333:, below. This plant was a tri-service training facility, with both the US Navy and Air Force sending personnel to be trained on shore-based facilities (the Navy had a different stand-alone program for ship-based nuclear power, which is still in operation). The SM-1 and associated training facilities at Ft. Belvoir were the only training facility for shore-based military power plants. The plant cooled its condensers using the waters of the Potomac River. For about the first 10 years of its operation, the SM-1 unknowingly released
271:
military funding for long-range research and development because of the
Vietnam War led the AEC to phase out its support of the program in 1966. The costs of developing and producing compact nuclear power plants were so high that they could be justified only if the reactor had a unique capability and filled a clearly defined objective backed by DOD. After that, the Army's participation in nuclear power plant research and development efforts steadily declined and eventually stopped altogether.
999:
502:
568:
537:
425:
482:
343:
294:
605:. Initial criticality at Ft. Belvoir (in Gunston Cove, off the Potomac River), January 24, 1967. It was the last of the eight plants to permanently cease operation. The MH-1A was designed by Martin Marietta Corporation. It remained moored at Gatun Lake in the Panama Canal from 1968 until 1977, when it was towed back to Ft. Belvoir for decommissioning. This reactor used low-enrichment uranium (LEU) in the range of 4 to 7 percent. It was moved to the
1013:
25:
395:
overhead bridge crane drive shaft. The vessel settled back into its original location, leaving little evidence of this except scattered debris. The spray of water and steam knocked two operators onto the floor, killing one and severely injuring another. One of the loose shield plugs on top of the reactor vessel impaled the third man through his groin and exited his shoulder, pinning him to the ceiling.The victims were Army
1027:
580:
444:, Greenland. Initial criticality October 3, 1960. The first "portable" nuclear power reactor. Brought to Greenland in parts, assembled, operated, disassembled, shipped back to United States. The PM-2A in Camp Century was designed by the American Locomotive Company to demonstrate the ability to assemble a nuclear power plant from prefabricated components in a remote, arctic location. PM-2A operated at a
122:
477:: first closed cycle gas turbine. Initial criticality was on March 30, 1961. Designed for 300 kW, but only achieved 140 kW. Operated for only a few hundred hours of testing. The ML-1 was designed by Aerojet General Corporation to test an integrated reactor package that was transportable by military semi-trailers, railroad flatcars, and barges. This reactor was shut down in 1965.
497:, Wyoming. Owned by the Air Force, this pressurized water reactor was used to power a radar station. Initial criticality was on February 25, 1962. The PM-1 was designed by the Martin Company and provided electric power to the 731st Radar Squadron of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). This plant was shut down in 1968. PM-1 operated at a uranium-235 enrichment of 93 percent.
524:
Army, but was under the NAVFAC (Naval
Facilities Engineering Command), the shore-based power division of the US Navy. Although the majority of the personnel were Navy, the PM-3A was a tri-service stationing. For 1970-1971, there was an Army sergeant and an Air Force sergeant stationed with the crew. The plant was air-cooled with the condensers and fan units running glycol.
456:, the General Manager of the AEC, temporarily prevented the startup of the PM-2A until an interlock could be installed on the central control rod. While the interlock could be operated by personnel, General Luedecke would have to be notified first. The PM-2A was the only reactor besides SL-1 that had a central control rod that could startup the reactor on its own.
613:. The MH-1A had an elaborate analog-computer-powered simulator installed at the Training Division, USAERG, Ft. Belvoir. The MH-1A simulator was obtained by Memphis State University Center for Nuclear Studies in the early 1980s, but was never restored or returned to operational service. Its dismantling was completed in March 2019.
518:, Antarctica. Owned by the Navy. Initial criticality March 3, 1962, decommissioned 1972. The PM-3A, located at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, was designed by the Martin Company to provide electric power and steam heating to the Naval Air Facility at McMurdo Sound. PM-3A operated at a uranium-235 enrichment of 93 percent.
625:
generator of comparable output. While initially meant to power bases and field operations, the program was shifted to the Army's "Energy Depot
Concept" to investigate the production of synthetic fuels. The reactor and associated trailers would produce liquid fuels for tanks, trucks, armored personnel
380:
On
January 3, 1961, the reactor was being prepared for restart after a shutdown of eleven days over the holidays. Maintenance procedures were in progress which required the main central control rod to be manually withdrawn a few inches to reconnect it to its drive mechanism; at 9:01 p.m. this rod was
984:
The
Nuclear Power Plant Operator Course (NPPOC) was conducted at Ft. Belvoir. Applicants for the program were enlisted men who had to commit to serving a minimum of two years after completion of training. The requirements for admission to the NPPOC included aptitude test scores at least as stringent
523:
The PM-3A (Portable, Medium-power, 3rd generation) was a plant installed to provide power for the McMurdo Base in
Antarctica. During 1970–1971, it achieved a world-record power run. It was one of the first shore-based power plants to use solid-state equipment. The PM-3A was not operated by the
415:
It was later established that Byrnes (the reactor operator) had lifted the rod and caused the excursion, Legg (the shift supervisor) was standing on top of the reactor vessel and was impaled and pinned to the ceiling, and McKinley, the trainee who stood nearby, was later found alive by rescuers. All
152:
to generate electrical and space-heating energy primarily at remote, relatively inaccessible sites. The ANPP had several accomplishments, but ultimately it was considered to be "a solution in search of a problem." The U.S. Army
Engineer Reactors Group managed this program and it was headquartered at
389:
caused fuel in the core to explosively vaporize. The nuclear fission reaction directly heated the water, flashing a large amount into steam. Melting aluminum reacted with water producing hydrogen gas. The exploding fuel plates, violent metal-water reaction, and expanding water vapor pressed upwards
370:
to gain experience in boiling water reactor operations, develop performance characteristics, train military crews, and test components. Combustion
Engineering was awarded a contract by the AEC to operate the SL-1 and in turn employed the Army's military operating crew to continue running the plant.
562:
systems in a remote area. This plant was shut down in 1972. SM-1A operated at a uranium-235 enrichment of 93 percent. In 2022, the Army Corps of
Engineers awarded a first stage contract to decommission and dismantle SM-1A, but after a contract appeal allocated it to a different contractor in 2023.
616:
MM-1: ~2.5 MW electric, Conceptualized but never built. Conceived as the "Military
Compact Reactor". A truck mounted liquid metal cooled reactor, with shorter start up and shut down times. Requiring no shielding of Earth or exclusion zones to protect the operators from radiation. With its reactor
460:
We gave explicit instructions on the 8th of January that this reactor, which was shut down at the time, would not be started until we had reviewed the situation. It was necessary for us to issue instructions to modify mechanisms of the PM-2A so that no single rod could be raised to a point where
531:
The plant suffered from a multitude of problems, including a fire and coolant leakage. It was shut down in September 1972. After decommissioning, the plant was cut into pieces and transported to the US for burial. The soil surrounding the tanks had become radioactive, so it was also removed and
270:
The AEC ultimately concluded that the probability of achieving the objectives of the Army Nuclear Power Program in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost was not high enough to justify continued funding of its portion of projects to develop small, stationary, and mobile reactors. Cutbacks in
394:
propelled top head shielding, remnants of fuel plates, five loose shield plugs, a nozzle flange, and the entire reactor vessel upwards. A later investigation concluded that the 26,000-pound (12,000 kg) vessel had jumped 9 feet 1 inch (2.77 m) in the air before striking the
337:
into the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, until the development of the Packard Tri-Carb detector, which was the first detector system capable of detecting the low-energy beta decay of tritium. The instrumentation in the SM-1 pre-dated the development of solid-state devices and used vacuum
283:). The MH-1A had more space to work with, and more weight-carrying capacity, so this was a low-enrichment reactor; i.e., larger and heavier. The MH-1A was briefly considered for use in Vietnam, but the idea of anything nuclear in Vietnam was quickly rejected by the State Department.
626:
carriers, and aircraft and drastically reduce the vulnerable petroleum logistical supply chain. The associated trailers would use chemical conversion processes to convert the reactor's waste heat energy into useful fuels using elements universally found in air and water (
161:. The program began in 1954 as the Army Reactors Branch and had effectively terminated by about 1977, with the last class of NPP operators graduating in 1977. Work continued for some time thereafter either for decommissioning of the plants or placing them into
419:
This was the only fatal incident at a US nuclear power reactor, which destroyed the reactor. This incident was important in the development of commercial power because future designs prevented the core from going critical with the removal of a single
390:
on the water above the core, sending a pressure wave that struck the top of the reactor vessel. The force impinged on the lid of the reactor vessel, causing water and steam to spray from the top of the vessel. This extreme form of
465:
PM-2A successfully powered Camp Century for three years. The pressure vessel was also used to investigate neutron embrittlement in carbon steel. This plant was shut down 1963–1964. However despite the reactor's successes,
985:
as those required for admission to Officer Candidate School. Over 1,000 Nuclear Power Plant operators were licensed between the years 1958 through 1977. The NPPOC was an intense and academically challenging year-long course.
1440:, including SL-1 Accident Atomic Energy Commission Investigation Board Report, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Congress of the United States, First Session on Radiation Safety and Regulation, Washington, DC, see page 185.
557:
and was the first field facility developed under the Army Nuclear Power Program. This site was selected to develop construction methods in a remote, Arctic location, and study its economics compared with
1237:
Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking A Balance - A Historical Report On The United States Highly Enriched Uranium Production, Acquisition, And Utilization Activities From 1945 Through September 30, 1996
181:, dated 10 February 1954, assigned the Army the responsibility for "developing nuclear power plants to supply heat and electricity at remote and relatively inaccessible military installations." The
1118:
217:
244:
In a Department of the Army Approved Qualitative Materiel Development Objective for Nuclear Power Plants, dated 7 January 1965, these objectives were stated for the program:
1711:
212:
to obtain special nuclear material for use in defense utilization facilities. The focus of the Army Nuclear Power Program was on power production facilities while the
1309:
2322:
1674:
1472:
279:
Eight plants were constructed. Due to the requirement for a small physical size, all these reactors other than the MH-1A used highly enriched uranium (
2431:
2598:
1704:
2562:
1129:
416:
three men succumbed to injuries from physical trauma; the radiation from the nuclear excursion would have given the men no chance of survival.
406:
325:
to an electrical grid. Used primarily for training and testing, rather than power generation for Ft. Belvoir. The plant was designed by the
2547:
2287:
1546:
1335:
2476:
1873:
1697:
89:
42:
2552:
1773:
61:
1948:
1858:
1666:
1258:
1191:
1084:
2516:
1748:
68:
2534:
2237:
2187:
1943:
1883:
1778:
1175:. A briefing document prepared and presented to the Ad Hoc Study Group of the Army Scientific Advisory Panel, 10–11 February 1969
1524:
2257:
2147:
2043:
1978:
201:
177:
There was interest in the possible application of nuclear power to land-based military needs as early as 1952. A memo from the
2529:
2262:
2242:
2038:
2033:
1933:
1848:
1758:
1603:
1219:
190:
621:. Envisioned to have higher power density; its power output meant for the first time the powerplant would weigh less than a
75:
2603:
2557:
2391:
2192:
2069:
2048:
1958:
1913:
1818:
1788:
290:
of photos in the next section. Sources for this data include the only known book on the ANPP, by Suid, and a DOE document.
205:
1684:
U.S. Army documentary film showing the construction of Camp Century (Greenland) and the shipment and construction of PM-2A
2567:
2157:
2003:
1953:
1738:
209:
182:
1396:
Mironov, N.; Kostogarov, S.; Mamedov, A. M.; Lokhanin, G. N.; Sinitsyn, V. I.; Lokhanin, G. N.; Sinitsyn, V. I. (1961).
1240:(Revision 1 (Redacted For Public Release) ed.), U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration
2593:
2302:
2142:
1973:
1838:
1833:
1793:
1743:
1720:
1568:
1296:
204:(AEC) responsible for R&D in the nuclear field, so that the ANPP then became a joint interagency 'activity' of the
178:
57:
675:
Of the eight built, six produced operationally useful power for an extended period. Many of the designs were based on
528:
was also used for desalination using vacuum flash distillation. The reactor was located in buried tanks in the ground.
2588:
2416:
2396:
2307:
2272:
2267:
2013:
1643:
1371:
1271:
108:
939:
Detailed designs for pressurized and boiling water reactors, as well as gas-cooled and liquid-metal cooled reactors.
329:(renamed ALCO Products, in 1955), and was the first reactor developed under the Army Nuclear Power Program. See the
2406:
2336:
2252:
2227:
2207:
1963:
1918:
1888:
2466:
2441:
2436:
2222:
2172:
2084:
1753:
1476:
2471:
2461:
2376:
2371:
2167:
1828:
1384:
1042:
46:
1649:
2481:
2366:
2356:
2247:
2232:
2197:
2053:
1868:
1768:
1153:
COL Paul E. Roege - Can nuclear energy fill critical gaps in the military energy portfolio? @ TEAC3 - YouTube
363:
2451:
2386:
2341:
2277:
2074:
1928:
1654:
1260:
Proving the Principle - A History of The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1949-1999
1449:
2152:
2008:
1763:
1438:
Radiation Safety and Regulation Hearings, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, US Congress, June 12–15, 1961
1057:
676:
554:
403:
367:
326:
963:
First portable, pre-packaged, modular nuclear power plant to be installed, operated, and removed (PM-2A)
263:
Transportability, mobility, and reaction times compatible with the mission or equipment to be supported.
82:
2506:
2411:
2346:
2312:
2292:
2212:
2162:
2079:
2028:
1938:
1813:
1345:. Vol. 4, no. 4. Headquarters, Department of the Army. April 1963. p. 26. Archived from
494:
486:
409:
2524:
2426:
2381:
2297:
2282:
2023:
1968:
1878:
1783:
1032:
606:
197:
142:
1119:"Is Small Really Beautiful?The Future Role of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) In The Military"
532:
transported to Port Hueneme Naval Base, California, where it was incorporated into asphalt pavement.
2421:
2401:
2361:
1052:
1437:
2486:
1893:
1843:
1823:
35:
2456:
2217:
2018:
1863:
1853:
1365:
1346:
208:(DA) and the AEC. When the Atomic Energy Act was revised in 1954, Paragraph 91b authorized the
1923:
359:
166:
146:
2351:
1998:
1004:
314:
251:
Reduction or elimination of logistic burden necessary to support conventional power plants.
1277:
1189:
1096:
948:
First nuclear power plant in the US to supply electrical power to a commercial grid (SM-1)
8:
1047:
935:
References for this list include the DOE document, the Suid book, and the Briefing Book.
592:
550:
1417:
1233:
553:. Initial criticality March 13, 1962. The SM-1A at Ft. Greely, Alaska, was designed by
400:
138:
1607:
2177:
1689:
1421:
1267:
1215:
951:
First in-place reactor vessel annealing, using nuclear heat source, in the US (SM-1A)
602:
396:
1660:
1409:
280:
2499:
2494:
1686:
posted by DocumentaryTube.net. The arrival occurs at 16:11 in the 27-minute film.
1195:
665:
Second letter: H – high power, M – medium power, L – low power.
647:
515:
467:
386:
382:
322:
216:
concentrated on nuclear propulsion for submarines and ships. On 9 April 1954 the
149:
1460:
1188:, Army Logistician, PB 700-01-5, Vol 33, Issue 5, Sept/Oct 2001, retrieved from
1683:
591:: 10 MW electric, plus fresh water supply to the adjacent base. Mounted on the
453:
213:
1637:
1631:
1152:
2582:
1499:
1018:
318:
224:
to perform the missions assigned by DA. Essentially, these missions were to:
2202:
1062:
598:
441:
432:
391:
366:, Idaho. Initial criticality August 11, 1958. The SL-1 was designed by the
310:
154:
662:
First letter: S – stationary, M – mobile, P – portable.
622:
445:
313:, Virginia, Initial criticality April 8, 1957 (several months before the
1234:
Office of the Deputy Administrator for Defense Programs (January 2001),
567:
536:
501:
424:
1413:
1397:
1235:
525:
481:
342:
293:
240:
develop programs for application of nuclear reactors to military needs.
385:
instantly. In four milliseconds, the heat generated by the resulting
286:
The plants are listed in order of their initial criticality. See the
972:
First nuclear-powered closed-loop (Brayton) gas turbine cycle (ML-1)
24:
1212:
The Army's Nuclear Power Program: The Evolution of a Support Agency
643:
635:
627:
618:
559:
372:
158:
121:
1299:, Idaho Test Station, General Electric Corporation, July 27, 1962.
1266:. U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office. Chapter 15.
617:
core containing the energy equivalent of over 8 million pounds of
228:
conduct R&D, with the AEC, on nuclear power plant development;
2182:
1650:
MH-1A: Floating nuclear power plant, STURGIS: Construction report
1012:
651:
610:
399:
John A. Byrnes (age 27) and Richard Leroy McKinley (age 22), and
334:
163:
SAFSTOR (long term storage and monitoring before decommissioning)
162:
1395:
579:
639:
631:
1083:
Pfeffer, Robert A; Macon, William A (September–October 2001).
260:
Reduced crew size, with ultimate goal of unattended operation.
2105:
945:
First use of stainless steel for fuel element cladding (SM-1)
942:
First nuclear power plant with a containment structure (SM-1)
588:
2130:
2125:
2110:
1547:"Dismantling of mothballed Alaskan nuclear plant to resume"
969:
First land-transportable, mobile nuclear power plant (ML-1)
474:
362:, 200 kW electrical, 400 kW thermal for heating,
355:
306:
975:
First floating (barge-mounted) nuclear power plant (MH-1A)
960:
First operational boiling-water reactor power plant (SL-1)
563:
Total decommissioning cost was estimated at $ 243 million.
514:
PM-3A: 1.75 MW electric, plus heating and desalinization.
979:
470:
was never fielded and Camp Century was later abandoned.
248:
Reduction or elimination of dependence on fuel sources.
237:
provide technical support to other agencies as required;
169:
has led to a renewed interest in military applications.
1719:
1655:
Army Nuclear Power Program, 1954–1976 Virtual Exhibit
1475:. Adams Atomic Engines, Inc. Oct 1996. Archived from
966:
First use of nuclear power for desalinization (PM-3A)
994:
231:
operate the Corps of Engineers nuclear power plants;
1549:. Nuclear Engineering International. 30 August 2023
1525:"Westinghouse to decommission US prototype reactor"
597:, a barge (no propulsion systems) converted from a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1336:"PM-2A Nuclear Plant Sets Continuous Power Record"
1297:IDO-19311 Final Report of SL-1 Recovery Operation
1173:Army Nuclear Power Program: Past, Present, Future
452:In 1961, after the SL-1 plant explosion, General
287:
2580:
1085:"Nuclear Power: An Option for the Army's Future"
1465:
1310:"Nuclear Experts Probe Fatal Reactor Explosion"
1250:
954:First steam generator replacement in US (SM-1A)
575:Power Barge Sturgis, Gunston Cove, Ft. Belvoir,
381:suddenly withdrawn too far, causing SL-1 to go
2563:Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States
1186:Nuclear Power: An Option for the Army's Future
957:First pressure-suppression containment (SM-1A)
930:
1705:
1644:The Story of Camp Century, City Under the Ice
1500:"The Antarctic Environmental Awareness Pages"
925:Initial criticality to shutdown (approximate)
679:, which were proven compact reactor designs.
671:Third letter: A indicates field installation.
2548:Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1539:
1517:
1491:
1082:
371:This BWR was specifically designed to power
234:carry out training in support of the plants;
1569:"Floating Nuclear Plant Sturgis Dismantled"
1328:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
2553:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
1712:
1698:
1433:
1431:
1292:
1290:
125:US Army Engineer Reactors Group letterhead
1126:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence
1116:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1157:
578:
566:
535:
500:
480:
423:
341:
292:
120:
2599:Nuclear technology in the United States
1461:Antarctic Environmental Awareness Pages
1428:
1287:
1178:
330:
2581:
1343:Army Research and Development Magazine
1206:
1204:
493:PM-1: 1.25 MW electric, plus heating.
461:criticality could automatically occur.
1693:
1256:
1229:
1227:
980:Nuclear power plant operator training
257:Infrequent refueling and maintenance.
2558:Nuclear history of the United States
2525:Clinch River (Small Modular Reactor)
1497:
549:SM-1A: 2 MW electric, plus heating.
440:PM-2A: 2 MW electric, plus heating.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2568:Nuclear safety in the United States
1527:. World Nuclear News. 5 August 2022
1402:The Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy
1201:
1065:, a similar US project in the 2020s
13:
1721:Nuclear power in the United States
1450:CHARACTERISTICS OF PM-1 (SUNDANCE)
1224:
14:
2615:
1680:, Society of Automotive Engineers
1657:at the US Army Corps of Engineers
1625:
1504:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
274:
1398:"News of science and technology"
1025:
1011:
997:
364:National Reactor Testing Station
23:
1596:
1587:
1561:
1473:"PM-3A Design and Construction"
1454:
1443:
1389:
1378:
1302:
412:(CE1) Richard C. Legg (age 26).
222:US Army Engineer Reactors Group
34:needs additional citations for
2392:Clinch River (Breeder Reactor)
1146:
1110:
1076:
1043:Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge
1:
1646:, a 1961 AEC film about PM-2A
1370:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1069:
172:
165:. The current development of
1638:PM-3A at McMurdo, Antarctica
677:United States Naval reactors
583:MH-1A control room simulator
266:Improved cost-effectiveness.
58:"Army Nuclear Power Program"
7:
2604:United States Army projects
1058:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
988:
931:Significant accomplishments
682:
509:McMurdo Station, Antarctica
368:Argonne National Laboratory
327:American Locomotive Company
10:
2620:
495:Sundance Air Force Station
487:Sundance Air Force Station
485:PM-1 Nuclear Power Plant,
321:nuclear power plant to be
187:Army Nuclear Power Program
131:Army Nuclear Power Program
2594:Military nuclear reactors
2543:
2515:
2321:
2283:Sodium Reactor Experiment
2093:
2062:
1987:
1902:
1802:
1727:
1033:Nuclear technology portal
790:
642:), potentially producing
607:James River Reserve Fleet
448:enrichment of 93 percent.
198:Atomic Energy Act of 1954
2589:Defunct nuclear reactors
1632:PM-1 Nuclear Power Plant
1257:Stacy, Susan M. (2000).
1053:List of nuclear reactors
407:Construction Electrician
202:Atomic Energy Commission
16:Former U.S. Army program
668:Digit: Sequence number.
189:and assigned it to the
137:) was a program of the
1573:The Maritime Executive
1117:TrakimaviÄŤius, Lukas.
584:
576:
545:
510:
489:
463:
436:
351:
302:
214:Naval Reactors Program
206:Department of the Army
167:small modular reactors
150:nuclear power reactors
126:
582:
570:
539:
504:
484:
458:
427:
360:Boiling water reactor
345:
296:
210:Department of Defense
183:Secretary of the Army
124:
1676:Energy Depot Concept
1214:, Greenwood (1990),
1005:United States portal
601:, and moored in the
387:enormous power surge
315:Shippingport Reactor
301:Ft. Belvoir Virginia
179:Secretary of Defense
43:improve this article
1661:Summary of the ANPP
1352:on October 19, 2012
1198:on January 30, 2009
1095:(5). Archived from
1048:Nuclear power plant
551:Fort Greely, Alaska
254:Reliable operation.
2329:whole plants only)
2148:Connecticut Yankee
1479:on 2 December 1998
1414:10.1007/BF01832133
1194:2009-02-05 at the
658:Key to the codes:
585:
577:
546:
544:Ft. Greely, Alaska
511:
490:
437:
352:
331:SM-1 image gallery
303:
218:Chief of Engineers
191:Corps of Engineers
139:United States Army
127:
2576:
2575:
2327:(incomplete list,
2288:Three Mile Island
1634:, a 1962 AEC film
1316:. January 5, 1961
1220:978-0-313-27226-4
603:Panama Canal Zone
309:: 2 MW electric.
143:pressurized water
141:to develop small
119:
118:
111:
93:
2611:
2535:Turkey Point-6/7
2330:
2233:Millstone Unit 1
2193:Fort Saint Vrain
2070:Fort Saint Vrain
1992:
1907:
1807:
1732:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1668:Army Logistician
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1606:. Archived from
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1498:Spindler, Bill.
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1276:. Archived from
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1222:
1208:
1199:
1184:Pfeffer, Macon,
1182:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1128:. Archived from
1123:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1089:Army Logistician
1080:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
317:) and the first
220:established the
185:established the
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2539:
2511:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2089:
2058:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1774:Nine Mile Point
1730:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1575:. 16 March 2019
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1202:
1196:Wayback Machine
1183:
1179:
1171:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
982:
933:
928:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
891:
886:
885:
880:
879:
874:
873:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
796:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
784:
779:
776:
775:
774:
773:
768:
765:
764:
762:
761:
760:
755:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
742:
739:
738:
736:
735:
734:
729:
726:
725:
723:
722:
721:
716:
713:
712:
710:
709:
708:
703:
700:
699:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
648:liquid hydrogen
574:
543:
516:McMurdo Station
508:
468:Project Iceworm
431:
383:prompt critical
349:
300:
277:
175:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Vermont Yankee
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Big Rock Point
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:Prairie Island
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1903:NRC Region III
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:St. Lucie
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Calvert Cliffs
1741:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1626:External links
1624:
1621:
1620:
1595:
1586:
1560:
1538:
1516:
1490:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1427:
1408:(4): 873–887.
1388:
1377:
1327:
1301:
1286:
1283:on 2011-08-07.
1272:
1249:
1223:
1200:
1177:
1156:
1145:
1109:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1022:
1008:
993:
992:
990:
987:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
932:
929:
924:
919:
917:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
899:
895:
893:
889:
887:
883:
881:
877:
875:
871:
869:
865:
863:
859:
857:
853:
851:
847:
845:
841:
839:
835:
833:
829:
827:
823:
821:
817:
815:
811:
809:
805:
803:
799:
797:
793:
791:
787:
782:
781:
780:
778:
777:
771:
770:
769:
767:
766:
763:
758:
757:
756:
754:
753:
750:
745:
744:
743:
741:
740:
737:
732:
731:
730:
728:
727:
724:
719:
718:
717:
715:
714:
711:
706:
705:
704:
702:
701:
698:
693:
692:
691:
689:
688:
687:
686:
684:
681:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
656:
655:
614:
565:
564:
534:
533:
529:
520:
519:
499:
498:
479:
478:
454:Alvin Luedecke
450:
449:
422:
421:
417:
413:
377:
376:
340:
339:
276:
275:List of plants
273:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
174:
171:
117:
116:
99:September 2016
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2616:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Greene County
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Douglas Point
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Crystal River
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Diablo Canyon
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Comanche Peak
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1988:NRC Region IV
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1803:NRC Region II
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Beaver Valley
1737:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:, an AEC film
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1610:on 2009-01-09
1609:
1605:
1604:"PPS History"
1599:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1548:
1542:
1526:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1366:cite magazine
1356:September 30,
1348:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1273:0-16-059185-6
1269:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:Suid, L. H.,
1207:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1135:on 2022-07-31
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1099:on 2009-02-05
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1019:Energy portal
1014:
1009:
1006:
995:
986:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
936:
680:
678:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
659:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
587:
586:
581:
573:
569:
561:
556:
555:ALCO Products
552:
548:
547:
542:
538:
530:
527:
522:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
496:
492:
491:
488:
483:
476:
473:
472:
471:
469:
462:
457:
455:
447:
443:
439:
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
393:
388:
384:
379:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
353:
348:
344:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
289:
284:
282:
272:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
245:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
148:
147:boiling water
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2530:North Anna-3
2507:Yellow Creek
2446:
2407:Forked River
2337:Allens Creek
2273:Shippingport
2238:Oyster Creek
2228:Maine Yankee
2213:Indian Point
2208:Humboldt Bay
2203:Hanford Site
2188:Fort Calhoun
2135:
2120:
2115:
2100:
1944:Enrico Fermi
1884:Turkey Point
1814:Browns Ferry
1779:Peach Bottom
1728:NRC Region I
1675:
1667:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1598:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1467:
1456:
1445:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1380:
1354:. Retrieved
1347:the original
1342:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1278:the original
1259:
1252:
1242:, retrieved
1236:
1211:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1148:
1137:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1125:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1092:
1088:
1078:
1063:Project Pele
983:
934:
674:
657:
609:in 1978 for
599:Liberty ship
593:
571:
540:
505:
464:
459:
451:
442:Camp Century
433:Camp Century
428:
392:water hammer
346:
311:Fort Belvoir
297:
285:
278:
269:
243:
221:
195:
186:
176:
155:Fort Belvoir
134:
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2467:South River
2442:Marble Hill
2437:Levy County
2382:CFPP, Idaho
2308:Yankee Rowe
2258:Rancho Seco
2044:South Texas
1979:Quad Cities
1969:Point Beach
1934:Davis–Besse
1794:Susquehanna
1749:FitzPatrick
1731:(Northeast)
1593:Suid, p. 36
1553:4 September
1314:Times Daily
446:uranium-235
435:, Greenland
410:First Class
397:Specialists
350:NRTS, Idaho
2583:Categories
2477:Summer-2/3
2472:Stanislaus
2462:Sears Isle
2422:Hartsville
2377:Bodega Bay
2372:Blue Hills
2362:Bellefonte
2298:Vallecitos
2263:San Onofre
2243:Pathfinder
2054:Wolf Creek
2039:River Bend
2034:Palo Verde
2029:Grand Gulf
1954:Monticello
1849:North Anna
1759:Hope Creek
1678:SAE SP-263
1614:2009-02-26
1244:2009-06-13
1139:2020-12-05
1103:2017-09-18
1070:References
526:Waste heat
173:Background
69:newspapers
2482:Sundesert
2367:Black Fox
2357:Bell Bend
2323:Cancelled
2223:La Crosse
2178:Elk River
2063:Converted
2049:Waterford
1959:Palisades
1914:Braidwood
1906:(Midwest)
1894:Watts Bar
1819:Brunswick
1769:Millstone
1509:2 January
1483:2 January
1422:189794486
375:stations.
323:connected
200:made the
2487:Victoria
2457:Offshore
2452:Montague
2387:Cherokee
2342:Atlantic
2278:Shoreham
2218:Kewaunee
2080:Somerset
2009:Columbia
2004:Callaway
1999:Arkansas
1864:Sequoyah
1859:Robinson
1789:Seabrook
1764:Limerick
1531:7 August
1320:July 30,
1192:Archived
989:See also
683:Timeline
644:methanol
636:nitrogen
628:hydrogen
619:gasoline
560:fuel oil
373:DEW line
159:Virginia
2500:3 and 5
2495:1 and 4
2248:Pilgrim
2183:Fermi 1
2075:Midland
1949:LaSalle
1939:Dresden
1924:Clinton
1844:McGuire
1824:Catawba
1806:(South)
1670:article
1579:9 March
652:ammonia
650:and/or
611:SAFSTOR
594:Sturgis
335:tritium
288:gallery
83:scholar
2517:Future
2491:WPPSS
2412:Galena
2352:Barton
2347:Bailly
2293:Trojan
2268:Saxton
2198:Hallam
2173:EBR II
2094:Closed
2085:Zimmer
2019:Cooper
1991:(West)
1889:Vogtle
1874:Summer
1854:Oconee
1834:Harris
1829:Farley
1420:
1270:
1218:
640:carbon
632:oxygen
623:diesel
404:Seabee
338:tubes.
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2427:Haven
2253:Piqua
2168:EBR I
2136:SM-1A
2121:PM-3A
2106:MH-1A
1964:Perry
1919:Byron
1879:Surry
1839:Hatch
1784:Salem
1754:Ginna
1418:S2CID
1385:PM-2A
1350:(PDF)
1339:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
772:MH-1A
759:PM-3A
746:PM-2A
707:SM-1A
589:MH-1A
572:MH-1A
541:SM-1A
506:PM-3A
429:PM-2A
90:JSTOR
76:books
2447:MM-1
2402:Erie
2313:Zion
2163:DAEC
2158:CVTR
2131:SM-1
2126:SL-1
2116:PM-1
2111:ML-1
2101:ANPP
1929:Cook
1581:2021
1555:2023
1533:2022
1511:2020
1485:2020
1372:link
1358:2013
1322:2010
1268:ISBN
1216:ISBN
920:1975
914:1974
908:1973
902:1972
896:1971
890:1970
884:1969
878:1968
872:1967
866:1966
860:1965
854:1964
848:1963
842:1962
836:1961
830:1960
824:1959
818:1958
812:1957
806:1956
800:1955
794:1954
783:ML-1
733:PM-1
720:SL-1
694:SM-1
638:and
475:ML-1
420:rod.
401:Navy
356:SL-1
347:SL-1
319:U.S.
307:SM-1
298:SM-1
196:The
145:and
135:ANPP
129:The
62:news
2432:Lee
1410:doi
281:HEU
45:by
2585::
1571:.
1502:.
1430:^
1416:.
1404:.
1400:.
1368:}}
1364:{{
1341:.
1312:.
1289:^
1226:^
1203:^
1159:^
1124:.
1093:33
1091:.
1087:.
646:,
634:,
630:,
358::
193:.
157:,
1713:e
1706:t
1699:v
1663:.
1617:.
1583:.
1557:.
1535:.
1513:.
1487:.
1424:.
1412::
1406:9
1374:)
1360:.
1324:.
1142:.
1106:.
918:│
912:│
906:│
900:│
894:│
888:│
882:│
876:│
870:│
864:│
858:│
852:│
846:│
840:│
834:│
828:│
822:│
816:│
810:│
804:│
798:│
792:│
654:.
133:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
