1089:. During his trial, prosecutors produced evidence showing that he and his wife had made extremely large charges to government credit cards, "including a $ 13,755 bill for the Ritz Carlton hotel in Bali and $ 68,506 for hotel expenses and handicrafts in India." In addition prosecutors allege that on top of the $ 30,878 he spent at the Taj Mahal Hotel in India during a vacation, in Cairo in 1999, he charged $ 22,530 at a carpet shop, and in August that year, charged $ 3,867 at the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables, Florida, for his engagement party. He also used $ 25,955 for a honeymoon trip to Italy after his wedding. All of these expenses, along with others, have contributed to the growing concerns about the political corruption scandals in Nicaragua, a nation where the average citizen earns about $ 430 a year. Because of health problems, he had been serving his prison term under house arrest. He was also barred from entering the United States. In 2004,
1015:
1726:
1102:
ranked one of the world's 10 most corrupt leaders ever by
Transparency International, and Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua and leader of the Sandinista Party, who wields considerable influence and control over the courts. "He's handing over the National Assembly in exchange for his personal liberty", said Congressman Enrique Saenz. Mr. Alemán, who denies the allegation, said, "Justice has finally been served"."
1074:, was imprisoned "on the basis of another charge of corruption. All in all, fourteen persons were charged." Several foreign governments froze Alemán's bank accounts in their countries and threatened to confiscate the funds. In such cases, his defense has been to claim that the funds were not stolen, but that they came from his coffee plantations.
399:" ("Actions, not words"), Alemán directed a comprehensive reconstruction of the roadway system throughout Nicaragua. In the 1980s roads had deteriorated to the point that many were little more than sparsely paved dirt trails. Alemán also created a program to build schools throughout Nicaragua in some of the poorest regions.
426:
Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo, a lawyer by profession, was one of the 20 councilors of the
National Opposition Union (UNO), elected for a term of six years in general elections and municipals of 25 February 1990, these 20 councilors, 16 belonged for the UNO, and the other 4 the Sandinista National Liberation
367:
Alemán became president of the
Liberal Alliance and helped to resurrect it. Besides the PLC, other members of this alliance were the Partidos Neoliberal (PALI), Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional (PLIUN) and the Liberal Nacionalista (PLN). On 1 September 1995 he resigned as mayor in order to be
327:
Upon his return to
Nicaragua, Alemán became heavily involved in business, political, and academic activities. He was a member of the Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada (COSEP, 1988–1990), vice-president of the Unión de Productores Agropecuarios de Nicaragua (UPANIC, 1986–1990). He was president
1101:
On 16 January 2009, Nicaraguan
Supreme Court justices and Chief Justice Manuel Martinez overturned the 20-year corruption sentence against former President Arnoldo Alemán. The decision generated some controversy: "stunned opposition lawmakers immediately suspected a secret deal between Mr. Alemán,
1069:
Bolaños accused Alemán of widespread corruption in the Alemán administration. The scheme was reported to have involved several members of
Arnoldo Alemán's closest family, including a brother and sister. Ex–ministers and close friends were also charged, some of whom fled the country. However, one of
1097:
Meanwhile, following his presidency, Alemán developed a strategic alliance with Daniel Ortega to rule without effective opposition by offering employment in public offices and other privileges to key members of the
Sandinista party, in order to stabilize the country. There are those who claim that
52:
328:
of the
Asociación de Cafetaleros de Managua (1983–1990); the Unión de Cafetaleros de Nicaragua (UNCAFENIC, 1986–1990); the Federación de Municipios de América Central (1992–1993) and of the Federación Municipal de Ciudades de Centroamérica (1993–1995). He also imparted conferences at
409:
His first wife, Maria
Dolores Cardenal Vargas died of cancer in 1989. Alemán has two sons and two daughters by his first wife. On 23 October 1999, ten years after the death of his first wife, he married Maria Fernanda Flores Lanzas, with whom he has two daughters and a son.
1093:
named him the ninth most corrupt leader in recent history, estimating that he had looted the country of $ 100 million in state funds to
Panamanian bank accounts controlled by him and his family and then funneled some of the money to his party's candidates affiliates.
324:, had some of his property seized and spent nine months in prison. The period of his arrest coincided with the death of his father. This kept him from attending his father's funeral. After he was released from prison, he spent some time in the United States.
316:
with specializations in regional economic integration and financial law. Between 1968 and 1979, he worked as a lawyer in the commercial and banking world. He became an official in the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. In 1980 he was arrested by the
427:
Front. Subsequently, at its first session, the city council chose from among its members the mayor of Managua in the person of Dr. Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo and mayor substitute functions of vice mayor, in the person of Roberto Cedeño Borgen engineer.
371:
In 1996 he campaigned for president as the Liberal Alliance's candidate under a strong anti-Sandinista platform. It is reported that unidentified individuals attempted to shoot Alemán, killing one of his bodyguards in the process. He defeated
313:
1322:
1066:. Allegations emerged that Alemán had concealed massive corruption in his administration. At the end of his presidency, public information about alleged corruption committed under his government became available.
1350:
1098:
the main purpose of this agreement, which led to a constitutional reform, was to distribute the institutions of the state in proportion to the power managed by the two main political parties of the country.
1109:, who served under Aleman as his vice president, succeeded him in January, pledging to clean up the corruption in the nation's government, which put him at odds with his predecessor and his administration.
2127:
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1271:
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2609:
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126:
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2112:
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305:
and received his early education at the La Salle institute in Managua. His father was a prominent lawyer who was an associate of the 1970s Nicaraguan dictator
3315:
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2137:
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1433:
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1864:
1071:
402:
He has participated in international conferences and awards given to him include the Orden Nacional al Mérito of the Colombian government and the
2288:
2188:
2167:
2162:
1077:
Alemán was formally charged in December 2002, and on 7 December 2003 he was sentenced to a 20-year prison term for a string of crimes including
2524:
2298:
1420:
3320:
3280:
2569:
2106:
1621:
3310:
270:
3070:
2764:
2078:
1722:
1125:
Anderson, Leslie "The Authoritarian Executive? Horizontal and Vertical Accountability in A New Democracy: A Nicaraguan Perspective,"
3155:
2918:
2996:
487:
2818:
1219:
960:
903:
617:
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and served as Somoza's minister of education for a period, and the family owned a large coffee plantation south of Managua.
2836:
2828:
1554:
1402:
1254:
884:
471:
2841:
3238:
3135:
2808:
2777:
2969:
2803:
3011:
1869:
1113:
552:
2868:
2009:
1954:
1574:
333:
321:
1799:
1198:
380:
leader, by 48% of the vote to Ortega's 40%. Many claimed widespread election fraud and Ortega refused to concede.
3080:
3065:
2893:
2873:
922:
917:
503:
293:
and sentenced to a 20-year prison term; the conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court of Nicaragua in 2009.
249:
2959:
2913:
2757:
1789:
1600:
1489:
712:
535:
1165:
403:
3203:
3104:
3075:
3060:
2991:
2798:
1139:
Kampwirth, Karen. 2003. "Arnoldo Alemán Takes on the NGOs: Antifeminism and the New Populism in Nicaragua"
681:
3290:
3208:
3198:
2981:
2903:
2883:
665:
569:
1944:
2908:
2898:
2863:
1769:
1640:
1377:
1116:
put Alemán on a list of corrupt foreign officials and also barred his family from entering the country.
941:
585:
395:
grew during his administration, which helped to improve Nicaragua's infrastructure. Under his slogan of "
83:
3325:
2655:
1994:
1979:
1904:
1090:
785:
1964:
1939:
1829:
1462:
3245:
3125:
3047:
2949:
2750:
2064:
1022:
392:
357:
1949:
3178:
3037:
2974:
2944:
1999:
1989:
1909:
1884:
306:
2670:
3193:
3120:
2986:
2964:
2152:
1924:
1899:
1759:
3295:
3140:
3130:
3090:
3006:
2954:
2851:
1959:
1730:
1647:
286:
64:
2675:
2665:
1794:
1749:
1667:
368:
able, under Nicaraguan law, to stand as a candidate in the forthcoming presidential election.
191:
3183:
3150:
3001:
2932:
2630:
1934:
1889:
3052:
2303:
1854:
3285:
3231:
3165:
3085:
3042:
3025:
2785:
1929:
1086:
898:
1874:
8:
3145:
1969:
1779:
1467:
1070:
the central figures in the corruption plot, the former chief of the Department of Taxes
3254:
3188:
3173:
2888:
2878:
2645:
1809:
1513:
1438:
1355:
1327:
1276:
2721:
2046:
2029:
1914:
1657:
1106:
1063:
119:
2793:
356:
projects which helped spruce up the city, severely damaged and never rebuilt after a
329:
1849:
1819:
1804:
660:
3259:
2019:
2004:
1984:
1894:
1844:
1674:
1078:
519:
168:
107:
93:
1535:
149:
2218:
2198:
1814:
1561:
1409:
1258:
1160:
1783:
1251:
423:
Managua mayor elected by acclamation of the Managua City Council 26 April 1990.
2813:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1059:
647:
612:
2056:
1974:
1919:
1879:
1859:
3274:
2823:
2700:
2034:
2014:
879:
466:
373:
353:
1014:
2726:
1082:
20:
1299:
2731:
285:(born 23 January 1946) is a Nicaraguan politician who served as the 56th
1058:
Alemán, constitutionally barred from another term, was succeeded by his
1202:
377:
349:
318:
290:
265:
289:
from 10 January 1997 to 10 January 2002. In 2003, he was convicted of
2773:
2742:
2092:
1733:
1725:
384:
1030:
The Honorable Arnoldo Aleman, President of the Republic of Nicaragua
1028:
El Honorable Arnoldo Alemán, Presidente de la República de Nicaragua
1540:
51:
1509:"Bush Official Is Seeking to Bar Entry to Corrupt Latin Officials"
383:
Alemán was successful in promoting economic recovery with reduced
2831:
2088:
857:
430:
345:
302:
238:
24:
1421:
Arnoldo Alemán apelará en Atlanta confiscación fondos familiares
3341:
Individuals sanctioned by the United States Department of State
1381:
1220:"U.S. puts sanctions on ex-Nicaragua president Arnoldo Alemán"
1201:. Ministerio de Educación. 9 December 2012. Archived from
601:
Nicaraguan Workers, Peasants and Professionals Unity Party
388:
1134:
Undoing Democracy: The Politics of Electoral Caudillismo
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
418:
1238:
992:
1380:. MS Central America. 8 August 2002. Archived from
1146:McConnell, Shelley A. "Nicaragua's Turning Point,"
1348:
1132:Close, David and Kalowatie Deonandan. eds. 2004.
3272:
1323:"Nicaragua: Ex-Leader To Fight For Seized Funds"
312:In 1967 he graduated with a law degree from the
3306:Nicaraguan people convicted of money laundering
3301:Presidents of the National Assembly (Nicaragua)
2809:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)
2086:
314:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León
127:President of the National Assembly of Nicaragua
31: and the second or maternal family name is
1434:"Nicaragua: 20-Year Sentence For Ex-President"
858:Presidential election results, 6 November 2011
431:Presidential election results, 20 October 1996
3316:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2758:
2072:
1708:
1378:"Ex–president Alemán charged with corruption"
1351:"Unending Graft Is Threatening Latin America"
1143:Vol. 45. No. 2. (Summer). pp. 133–158.
1349:Rohter, Larry; Forero, Juan (30 July 2005).
3331:Constitutionalist Liberal Party politicians
1272:"Nicaraguan Candidate Escapes Armed Attack"
271:National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
139:9 January 2002 – 19 September 2002
3336:Nicaraguan politicians convicted of crimes
2765:
2751:
2079:
2065:
1715:
1701:
1652:10 January 1997–10 January 10, 2002
181:26 April 1990 – 20 September 1995
77:10 January 1997 – 10 January 2002
50:
1575:"Nicaragua: Ex-Leader's Sentence Lifted"
16:President of Nicaragua from 1997 to 2002
1598:
1572:
1506:
1193:
1191:
3273:
2772:
1555:Global Integrity – 2004 Country Report
1507:Marquis, Christopher (13 March 2002).
1460:
1403:Global Integrity – 2004 Country Report
1153:
850:
839:
822:
811:
488:Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path
352:in Managua. He was popular due to his
344:In the early 1990s he became mayor of
2746:
2060:
1696:
1320:
1129:Vol. 48, No. 2 (Summer 2006), 141-69.
757:Central American Integrationist Party
3321:Prisoners and detainees of Nicaragua
3281:20th-century presidents of Nicaragua
2819:United States occupation (1912–1933)
1214:
1212:
1188:
885:Sandinista National Liberation Front
472:Sandinista National Liberation Front
413:
1601:"Corruption charges grip Nicaragua"
1599:Dellios, Hugh (15 September 2002).
1490:"Corruption charges grip Nicaragua"
1141:Latin American Politics and Society
1127:Latin American Politics and Society
678:Miriam Auxiliadora Argüello Morales
419:Elections for mayor of Managua 1990
339:
13:
3311:Nicaraguan prisoners and detainees
1573:Schmidt, Blake (17 January 2009).
1156:"Why Nicaragua's Caged Bird Sings"
348:after serving for two months as a
14:
3352:
1615:
1463:"Facing Charges, Not Discomforts"
1261:Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo, Biografia.
1209:
1114:United States Department of State
993:Corruption charges and conviction
548:Francisco José Mayorga Balladares
2010:Junta of National Reconstruction
1731:Presidents and heads of state of
1724:
1321:Lacey, Marc (29 December 2006).
1013:
334:Florida International University
1592:
1566:
1548:
1528:
1500:
1482:
1461:Jordan, Mary (8 January 2005).
1454:
1426:
1414:
1119:
923:Constitutionalist Liberal Party
754:Sergio Abilio Mendieta Castillo
504:Conservative Party of Nicaragua
484:Guillermo Antonio Osorno Molina
250:Constitutionalist Liberal Party
2842:Post-Sandinista period (1990–)
1536:"Suharto tops corruption list"
1396:
1370:
1342:
1314:
1292:
1264:
937:Edgar Enrique Quiñónez Tuckler
782:Gustavo Ernesto Tablada Zelaya
582:Edgar Enrique Quiñónes Tuckler
536:Sandinista Renovation Movement
1:
2837:Sandinista period (1979–1990)
1181:
682:Popular Conservative Alliance
551:Bread and Strength Alliance (
296:
2626:Julio C. Quintana Villanueva
2540:Constantino Pereira Quiñones
729:National Renovation Movement
666:Communist Party of Nicaragua
570:National Conservative Action
260:María Fernanda Flores Lanzas
23:, the first or paternal
7:
3156:Water supply and sanitation
1641:Violeta Barrios de Chamorro
1136:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
983:
978:
968:
965:
949:
946:
942:Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance
930:
927:
911:
908:
892:
889:
801:Nicaraguan Democratic Party
598:Andrés Abelino Robles Pérez
586:Nicaraguan Resistance Party
566:Francisco José Duarte Tapia
516:Benjamin Ramón Lanzas Selva
500:Noel José Vidaurre Argüello
406:of the Spanish government.
404:Orden de Isabel la Católica
10:
3357:
2656:Orlando Montenegro Medrano
2610:Andrés Murillo Largaespada
2575:Aurelio Montenegro Álvarez
2314:José del Carmen Bengoechea
2284:José del Carmen Bengoechea
1995:Liberal-Conservative Junta
1199:"Gobernantes de Nicaragua"
1154:Rogers, Tim (2 May 2007).
1091:Transparency International
956:Róger Antonio Guevara Mena
918:José Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo
800:
797:
786:Nicaraguan Socialist Party
784:
781:
771:Renovating Action Movement
770:
768:Issa Moises Hassán Morales
767:
756:
753:
742:
740:James Odnith Webster Pitts
739:
728:
725:
710:
707:
696:
693:
680:
677:
664:
659:
646:
643:
632:
629:
616:
611:
600:
597:
584:
581:
568:
565:
550:
547:
534:
531:
518:
515:
502:
499:
486:
483:
470:
465:
454:
451:
283:José Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo
223:José Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo
18:
3225:
3164:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3033:
3024:
2940:
2931:
2859:
2850:
2824:Somoza Family (1936–1979)
2784:
2709:
2618:
2590:José Santos Zelaya Cousin
2545:Francisco Frixione Avilés
2392:
2176:
2099:
2043:
1740:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1105:The following president,
1045:
1034:
1021:
1012:
999:
973:
961:Alliance for the Republic
904:Independent Liberal Party
840:Registered voters/turnout
711:UNO-96 Alliance (PND–MAC–
694:Ausberto Narváez Argüello
644:Alejandro Serrano Caldera
618:Independent Liberal Party
276:
264:
256:
245:
218:
213:
209:
197:
185:
174:
167:
155:
143:
132:
125:
113:
101:
81:
70:
62:
58:
49:
42:
2945:Administrative divisions
2804:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
2641:Humberto Ramírez Estrada
2490:Deogracias Rivas Morales
2435:Rodolfo Espinoza Ramírez
2234:Francisco Santos Reñazco
2000:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1990:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1112:On 9 November 2020, the
726:Allan Antonio Tefel Alba
307:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
2485:Félix Pedro Largaespada
2410:Aurelio Estrada Morales
2374:Francisco Fonseca Silva
2364:Felix Pedro Largaespada
2349:Jesús Hernández Fonseca
2344:Félix Pedro Largaespada
2143:Santos Zamora Solórzano
1965:Anastasio Somoza García
1940:Anastasio Somoza García
1830:Ignacio Chaves Tellería
1560:8 February 2012 at the
1408:8 February 2012 at the
1150:(February 2007), 83-88.
743:Democratic Action Party
630:Jorge Alberto Díaz Cruz
2379:Irineo Estrada Morales
2354:Ramón Solórzano Zavala
2204:Juan María Solís Gómez
1960:Manuel Fernando Zurita
1800:Pedro Joaquín Chamorro
1648:President of Nicaragua
1001:Presidential styles of
633:National Justice Party
360:. He became known as "
336:in the United States.
287:president of Nicaragua
162:Jaime Cuadra Somarriba
65:President of Nicaragua
2696:Roberto Cedeño Borgen
2686:Roberto Cedeño Borgen
2671:Moisés Hassan Morales
2631:Gustavo Raskosky Paez
2585:Hernán Robleto Avilés
2580:Hernán Robleto Avilés
2460:Camilo Bárcenas Rocha
1935:Carlos Alberto Brenes
1905:Carlos José Solórzano
1890:Diego Manuel Chamorro
1300:"Alcaldes de Managua"
708:Alfredo César Aguirre
3012:Territorial disputes
2691:Miriam Fonseca López
2636:Guillermo Lang Habid
2605:José Frixione Avilés
2445:Carlos Huete Herrera
2400:José Aurelio Estrada
2384:Juan de Dios Moreira
1930:Juan Bautista Sacasa
1865:José Dolores Estrada
1384:on 28 September 2007
1257:11 June 2013 at the
1224:The Associated Press
1168:on 30 September 2007
899:Fabio Gadea Mantilla
798:Roberto Urcuyo Muñoz
3291:People from Managua
2676:Carlos Carrión Cruz
2651:Luis Valle Olivares
2550:Rafel Villavicencio
2530:José María Zelaya C
2520:Humberto Pasos Díaz
2510:José Solórzano Díaz
2450:Samuel Portocarrero
2405:Francisco E. Torres
2224:Francisco Solórzano
2113:José Antonio Rovira
1955:Víctor Manuel Román
1795:José Vicente Cuadra
1750:Francisco Castellón
1668:Carlos Carrión Cruz
1468:The Washington Post
812:Invalid/blank votes
697:Liberal Unity Party
397:Obras, no palabras!
364:" ("The Fat Man").
301:Alemán was born in
192:Carlos Carrión Cruz
3081:Telecommunications
2646:Arturo Cruz Porras
2560:Andrés Largaespada
2505:Max Borgen Borgen
2480:Constantino Lacayo
2465:José Angel Robleto
2455:Federico Solórzano
2324:Rafael de Trinidad
2304:José Santos Zelaya
2279:Francisco Bermúdez
2194:Policarpio Morales
2153:José León Sandoval
1980:Orlando Montenegro
1925:José María Moncada
1900:Bartolomé Martínez
1855:José Santos Zelaya
1760:José María Estrada
1633:Political offices
1622:Biography by CIDOB
1579:The New York Times
1514:The New York Times
1439:The New York Times
1356:The New York Times
1328:The New York Times
1277:The New York Times
1205:on 9 October 2012.
393:Foreign investment
3326:Mayors of Managua
3268:
3267:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3099:
3098:
3020:
3019:
2997:Political parties
2992:National Assembly
2960:Foreign relations
2927:
2926:
2740:
2739:
2661:Paul Atha Ramírez
2420:Heliodoro Rivas H
2415:Benjamin Ortega D
2359:Cupertino Herrera
2054:
2053:
1945:Leonardo Argüello
1910:Emiliano Chamorro
1885:Emiliano Chamorro
1875:Juan José Estrada
1691:
1690:
1682:Succeeded by
1655:Succeeded by
1442:. 9 December 2003
1280:. 26 January 1996
1226:. 9 November 2020
1056:
1055:
1046:Alternative style
1039:Presidente Alemán
990:
989:
975:Total valid votes
855:
854:
414:Electoral history
330:Tulane University
280:
279:
3348:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3204:National symbols
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3061:Economic history
3056:
3031:
3030:
2938:
2937:
2857:
2856:
2799:Spanish conquest
2767:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2717:Dionisio Marenco
2595:Carlos G. Zelaya
2565:Porfirio Pérez N
2555:Eduardo Bernheim
2500:Nicolás Arróliga
2470:Federico Cabrera
2430:Mariano Espinoza
2425:Francisco Cajina
2369:Joaquin Martínez
2249:Nicanor Alvarado
2214:Juan Mejia Solis
2158:Estanislao Pérez
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2020:Violeta Chamorro
2005:Francisco Urcuyo
1985:Lorenzo Guerrero
1895:Rosendo Chamorro
1845:Salvador Machado
1729:
1728:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1679:1990–1995
1675:Mayor of Managua
1665:Preceded by
1638:Preceded by
1630:
1629:
1626:
1609:
1608:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1544:. 25 March 2004.
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1268:
1262:
1252:Nicaragua Actual
1249:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1195:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1164:. Archived from
1079:money laundering
1052:Mister President
1050:Señor Presidente
1041:President Aleman
1017:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
862:
861:
520:National Project
455:Liberal Alliance
435:
434:
340:Political career
236:
232:
230:
214:Personal details
200:
188:
179:
169:Mayor of Managua
158:
146:
137:
116:
108:Violeta Chamorro
104:
94:Leopoldo Navarro
86:
75:
54:
40:
39:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3213:
3209:Public holidays
3160:
3095:
3071:Nicaragua Canal
3054:
3016:
2982:Law enforcement
2923:
2919:Water resources
2904:Protected areas
2846:
2780:
2771:
2741:
2736:
2722:Alexis Argüello
2705:
2614:
2475:Gilberto Zavala
2388:
2339:Pablo J. Obando
2329:Terencio García
2274:Pastor Guerrero
2264:Pascual Fonseca
2244:Indalecio Bravo
2229:Pascual Fonseca
2219:Esteban Moreira
2199:Esteban Moreira
2172:
2148:Bernardo Chávez
2138:Demetrio Blanco
2133:Manuel Espinosa
2123:Timoteo Moreira
2118:Manuel Espinoza
2095:
2085:
2055:
2050:
2039:
2030:Enrique Bolaños
1950:Benjamín Lacayo
1915:Sebastián Uriza
1815:Evaristo Carazo
1790:Fernando Guzmán
1736:
1723:
1721:
1687:
1678:
1670:
1660:
1658:Enrique Bolaños
1651:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1605:Chicago Tribune
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1562:Wayback Machine
1553:
1549:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1494:Chicago Tribune
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:Wayback Machine
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1259:Wayback Machine
1250:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1171:
1169:
1148:Current History
1122:
1107:Enrique Bolaños
1064:Enrique Bolaños
1023:Reference style
1005:
1003:
1000:
995:
868:Party/Alliance
860:
851:Source: Nohlen
433:
421:
416:
358:1972 earthquake
342:
299:
246:Political party
237:
234:
233:23 January 1946
228:
226:
225:
224:
198:
186:
180:
175:
156:
144:
138:
133:
120:Enrique Bolaños
114:
102:
96:
92:
90:
89:Enrique Bolaños
82:
76:
71:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Stock Exchange
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Municipalities
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Climate change
2860:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Mosquito Coast
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Arnoldo Alemán
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Andrés Murillo
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Rafael Cabrera
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Emilio Morales
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2440:León F. Aragón
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Serapio Orozco
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Carmen Fonseca
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Pánfilo Osorno
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Arnoldo Alemán
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Joaquín Zavala
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:Roberto Sacasa
1832:
1827:
1825:Roberto Sacasa
1822:
1820:Nicolás Osorno
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Joaquín Zavala
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1780:Tomás Martínez
1777:
1775:Patricio Rivas
1772:
1770:William Walker
1767:
1765:Patricio Rivas
1762:
1757:
1755:Nazario Escoto
1752:
1747:
1745:Fruto Chamorro
1741:
1738:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1685:Roberto Cedeño
1683:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1616:External links
1614:
1611:
1610:
1591:
1565:
1547:
1527:
1499:
1481:
1453:
1425:
1423:Noticias Mundo
1413:
1395:
1369:
1341:
1313:
1291:
1263:
1237:
1208:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1060:vice president
1054:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1006:Arnoldo Alemán
994:
991:
988:
987:
982:
977:
971:
970:
967:
964:
958:
952:
951:
948:
945:
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920:
914:
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901:
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730:
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709:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
663:
661:Elí Altamirano
657:
656:
653:
650:
648:Unity Alliance
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
615:
613:Virgilio Godoy
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
549:
545:
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541:
538:
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532:Sergio Ramírez
529:
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522:
517:
513:
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497:
496:
493:
490:
485:
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474:
469:
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459:
456:
453:
452:Arnoldo Alemán
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
432:
429:
420:
417:
415:
412:
387:and growth of
341:
338:
298:
295:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
247:
243:
242:
222:
220:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
204:Roberto Cedeño
201:
195:
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189:
183:
182:
172:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
130:
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111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
87:
84:Vice President
79:
78:
68:
67:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
44:Arnoldo Alemán
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Living people
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
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3229:
3228:
3224:
3210:
3207:
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3202:
3200:
3197:
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3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
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3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Ethnic groups
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
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2956:
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2946:
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2936:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
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2835:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
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2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
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2745:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2701:Herty Lewites
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Samuel Santos
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
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2558:
2556:
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2535:Jonás Álvarez
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
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2340:
2337:
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2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Luciano Gómez
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Luis E. López
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Marcial Solis
2292:
2290:
2289:Agustin Wells
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Adrián Zavala
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Félix Moreira
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:Carlos Aragón
2237:
2235:
2232:
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2227:
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2222:
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2217:
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2212:
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2200:
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2189:Ubaldo Chives
2187:
2185:
2184:Ubaldo Chávez
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2168:Gabriel Corea
2166:
2164:
2163:Ambrosio Mora
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Rafael Chávez
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2075:
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2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:Daniel Ortega
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
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2018:
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2015:Daniel Ortega
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880:Daniel Ortega
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467:Daniel Ortega
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374:Daniel Ortega
369:
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354:urban renewal
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235:(age 78)
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150:Óscar Moncada
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30:
26:
22:
3246:Bibliography
3126:Demographics
3048:Central Bank
2987:Armed Forces
2970:Human rights
2950:Constitution
2727:Daysi Torres
2710:2001-present
2680:
2525:Pablo Leal T
2299:Cleto Cajina
2024:
1784:Máximo Jerez
1673:
1646:
1625:(in Spanish)
1604:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:
1568:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1326:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1302:. manfut.org
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1203:the original
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1159:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1120:Bibliography
1111:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1083:embezzlement
1076:
1068:
1057:
1049:
1038:
1035:Spoken style
1027:
1004:
984:
979:
974:
833:
828:
823:
425:
422:
408:
401:
396:
382:
370:
366:
361:
343:
326:
311:
300:
282:
281:
252:(until 2021)
199:Succeeded by
176:
157:Succeeded by
134:
115:Succeeded by
72:
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
3286:1946 births
3038:Agriculture
2975:LGBT rights
2869:Earthquakes
2829:Sandinistas
2732:Reyna Rueda
2570:Octavio Eva
2107:Juan Rovira
1975:René Schick
1970:Luis Somoza
1920:Adolfo Díaz
1880:Adolfo Díaz
1860:José Madriz
1072:Byron Jeréz
241:, Nicaragua
187:Preceded by
145:Preceded by
103:Preceded by
97:(2000–2002)
91:(1997–2000)
3275:Categories
3194:Mass media
3184:Literature
3121:Corruption
3055:(currency)
2965:Government
2874:Ecoregions
2832:v. Contras
1388:12 October
1306:12 October
1182:References
1087:corruption
890:1,569,287
865:Candidate
438:Candidate
378:Sandinista
350:councillor
319:Sandinista
297:Early life
291:corruption
266:Alma mater
229:1946-01-23
3141:Languages
3131:Education
3091:Transport
3007:President
2955:Elections
2914:Volcanoes
2894:Mountains
2852:Geography
2774:Nicaragua
2619:1951-2000
2393:1901-1950
2177:1851-1900
2100:1800-1850
2093:Nicaragua
2087:Mayor of
1870:Luis Mena
1734:Nicaragua
1230:8 October
980:2,512,584
843:2,421,067
829:1,849,362
385:inflation
177:In office
135:In office
73:In office
63:56th
3255:Category
3151:Religion
3053:Córdoba
3002:Politics
2933:Politics
2778:articles
1584:31 March
1558:Archived
1541:BBC News
1520:7 August
1474:6 August
1446:9 August
1406:Archived
1362:8 August
1334:8 August
1284:9 August
1255:Archived
1172:9 August
928:148,507
909:778,889
362:El Gordo
19:In this
3232:Outline
3199:Museums
3174:Cuisine
3166:Culture
3105:Society
3086:Tourism
3043:Banking
3026:Economy
2884:Islands
2794:Nicarao
2786:History
2089:Managua
963:(APRE)
947:10,003
887:(FSLN)
476:664,909
458:896,207
346:Managua
332:and at
303:Managua
239:Managua
25:surname
3260:Portal
3146:Health
3066:Energy
2909:Rivers
2776:
2109:(1818)
985:100.00
966:5,898
944:(ALN)
925:(PLC)
912:31.00
906:(PLI)
893:62.46
871:Votes
846:76.39
815:91,587
508:39,983
492:71,908
479:37.83
461:50.99
444:Votes
441:Party
376:, the
257:Spouse
33:Lacayo
29:Alemán
3239:Index
3189:Music
2889:Lakes
2879:Fauna
1840:Junta
1786:Junta
969:0.23
950:0.40
931:5.91
824:Total
807:0.05
793:0.08
790:1,352
777:0.08
774:1,393
763:0.09
760:1,653
749:0.11
746:1,895
735:0.15
732:2,641
721:0.21
718:3,664
703:0.22
700:3,887
689:0.26
686:4,632
673:0.27
670:4,802
655:0.28
652:4,873
639:0.32
636:5,582
625:0.32
622:5,692
607:0.33
604:5,789
593:0.33
590:5,813
577:0.35
574:6,178
561:0.40
558:7,102
555:–ASR)
543:0.44
540:7,665
527:0.53
524:9,265
511:2.27
495:4.09
322:junta
3179:Film
2047:León
1782:and
1586:2010
1522:2007
1476:2007
1448:2007
1390:2017
1364:2007
1336:2007
1308:2017
1286:2007
1232:2021
1174:2007
1161:Time
1085:and
219:Born
2045:in
834:100
804:890
713:MDN
553:PAN
389:GDP
27:is
3277::
2091:,
1603:.
1577:.
1538:.
1511:.
1492:.
1465:.
1436:.
1353:.
1325:.
1274:.
1240:^
1222:.
1211:^
1190:^
1158:.
1081:,
1062:,
874:%
818:–
447:%
391:.
231:)
2766:e
2759:t
2752:v
2080:e
2073:t
2066:v
2049:.
1716:e
1709:t
1702:v
1607:.
1588:.
1524:.
1496:.
1478:.
1450:.
1392:.
1366:.
1338:.
1310:.
1288:.
1234:.
1176:.
715:)
227:(
35:.
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