions within the hyphae, called "
1016:, which included all sac fungi that formed
945:) analyses. The taxon was originally named
6421:
6407:
5374:
5360:
4084:
4070:
4044:The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
3755:
1167:or as budding single cells (yeasts). Many
1067:(mitospores) were previously described as
112:
4334:
3937:
3927:
3878:
3868:
3834:
3651:
3641:
3544:
3204:
3187:
3169:
3090:
1468:. In common with many basidiomycetes and
1351:in case of local damage to cell wall and
851:(fruiting bodies), except for one genus,
4239:
3210:
2815:
2463:, caused by the closely related species
2177:
2104:
1930:
1673:
1655:
1639:
1623:
1514:
1274:
1205:
1154:
1136:
828:
780:associations with algae to form lichens.
722:
706:
655:
376:. Its members are commonly known as the
6446:
4224:
3674:
3668:
2804:, which, as well as being given during
2800:can hardly be exaggerated. It excretes
2618:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2378:the fungal symbiont produces poisonous
1592:. Depending on the species they may be
1571:
991:
597:in laboratory research. Most famously,
542:and several tens of species that cause
461:(loosely termed "ascolichens") such as
14:
7471:
6674:
5342:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
3984:
3608:
3596:
3448:
3442:
3355:Alexopoulos, Mims & Blackwell 1996
3343:Alexopoulos, Mims & Blackwell 1996
2890:, during which process sugars such as
2620:, which often occurs in patients with
1926:
1694:, like the rungs of a ladder, it is a
1079:(or "Fungi Imperfecti"). Where recent
1063:species. Those anamorphs that produce
413: 'sac, wineskin'), a microscopic
7193:
7192:
6402:
5355:
4065:
3261:
2386:and deter or kill insect herbivores.
2354:with metabolic energy in the form of
2064:, and merges with a gametangium (the
1962:Apart from a few exceptions, such as
1666:; conidiogenesis is blastic-phialidic
1648:; conidiogenesis is blastic-phialidic
1052:, which are in the Taphrinomycotina.
1008:, which included all species forming
7384:7779fd79-e0d0-4f73-90fe-de1892b2e1a0
4027:(10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI.
3567:
2390:Symbiotic relationships with animals
1644:Conidiophores of molds of the genus
636:
3527:Mello A, Murat, Bonfante P (2006).
1830:Dehiscence happens in two ways. In
1777:, which remain constant in length),
1527:Distribution and living environment
981:), and the mammalian lung parasite
24:
4008:. Guildford, UK: Bios Scientific.
3128:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
2555:Members of the Ascomycota such as
2058:emerges from one gametangium, the
1535:. Spores and hyphal fragments are
625:Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes
25:
7500:
3408:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
2420:species, they may be cultivated.
2394:Several ascomycetes of the genus
2109:Unitunicate-inoperculate Asci of
1599:
1596:by wind or water, or by animals.
837:that are described and accepted:
3546:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00252.x
2337:Mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes
2116:From the fertilized ascogonium,
2040:adaptive function of mating type
1972:, i.e., they contain one set of
1939:with eight two-celled Ascospores
1844:Heterokaryosis and parasexuality
1088:species names, as, for example,
134:
44:
3895:
3843:
3810:
3720:
3695:
3602:
3590:
3561:
3520:
3469:
3399:
3360:
3348:
3170:Lutzoni F; et al. (2004).
2531:is responsible for the disease
1566:
1504:, and small arthropods such as
4821:
4817:
4577:
4573:
3958:
3336:
3318:
3255:
3150:
3107:
3055:
2328:, and mountaintops. While the
735:Characteristics of ascomycetes
490:similarities to ascus-bearing
13:
1:
4042:Taylor EL, Taylor TN (1993).
4004:Jennings DH, Lysek G (1996).
3624:Wallen RM, Perlin MH (2018).
3463:10.1016/s0007-1536(64)80024-3
2765:Beneficial effects for humans
2714:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1718:Conidiogenesis and dehiscence
1376:
1132:
1113:were those species where the
957:). It includes hyphal fungi (
3929:10.1371/journal.pone.0291363
3032:List of Ascomycota families
2412:, and the fungal gardens of
2194:. The zygote grows into the
1817:), and may take the form of
1283:contains numerous apothecia.
7:
3836:10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100228
3025:
2843:Several species are common
2820:Stilton cheese veined with
2741:are the causative agent of
2535:, which attacks grapevines.
2508:Cochliobolus heterostrophus
2278:Many ascomycetes also form
2267:and larger mammals such as
1175:usually referred to as the
1149:Ophiocordyceps caloceroides
570:. The members of the genus
27:Division or phylum of fungi
10:
7505:
3176:American Journal of Botany
3083:10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269
3040:List of Ascomycota genera
2790:The medical importance of
2606:Human disease interactions
2598:
2564:Blue-green, red and brown
2452:Plant disease interactions
2289:
2285:
2217:
2036:vegetative incompatibility
2006:Formation of sexual spores
1322:, and excessive growth of
714:
467:belong to the Ascomycota.
399:
7201:
7164:
6982:
6899:
6851:
6736:
6727:
6670:
6442:
6438:
6433:phyla/divisions by domain
6385:
6335:
6297:
6234:
6219:
6168:
6110:
6089:
6080:
6032:
5989:
5978:
5960:
5951:
5913:
5890:
5872:
5854:
5821:
5798:
5780:
5762:
5751:
5724:
5689:
5666:
5648:
5636:
5627:
5598:
5564:
5547:
5538:
5520:
5513:
5397:
5318:
5286:
5263:
5190:
5159:
5119:
5090:
5070:
5061:
5049:
5045:
4890:
4881:
4852:
4837:
4828:
4815:
4811:
4744:
4716:
4701:
4692:
4651:
4630:
4621:
4584:
4571:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4537:
4514:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4432:
4419:
4410:
4377:
4364:
4330:
4319:
4301:
4288:
4235:
4220:
4216:
4100:
3870:10.3389/fphar.2020.602364
3857:Frontiers in Pharmacology
3788:10.1007/s00114-009-0630-x
3741:10.1017/S095375620500273X
3689:10.1017/s0269915x05003058
3533:FEMS Microbiology Letters
3428:10.1016/j.jip.2005.08.004
3385:10.1016/j.ccm.2009.02.005
3373:Clinics in Chest Medicine
3304:10.1007/s13225-015-0339-4
2856:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
2723:are the causal agents of
613:species are used in many
200:
196:Subdivisions and classes
195:
131:Scientific classification
129:
120:
111:
34:
4547:
4543:
3643:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00503
3570:"Basic Biology of Fungi"
3048:
2875:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2850:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2706:Blastomyces dermatitidis
2477:Cryphonectria parasitica
1559:(Southern Beech) in the
1201:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
937:include a disparate and
368:that, together with the
6643:Thermodesulfobacteriota
6274:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
6067:Sporopachydermiomycetes
5882:Calcarisporiellomycetes
4025:Dictionary of the Fungi
3568:Cole, Garry T. (1996).
3498:10.1126/science.1173645
2776:Penicillium chrysogenum
2720:Paracoccidioides lutzii
2601:Cyclaneusma needle cast
2111:Hypomyces chrysospermus
1968:, most ascomycetes are
1630:Trichoderma aggressivum
1436:Aureobasidium pullulans
1385:organisms that require
582:biological pest control
372:, forms the subkingdom
5924:Palaeovesiarbusmycetes
5874:Calcarisporiellomycota
5841:Ramicandelaberomycetes
5658:Neocallimastigomycetes
3189:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446
2992:Hypomyces lactifluorum
2931:Penicillium roqueforti
2917:Penicillium camemberti
2898:are fermented to make
2847:in biology, including
2824:
2822:Penicillium roqueforti
2738:Coccidioides posadasii
2725:paracoccidioidomycosis
2698:Histoplasma capsulatum
2652:Pneumocystis jirovecii
2577:Cereals infected with
2558:Stachybotrys chartarum
2445:Scolytus multistriatus
2400:colonize the nests of
2304:), and other types of
2257:and slugs and snails (
2187:
2113:
1940:
1897:homologous chromosomes
1683:
1667:
1649:
1633:
1632:, diameter approx. 3μm
1523:
1284:
1216:
1160:
1152:
1141:A member of the genus
727:
711:
660:
578:entomopathogenic fungi
38:Temporal range: Early
7405:Paleobiology Database
6871:Neocallimastigomycota
6391:(polyphyletic group).
6019:Schizosaccharomycetes
5681:Monoblepharidomycetes
5650:Neocallimastigomycota
3968:Introductory Mycology
3262:McCoy, Peter (2016).
2819:
2806:Organ transplantation
2755:Penicillium marneffei
2750:Talaromyces marneffei
2613:Aspergillus fumigatus
2599:Further information:
2548:) and sour cherries (
2474:The originally Asian
2226:. They are important
2214:for further details.
2181:
2108:
1955:and which are called
1934:
1787:blastic-retrogressive
1677:
1663:Trichoderma harzianum
1659:
1643:
1627:
1518:
1404:mutualistic symbionts
1278:
1209:
1159:Ascomycete life cycle
1158:
1140:
1069:mitosporic Ascomycota
829:Modern classification
726:
710:
692:in plant tissue. The
659:
603:, several species of
526:Many ascomycetes are
337:Schizosaccharomycetes
6536:Coprothermobacterota
6307:Peribolosporomycetes
6254:Agaricostilbomycetes
6140:Collemopsidiomycetes
6014:Pneumocystidomycetes
5813:Entomophthoromycetes
5676:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
5557:Paramicrosporidiales
3729:Mycological Research
3574:Medical Microbiology
3326:"Caterpillar Fungus"
2838:human growth hormone
2793:Tolypocladium niveum
2732:Coccidioides immitis
2679:Saint Anthony's Fire
2591:(DON), which causes
2580:Fusarium graminearum
2571:Penicillium italicum
2469:Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
1992:repairing DNA damage
1572:Asexual reproduction
1442:Amorphotheca resinae
1091:Aspergillus nidulans
992:Outdated taxon names
550:ascomycetes include
332:Pneumocystidomycetes
123:Sarcoscypha coccinea
6284:Spiculogloeomycetes
6259:Cystobasidiomycetes
6072:Trigonopsidomycetes
6042:Alloascoideomycetes
5999:Archaeorhizomycetes
5934:Archaeosporomycetes
5800:Entomophthoromycota
5739:Blastocladiomycetes
5734:Physodermatomycetes
5700:Caulochytriomycetes
5540:Microsporidiomycota
5219:Gunflint microbiota
4980:Klebsormidiophyceae
4764:Hyphochytriomycetes
3985:Deacon, J. (2005).
3920:2023PLoSO..1891363Z
3780:2010NW.....97..219M
3768:Naturwissenschaften
3490:2009Sci...324.1521L
3420:2005JInvP..90...98J
3233:10.1038/nature05110
3225:2006Natur.443..818J
3005:, cordycepic acid,
2998:Cordyceps militaris
2830:genetic engineering
2781:Penicillium notatum
2593:Fusarium ear blight
2406:fungus-growing ants
2090:and is followed by
2072:—the mixing of the
1998:that occurs during
1927:Sexual reproduction
1753:blastic-synchronous
1680:Trichoderma fertile
1561:Southern Hemisphere
1520:Hypomyces completus
1096:Emericella nidulans
978:Schizosaccharomyces
975:), fission yeasts (
521:infectious diseases
457:in the majority of
417:in which nonmotile
6866:Blastocladiomycota
6360:Bartheletiomycetes
6312:Monilielliomycetes
6299:Ustilaginomycotina
6279:Atractiellomycetes
6264:Microbotryomycetes
6244:Tritirachiomycetes
6193:Laboulbeniomycetes
5929:Paraglomeromycetes
5864:Mortierellomycetes
5836:Dimargaritomycetes
5790:Basidiobolomycetes
5726:Blastocladiomycota
5668:Monoblepharomycota
4990:Coleochaetophyceae
4370:
4366:
4294:
4290:
3357:, pp. 218–222
3268:. Chthaeus Press.
3116:Biological Reviews
2952:Aspergillus oryzae
2878:) is used to make
2825:
2810:multiple sclerosis
2753:, formerly called
2743:coccidioidomycosis
2686:Aspergillus flavus
2667:Claviceps purpurea
2516:Taphrina deformans
2188:
2114:
1941:
1765:blastic-annellidic
1684:
1668:
1650:
1634:
1613:), it is called a
1524:
1285:
1279:The ascocarp of a
1217:
1161:
1153:
1081:molecular analyses
1059:and are therefore
891:caterpillar fungus
728:
712:
673:E.g. In the order
661:
447:dead man's fingers
278:"Unplaced orders"
234:Laboulbeniomycetes
7466:
7465:
7392:Open Tree of Life
7195:Taxon identifiers
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7160:
7159:
6723:
6722:
6666:
6665:
6658:Verrucomicrobiota
6396:
6395:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6327:Exobasidiomycetes
6322:Ustilaginomycetes
6317:Malasseziomycetes
6269:Classiculomycetes
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6160:Xylobotryomycetes
6120:Candelariomycetes
5970:Entorrhizomycetes
5947:
5946:
5856:Mortierellomycota
5782:Basidiobolomycota
5747:
5746:
5711:Sanchytriomycetes
5623:
5622:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5349:
5348:
5314:
5313:
5250:Spironematellidae
5231:Meteora sporadica
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5115:
5114:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
4941:Prasinodermophyta
4877:
4876:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4688:
4687:
4524:Centroplasthelida
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4360:
4359:
4284:
4283:
4046:. Prentice Hall.
4034:978-0-85199-826-8
4015:978-1-85996-150-6
3583:978-0-9631172-1-2
3484:(5934): 1521–22.
3332:on 12 March 2007.
2928:, while those of
2862:Neurospora crassa
2488:American Chestnut
2461:Dutch elm disease
2434:Dutch elm disease
2374:; in the case of
2370:(nematodes), and
2349:. Mycorrhiza are
2045:Neurospora crassa
2014:. In the case of
1983:Neurospora crassa
1888:Mitotic crossover
1771:blastic-phialidic
1759:blastic-sympodial
1747:blastic-acropetal
1688:
1687:
1678:Conidiophores of
1660:Conidiophores of
1628:Conidiospores of
1553:is only found on
1522:on culture medium
1478:carnivorous fungi
1395:digestive enzymes
1387:organic compounds
1264:and almost never
1231:species, such as
1213:Xylaria hypoxylon
1073:artificial phylum
972:Archaeorhizomyces
954:Archaeascomycetes
637:Conidia formation
600:Neurospora crassa
539:Aspergillus niger
509:, as well as for
351:
350:
322:Archaeorhizomyces
191:
16:(Redirected from
7496:
7459:
7458:
7446:
7445:
7436:
7435:
7423:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7400:
7399:
7387:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7364:
7363:
7351:
7350:
7338:
7337:
7325:
7324:
7312:
7311:
7299:
7298:
7286:
7285:
7273:
7272:
7260:
7259:
7250:
7249:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7190:
7189:
6934:Anthocerotophyta
6813:Hemimastigophora
6734:
6733:
6705:Nitrososphaerota
6672:
6671:
6648:Thermomicrobiota
6588:Kiritimatiellota
6583:Ignavibacteriota
6548:Deferribacterota
6511:Campylobacterota
6496:Bdellovibrionota
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6389:fungi imperfecti
6236:Pucciniomycotina
6232:
6231:
6183:Geoglossomycetes
6125:Coniocybomycetes
6087:
6086:
6047:Dipodascomycetes
6034:Saccharomycotina
5991:Taphrinomycotina
5987:
5986:
5962:Entorrhizomycota
5958:
5957:
5846:Kickxellomycetes
5808:Neozygitomycetes
5760:
5759:
5716:Chytridiomycetes
5646:
5645:
5634:
5633:
5603:
5602:
5545:
5544:
5518:
5517:
5426:
5406:
5389:classification,
5376:
5369:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5296:Collodictyonidae
5242:Hemimastigophora
5238:
5237:
5197:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5047:
5046:
4996:Zygnematophyceae
4954:
4953:
4934:
4918:
4917:
4888:
4887:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4699:
4698:
4628:
4627:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4512:
4511:
4499:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4442:Choanoflagellata
4417:
4416:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4129:
4109:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4038:
4019:
4000:
3981:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3707:MicroscopeMaster
3699:
3693:
3692:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3621:
3612:
3611:, pp. 167–8
3606:
3600:
3599:, pp. 164–6
3594:
3588:
3587:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3328:. Archived from
3322:
3316:
3315:
3292:Fungal Diversity
3286:
3280:
3279:
3265:Radical Mycology
3259:
3253:
3252:
3219:(7113): 818–22.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3068:
3059:
2988:lobster mushroom
2934:do the same for
2798:immunosuppressor
2633:Candida albicans
2528:Uncinula necator
2492:Castanea dentata
2376:grass endophytes
2330:photoautotrophic
2172:mitotic spindles
2042:is discussed in
1965:Candida albicans
1921:Parasexual cycle
1917:Candida albicans
1913:Candida albicans
1905:nuclear division
1803:thallic-solitary
1620:
1413:to digest plant
1234:Candida albicans
1191:(also called an
1038:Taphrinomycotina
1034:Saccharomycotina
948:Archiascomycetes
934:Taphrinomycotina
911:Saccharomycotina
859:Taphrinomycotina
833:There are three
548:plant-pathogenic
533:Candida albicans
470:Ascomycota is a
415:sexual structure
410:
403:
317:Taphrinomycotina
305:Saccharomycotina
229:Geoglossomycetes
214:Coniocybomycetes
181:
139:
138:
116:
106:
32:
31:
21:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7454:
7449:
7441:
7439:
7431:
7426:
7418:
7416:
7408:
7403:
7395:
7390:
7382:
7380:
7372:
7367:
7359:
7354:
7346:
7341:
7333:
7328:
7320:
7315:
7307:
7302:
7294:
7289:
7281:
7276:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7253:
7245:
7240:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7197:
7187:
7178:
7156:
7107:Gnathostomulida
7012:Xenacoelomorpha
6978:
6974:Flowering plant
6929:Marchantiophyta
6895:
6861:Chytridiomycota
6847:
6719:
6662:
6618:Planctomycetota
6578:Gemmatimonadota
6563:Elusimicrobiota
6456:Acidobacteriota
6434:
6427:
6397:
6392:
6369:
6365:Tremellomycetes
6355:Wallemiomycetes
6337:Agaricomycotina
6331:
6293:
6289:Pucciniomycetes
6223:
6207:
6203:Sordariomycetes
6164:
6155:Lecanoromycetes
6145:Dothideomycetes
6135:Arthoniomycetes
6106:
6076:
6062:Saccharomycetes
6028:
6024:Taphrinomycetes
6004:Neolectomycetes
5982:
5974:
5943:
5909:
5900:Endogonomycetes
5886:
5868:
5850:
5823:Kickxellomycota
5817:
5794:
5776:
5755:
5743:
5720:
5691:Chytridiomycota
5685:
5662:
5641:
5619:
5607:Aphelidiomycota
5599:Aphelidiomyceta
5586:
5577:Metchnikovellea
5572:Chytridiopsidea
5560:
5551:Morellosporales
5534:
5509:
5508:
5424:
5402:
5393:
5380:
5350:
5345:
5310:
5282:
5273:Ancyromonadidae
5259:
5236:
5191:
5178:
5169:Malawimonadidae
5155:
5111:
5086:
5050:
5009:
4952:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4873:
4848:
4816:
4787:
4740:
4712:
4684:
4647:
4617:
4572:
4563:
4542:
4533:
4510:
4495:
4454:
4428:
4406:
4365:
4356:
4320:
4315:
4289:
4280:
4225:
4212:
4211:
4127:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4060:
4054:
4035:
4016:
3997:
3978:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3914:(9): e0291363.
3900:
3896:
3848:
3844:
3815:
3811:
3760:
3756:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3673:
3669:
3630:Front Microbiol
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3566:
3562:
3525:
3521:
3474:
3470:
3447:
3443:
3404:
3400:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3209:
3205:
3182:(10): 1446–80.
3168:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3112:
3108:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3028:
3011:polysaccharides
2872:Baker's Yeast (
2845:model organisms
2767:
2745:(valley fever).
2622:Cystic fibrosis
2608:
2603:
2483:Castanea sativa
2465:Ophiostoma ulmi
2454:
2439:Ophiostoma ulmi
2402:leafcutter ants
2392:
2339:
2294:
2288:
2220:
2008:
1937:Hypocrea virens
1929:
1846:
1793:thallic-arthric
1720:
1602:
1574:
1569:
1529:
1379:
1135:
1030:Hemiascomycetes
1002:fruiting bodies
994:
926:Hemiascomycetes
895:powdery mildews
873:, ascolichens,
831:
737:
717:
639:
627:
595:model organisms
568:powdery mildews
544:skin infections
364:of the kingdom
342:Taphrinomycetes
327:Neolectomycetes
310:Saccharomycetes
289:Itchiclahmadion
269:Sordariomycetes
254:Omnivoromycetes
239:Lecanoromycetes
219:Dothideomycetes
209:Arthoniomycetes
180:
133:
107:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7502:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7447:
7437:
7424:
7414:
7401:
7388:
7378:
7365:
7352:
7339:
7326:
7313:
7300:
7287:
7274:
7261:
7251:
7238:
7223:
7207:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7172:
7170:
7167:Incertae sedis
7162:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7112:Micrognathozoa
7109:
7104:
7102:Acanthocephala
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6988:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6944:Lycopodiophyta
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6758:Ancyromonadida
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6710:Thermoproteota
6707:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6680:
6678:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6623:Pseudomonadota
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6598:Mycoplasmatota
6595:
6593:Lentisphaerota
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6573:Fusobacteriota
6570:
6568:Fibrobacterota
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6471:Armatimonadota
6468:
6463:
6461:Actinomycetota
6458:
6452:
6450:
6436:
6435:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6350:Agaricomycetes
6347:
6345:Dacrymycetales
6341:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6170:Sordariomyceta
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6150:Eurotiomycetes
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6130:Lichinomycetes
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6112:Dothideomyceta
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6097:Orbiliomycetes
6093:
6091:
6084:
6082:Pezizomycotina
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5984:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5939:Glomeromycetes
5936:
5931:
5926:
5919:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5831:Zoopagomycetes
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5772:Olpidiomycetes
5768:
5766:
5757:
5756:(paraphyletic)
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5643:
5642:(paraphyletic)
5631:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:Nucleophagales
5552:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5530:Rozellomycetes
5526:
5524:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:Mesomycetozoea
5496:
5491:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5435:Diaphoretickes
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5330:
5326:excluded from
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5278:Planomonadidae
5275:
5269:
5267:
5265:Ancyromonadida
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5255:Paramastigidae
5252:
5246:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5194:Incertae sedis
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5056:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4883:Archaeplastida
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4823:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4674:Dinoflagellata
4670:
4668:Chrompodellida
4665:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4497:Diaphoretickes
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4230:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:Mesomycetozoea
4199:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4138:Diaphoretickes
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:classification
4089:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4039:
4033:
4020:
4014:
4001:
3995:
3987:Fungal Biology
3982:
3976:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3894:
3842:
3809:
3774:(2): 219–227.
3754:
3719:
3694:
3683:(3): 129–131.
3667:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3582:
3560:
3519:
3468:
3457:(7): 467–475.
3441:
3398:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3317:
3281:
3274:
3254:
3203:
3162:
3149:
3122:(3): 203–266.
3106:
3077:(1): 269–285.
3053:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:incertae sedis
3037:
3034:incertae sedis
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
2995:
2976:Morchella spp.
2968:
2947:
2912:
2908:sparkling wine
2904:carbon dioxide
2870:
2841:
2814:
2813:
2788:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2746:
2728:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2682:
2660:
2646:Epidermophyton
2641:
2629:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2589:deoxynivalenol
2575:
2562:
2553:
2550:Prunus ceranus
2546:Prunus persica
2536:
2533:powdery mildew
2524:
2512:
2495:
2472:
2453:
2450:
2391:
2388:
2356:photosynthetic
2338:
2335:
2290:Main article:
2287:
2284:
2219:
2216:
2182:Diagram of an
2164:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2007:
2004:
1949:meiosporangium
1928:
1925:
1875:meiotic events
1850:heterokaryosis
1845:
1842:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1724:conidiogenesis
1719:
1716:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1636:
1635:
1601:
1600:Asexual spores
1598:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1545:Tuber magnatum
1528:
1525:
1466:photosynthesis
1454:Laboulbeniales
1447:osmotic stress
1378:
1375:
1262:Mucoromycotina
1197:Laboulbeniales
1171:hyphae form a
1169:interconnected
1144:Ophiocordyceps
1134:
1131:
1046:Pezizomycotina
993:
990:
989:
988:
929:
906:
903:Laboulbeniales
844:Pezizomycotina
830:
827:
826:
825:
821:Woronin bodies
817:
813:
810:septate hyphae
806:
795:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
767:
764:
761:
758:
756:
751:
748:
741:
736:
733:
716:
713:
703:
697:
687:
669:
652:
648:
638:
635:
626:
623:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
314:
313:
312:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:Orbiliomycetes
256:
251:
249:Lichinomycetes
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
224:Eurotiomycetes
221:
216:
211:
204:Pezizomycotina
198:
197:
193:
192:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7501:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6891:Basidiomycota
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6876:Glomeromycota
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6838:Stramenopiles
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6763:Apusomonadida
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6699:Nanoarchaeota
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6685:Euryarchaeota
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:Spirochaetota
6631:
6629:
6628:Rhodothermota
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:Dictyoglomota
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6542:Cyanobacteria
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Chrysiogenota
6529:
6527:
6526:Chloroflexota
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Calditrichota
6504:
6502:
6501:Caldisericota
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:Atribacterota
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6424:
6419:
6417:
6412:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6390:
6384:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6222:
6221:Basidiomycota
6218:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:Leotiomycetes
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6178:Xylonomycetes
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6102:Pezizomycetes
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:Pichiomycetes
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:Novakomycetes
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5915:Glomeromycota
5912:
5906:
5905:Mucoromycetes
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5764:Olpidiomycota
5761:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:Microsporidia
5563:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5522:Rozellomycota
5519:
5516:
5514:Rozellomyceta
5512:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Stramenopiles
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5425:(major groups
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5391:fungal orders
5388:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5322:¹traditional
5321:
5320:
5317:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Mantamonadida
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:Heterolobosea
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5092:Discicristata
5089:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4922:Viridiplantae
4919:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4843:Microheliella
4840:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4784:
4783:Actinophryida
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Stramenopiles
4691:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:Ichthyosporea
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:Rotosphaerida
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Apusomonadida
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Stramenopiles
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:(major groups
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4055:
4053:0-13-651589-4
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3996:1-4051-3066-0
3992:
3989:. Blackwell.
3988:
3983:
3979:
3977:0-471-52229-5
3973:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:(6): 661–86.
3734:
3730:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:(2): 98–103.
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:(2): 265–89.
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3345:, p. 233
3344:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3275:9780986399602
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2759:talaromycosis
2756:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2574:rots oranges.
2573:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2497:A disease of
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:Basidiomycota
2415:
2411:
2408:of the tribe
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2345:fungi and as
2344:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:cyanobacteria
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:Cleistothecia
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:brachymeiosis
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:recombination
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2038:systems. The
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:heterothallic
2024:, whereas in
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:recombination
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:recombination
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:arthroconidia
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1712:scolecospores
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:conidiophores
1587:
1583:
1579:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:, as well as
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:Glomeromycota
1467:
1463:
1462:cyanobacteria
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:heterotrophic
1374:
1372:
1371:multinucleate
1369:hyphae), but
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:cell membrane
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:Basidiomycota
1263:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1227:colony. Some
1226:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:conidiophores
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:Deuteromycota
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Euascomycetes
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:cleistothecia
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Pyrenomycetes
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
973:
968:
967:
962:
961:
956:
955:
950:
949:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
917:
916:baker's yeast
913:
912:
907:
904:
900:
899:dermatophytic
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:pyrenomycetes
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Euascomycetes
860:
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:
840:
839:
838:
836:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
754:
752:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
732:
725:
721:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
691:
686:
683:
679:
676:
671:
668:
665:
658:
654:
650:
647:conidiospores
646:
644:
634:
630:
622:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
602:
601:
596:
591:
589:
588:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:physiological
485:
484:morphological
481:
477:
476:Basidiomycota
473:
468:
466:
465:
460:
456:
453:. The fungal
452:
448:
444:
443:bakers' yeast
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
402:
398:
395:
394:Ancient Greek
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Basidiomycota
367:
363:
359:
355:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
277:
275:
274:Xylonomycetes
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Pezizomycetes
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Leotiomycetes
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
199:
194:
189:
185:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
7489:Fungus phyla
7202:
7173:
7165:
7087:Orthonectida
7082:Gastrotricha
7057:Nematomorpha
7032:Chaetognatha
7022:Hemichordate
6949:Pteridophyta
6885:
6818:Malawimonada
6692:Korarchaeota
6653:Thermotogota
6638:Synergistota
6613:Nitrospirota
6608:Nitrospinota
6553:Deinococcota
6486:Bacteroidota
6249:Mixiomycetes
6198:Sareomycetes
5979:
5892:Mucoromycota
5706:Coenomycetes
5484:Opisthokonta
5339:
5334:paraphyletic
5229:
5210:
5192:
5161:Malawimonada
5141:Anaeromonada
5136:Anaeramoebae
5128:
5104:
5081:Tsukubamonas
5079:
5001:
4994:
4985:Charophyceae
4972:
4965:
4958:Streptophyta
4945:
4929:
4909:
4905:Rhodelphidia
4863:Palpitomonas
4861:
4841:
4830:Pancryptista
4775:
4768:
4705:
4672:
4660:
4640:
4610:
4605:Foraminifera
4603:
4446:
4389:
4383:Tunicaraptor
4381:
4348:
4322:Opisthokonta
4258:
4187:Opisthokonta
4043:
4024:
4005:
3986:
3967:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3633:
3629:
3604:
3592:
3573:
3563:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3376:
3372:
3369:Pneumocystis
3368:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3330:the original
3320:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3264:
3257:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3041:
3033:
3015:beta-glucans
2991:
2983:
2975:
2950:
2929:
2915:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2821:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2754:
2748:
2736:
2730:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2684:
2666:
2650:
2644:
2631:
2611:
2578:
2569:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2436:, caused by
2427:
2424:Bark beetles
2422:
2395:
2393:
2360:
2340:
2301:
2295:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2248:carbon cycle
2232:detritivores
2221:
2209:
2205:
2189:
2165:
2160:Pseudothecia
2133:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2084:dikaryophase
2083:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2025:
2015:
2009:
1981:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1912:
1886:
1885:per nuclei.
1860:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1807:phragmospore
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1708:helicospores
1707:
1704:staurospores
1703:
1699:
1696:phragmospore
1695:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1661:
1645:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1589:
1575:
1567:Reproduction
1554:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1519:
1509:
1493:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1408:
1380:
1364:
1334:
1323:
1298:
1290:Pneumocystis
1288:
1286:
1256:Cladosporium
1254:
1247:Pigmentation
1243:
1232:
1218:
1211:
1200:
1192:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1127:sporodochial
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:Hyphomycetes
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1054:
1040:, while the
1022:pseudothecia
1006:Discomycetes
998:teleomorphic
995:
984:Pneumocystis
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
932:
925:
919:
909:
879:discomycetes
862:
852:
842:
832:
792:marine fungi
770:
729:
718:
685:sporodochium
680:
674:
672:
662:
640:
631:
628:
619:cell biology
608:
598:
592:
585:
571:
537:
531:
525:
514:
504:
498:analyses of
496:phylogenetic
472:monophyletic
469:
462:
407:
404:
397:
392:" (from
381:
377:
358:Endomycopsis
357:
353:
352:
294:Triblidiales
177:
164:Subkingdom:
121:
29:
18:Ascomycotina
7330:iNaturalist
7227:Wikispecies
7142:Brachiopoda
7117:Cycliophora
7062:Onychophora
7037:Kinorhyncha
6959:Ginkgophyta
6954:Cycadophyta
6919:Chlorophyta
6909:Glaucophyta
6603:Myxococcota
6521:Chlorobiota
6516:Chlamydiota
6052:Lipomycetes
5983:(sac fungi)
5582:Microsporea
5383:Opisthokont
5225:Chitinozoan
5151:Parabasalia
5003:Embryophyta
4967:Chlorokybus
4947:Chlorophyta
4895:Glaucophyta
4869:Cryptophyta
4759:Pirsoniales
4726:Bicosoecida
4707:Platysulcus
4680:Perkinsozoa
4662:Apicomplexa
4635:Colponemida
4402:Pluriformea
4271:Archamoebea
4260:Eumycetozoa
3959:Cited texts
3609:Deacon 2005
3597:Deacon 2005
3298:(1): 1–72.
2914:Enzymes of
2802:Ciclosporin
2643:Fungi like
2638:candidiasis
2624:as well as
2538:Species of
2343:mycorrhizal
2302:Chlorophyta
2298:green algae
2228:decomposers
2066:antheridium
2032:mating type
2017:homothallic
1974:chromosomes
1891:may enable
1883:chromosomes
1867:cell nuclei
1862:anastomosis
1832:schizolytic
1700:dictyospore
1692:transversal
1646:Aspergillus
1615:didymospore
1607:amerospores
1506:springtails
1502:tardigrades
1474:mycorrhizal
1415:biopolymers
1366:uninucleate
1357:cytoplasmic
1330:candidiasis
1300:Ascosphaera
1270:Sooty molds
1239:pleomorphic
901:fungi, and
785:mycorrhizal
771:Penicillium
675:Moniliales,
610:Aspergillus
546:. The many
516:Penicillium
507:antibiotics
502:sequences.
382:ascomycetes
7479:Ascomycota
7473:Categories
7420:ascomycota
7233:Ascomycota
7203:Ascomycota
7175:Parakaryon
7137:Entoprocta
7072:Arthropoda
7067:Tardigrada
7047:Priapulida
7042:Loricifera
7027:Echinoderm
6997:Ctenophora
6969:Gnetophyta
6924:Charophyta
6914:Rhodophyta
6886:Ascomycota
6881:Zygomycota
6823:Metamonada
6798:Euglenozoa
6783:Ciliophora
6491:Balneolota
6466:Aquificota
6387:See also:
5980:Ascomycota
5753:Zygomycota
5387:True fungi
5306:Rigifilida
5205:Acritarchs
5130:Barthelona
5121:Metamonada
5106:Euglenozoa
4974:Mesostigma
4930:sensu lato
4911:Rhodophyta
4770:Ochrophyta
4731:Placidozoa
4642:Ciliophora
4612:Radiolaria
4529:Haptophyta
4424:Filasterea
4336:Holomycota
3829:: 100228.
3677:Mycologist
3539:(1): 1–8.
3092:1808/16786
3019:ergosterol
3003:cordycepin
2984:Tuber spp.
2936:Gorgonzola
2785:penicillin
2779:(formerly
2673:, causing
2585:mycotoxins
2429:mycetangia
2404:and other
2368:roundworms
2358:products.
2347:endophytes
2273:wild boars
2260:Gastropoda
2224:ecosystems
2184:apothecium
2142:Perithecia
2122:ascogenous
2118:dinucleate
2070:plasmogamy
2061:ascogonium
2056:trichogyne
2052:Gametangia
1994:by using
1957:ascospores
1877:, such as
1854:parasexual
1837:rhexolytic
1728:Embryology
1556:Nothofagus
1533:Antarctica
1510:Collembola
1490:roundworms
1377:Metabolism
1297:. Asci of
1249:, such as
1221:lichenized
1133:Morphology
1123:synnematal
1061:anamorphic
1048:, and the
1018:perithecia
651:mitospores
584:, such as
566:, and the
564:black knot
556:rice blast
552:apple scab
511:fermenting
480:anamorphic
423:ascospores
354:Ascomycota
188:Caval.-Sm.
178:Ascomycota
174:Division:
35:Ascomycota
7433:100364589
7242:AusLichen
7092:Dicyemida
6964:Pinophyta
6843:Telonemia
6778:Cryptista
6768:Breviatea
6753:Amoebozoa
6748:Alveolata
6729:Eukaryote
6481:Bacillota
5638:Zoosporic
5615:Aphelidea
5479:Amoebozoa
5457:Alveolata
5445:Cryptista
5420:Eukaryota
5146:Fornicata
5052:Excavates
4854:Cryptista
4777:Oomycetes
4754:Developea
4736:Sagenista
4623:Alveolata
4559:Telonemia
4434:Choanozoa
4311:Breviatea
4254:Tubulinea
4241:Amoebozoa
4182:Amoebozoa
4160:Alveolata
4148:Cryptista
4123:Eukaryota
4093:Eukaryote
3970:. Wiley.
3160:., p. 55.
3071:Mycologia
3007:adenosine
2957:soy sauce
2949:In Asia,
2940:Roquefort
2922:Camembert
2691:aflatoxin
2671:alkaloids
2659:patients.
2541:Monilinia
2523:of peach.
2521:leaf curl
2380:alkaloids
2363:commensal
2351:symbiotic
2322:Antarctic
2280:symbiotic
2240:cellulose
2236:molecules
2154:Apothecia
2096:red algae
2079:karyogamy
2074:cytoplasm
1935:Ascus of
1909:aneuploid
1903:state by
1815:conidioma
1775:phialides
1594:dispersed
1537:dispersed
1419:cellulose
1400:parasites
1391:symbionts
1349:cytoplasm
1341:β-glucans
1305:honey bee
1295:pneumonia
1229:dimorphic
1225:symbiotic
1010:apothecia
875:cup fungi
857:, in the
849:ascocarps
803:β-glucans
778:symbiotic
701:acervulus
695:pycnidium
621:studies.
587:Beauveria
573:Cordyceps
528:pathogens
494:, and by
455:symbionts
451:cup fungi
421:, called
378:sac fungi
284:Lahmiales
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
7484:Mycology
7428:Tropicos
7356:MycoBank
7304:Fungorum
7254:BioLib:
7247:30016185
7212:Wikidata
7152:Annelida
7147:Mollusca
7127:Phoronid
7122:Nemertea
7097:Rotifera
7077:Flatworm
7052:Nematoda
7017:Chordate
7007:Cnidaria
7002:Placozoa
6833:Rhizaria
6808:Haptista
6788:Cercozoa
6448:Bacteria
5629:Eumycota
5474:Amorphea
5452:Rhizaria
5440:Hacrobia
5430:Excavata
5415:Bacteria
5328:protists
5324:kingdoms
5212:Grypania
5174:Imasidae
5075:Jakobida
4599:Endomyxa
4594:Cercozoa
4586:Rhizaria
4516:Haptista
4448:Animalia
4391:Bicellum
4266:Variosea
4249:Discosea
4227:Amorphea
4177:Amorphea
4155:Rhizaria
4143:Hacrobia
4133:Excavata
4118:Bacteria
3948:37682981
3939:10490986
3908:PLOS ONE
3889:33628175
3804:15554606
3796:19967528
3749:16080390
3662:29619017
3555:16790011
3514:33598792
3506:19541982
3436:16214164
3393:19375633
3312:38469033
3241:17051209
3198:21652303
3101:16389979
3026:See also
2980:truffles
2961:huangjiu
2757:causes
2675:ergotism
2583:contain
2503:Zea mays
2414:termites
2372:bacteria
2238:such as
2168:hymenium
2128:ascocarp
1911:cells.
1871:mycelium
1856:events.
1825:acervuli
1820:pycnidia
1781:basauxic
1550:Cyttaria
1498:rotifers
1494:Nematoda
1484:such as
1482:protists
1427:Collagen
1417:such as
1316:in vitro
1189:ascocarp
1177:mycelium
1107:acervuli
1103:pycnidia
1086:binomial
1050:Neolecta
966:Taphrina
960:Neolecta
887:lorchels
867:truffles
854:Neolecta
835:subphyla
667:phialide
615:genetics
464:Cladonia
439:brewers'
435:truffles
144:Domain:
42:-present
40:Devonian
7218:Q174726
7132:Bryozoa
6828:Provora
6803:Jakobea
6793:Discoba
6739:Protist
6676:Archaea
6429:Extant
6226:basidia
5953:Dikarya
5489:Animals
5410:Archaea
5063:Discoba
4928:Plants
4900:Picozoa
4746:Gyrista
4653:Myzozoa
4506:Provora
4412:Filozoa
4368:Holozoa
4276:Cutosea
4192:Animals
4113:Archaea
3916:Bibcode
3880:7898063
3776:Bibcode
3712:4 March
3653:5871698
3636:: 503.
3486:Bibcode
3478:Science
3416:Bibcode
3249:4302864
3221:Bibcode
3144:6557779
3136:9809012
2986:), and
2944:Stilton
2900:ethanol
2896:sucrose
2892:glucose
2867:genomes
2834:insulin
2519:causes
2397:Xylaria
2384:mammals
2326:deserts
2314:lichens
2286:Lichens
2265:rodents
2255:insects
2218:Ecology
2200:haploid
2092:meiosis
2000:meiosis
1978:diploid
1970:haploid
1953:meiosis
1901:haploid
1869:in the
1736:thallic
1732:blastic
1582:mitotic
1578:conidia
1542:truffle
1486:amoebae
1431:keratin
1411:enzymes
1325:Candida
1320:in vivo
1251:melanin
1173:thallus
1065:conidia
921:Candida
745:lichens
743:98% of
715:Budding
643:conidia
562:fungi,
459:lichens
427:asexual
386:species
374:Dikarya
360:, is a
168:Dikarya
7443:230552
7440:uBio:
7410:212606
7397:439373
7381:NZOR:
7348:610624
7296:1ASCOP
6992:Sponge
6984:Animal
6224:(with
5467:Plants
5404:Domain
5336:groups
4718:Bigyra
4292:Obazoa
4170:Plants
4107:Domain
4050:
4031:
4012:
3993:
3974:
3946:
3936:
3887:
3877:
3802:
3794:
3747:
3660:
3650:
3580:
3553:
3512:
3504:
3434:
3391:
3310:
3272:
3247:
3239:
3213:Nature
3196:
3142:
3134:
3099:
3017:, and
3009:, and
2972:morels
2865:. The
2859:, and
2796:as an
2626:Asthma
2410:Attini
2320:, the
2318:Arctic
2292:Lichen
2244:lignin
2192:zygote
1879:gamete
1611:septum
1588:, the
1586:hyphae
1423:lignin
1361:nuclei
1337:chitin
1308:larvae
1193:ascoma
1165:hyphae
1109:. The
1075:, the
1012:; the
1004:: the
889:, and
816:pores.
799:chitin
690:stroma
607:, and
605:yeasts
558:, the
449:, and
431:morels
419:spores
362:phylum
190:(1998)
7456:21891
7451:WoRMS
7417:PPE:
7361:90031
7335:48250
7309:90031
7257:14900
6901:Plant
6853:Fungi
6773:CRuMs
6090:Other
5640:fungi
5494:Fungi
5288:CRuMs
4350:Fungi
4197:Fungi
3800:S2CID
3510:S2CID
3308:S2CID
3245:S2CID
3158:et al
3156:Kirk
3140:S2CID
3067:(PDF)
3049:Notes
2911:beer.
2880:bread
2663:Ergot
2587:like
2566:molds
2499:maize
2306:algae
2263:) to
2196:ascus
2022:clone
1988:fungi
1945:ascus
1702:. In
1458:algae
1345:septa
1312:pupae
1303:fill
1281:morel
939:basal
871:ergot
755:ascus
560:ergot
408:askós
401:ἀσκός
396:
390:ascus
366:Fungi
184:Berk.
158:Fungi
7374:4890
7369:NCBI
7343:ITIS
7317:GBIF
7291:EPPO
7283:5577
7265:BOLD
6939:Moss
6431:life
5340:bold
4545:TSAR
4048:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3991:ISBN
3972:ISBN
3944:PMID
3885:PMID
3792:PMID
3745:PMID
3714:2019
3658:PMID
3578:ISBN
3551:PMID
3502:PMID
3432:PMID
3389:PMID
3270:ISBN
3237:PMID
3194:PMID
3132:PMID
3097:PMID
2965:sake
2963:and
2942:and
2926:Brie
2924:and
2902:and
2888:wine
2886:and
2884:beer
2735:and
2717:and
2657:AIDS
2467:and
2308:and
2271:and
2269:deer
2212:asci
2012:mate
1919:and
1852:and
1339:and
1318:and
1310:and
1185:asci
1181:mold
1119:i.e.
1105:and
1094:and
1057:asci
951:(or
931:The
918:and
908:The
841:The
801:and
617:and
576:are
492:taxa
441:and
47:PreꞒ
7278:EoL
4819:CAM
4575:SAR
3934:PMC
3924:doi
3875:PMC
3865:doi
3831:doi
3784:doi
3737:doi
3733:109
3685:doi
3648:PMC
3638:doi
3541:doi
3537:260
3494:doi
3482:324
3459:doi
3424:doi
3381:doi
3300:doi
3229:doi
3217:443
3184:doi
3124:doi
3087:hdl
3079:doi
2978:),
2894:or
2681:").
2242:or
1923:).
1512:).
1496:),
1460:or
1421:or
1402:or
1219:In
1129:).
1036:or
1020:or
943:DNA
881:),
500:DNA
486:or
380:or
356:or
7475::
7453::
7430::
7407::
7394::
7371::
7358::
7345::
7332::
7322:95
7319::
7306::
7293::
7280::
7270:34
7267::
7244::
7229::
7214::
5385::
3942:.
3932:.
3922:.
3912:18
3910:.
3906:.
3883:.
3873:.
3863:.
3861:11
3859:.
3855:.
3825:.
3821:.
3798:.
3790:.
3782:.
3772:97
3770:.
3766:.
3743:.
3731:.
3705:.
3681:19
3679:.
3656:.
3646:.
3632:.
3628:.
3616:^
3572:.
3549:.
3535:.
3531:.
3508:.
3500:.
3492:.
3480:.
3455:47
3453:.
3430:.
3422:.
3412:90
3410:.
3387:.
3377:30
3375:.
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