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in the accuracy of the gun that at the battle of
Hairini Ridge the artillery was fired over the heads of the advancing infantry as they stormed the ridge. The infantry took cover in a slight depression in the ground in front of the Maori trenches and then stormed the trenches when the shelling stopped.
322:
is at the Te
Awamutu museum. The barrel can traverse 6 degrees left or right without moving the gun carriage. The wheels are wooden with a 75 mm wide steel band. The wheel diameter is 1.7 m. The track width is 1.8 m. Barrel width at the muzzle is 140 mm. Such was the confidence of the army
309:
Numbers of dead
Chinese lay about the guns, some most fearfully lacerated. The wall afforded very little protection to the Tartar gunners, and it was astonishing how they managed to stand so long against the destructive fire that our Armstrongs poured on them; but I observed, in more instances than
418:
Tests conducted in 1859 with the
Armstrong 40-pounder, and again in 1869 with the Armstrong rifled 100-pounder had demonstrated that neither rifled cannon was capable of penetrating 4 inches of armour, even at as little as 50 yards. This was crucial because Britain, as a maritime power, relied for
381:
The many-grooved system of rifling with its lead-coated projectiles and complicated breech-loading arrangements is far inferior for the general purpose of war to the muzzle-loading system and has the disadvantage of being more expensive in both original cost and ammunition. Muzzle-loading guns are
240:
The
Armstrong breech loaders used a vertical sliding block, called a vent-piece, which had a conical copper-ringed plug on its front surface which sealed the firing chamber, to close the breech. To hold both block and plug tightly in place the guns used a hollow breech screw (hence the name "screw
414:
Despite a further report which remarked on the advantages of breech-loaders, cost dominated the proceedings and the
Committee finally announced that "The balance of advantages is in favour of muzzle-loading field guns", and in 1865 Britain reverted from breech-loading ordnance to muzzle-loading.
528:
first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that
Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension
402:
Their report did admit that
Armstrong's guns, while more expensive, were undoubtedly safer in that while it was not uncommon for cast iron muzzle-loaders to burst, not one Armstrong gun had ever done so. (Furthermore, gunners could clear a misfire from the breech; when the
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met to consider the merits of muzzle-loading and breech-loading guns. In 1864, even before they had concluded their investigations, the
Government stopped the manufacture of Armstrong breech-loaders. When the Committee finally reported, in August 1865, they announced that:
422:
Armstrong developed an alternative horizontal sliding wedge version of his breechloader, for 40-pounder and 64-pounder guns, in an attempt to address the limitations of the screw breech, but the
Government had already decided to return to muzzle-loading guns.
666:
85:
3-pounder gun for trial. Later increased in bore to 5-pounder, the design performed successfully with respect to both range and accuracy. Over the next three years he developed his system of construction and adapted it to guns of heavier calibre.
226:. The lubricator followed the shell down the bore, the lubricant was squeezed out between the tin plates and the wad behind it cleaned out any lead deposits left from the shell coating leaving the bore clean for the next round.
1208:
479:
methods of sealing the bore which relied upon the power of the gun's firing to effect the gas seal ("obturation") rather than the manual labour in the 1858 design. It was a major supplier of modern "
288:
which ignited a gunpowder charge in the vent tube, the flash passed through the vent in the vent-piece, assisted by the primer if present, into the powder chamber and ignited the gunpowder charge
426:
To allow rifling to be used with muzzle-loaders, Armstrong proposed in 1866 a new system whereby the shells had studs on the outside, which aligned with grooves in the barrel of the
382:
far superior to breech-loaders in simplicity of construction and efficiency in this respect for active service; they can be loaded and worked with perfect ease and abundant rapidity.
361:. Originally used as mobile guns for defending areas of Bermuda's South Shore without fixed coastal artillery, they were soon replaced and became part of a saluting battery at
702:
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233:; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time slightly
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as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smoothbore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.
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ring. The guns' rifling was on the "polygroove" system; the bore of the gun had 38 grooves along its length with a twist of one turn per 38 calibres.
695:
1213:
781:
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exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pages 863–870
42:
229:
An innovative feature which is more usually associated with 20th-century guns was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a
688:
341:, in which Howard Hensman describes six being captured by a combined Anglo-Indian expedition under the command of Brigadier-General Baker.
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its security on the ability of its naval ordnance to defeat any new armour-protected warships being developed by potential enemy powers.
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483:" guns to the Royal Navy, British Army and the world export market until the 1920s. However, it is its earlier generations of "
21:
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Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he only produced smaller
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69:) tube surrounded by a number of wrought-iron strengthening coils shrunk over the inner tube to keep it under compression.
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at Gibraltar misfired, a gunner had to be lowered head-first down the bore to attach an extractor to the shell.)
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pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for
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Armstrong did not consider his system suited to heavier guns but higher authorities had him develop a
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breech") behind the block, which the gunner rotated to tighten and seal the breech before firing.
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301:. As reported by the translator Robert Swinhoe, after the British attack on the Chinese fort at
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and linseed oil between two tin plates, backed by a felt wad coated with beeswax and finally by
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down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.
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Armstrong's guns used a "built-up" construction, comprising a central "A" tube (initially of
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displayed at St. George's Foundation's UNESCO World Heritage Centre, St. George's Town,
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The shell was inserted through the hollow breech-screw and rammed home into the bore
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633:"A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor" published by D Van Nostrand, New York, 1865
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Armstrong returned to the manufacture of breechloaders in the 1880s, using an
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used all these guns and all except the 20-pounder saw service in New Zealand.
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1863 conflict in New Zealand between British troops and Maori in the Waikato
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grooves to impart spin to the shell. This system had just been developed by
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with lanyard attached was inserted in the hole at the top of the vent-piece
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The powder cartridge was inserted through the breech-screw into the chamber
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coils which kept the central tube under compression, a breech-piece, and a
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one, that the unfortunate creatures had been tied to the guns by the legs.
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A primer tube was inserted into the vent piece (only necessary for the
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Armstrong guns were used against British and Indian troops during the
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The Armstrong gun—mainly the 12-pounder—was used extensively in the
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The British used Armstrong guns extensively to great effect in the
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toughened in oil) holding the bore over which were shrunk several
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430:. This was adopted by the Government for the first generation of
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427:
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234:
487:" guns that are typically referred to as "Armstrong guns".
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The Armstrong rifled breechloading guns of the 1850s-1860s
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by forces supporting the Imperial government of Japan.
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in Sweden. This spin, together with the elimination of
106:
20-pounder (3.75 inches /95 mm) field & naval gun
45:
and manufactured in England beginning in 1855 by the
318:. A well preserved 12-pounder which was used in the
677:
21, no. 4 (Winter 1957) ed. Morton Borden, 193–198.
475:breech with its own "Armstrong cup" and later the
123:
326:On July 4, 1868, Armstrong guns were used at the
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344:
110:40-pounder (4.75 inches (121 mm)) siege gun
539:Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder
1173:
696:
569:(London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1861) p. 105.
567:Narrative of the North China Campaign of 1860
627:Treatise on Ammunition. War Office, UK, 1877
1796:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
582:(London, W.H. Allen & Co., 1882) p. 35.
292:
153:Screw breech system of 7-inch Armstrong gun
25:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the
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673:, April, May and June, 1860, reprinted in
556:Treatise on Ammunition 1877, pages 166–167
365:before being set into a wharf as bollards
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248:The breech screw was turned to loosen it
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20:
116:(7 inches /180 mm) heavy gun. The
99:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns
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594:"The Gun - Rifled Ordnance: Whitworth"
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77:In 1854, Armstrong approached the
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1191:small arms & ordnance of the
659:
218:was a "lubricator" consisting of
1786:Naval guns of the United Kingdom
163:Powder cartridge with lubricator
81:, proposing that he construct a
41:field and heavy gun designed by
37:was a uniquely designed type of
1249:Webley .455" Revolver Mk I – IV
124:Armstrong breech-loading system
1296:Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon
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274:The breech-screw was tightened
1:
669:, articles from the New York
620:
442:Later Armstrong breechloaders
355:RBL 40-pounder Armstrong guns
345:Return to muzzle-loading guns
191:shell, similar in shape to a
7:
506:Armstrong Disappearing Gun.
490:
10:
1812:
1624:BL 9.2-inch Mk IV & VI
1422:RML 7-pounder mountain gun
271:The vent-piece was lowered
244:To load and fire the gun:
135:7-inch 110lb Armstrong gun
79:Secretary of State for War
1725:
1687:
1661:
1569:
1556:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
1533:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun
1523:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun
1474:
1435:
1427:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
1412:
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768:Smoothbore muzzle-loading
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724:Smoothbore muzzle-loading
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409:Napier of Magdala Battery
251:The vent-piece was raised
214:On top of each gunpowder
61:construction system of a
1634:BL 12-inch Mk I, VI, VII
1589:BL 6-inch Mk III, IV, VI
1478:& garrison artillery
880:68-pounder Lancaster gun
631:Alexander Lyman Holley,
544:20 February 2002 at the
511:
293:Armstrong guns in action
47:Elswick Ordnance Company
1579:QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt
1389:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt gun
1219:Beaumont–Adams revolver
1078:QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt
869:Rifled muzzle-loaders (
335:Second Anglo-Afghan War
57:. Such guns involved a
16:British artillery piece
1551:BL 5-inch gun Mk I – V
1239:Kerr's Patent revolver
1073:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1068:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
1020:BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII
860:RBL 7-inch 110-pounder
646:The Chinese Opium Wars
468:
399:
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366:
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284:The gunner pulled the
201:Martin von Wahrendorff
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155:
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133:Fibreglass replica of
30:
1676:10-inch 18 cwt mortar
1671:13-inch 36 cwt mortar
1561:BL 9.45-inch howitzer
1528:RML 64-pounder 58 cwt
1513:RML 25-pounder 18 cwt
1485:4.1-inch 'Long Cecil'
1456:RML 6.6-inch howitzer
1451:RML 6.3-inch howitzer
1379:RML 16-pounder 12 cwt
1352:SBML 9 pounder 13 cwt
1129:1-inch Nordenfelt gun
1035:BL 12-inch Mk I – VII
931:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt
913:Rifled muzzle-loaders
903:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt
890:Rifled muzzle-loaders
714:naval weapons of the
580:Afghan War of 1979-80
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43:Sir William Armstrong
39:rifled breech-loading
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1404:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
1374:RML 13-pounder 8 cwt
1291:Pattern 1853 Enfield
1010:BL 6-inch Mk II – VI
1005:BL 6-inch 80-pounder
838:Rifled breechloaders
497:Rifled breech loader
458:of the 1880s at the
453:6-inch breechloading
1680:8-inch 9 cwt mortar
1546:RML 8-inch howitzer
1394:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
1384:BL 12-pounder 7 cwt
1369:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
1214:1897 infantry sword
1025:BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII
926:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
665:Friedrich Engels, "
604:on 13 February 2008
524:Holley states that
339:Battle of Charasiab
320:battle of Rangiriri
172:, and from 1863 of
1771:1858 introductions
1518:RML 40-pounder gun
1498:SBML 8-inch 65 cwt
1461:BL 5-inch howitzer
1414:Mountain artillery
1286:Pattern 1851 Minié
1040:BL 12-inch Mk VIII
966:RML 12-inch 35-ton
961:RML 12-inch 25-ton
805:13-inch Blomefield
800:10-inch Blomefield
667:"On Rifled Cannon"
473:interrupted thread
469:
460:Chulachomklao Fort
405:RML 17.72 inch gun
400:
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1781:Coastal artillery
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1757:
1740:0.45" Gatling gun
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1571:Coastal artillery
1399:BL 15-pounder gun
1155:
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1147:Whitehead torpedo
1060:Quick-firing guns
828:24-pounder Millar
823:12-pounder Millar
743:32-pounder 55 cwt
390:Armstrong Gun in
1803:
1718:Hales 24-pounder
1614:BL 8-inch Mk VII
1542:RML 6.6-inch gun
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1244:Tranter revolver
1234:Enfield revolver
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526:Daniel Treadwell
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502:Disappearing gun
456:disappearing gun
374:Select committee
299:Second Opium War
268:due to the size)
205:Giovanni Cavalli
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1494:SBML 24-pounder
1490:SBBL 32-pounder
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748:32-pounder gun
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1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:RML 12.5-inch
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:RBL 9 pounder
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Martini–Henry
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Victorian era
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:Light weapons
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1050:BL 16.25-inch
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
988:(new pattern)
987:
983:
977:
974:
972:
971:RML 12.5-inch
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
918:
914:
910:
904:
901:
900:
898:
895:
891:
887:
881:
878:
877:
875:
872:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:RBL 9 pounder
845:
844:
842:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
793:
789:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
772:
769:
765:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
725:
721:
717:
716:Victorian era
713:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
683:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
655:
654:0-15-617094-9
651:
647:
643:
642:
634:
630:
628:
625:
624:
603:
599:
595:
592:Ruffell, WL.
588:
581:
575:
568:
562:
553:
547:
543:
540:
535:
527:
521:
517:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
461:
457:
454:
448:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
397:
396:LĂ©vis, Quebec
393:
388:
383:
378:
375:
372:
364:
363:Fort Victoria
360:
356:
351:
342:
340:
336:
331:
329:
324:
321:
317:
311:
306:
304:
300:
287:
283:
280:
279:friction tube
276:
273:
270:
267:
263:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
238:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
160:
150:
143:
142:
136:
130:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
87:
84:
80:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:Royal Arsenal
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Armstrong gun
28:
23:
19:
1727:Machine guns
1045:BL 13.5-inch
674:
670:
645:
606:. Retrieved
602:the original
597:
587:
579:
574:
566:
561:
552:
534:
520:
505:
470:
464:Samut Prakan
425:
421:
417:
413:
401:
380:
368:
332:
325:
313:
308:
296:
243:
239:
231:squeeze bore
228:
213:
186:
178:wrought iron
170:wrought iron
167:
140:
103:
88:
76:
63:wrought-iron
59:built-up gun
34:
32:
18:
1745:Gardner gun
1688:War rockets
1644:RML 16-inch
1584:QF 4.7-inch
1326:Lee–Enfield
1321:Lee–Metford
1276:Baker rifle
1119:Gardner gun
1114:Gatling gun
1093:QF 4.7-inch
976:RML 16-inch
956:RML 11-inch
951:RML 10-inch
840:(Armstrong)
369:In 1863 an
266:110-pounder
114:110-pounder
1765:Categories
1709:24-pounder
1703:12-pounder
1619:RML 9-inch
1609:RML 8-inch
1604:RML 7-inch
1599:RBL 7-inch
1508:RBL 7-inch
1271:Brown Bess
1229:Webley RIC
1030:BL 10-inch
946:RML 9-inch
941:RML 8-inch
936:RML 7-inch
770:shell guns
753:68-pounder
738:24-pounder
733:18-pounder
621:References
608:6 February
466:, Thailand
451:Armstrong
434:, termed "
262:40-pounder
193:Minié ball
174:mild steel
118:Royal Navy
67:mild steel
65:(later of
29:(1868–69).
27:Boshin War
1791:Scotswood
1750:Maxim gun
1697:6-pounder
1439:, medium,
1437:Howitzers
1336:Artillery
1139:Torpedoes
1098:QF 6-inch
1088:QF 4-inch
1015:BL 8-inch
1000:BL 5-inch
995:BL 4-inch
894:converted
871:Lancaster
815:Howitzers
392:Fort No 1
224:millboard
216:cartridge
189:cast iron
91:artillery
1707:Congreve
1701:Congreve
1695:Congreve
1201:Sidearms
917:Woolwich
648:(1975),
542:Archived
504:for the
491:See also
477:de Bange
398:, Canada
371:Ordnance
182:trunnion
112:, and a
55:Woolwich
49:and the
1663:Mortars
1259:Muskets
792:Mortars
726:cannons
671:Tribune
598:The Gun
359:Bermuda
337:in the
303:Pehtang
286:lanyard
209:windage
197:rifling
141:Warrior
1263:rifles
777:8-inch
652:
428:cannon
235:swaged
220:tallow
97:, and
1712:Boxer
1476:Siege
512:Notes
1441:and
1261:and
650:ISBN
610:2008
353:Two
264:and
203:and
187:The
139:HMS
108:, a
485:RBL
436:RML
407:at
137:on
53:at
33:An
1767::
596:.
481:BL
462:,
394:,
305::
277:A
101:.
1181:e
1174:t
1167:v
919:)
915:(
896:)
892:(
873:)
704:e
697:t
690:v
612:.
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