42:
996:
62:
881:
Earth tongues are commonly found in soil or among rotting vegetation. In North
America, they are commonly found in coniferous woodland, broad-leaved woodland and mixed woodland habitats, whereas in Europe they are commonly found in grassland habitats and are major components of the endangered
280:
are typically light-brown to dark-brown and are often multiseptate. Other species of fungi have been known to parasitize ascocarps. The use of a compound microscope is needed for accurate identification.
814:). Schoch et al., using a six-gene phylogeny including ribosomal DNA and protein-coding genes, found support for the establishment of a new class (Geoglossomycetes), containing the genera
569:
1049:
Wang Z, Binder M, Schoch CL, Johnston PR, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS (2006). "Evolution of helotialean fungi (Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina): A nucleear rDNA phylogeny".
407:
654:
704:
762:
The fungi that are now included in the fungal class
Geoglossomycetes were previously considered by mycologists to be a family (Geoglossaceae) within the class
465:
687:
498:
439:
515:
381:
199:
276:
of most species in the family
Geoglossaceae are terrestrial and are generally small, dark in color, and club-shaped with a height of 2–8 cm. The
1092:
Wang Z, Johnston PR, Takamatsu S, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS (2006). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the
Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data".
1974:
1879:
1670:
1461:
1905:
1722:
1513:
1605:
1357:
918:
Rossman AY, Samuels GJ, Rogerson CT, Lowen R (1999). "Genera of
Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes)".
865:
have similar morphology and are also known by the common name of "earth tongues", but they are members of the quite distantly related
1853:
1644:
1435:
1683:
1474:
1295:
1223:
1018:
1688:
1479:
1910:
1727:
17:
1518:
1979:
1709:
1500:
937:
1129:"Geoglossomycetes cl. nov., Geoglossales ord. nov. and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota Tree of Life"
1984:
852:
610:
61:
1805:
1920:
1845:
1737:
1636:
1528:
593:
167:
1427:
995:
146:
1034:
Pfister D, Kimbrough JW (2000). "Discomycetes". In
Mclaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA (eds.).
1348:
1969:
1884:
1675:
1596:
1310:
563:
41:
1466:
846:
1750:
1933:
1827:
1541:
1383:
1058:
433:
8:
364:
1414:
1062:
1156:
979:
954:
56:
1928:
1814:
1745:
1618:
1610:
1536:
1370:
1362:
1291:
1161:
1109:
1074:
1014:
984:
1623:
1375:
1254:
1250:
1204:
1199:
1151:
1143:
1101:
1066:
974:
966:
883:
866:
250:
1227:
1790:
1581:
262:
1819:
1714:
1505:
1105:
1070:
1840:
1631:
1422:
1333:
840:
192:
103:
1963:
1147:
970:
810:
777:
763:
557:
234:
220:
1946:
1763:
1554:
1241:
Mains EB. (1954). "North
American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum".
1224:"The Families of Mushrooms and Toadstools Represented in the British Isles"
1180:
1165:
1128:
1113:
1078:
988:
792:
206:
938:
http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/fungi/family/geoglossaceae/geoglossaceae.htm
1866:
1799:
1657:
1590:
1448:
1342:
820:
798:
227:
1858:
1649:
870:
830:
804:
784:
was not a monophyletic group, and that the hyaline spored genera (e.g.
768:
277:
213:
185:
155:
93:
1871:
1662:
1897:
1701:
1453:
1409:
1396:
802:) were not allied within the same clade as the darker-spored genera (
753:
749:
273:
73:
1492:
1440:
1304:
844:
was circumscribed in 2013 to contain the species formerly known as
1941:
1892:
1784:
1758:
1696:
1575:
1549:
1487:
1401:
1327:
861:
1013:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 279.
1832:
1178:
952:
786:
773:
83:
1091:
1388:
936:"Family: Geoglossaceae." The Hidden Forest. 26 Aug. 2009 <
254:
1126:
917:
828:. Further molecular research resulted in the addition of
1048:
1008:
1221:
953:
Hustad VP, Miller AN, Dentinger BTM, Cannon PF (2013).
1179:
Hustad VP, Miller AN, Moingeon J-M, Priou J-P (2011).
1268:
1127:
Schoch CL, Wang Z, Townsend JP, Spatafora JW (2009).
1009:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
756:of Geoglossomycetes based on a four-gene dataset.
1961:
1036:The Mycota VII Part A. Systematics and Evolution
1033:
903:Seeler EV. (1943). "Several Fungicolous Fungi".
834:(previously treated as a relative or synonym of
776:and 48 species. Early molecular evidence using
1261:
955:"Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes"
1267:
1222:L. Watson & M. J. Dallwitz (2009-06-20).
948:
946:
132:Zheng Wang, C.L.Schoch & Spatafora (2009)
118:Zheng Wang, C.L.Schoch & Spatafora (2009)
1172:
1027:
911:
869:, an entirely different subdivision of the
1285:
1234:
1120:
943:
902:
896:
40:
1240:
1203:
1155:
1085:
1042:
978:
1217:
1215:
1002:
14:
1975:Taxa named by August Carl Joseph Corda
1962:
1290:. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
1309:
1308:
1212:
1051:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1921:ebeedbb9-3dc2-4a9e-9099-279d9d96b01d
1738:6b0ed678-2dce-4c71-a2c3-001998a6af3f
1529:3f27e11c-6d18-473a-880a-2ab20cda87a1
1038:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 257–81.
268:. These fungi are broadly known as
24:
25:
1996:
994:
60:
1255:10.1080/00275514.1954.12024398
930:
850:, and a new European species,
772:was previously defined with 6
284:
13:
1:
889:
859:Several species in the genus
780:suggested that Geoglossaceae
1288:Fungal families of the world
611:Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum
7:
1286:Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007).
1106:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1065
1071:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.031
766:. The family Geoglossaceae
10:
2001:
876:
1774:
1565:
1317:
701:
684:
677:
651:
607:
594:Glutinoglossum glutinosum
590:
583:
554:
547:
512:
495:
488:
462:
430:
404:
378:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
180:
175:
161:
154:
57:Scientific classification
55:
48:
39:
34:
1205:10.5943/mycosphere/2/6/5
1148:10.3767/003158509x461486
971:10.3767/003158513x671235
838:) to the group in 2011.
408:Geoglossum sphagnophilum
1011:Dictionary of the Fungi
655:Sabuloglossum arenarium
1980:Taxa described in 1838
853:G. heptaseptatum
847:Geoglossum glutinosum
705:Nothomitra cinnamomea
50:Geoglossum glutinosum
1185:in Geoglossomycetes"
570:T. octopartitum
466:Geoglossum umbratile
434:Geoglossum cookeanum
1985:Ascomycota families
1063:2006MolPE..41..295W
920:Studies in Mycology
688:Sarcoleotia globosa
499:Geoglossum nigritum
365:Geoglossum difforme
1957:
1956:
1929:Open Tree of Life
1746:Open Tree of Life
1537:Open Tree of Life
1311:Taxon identifiers
1297:978-0-85199-827-5
1270:Arkiv för Botanik
1020:978-0-85199-826-8
760:
759:
743:
742:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
666:
665:
640:
639:
631:
630:
622:
621:
536:
535:
527:
526:
516:Geoglossum barlae
477:
476:
451:
450:
419:
418:
393:
392:
382:Geoglossum simile
244:
243:
150:
133:
119:
16:(Redirected from
1992:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:Geoglossomycetes
1795:
1794:
1793:
1776:Geoglossomycetes
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1715:BMSSYS0000045690
1705:
1704:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1506:NHMSYS0001482866
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1226:. Archived from
1219:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:
992:
982:
950:
941:
934:
928:
927:
915:
909:
908:
900:
884:waxcap grassland
867:Taphrinomycotina
680:
679:
586:
585:
564:T. hirsutum
550:
549:
491:
490:
357:
356:
350:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
322:
321:
315:
314:
308:
307:
301:
300:
294:
293:
289:
288:
266:Geoglossomycetes
200:Hemileucoglossum
145:
131:
117:
114:Geoglossomycetes
65:
64:
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Geoglossomycetes
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1313:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1266:
1262:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1213:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1090:
1086:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1007:
1003:
993:
951:
944:
935:
931:
916:
912:
901:
897:
892:
879:
744:
735:
726:
717:
667:
641:
632:
623:
537:
528:
478:
452:
440:G. glabrum
420:
394:
287:
240:
171:
165:
144:
130:
116:
59:
28:
27:Family of fungi
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1796:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1587:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1339:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1280:
1279:
1260:
1249:(5): 586–631.
1233:
1230:on 2010-11-27.
1211:
1181:"Inclusion of
1171:
1119:
1100:(6): 1065–75.
1084:
1057:(2): 295–312.
1041:
1026:
1019:
1001:
942:
929:
910:
894:
893:
891:
888:
878:
875:
841:Glutinoglossum
758:
757:
746:
745:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
683:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
634:
633:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
615:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
589:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
553:
548:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:
525:
524:
521:
520:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
494:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
471:
470:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
444:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
286:
283:
242:
241:
239:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
193:Glutinoglossum
189:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
166:
159:
158:
152:
151:
139:
135:
134:
125:
121:
120:
111:
107:
106:
104:Pezizomycotina
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Geoglossaceae
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Geoglossaceae
1968:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:Geoglossaceae
1344:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1319:Geoglossaceae
1316:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1198:(6): 646–54.
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
947:
939:
933:
925:
921:
914:
906:
899:
895:
887:
885:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:
857:
855:
854:
849:
848:
843:
842:
837:
833:
832:
827:
826:Trichoglossum
823:
822:
817:
813:
812:
811:Trichoglossum
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
779:
778:ribosomal DNA
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:Leotiomycetes
755:
751:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
689:
682:
681:
675:
674:
671:
670:
662:
661:
658:
657:
656:
649:
648:
645:
644:
636:
635:
627:
626:
618:
617:
614:
613:
612:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
595:
588:
587:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
558:Trichoglossum
552:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:
532:
531:
523:
522:
519:
518:
517:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
500:
493:
492:
486:
485:
482:
481:
473:
472:
469:
468:
467:
460:
459:
456:
455:
447:
446:
443:
442:
441:
436:
435:
428:
427:
424:
423:
415:
414:
411:
410:
409:
402:
401:
398:
397:
389:
388:
385:
384:
383:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
366:
359:
358:
352:
351:
345:
344:
338:
337:
331:
330:
324:
323:
317:
316:
310:
309:
303:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
282:
279:
275:
271:
270:earth tongues
267:
264:
260:
257:in the order
256:
252:
248:
247:Geoglossaceae
237:
236:
235:Trichoglossum
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
221:Sabuloglossum
218:
216:
215:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
190:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
174:
169:
164:
160:
157:
153:
148:
143:
142:Geoglossaceae
140:
137:
136:
129:
126:
123:
122:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
100:Subdivision:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1775:
1597:Geoglossales
1567:Geoglossales
1566:
1318:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:the original
1195:
1191:
1182:
1174:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1010:
1004:
962:
958:
932:
923:
919:
913:
904:
898:
880:
860:
858:
851:
845:
839:
836:Microglossum
835:
829:
825:
819:
815:
809:
803:
797:
793:Microglossum
791:
785:
781:
767:
761:
703:
702:
686:
685:
653:
652:
609:
608:
592:
591:
568:
562:
556:
555:
514:
513:
497:
496:
464:
463:
438:
432:
431:
406:
405:
380:
379:
363:
362:
269:
265:
259:Geoglossales
258:
246:
245:
233:
226:
219:
212:
207:Leucoglossum
205:
198:
191:
184:
162:
141:
128:Geoglossales
127:
113:
49:
29:
1867:iNaturalist
1800:Wikispecies
1658:iNaturalist
1591:Wikispecies
1449:iNaturalist
1343:Wikispecies
821:Sarcoleotia
799:Spathularia
285:Systematics
228:Sarcoleotia
1964:Categories
1192:Mycosphere
1183:Nothomitra
1142:: 129–36.
965:: 101–11.
907:: 119–133.
890:References
871:Ascomycota
831:Nothomitra
816:Geoglossum
805:Geoglossum
782:sensu lato
769:sensu lato
278:ascospores
214:Nothomitra
186:Geoglossum
163:Geoglossum
156:Type genus
94:Ascomycota
90:Division:
1947:100407410
1791:Q10504037
1764:100407409
1582:Q15031551
1555:100370561
1410:FloraBase
1243:Mycologia
1136:Persoonia
1094:Mycologia
959:Persoonia
886:habitat.
754:phylogeny
750:Cladogram
274:ascocarps
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1942:Tropicos
1893:MycoBank
1885:11914396
1841:Fungorum
1833:11964273
1785:Wikidata
1759:Tropicos
1697:MycoBank
1676:11914397
1632:Fungorum
1611:60013193
1606:AusFungi
1576:Wikidata
1550:Tropicos
1488:MycoBank
1423:Fungorum
1363:60013398
1358:AusFungi
1334:Q1349611
1328:Wikidata
1166:19915689
1114:17486981
1079:16837216
989:24761038
905:Farlowia
862:Neolecta
752:showing
138:Family:
70:Domain:
1859:7371755
1650:8190781
1276:: 1–67.
1157:2776753
1059:Bibcode
980:3904045
877:Habitat
176:Genera
124:Order:
110:Class:
1918:NZOR:
1911:663566
1898:513351
1872:372751
1846:513351
1751:949246
1735:NZOR:
1728:654833
1702:513352
1689:936366
1663:372831
1637:513352
1526:NZOR:
1480:181628
1467:109492
1402:1GEOGF
1294:
1164:
1154:
1112:
1077:
1017:
987:
977:
926:: 186.
824:, and
796:, and
787:Leotia
774:genera
272:. The
251:family
170:(1794)
149:(1838)
1934:79135
1880:IRMNG
1671:IRMNG
1624:6223Q
1542:34358
1519:34368
1493:80796
1462:IRMNG
1454:55238
1428:80796
1415:23305
1376:623VJ
1188:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
940:>.
263:class
255:fungi
249:is a
168:Pers.
147:Corda
84:Fungi
1906:NCBI
1854:GBIF
1723:NCBI
1684:ITIS
1645:GBIF
1514:NCBI
1475:ITIS
1441:8380
1436:GBIF
1397:EPPO
1389:5635
1292:ISBN
1162:PMID
1110:PMID
1075:PMID
1015:ISBN
985:PMID
808:and
1828:EoL
1815:CoL
1710:NBN
1619:CoL
1501:NBN
1384:EoL
1371:CoL
1274:30A
1251:doi
1200:doi
1152:PMC
1144:doi
1102:doi
1067:doi
975:PMC
967:doi
253:of
1966::
1944::
1931::
1908::
1895::
1882::
1869::
1856::
1843::
1830::
1820:BS
1817::
1802::
1787::
1761::
1748::
1725::
1712::
1699::
1686::
1673::
1660::
1647::
1634::
1621::
1608::
1593::
1578::
1552::
1539::
1516::
1503::
1490::
1477::
1464::
1451::
1438::
1425::
1412::
1399::
1386::
1373::
1360::
1345::
1330::
1272:.
1247:46
1245:.
1214:^
1194:.
1190:.
1160:.
1150:.
1140:22
1138:.
1134:.
1108:.
1098:98
1096:.
1073:.
1065:.
1055:41
1053:.
983:.
973:.
963:31
961:.
957:.
945:^
924:42
922:.
873:.
856:.
818:,
790:,
567:,
437:,
261:,
1300:.
1257:.
1253::
1208:.
1202::
1196:2
1168:.
1146::
1116:.
1104::
1081:.
1069::
1061::
1023:.
991:.
969::
561:(
20:)
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