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Stanley Plan proponents wanted. However, Boothe, Dalton and other moderates failed in that effort; Byrd
Democrats proposed such closures despite a provision of the state constitution requiring free public education, proposing instead to modify the state constitution. Moreover, Byrd forces in the state Senate retaliated against Bootheby giving him two minor committee assignments, neither important, which some considered a way of isolating him.
343:, a symbolic gesture since women had been granted the right to vote based on other states' actions. In 1954 the Young Turks deadlocked the General Assembly for hours past its scheduled adjournment, winning a compromise whereby part of the state's surplus revenue would fund additional services rather than dispersing everything as a tax refund (Virginia's taxes also being among the lowest in the country).
339:, led a group of mostly World War II veterans and from Virginia's growing cities and suburbs, which were forming a progressive wing (or challenging the Byrd Organization). The Young Turks began by securing greater education funding (Virginia had traditionally one of the lowest per capita funding levels in the country, even worse for African Americans). In 1952 they secured Virginia's approval of the
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to study options, but Gray and U.S. Senator Byrd (and others) became radicalized before the commission (of legislators, thus having no
African -Americans) issued its report. On January 4, 1956, he and Arlington School Board president Elizabeth Campbell went to Richmond to debate segregation and the
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ordered those schools integrated, the
Stanley administration had ousted Campbell and the rest of Arlington's elected school board and imposed the racially segregated pupil placement plan. However, on January 19, 1959 (Robert E. Lee's birthday), both the Virginia Supreme Court and a panel of three
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initially protested vehemently, but a month later broke with the Byrd
Organization and allowed the public schools in Norfolk and Arlington to remain open and integrate peacefully pursuant to federal court orders. Boothe handily won reelection in 1959 despite a primary challenge for allowing such
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led a "valiant last ditch effort" to insert a "local option" in the
Stanley Plan legislative package, beyond the racially segregated "pupil placement" plans, so public schools which complied with judicial desegregation orders would not have to close and deprive all students of education as the
466:'s 1968 Presidential campaign in Virginia. The following year, Boothe survived major heart surgery, and concluded his legal career. Boothe spent his final years before retiring to an assisted living facility as Director of Development for and as assistant to the dean of the
633:
Sweeney at p. 103, citing "When Reason collides with
Prejudice: Armistead Lloyd Boothe and the Politics of Desegregation in Virginia, 1948-1963, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 102 (1994) at pp. 18-19, 28,
284:
Admitted to the
Virginia bar in October 1931, Boothe began practicing law with his father, Gardner L. Boothe's Alexandria firm: Boothe, Dudley, Koontz, Blakenship & Stump. He served as a lawyer for the
451:(and died several months later), Boothe ran for the seat, proclaiming a progressive agenda, including diplomatic recognition of China. However, he lost the 1966 Democratic primary to Byrd's son,
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Boothe is best remembered for his consistent fight to integrate
Virginia's public schools, which he began predicting in a Virginia Law Review article published in 1949. Boothe and
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46% to 54%, the narrowest margin of any of the progressive candidates) and ultimately won election in
November. Boothe declined to seek re-election in 1963, and was succeeded by
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Gray plan with Dowell Howard and Henry T. Wickham. When the legislature finally met, it debated the a radicalized version of the Gray
Commission plan, which became known as the
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Boothe was elected to his first term in the Virginia House of Delegates (a part-time position) in 1948, and was re-elected until 1955, when he ran for State Senate, also from
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399:'s ordering them to close to avoid integration. Arlington voters had rejected the proposed constitutional amendment, but it passed statewide, so that when federal judge
655:"Former Virginia State Senator Armistead L. Boothe offers encouragement to local supporters of Robert Kennedy's presidential campaign - University of Virginia - Virgo"
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In 1934 Boothe married Elizabeth Ravenel Peelle of Washington, D.C., and they ultimately had three daughters, Julie Perry, Eleanor Smith and Elizabeth Davis.
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off the Presidential ballot in Virginia. In 1950 he introduced bills to create a state civil rights commission and repeal laws segregating transportation.
455:(whom, ironically, Boothe had met during their mutual naval service in World War II), by a very small margin (less than 1%, or 8,225 votes statewide).
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Robert A. Pratt, The Color of Their Skin: Education and Rade in RichmondVirginia1954-89 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992) at p. 8
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After that loss, Boothe retired from the electoral arena, although he remained politically active until ultimately sidelined by
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Boothe was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on September 23, 1907, to Gardner Lloyd and Eleanor Harrison Carr Boothe. He attended
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James R. Sweeney, Race, Reason and Massive Resistance: the diary of David J. Mays (University of Georgia Press, 2008) p. 94
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A lifelong Democrat, Boothe sat on the Virginia Code Commission throughout his legislative service. He also supported the
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The City of Alexandria named a newly created park in the Cameron Station subdivision after Armistead Boothe in 1999. The
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413:, who had succeeded him as Alexandria's delegate). Thus, Massive Resistance did not end for several more years.
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federal district court judges in Virginia declared the Stanley Plan unconstitutional. The new governor
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Boothe thus became known for his battle to keep Virginia's public schools, including those in nearby
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312:. From 1956 to 1963 Boothe served in the State Senate, in newly created (because of census changes)
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Boothe left Alexandria to serve as a naval air combat intelligence officer through the
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to racial integration. They initially appointed a commission under State Senator
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through tuition grants, which Boothe opposed. He and Republican state senator
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campaign in Virginia in 1960. In 1961 Boothe made an unsuccessful bid for
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The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia 1940 - 1960 Register
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from 1934 to 1936, and was Alexandria City Attorney from 1938 to 1943.
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The Almanac of Virginia Politics, Crater, VanTrease, Williams. 1977.
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324:. In 1948, Boothe derailed an attempt by Byrd forces to keep
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A collection of Boothe’s donated materials is housed at the
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of conservative, mainly rural Democrats led by U.S. Senator
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Democratic Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
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George Mason University Special Collections Research Center
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and other conservative Byrd Democrats began a program of
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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library
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When Senator Byrd announced his retirement from the
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to racial integration in Virginia's public schools.
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and later as a State Senator from the newly created
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Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia) alumni
346:After the United States Supreme Court decision in
269:in 1929 and received a B.A. in Jurisprudence from
201:Gardner Lloyd Boothe, Eleanor Harrison Carr Boothe
265:, receiving his A.B. in 1928. He was chosen as a
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300:(1939–1945), then returned to private practice.
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504:References
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227:Democratic
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176:Democratic
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209:Attorney
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