Armenians in Turkey

1244:, and increasing due to immigrants from Armenia looking for work (who are entirely Christian), and Crypto-Armenians who decide to identify openly as Armenians and convert to Christianity. However, most of that growth is not reflected in official data, because Crypto-Armenians are not listed as part of the recognized Armenian minority due to Turkish laws on the officially recognized (Armenians, Greeks, and Jews) minorities, which doesn't allow newly identified Armenians to change their Turkish identities they were given at birth. As for Armenian immigrants, most are unable to join the minority because they are illegal immigrants. Due to those factors, the 181: 1846: 2207: 2543: 1449:(or Amida/Tigranakert) has three operating Armenian churches as of 2015– one Apostolic, one Catholic, and one Protestant- The largest amount for any city in Turkey excluding Istanbul. The city's modern Armenian community was established in the 1920s and 30s when all the Armenians that still lived in the surrounding areas consolidated by moving to Amida, forming a community consisting of 30 families in the 1980s in Sur, the historic district of Diyarbakir. It could also be assumed that many Crypto Armenians have been living here as well, because when the 970:, were able to return to their homes to gather things or search for loved ones. After the fall of French Cilicia, Some of those returnees attempted to stay permanently after the Turks gained the territory back, but were all driven away by the early 1930s due to various reasons. Those who left the Mandate ended up in Syria, France, Armenia, the Americas and the rest of Europe, in that order. The Armenian population suffered a final blow with ongoing massacres and atrocities throughout the period 1920–1923, during the 1427:

for a Turk" as a result of the century-long uneasy relationship between the two countries, by 2010, there were between 22,000 and 25,000 Armenian citizens living illegally in Istanbul alone, according to Turkish officials, and an estimated total amount of 100,000. Many of them are employed in Turkish households to provide domestic services, such as cooking and cleaning. According to a 2009 interview poll of 150 Armenian work migrants, the majority are women. In 2010, amid Armenia's push for the recognition of the

1542:, masquerading as Muslims, while many genuinely practice Islam. Most Cryptos who later identify as Armenians are Christian as well, with a common practice among those who confess their ethnicity being to have a Christian baptism performed. Still, some who confess do not change their religion, and continue on as Muslims. Others even practice both faiths depending on where they are. That may just be due to a lack of churches, and for identified Armenians who are Muslim, a fear of Turkish extremists. 2715: 3624:

sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".

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allowed to attend local Armenian minority schools, but as they are not Turkish citizens, they do not receive diplomas at the end of the school term. According to the researcher Alin Ozinian number of Armenians living illegally in Turkey (in 2009) is 12,000 to 13,000 and not 70,000 to 100,000 as has previously been estimated. Aris Nalci, a journalist working for the newspaper Agos, gave a little bit higher numbers, between 12,000 and 14,000 (in 2010).

6223: 1602:(ARA) and other Armenian guerrilla organizations played in targeting Turkish diplomats and interests worldwide at the height of their anti-Turkish campaign in the 1970s and 1980s. The fears of the Turkish Armenians were justified with the fact that at many times, Turkish-Armenian institutions and even religious centers were targeted by threats and actual bombings in retaliation of the acts of ASALA, JCAG, ARA and others. 1791: 1866: 1195:

Christian Armenians are in most cases part of the recognized minority, but can also include Crypto Armenians who are not legally recognized as Armenian but identify as both Armenian and Christian, and Armenian immigrants to Turkey. Crypto Armenians are Armenians who are legally identified as Turks and are either Christian and openly recognize their identity, hide their identity and either practice

1276: 3581:

or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

787: 1837:, while receiving numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists. At his funeral, one hundred thousand mourners marched in protest of the assassination, chanting "We are all Armenians" and "We are all Hrant Dink". Criticism of Article 301 became increasingly vocal after his death, leading to parliamentary proposals for repeal of the law. 1652:'s civilian prison on January 30, 1983. He had been sentenced to death in September 1982 after having confessed that he had carried out the airport attack with another gunman on behalf of ASALA, and despite the fact that he publicly condemned violent acts during his own trial and appealed to the Armenian militants to stop the violence. 1790: 1924:(officially Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople) is, since 1461, the religious head of the Armenian community in Turkey. The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople has exerted a very significant political role earlier and today still exercises a spiritual authority, which earns it considerable respect among 1426:

The Christian Armenian presence in Turkey is reinforced by a constant flow of mostly illegal immigrants from Armenia who settle in Turkey in search of better job opportunities, where the difference in pay can be quite significant. Despite a negative public opinion in Armenia of "an Armenian who works

3580:

Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion

2389:

Nevertheless, the Western Armenian language is still spoken by a small minority of the present-day Armenian community in Turkey. However, only 18 percent of the Armenian community speaks Western Armenian, while 82 percent of the Armenian community speaks Turkish. This percentage is even lower among

1435:

threatened to deport the illegal immigrants back to Armenia, however the situation gradually thawed. Some Armenian immigrants do not discuss ever returning to their homeland having adapted to life in Turkey. Beginning in 2011, children of the Armenian citizens living illegally in Istanbul have been

1194:

Due to the Armenian Genocide and other events in Turkey during the last century, Turkish Armenians were killed, forced into hiding, and forcibly converted to Islam, which therefore split them into different groups. There are three groups- Armenian Christians, Crypto Armenians, and Muslim Armenians.

3623:

The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to

2039:

Turkey's Armenian community faces educational problems due to the steadily decreasing number of students every school year and lack of funding. The number of Armenian schools decreases year by year. This number has fallen from 47 to 17 today with currently 3,000 Armenian students, down from 6,000

738:

In addition to local ethnic Armenians who are Turkish citizens, there are also many recent immigrants from Armenia in Istanbul. There is also an unknown number of officially Muslim citizens of the Republic of Turkey who have recently started to identify as Armenians based on their Armenian roots,

3545:

Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to

1567:

had devastating effect on the ethnic minorities of Turkey, and most importantly the Armenian community. The law came under harsh criticism, as property holders had to sell a lot of their assets at greatly deflated prices or such assets were confiscated by the authorities. The unpopular law was

1199:

or Islam, Openly identify as Armenian but are Muslim, or don't know about their ethnicity at all. The combined total of all Armenians in Turkey is unknown, because the number of people who are Crypto Armenian is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from as low as 30,000 to several million

2030:

Turkey has hundreds of Armenian churches. However, the majority of them are either in ruins or are being used for other purposes. Armenian churches still in active use belong to various denominations, mainly Armenian Apostolic, but also Armenian Catholic and Armenian Evangelical Protestant.

1259:

in the Turkish system and has its own religious, cultural, social and educational institutions along with a distinct media. The Turkish Armenian community struggles to keep its own institutions, media and schools open due to diminishing demand from emigration and quite considerable economic

809:

finally became part of the Ottoman Empire, financial support was given to the Apostolic Church by the Sultan, so it could build churches in the city, which prior to that the Byzantines refused as they viewed the church as heretical. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were viewed as a separate

1200:

depending on how broad the standards were to be considered Crypto Armenian in the studies made. However, the combined total of immigrant Armenians and those in the recognized minority would be estimated at 150–170,000. Another statistic could be the number of people who are members of the

2015:

before Christmas. The first, fourth and seventh weeks of Hisnag are periods of vegetarian fast for church members and every Saturday at sunset a new purple candle is lit with prayers and hymns. On the second day of Christmas, 7 January, families visit graves of relatives and say prayers.

2989:(Armenian: Ակօս, "Furrow") is a bilingual Armenian weekly newspaper published in Istanbul in Turkish and Armenian. It was established on 5 April 1996. Today, it has a circulation of around 5,000. Besides Armenian and Turkish pages, the newspaper has an on-line English edition as well. 1554:

Garo Paylan (Armenian: Կարօ Փայլան, born 1972) is a Turkish politician of Armenian descent. He is a Member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) representing Istanbul. He became one of the first Armenian members of Turkey's parliament in

2787:. Hayko Tataryan is also well known for singing in Turkish, Armenian and Greek, so is his son Alex Tataryan. Very recently the Turkish-Armenian singer Sibil Pektorosoğlu (better known by her mononym Sibil) has become popular winning pan-Armenian music prizes for her recordings. 2745:

cultural and musical formation, in addition to performing a rich selection of Turkish, Kurdish, Georgian, Arabic and gypsy musical numbers, also includes a number of beautiful interpretation of Armenian traditional music in its repertoire. It gave sold-out concerts in

3546:

manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.

1678:. The unprecedented apology was initiated by a group of 200 Turkish academics, journalists, writers and artists disagreeing with the official Turkish version of what many historians consider the first genocide of the 20th century. Their petition, entitled " 4557:

Nitekim 1942 yılında yürürlüğe giren Varlık Vergisi, Ermenilerin, Rumların ve Yahudilerin ekonomideki liderliğine son vermeyi hedeflemiştir...Seçim dönemleri CHP ve DP'nin Varlık Vergisi'nin geri ödeneceği yönündeki vaatleri ise seçim propagandasından

2795:

In movie acting, special mention should be made of Vahi Öz who appeared in countless movies from the 1940s until the late 1960s, Sami Hazinses (real name Samuel Agop Uluçyan) who appeared in tens of Turkish movies from the 1950s until the 1990s and

1783:

in front of his newspaper offices on January 19, 2007, turned into an occasion for expression of national grief throughout Turkey and the rallying of great support for the concerns of the Armenian community in Turkey by the general Turkish public.

1990:

at a date later than most of the Christians, on 6 January rather than 25 December. The reason for this is historical; according to Armenians, Christians once celebrated Christmas on 6 January, until the 4th century. 25 December was originally a

1659:(TARC) was set up in July 2001 a joint project of a number of Turkish and Armenian intellectuals and political experts to discuss various aspects of the Turkish-Armenian relations and approving a set of recommendations to the governments of 5315: 1995:

holiday that celebrated the birth of the sun. Many members of the church continued to celebrate both holidays, and the Roman church changed the date of Christmas to be 25 December and declared January 6 to be the date when the

818:, but were not usually mistreated until later in the empire's history. Many Armenians gained significant positions in the empire in professions such as banking, which they almost had a monopoly in. The oldest Turkish company, 1306:. Other factors included the Patriarchate having its headquarters in the city, and the city's economy and quality of life attracting Armenian immigrants which allowed for the community to keep stable numbers in the face of 2850:

A number of Turkish writers – such as Sait Faik, Kemal Tahir and Ahmed Hamdi Tanpinar – also represented Armenians in their work and, in the case of Tanpinar, actually had Armenian friends and taught in Armenian schools.

1770:

had carved himself a position of that of a very prominent figure for conveying the ideas and aspirations of the Armenian community in Turkey not only for Turkish-Armenians but for many Armenians worldwide. His newspaper

2534:. Usage continued in Armenian church gatherings specially for those who were Turkophones rather than Armenophones. Many of the Christian spiritual songs used in certain Armenian churches were also in Armeno-Turkish. 1527:. Ways in which they were converted included orphans being taken in by Muslim families, Armenian women being taken as wives by soldiers, and entire families converting by joining communities that accepted them. 1641:, and his stance was reflected by the Turkish mass media as a protest of most Turkish-Armenians against such attacks. Nine people had been killed and more than 70 wounded in the attack on the Turkish airport. 852:

followed in 1915–1916 until 1918, during which the Ottoman government of the time ordered the deportation. These measures affected an estimated 75–80% of all the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire during

4497:

quote: "Jazo Uzal, a villager from the province of Mus, goes to church in Istanbul, where he spends the winters, but when he returns home during the summer he observes the Muslim rites of worship, including

1329:. Kumkapi is the location of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, and is known for its many fish restaurants and historic Churches. One of the main differences between the areas is that Kumkapi is 1727:

The Armenians in Turkey used to be active in Turkish politics. The Turkish-Armenian Sarkis "Aghparik" Cherkezian and Aram Pehlivanyan (Nickname: Ahmet Saydan) played a pivotal role in the founding of the

2385:

in all these areas (Europe, Americas, Middle East) was formed in the 19th and early 20th century by Armenian populations from the Ottoman Empire, which is where Western Armenian was historically spoken.

2059:, according to whom there were some 1,000 children of Armenian immigrants in Turkey at that time. However, as they are not Turkish citizens, at the end of the school term, they do not receive diplomas. 1515:

to describe people in Turkey "of full or partial ethnic Armenian origin who generally conceal their Armenian identity from wider Turkish society." They are descendants of Armenians in Turkey who were

1563:, a Turkish tax levied on the non-Muslim citizens of Turkey by a law enacted on November 11, 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into 1461:

after most of the residents of Sur were forced to leave, and the district was occupied by the Turkish Army. This part of the district is being rebuilt and resold to Turkish and foreign investors.

673:, have an estimated population of 40,000 to 50,000 today, down from a population of over 2 million Armenians between the years 1914 and 1921. Today, the overwhelming majority of Turkish Armenians 4257: 927:

are "converted Armenians." He reported in 2012 that over 200 families in Tunceli have declared their Armenian descent, but others are afraid to do so. In April 2013, Aram Ateşyan, the acting

2757:

The "Sayat-Nova" choir was founded in 1971 under the sponsorship of the St. Children's Church of Istanbul performs traditional Armenian songs and studies and interprets Armenian folk music.

3065: 1302:

is the largest in Turkey, a catalyst being due to the fact that it was the only place that Armenian Christians were at least somewhat protected at the time of the creation of Turkey post

985:

By the end of the 1920s, only a sprinkling of non-converted Armenians left in Turkey were scattered sparsely throughout the country, with the only viable Armenian population remaining in

5311: 2966:(Armenian: Մարմարա) (sometimes "Nor Marmara" – New Marmara) is an Armenian-language daily newspaper published since 1940 in Istanbul, Turkey. It was established by Armenian journalist 2800:

who appeared in more than 400 movies. Movie actor and director Kenan Pars (real name Kirkor Cezveciyan) and theatre and film actress Irma Felekyan (aka Toto Karaca), who was mother of

4908: 1644:

Another turbulent point for the Armenian community of Turkey was the highly publicized public trial of the Armenian gunman and one of the perpetrators of the attack, the 25-year-old

1484:

in publications) are Sunni Muslims of Armenian origin and culture who converted to Islam during Ottoman and earlier rule, and mostly live in the Hopa and Borçka counties of Turkey's

2662: 4631: 3095:. Usually named "Bolsahay Miutyun"s (Istanbul-Armenian Associations), they can be found in their new adopted cities of important Turkish-Armenian populations. Among them are the " 2479:

edition of the official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, called "Frat" (Turkish and Arabic for the Euphrates) contained a Turkish section of laws printed in Armenian alphabet.

4967: 4944: 4175: 5038: 5286: 2048:

means "Armenian high school". The Armenian schools apply the full Turkish curriculum in addition to Armenian subjects, mainly Armenian language, literature and religion.

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Many Cryptos are totally unaware of their Armenian ethnicity, living as Turks or Kurds, while many know they are Armenian but hide it out of fear of discrimination.

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One of the darkest events in Turkish history was the Wealth Tax, levied discriminatory against non-Muslims in 1942, hobbling Armenians with the most punitive rates.

1805: 794:

Armenians living in Turkey today are a remnant of what was once a much larger community that existed for thousands of years, long before the establishment of the

1453:

was restored in 2011 after years of abandonment, several thousand people came to celebrate mass there, including diasporans. In 2017, the Southeastern third of

4400: 2585: 2442: 4524:

quote: “I am happy to see my father getting back in touch with his Armenian identity. However, I am afraid not only of the state but also of militant groups.”

1418:

border. It is home to a community of about 130 Turkish-Armenians, and around 300 people who are from the village who come back to visit during the summer.

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was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007. Hrant Dink's son

2944: 2940: 3106:

a memorial stone with bronze letters (third of its kind after the Polish and Dutch similars) to the memory of eight Turkish citizens killed during the

3027: 2978:

is published six times a week (except on Sundays). The Friday edition contains a section in Turkish as well. Circulation is reported at 2000 per issue.

2936: 1626: 1591: 2706:), between 1942 and 1960. He held his position and continued his research in linguistics at the Turkish Language Association until his death in 1979. 2040:

Armenian students in 1981. Schools are kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12), kindergarten through 8th grade (K-8) or 9th grade through 12th (9–12).

4354: 2903: 2879: 4812: 4265: 3021: 2056: 6211: 3266: 3261: 2948: 2828:

Turkish Armenian novelists, poets, essayists and literary critics continue to play a very important role particularly in the literary scene of the

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Protests in Istanbul during the funeral of murdered journalist Hrant Dink where more than 100,000 people marched. Protesters hold banners saying "

2885: 2512: 1975: 4751: 4039: 3271: 4664: 4428: 3412: 3323: 3156: 4912: 4295: 3387: 3311: 2918:

also have a long tradition of keeping alive the Turkish Armenian literature, which is an integral part of the Western Armenian language and

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Smith, Thomas W. (September 2, 2001). "Constructing A Human Rights Regime in Turkey: Dilemmas of Civic Nationalism and Civil Society": 4.

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younger people of whom only 8 percent speaks Western Armenian and 92 percent speaks Turkish. Turkish is replacing Western Armenian as a

1595: 4640: 2859:

Istanbul was home to a number of long-running and influential Armenian publications. Very notable now-defunct daily newspapers included

2330:

It was widely adopted in literary Armenian writing and in Armenian media published in the Ottoman Empire, as well as large parts of the

6384: 1656: 2935:

meaning time) is a long-running Armenian language daily newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey. The daily was established in 1908 by

5182: 3181: 2897: 5046: 2323:

The Western Armenian dialect was developed in the early part of the 19th century, based on the Armenian dialect of the Armenians in

3928: 3039: 3001: 2526:

used by many Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was not only the Bible versions printed in Armenian, but also at times the translated

3831: 3371: 1906:

denominations. The religion of others and those not officially part of the minority is elaborated on in the Demographics section.

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depicted an impossible love story between two young people coming from two different communities amidst hostility and adversity.

2055:

to send their children to schools of the Turkey's Armenian community. This move came as a result of lobbying of Deputy Patriarch

1915: 1201: 5282: 4535: 2670:, together with two other Armenian linguists, İstepan Gurdikyan and Kevork Simkeşyan. He continued his work and research on the 3045: 1745: 1729: 4336: 6081: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5242: 5157: 5130: 5098: 4606: 4123: 3756: 3651: 3456: 1775:

had played an important role in presenting Armenian historical grievances through publishing of articles and opinions in the

1737: 4209: 2353:

community, or those who immigrated from Armenia. Nevertheless, Western Armenian is the primary dialect of Armenian found in

1538:

Considering the advanced nature of Crypto Armenians, they cannot be classified as either Muslim or Christian. Some practice

6204: 4508: 4372: 3186: 3146: 3013: 1959: 954:

ended up there as well. Armenians deported from areas that were under allied control by 1918, particularly the short lived

928: 5366: 4862: 4837: 2471:

The Armenian alphabet was also used alongside the Arabic alphabet on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, written in

923:

neighbors. According to Mihran Prgiç Gültekin, the head of the Union of Dersim Armenians, around 75% of the population of

5675: 5340: 4696: 2600:

in 1816 as the superintendent of the imperial printing press, which notably published the first Turkish daily newspaper,

2025: 1732:. There used to be Armenian activists in many other Turkish political parties as well. In 2015, three Turkish-Armenians, 610: 5120: 2760:

In classical opera music and theatre, Toto Karaca was a major figure on the stage. In the folk tradition, the effect of

4994: 3785:

Contesting Armenianness: plurality, segregation and multilateral boundary making among Armenians in contemporary Turkey

3096: 2588:(1810–1891), known as the "Turkish Gutenberg", established a printing press in Istanbul that operated from 1839 until 3068:

also declared intention to publish official government advertisements in minority newspapers including Armenian ones.

857:. Many died directly, while others died as a result of dehydration, disease, and starvation during the death marches. 6379: 5630: 5395: 5019: 3878: 3595:"The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 3151: 3012:) is a trilingual periodical publication in Armenian, Turkish and English languages and is the official organ of the 2691: 1757: 1580: 1572: 1622: 1614: 911:). Through the 20th century, an unknown number of Armenians living in the mountainous region of Dersim converted to 6415: 5637: 3103: 2722: 1834: 1576: 1457:

was leveled due to being occupied by Kurdish Insurgents. The Armenian Church was raided by what is suspected to be

1005:

was part of Syria, and is why that area still has some established and officially recognized Armenian communities.

5147: 2453:

From the early 18th century until around 1950, and for almost 250 years, more than 2000 books were printed in the

2004:

had already separated from the Roman church at that time, the date of Christmas remained unchanged for Armenians.

802:

in the decade before World War I range between 1.3 (official Ottoman data) and 3 million (independent estimates).

6197: 6018: 5934: 5586: 3166: 3119: 3091:

Despite leaving their homes in Turkey, the Turkish Armenians traditionally establish their own unions within the

1826: 1719:

paid a breakthrough landmark visit to Armenia that he said "promises hope for the future" for the two countries.

1571:

The traditional Armenian political parties were known to be very active in Ottoman political life, including the

752: 4485: 3985: 3800: 3517:"Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools" 5784: 5621: 5614: 2438: 2338:

veritably became the cultural and literary center of the Western Armenians in the 19th and early 20th century.

2104: 1698: 1587:. Ethnic-based political parties as well as religious-based political parties are prohibited in Turkey by law. 1341:, and Yesilköy is mostly Armenian Catholic, Roman Catholic and Syriac Orthodox. Kumkapi is also located in the 865: 6283: 5337:"Berlin'in haber sitesi ha-ber.com Almanya ve Türkiye'den gazete manşetleri. Berlin news. Berlin Nachrichten" 2234: 1694: 724: 352: 6219: 5228: 6028: 5983: 5978: 5648: 5529: 3897: 3491: 3176: 2675: 2621: 2080: 1753: 1683: 4802: 2522:

Great collection of Armeno-Turkish could be found in Christian Armenian worship until the late 1950s. The

2231:– pronounced Sourp Pergitch or St Saviour). It also has its media information bulletin called "Surp Prgiç" 4355:"After 12 years, Turkey closes the door on American church volunteer – Christian News on Christian Today" 3783: 3560:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities" 3312:

https://tr.euronews.com/2019/04/08/ermeniler-neden-turkiyeyi-terk-ediyor-turkiye-de-ne-kadar-ermeni-kaldi

3171: 2686:, meaning "language opener", which he gladly accepted. In return, Agop Martayan openly proposed the name 2074: 1963: 1929: 1903: 1780: 1599: 1450: 1229: 971: 799: 760: 756: 690: 584: 464: 459: 149: 4188: 2682:. Following the issue of the Law on Family Names in 1934, Mustafa Kemal Pasha suggested him the surname 2141: 2113: 2098: 1766:, the Turkish-Armenian journalist, writer and political activist, and the chief editor and publisher of 1349:, and Yesilköy is a neighborhood within Greater Istanbul next to the outer walls of the Fatih District. 5579: 1925: 1458: 1001:

necessitating their migration to Istanbul. At the time of the establishment of the Republic of Turkey,

974:. Those suffering the most were those Armenians remaining in the east and the south of Turkey, and the 580: 1523:

under the threat of either death, displacement, loss of property or a combination of those during the

5801: 5418: 4747: 3161: 3081: 3077: 2418: 2414: 2001: 1941: 1489: 1390:. This particular village only exists as of now due to some of the population deciding to stay after 1330: 1221: 1022: 967: 503: 491: 450: 141: 5555: 4591: 4047: 3233: 3006: 2718: 1365: 103: 6420: 6315: 6097: 6013: 5534: 5497: 2497: 2164: 1749: 1334: 1225: 825:

Starting in the late 19th century, political instability, dire economic conditions, and continuing

686: 455: 145: 4674: 3345: 2667: 2559: 889: 6178: 6102: 5731: 5680: 5665: 5312:"Minority Newspaper Meets with the Turkish Press Advertising Agency | Greek Reporter Europe" 4287: 4012: 2772: 2573: 2317: 1398:

in 1939, while the other 6 villages populations decided to leave. It is located on the slopes of

1256: 811: 713: 603: 535: 517: 386: 310: 3516: 3102:

The Turkish Ambassador to Germany, Hüseyin Avni Karslıoğlu, inaugurated in December 2012 at the

2742: 1432: 6278: 6227: 6141: 6117: 5789: 4456: 3715: 2464:

Armeno-Turkish was not used just by Armenians, but also many non-Armenian elite (including the

2434: 1014: 511: 381: 357: 180: 4433: 4405: 4115: 4072: 3935: 3871:

The Slaughterhouse Province: An American Diplomat's Report On the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917

3346:"Turkologist Ruben Melkonyan publishes book "Review of Istanbul's Armenian community history"" 2381:). Western Armenian is the primary language of the diaspora because the great majority of the 2224: 2210: 697:, since they have been living in their historical homeland for more than four thousand years. 6305: 6300: 6157: 6136: 6123: 5924: 5758: 5691: 4578: 3124: 1845: 1797: 1287: 674: 240: 197: 2750:

as part of the Turkish-Armenian Cultural Program, which was made possible with support from

1756:)—were elected, and became the first Armenians to be elected as Member of Parliament to the 1583:(Ramgavar Party). But the activities of all these Armenian parties were curtailed after the 6288: 6251: 6173: 6131: 6066: 5993: 5963: 5944: 5919: 5914: 5825: 5806: 5796: 5765: 5752: 3129: 2546:

The Armenian school in Kumkapi, Istanbul (next to the Surp Asdvadzadzin Patriarchal Church)

1890:

Virtually all Armenians who are officially registered as part of the Armenian Minority are

1706: 1679: 1387: 1018: 815: 732: 720: 478: 338: 333: 306: 5258: 3440:

Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics

677:. They support their own newspapers, churches and schools, and the majority belong to the 8: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6295: 6256: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6008: 5998: 5988: 5949: 5939: 5898: 5855: 5831: 5811: 5542:, a project to reconstruct and preserve the memory of Armenian life in the Ottoman Empire 5146:

Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000).

5119:

Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000).

4460: 4040:"Iskenderun: Catholic Church – Katolik Kilisesi – Chiesa Cattolica – Katholischer Church" 3288: 2955: 2919: 2836: 2761: 2565: 2468:

Turkish intellectuals) could actually read the Armenian-alphabet Turkish language texts.

2406: 2206: 1713: 1539: 1440: 1196: 868:. They never returned to their original homes in today's Eastern Turkey (composed of six 778: 441: 376: 362: 347: 342: 324: 319: 315: 282: 277: 255: 220: 87: 5174: 3832:/gen_bib1.html Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on the Armenian genocide 3369:

UNESCO Culture Sector, UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 2009

2820:

of Armenian descent, nicknamed "the Eye of Istanbul" or "the Photographer of Istanbul".

2733:

Armenians try to keep a rich cultural life and do participate in the Turkish art scene.

2542: 2220:

Among other institutions, Turkish Armenians also have their own long-running hospitals:

6268: 6112: 6107: 6076: 6071: 6036: 6003: 5973: 5968: 5870: 5860: 5850: 4013:"A History of Destruction: The Fate of Armenian Church Properties in Adana [i]" 3772:

Quote"I earn $ 600 a month, which is more than twice the money I would earn in Armenia"

3696: 3684: 3643: 3368: 2847:(1923–2007), better known by his pen name Zahrad was a renowned Western Armenian poet. 2657: 1955: 1895: 885: 826: 678: 596: 562: 391: 371: 329: 291: 287: 230: 188: 3957: 3064:

as part of a wider campaign in support of existing minority newspapers in Turkey. The

1454: 6310: 6046: 6041: 5929: 5865: 5737: 5602: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5428:

New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State

5238: 5203: 5153: 5126: 5015: 4990: 4545: 4389:

Ibit, Uwe Blasing, "Armenian in the vocabulary and culture of the Turkish Hemshinli".

4119: 4104: 3874: 3808: 3735: 3688: 3647: 3614: 3594: 3571: 3536: 3452: 3246: 3092: 3009: 2963: 2932: 2829: 2783:

declared he was of ethnic Armenian descent. Another famous Armenian rock musician is

2695: 2625: 2609: 2531: 2458: 2382: 2366: 2342: 2331: 2313: 2301: 2293: 2285: 2259: 2255: 2238: 2228: 1899: 1830: 1584: 1524: 1428: 1411: 1369: 1303: 1269: 1232:

churches. The number of Armenian Christians is both diminishing due to emigration to

916: 849: 842: 701: 694: 635: 557: 541: 487: 367: 296: 272: 111: 3191: 1560: 6325: 6261: 5705: 5669: 3727: 3680: 3606: 3528: 3444: 3223: 2971: 2779:

are two veritable jazz musicians, composers and arrangers. The Turkish rock artist

2671: 2653: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2597: 2577: 2555: 2551: 2527: 2472: 2454: 2350: 2346: 2279: 2251: 1833:'s campaign for its international recognition. Dink was prosecuted three times for 1776: 1505: 1293: 979: 900: 795: 740: 728: 627: 575: 571: 522: 259: 225: 206: 127: 123: 95: 4288:"Number of Armenians Illegally Living in Turkey Only 12,000: Recent Study Reports" 3025:(St. Saviour) the magazine of the Armenian Sourp Pergiç (Pergitch) Hospital, also 2939:

and has been somewhat a family establishment, given that it has been owned by the

860:

As for the remaining Armenians in the east, they found refuge by 1917–1918 in the

848:

There was conflict between Armenians, Turks and Kurds between 1892 and 1915. The

526: 6273: 6246: 5712: 4984: 4971: 4807: 4669: 4233:"Children of Armenian irregular immigrants to attend community schools in Turkey" 4213: 4206: 3962: 3375: 3228: 3134: 2967: 2817: 2649: 2602: 2501: 2391: 2267: 2263: 2145: 2117: 1822: 1645: 1610: 1485: 1307: 904: 873: 709: 301: 5413: 5149:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times

5122:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times

4883: 4772: 4717: 4509:"Armenian Life Returns to Diyarbakir - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 4373:"Armenian Life Returns to Diyarbakir – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 2516: 1716: 1670:

Thousands of Turks joined Turkish intellectuals in publicly apologizing for the

1590:

The Armenians of Turkey were also highly critical of the activist role that the

6241: 5378: 2797: 2637: 2580:. Armenians contributed considerably to the development of printing in Turkey: 2465: 1997: 1932:, in the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church, the 1709: 1690: 1675: 1407: 1391: 1386:. This village and 6 others managed to brave past the Armenian genocide in the 1353: 1338: 1326: 1002: 998: 955: 920: 881: 806: 705: 566: 530: 407: 216: 211: 202: 99: 63: 5068: 3731: 3610: 3532: 3448: 2714: 6404: 5890: 5519: 5503: 5234: 4232: 4111: 3812: 3739: 3692: 3618: 3575: 3540: 2910:

Presently, Istanbul has two Armenian language dailies. These two newspapers,

2358: 2354: 1945: 1870: 1741: 1630: 1512: 1318: 975: 893: 507: 83: 3474:"Diaspora Design Versus Homeland Realities: Case Study of Armenian Diaspora" 3203: 2780: 1928:. The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople recognizes the primacy of the 939: 51: 5744: 5466:

The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History

3716:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation" 3251: 2784: 2660:. He was invited on September 22, 1932, as a linguistics specialist to the 2493: 1891: 1854: 1818: 1564: 496: 432: 91: 67: 5399: 5394:

This article contains some text originally adapted from the public domain

4317: 4149:"Turkey: Armenian Illegal Migrants Put National Grievances Aside for Work" 3559: 3492:"Minister denies calling Armenians 'Diaspora representatives' in Istanbul" 3473: 2813: 2776: 1279: 1216:

population is estimated to be between 50,000 and 70,000, mostly living in

5817: 5539: 2613: 2589: 2581: 2519:, they kept their records in Ottoman Turkish written in Armenian script. 2370: 2214: 1937: 1933: 1733: 1671: 1606: 1395: 1362:

has one small Armenian church, and a community of a few dozen Armenians.

1282:

was an Armenian-Turkish photojournalist, nicknamed "the Eye of Istanbul".

951: 947: 877: 854: 841:. This massive exodus from the Ottoman Empire is what started the modern 838: 739:

after being Islamised decades or centuries earlier. They are referred as

417: 412: 4218: 4077: 3898:"Mihran Gultekin: Dersim Armenians Re-Discovering Their Ancestral Roots" 3700: 3668: 2445:

in the 1920s (Eastern Armenian in Iran did not adopt this reform then).

2151: 1684:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150815013428/http://www.ozurdiliyoruz.com/

1550: 1403: 1313:

The three most important areas where Armenians live in Istanbul are the

4153: 4148: 3413:"Gökçek'e göre Türkiye'de 15 milyon gizli Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi varmış" 3324:"Gökçek'e göre Türkiye'de 15 milyon gizli Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi varmış" 3256: 3099:

of Los Angeles", the "Istanbul Armenian Association in Montreal", etc.

2990: 2889:(1914–1924). Outside Istanbul, the notable daily publications included 2801: 1949: 1849:

Surp Krikor Lusavoriç Kilisesi (St. Gregory The Enlightener Church) in

1817:

Dink was best known for advocating Turkish-Armenian reconciliation and

1809: 1763: 1446: 1359: 1346: 1213: 990: 779:

Turkey’s hidden Armenians search for stolen identity -FRANCE 24 English

422: 75: 4482:"Turkey's Secret Armenians - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East" 3905: 3218: 3208: 2417:

is markedly different in grammar, pronunciation and spelling from the

2308:, namely "Trkahayeren" ("Turkish-Armenian") are one of the two modern 1314: 4193: 3438: 3437:

Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande (2006-01-01).

3107: 2997:

served as the executive editor of the weekly after his assassination.

2994: 2327:, to replace many of the Armenian dialects spoken throughout Turkey. 1987: 1850: 1520: 1516: 1399: 1241: 171: 5571: 3950: 3843: 3637: 3110:, one of whom is a Turkish Armenian with the name Garabed Taşçıyan. 3052:

In September 2011, the Turkish government granted some financing to

2194: 1667:

on how to improve the strained relations between the two countries.

5955: 5514: 5445:

Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Mouradian, Khatchig (2023).

3213: 2943:

since its inception. After Misak Kochounian, it was passed down to

2840: 2569: 2335: 2324: 2188: 2132: 2068: 1878: 1858: 1634: 1470: 1322: 1299: 1249: 1237: 1217: 986: 869: 861: 834: 819: 469: 427: 47: 5447:

After the Ottomans: Genocide's Long Shadow and Armenian Resilience

5307:

Minority Newspaper Meets with The Turkish Press Advertising Agency

5145: 5118: 2674:

as the head specialist and Secretary General of the newly founded

2169: 2051:

In September 2011, the Turkish government recognized the right of

1969: 5698: 5263: 5095:"Apkar Tıbir'le Karagümrük'te başlayan matbaacılık tarihi | Agos" 4540: 4189:

Recep Tayyip Erdogan threatens to expel 100,000 illegal Armenians

3293: 2927: 2861: 2747: 2726: 2422: 2378: 2309: 2052: 1702: 1664: 1245: 994: 963: 935: 931:, stated that 90% of Tunceli's population is of Armenian origin. 912: 908: 250: 79: 55: 5414:"Perception of the Army by Armenian Minorities Living in Turkey" 2624:(TLA) from its establishment in 1932 until 1979. In addition to 2448: 2441:

known as Mashdotsian spelling, whereas Eastern Armenian adopted

2110: 708:) lived in the eastern parts of the country that Armenians call 6222: 4909:"Armenian immigrant children to be allowed in minority schools" 2844: 2679: 2620:

and was the first Secretary General and head specialist of the

2476: 2430: 2395: 2362: 1874: 1660: 1649: 1638: 1618: 1383: 1233: 959: 924: 830: 682: 670: 153: 107: 71: 59: 5259:"GU-Q Faculty Seminar: Armenians in Modern Turkish Literature" 4803:"Mass protest at Turkish-Armenian editor Hrant Dink's funeral" 2404:

where the Western Armenian language in Turkey is defined as a

1865: 5560: 4965:

UNESCO: 15 Languages Endangered in Turkey, by T. Korkut, 2009

4904:

Armenian immigrant children to be allowed in minority schools

4457:"The Armenian ethnoreligious elements in the Western Armenia" 4147:

Grigoryan, Marianna; Hayrapetyan, Anahit (2 September 2011).

3873:(2. print. ed.). New Rochelle, New York: A.D. Caratzas. 2960: 2751: 2645: 2523: 2483: 2341:

Western Armenian is the language spoken by almost all of the

2138: 2092: 1992: 1415: 1342: 943: 704:

of 1915, most of the Armenian population of Turkey (then the

5492: 1712:'s invitation to attend the match, on 6 September 2008, the 1275: 950:. All those who survived the death camps in/deportations to 786: 5014:(1. basım. ed.). İstanbul: IQ Kültürsanat Yayıncılık. 3283: 2982: 2596:(1742-1835) designed the Turkish type and was appointed by 2426: 2374: 2086: 1978:

is based in Istanbul and in 2008 reported 3,650 followers.

1767: 829:

prompted the emigration of as many as 100,000 Armenians to

5565: 5550: 4800:

The Guardian, 24 January 2007, reached on 2 February 2013

4745:

The Armenian Weekly, 9 June 2015, reached on June 9, 2015

2987: 2843:

remains a pivotal figure in the literary criticism scene.

2258:, and most of that number are bilingual, with some having 1909: 1579:(Hunchak) and the Armenakan Party, the predecessor of the 919:, many of the Armenians in the region were saved by their 5039:"Özür dilediğim Ermeniler ve 2008 için son birkaç sözcük" 3844:"Armenian Elements in the Beliefs of the Kizilbash Kurds" 3801:"A Family's 400-Year-Old Musical Secret Still Rings True" 2765: 2492:, written by Armenian statesman, journalist and novelist 2123: 1382:) is the only remaining fully ethnic Armenian village in 864:

and within the areas controlled by the newly established

5556:

Lraper, Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople Bulletin

5444: 4029:

Fuat Dündar, Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar, 2000

2182: 1981: 1220:

and its environs. They are almost always members of the

4748:"Armenian Observers in Turkey's Parliamentary Election" 4337:"Mass Celebrated at Sourp Giragos Church in Diyarbakir" 3236:, the only remaining ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. 2298:Արեւմտեան աշխարհաբար pronounced Arevmedyan Ashkharhapar 2011:(Holy Birth) and have fifty days of preparation called 1674:

era mass killings and deportations of Armenians in the

1629:. Penik died five days after he set himself on fire in 3757:"Armenian immigrants look for a better life in Turkey" 2698:

between 1936 and 1951 and was the head advisor of the

2584:

started the first printing house in Istanbul in 1567;

790:

Picture of Armenian from the Ralamb Costume Book, 1657

649: 5524: 5278:

Dardaki azınlık gazetelerine bayram gecesi yardımı...

4743:

Armenian Observers in Turkey's Parliamentary Election

4630:"Fourth chapter, part one, article 78, provision B". 4607:"ARF-CUP Relations Under Ottoman Constitutional Rule" 2606:

and its translation to Armenian and other languages.

2537: 1248:

number of Armenian Christians is much lower than the

5283:"Dardaki azınlık gazetelerine bayram gecesi yardımı" 4834:"Why Do Armenians Celebrate Christmas on 6 January?" 4401:"Hidden Armenians in Turkey expose their identities" 4146: 3436: 3086: 2550:

Armenians played a key role in the promotion of the

4861:. Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul. Archived from 4836:. Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul. Archived from 4258:"Today's Zaman, your gateway to Turkish daily news" 1263: 4318:"Study Sheds Light on Armenian Migrants in Turkey" 4103: 3892: 3890: 3599:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 1825:in Turkey; he was often critical of both Turkey's 1627:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 1592:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 1488:. In addition to Turkish, they speak a dialect of 1255:The Armenian minority is recognized as a separate 822:, was founded by an Armenian in the 17th century. 5525:Organization of Istanbul Armenians of Los Angeles 5069:"Armenian-Turkish dictionary published in Turkey" 4926: 4066: 4064: 1962:under the authority of the Supreme Patriarch and 1930:Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians 800:number of Armenian citizens of the Ottoman Empire 6402: 5012:Osmanlı'da şer hareketleri ve II. Abdülhamid Hân 4859:"Our New Year and Nativity/Theophany Traditions" 4176:Armenia and the Caucasus: Crossroad or Dead-End? 3869:A. Davis, Leslie (1990). Blair, Susan K. (ed.). 3751: 3749: 3343: 1648:, who was found guilty and eventually hanged at 4222:. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 4097: 4095: 3887: 2486:to be written in the Ottoman Empire was 1851's 1976:Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople 1970:Armenian Catholic Archdiocese of Constantinople 938:and the southernmost areas with Armenians like 723:officially recognized in Turkey, together with 5172: 4061: 2334:and in modern Turkey. Partly because of this, 2019: 2007:The Armenians in Turkey refer to Christmas as 1511:"Hidden Armenians" and "crypto-Armenians" are 1373: 643: 6205: 5587: 5220: 4429:"Elective courses may be ice-breaker for all" 3978: 3798: 3746: 3157:List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople 2832:, with works of quality in Western Armenian. 2632:, Martayan knew 10 other languages including 2515:managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of 2461:. This is popularly known as Armeno-Turkish. 2449:Armeno-Turkish (Turkish in Armenian alphabet) 997:, with those largely disappearing due to the 604: 5152:. Wayne State University Press. p. 48. 5125:. Wayne State University Press. p. 48. 4884:"Armenians of Istanbul – Istanbul Armenians" 4697:"Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission" 4197:. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 4092: 3586: 3364: 3362: 3521:European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3071: 2129:Nersesyan-Yermonyan Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2044:means "Armenian primary+secondary school". 1940:, in matters that pertain to the worldwide 1596:Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide 1421: 654: 6212: 6198: 5594: 5580: 4941:"Gayrimüslimler için hayat tozpembe değil" 4454: 4142: 4140: 4138: 3904:. Yerevan. 7 February 2011. Archived from 3666: 3551: 3471: 2250:The majority of Armenians in Turkey speak 1885: 1657:Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission 611: 597: 4426: 4398: 4315: 3986:"Tunceli'nin yüzde 90'ı dönme Ermeni'dir" 3926: 3639:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 3629: 3478:Caucasian Review of International Affairs 3359: 3182:Confiscated Armenian Properties in Turkey 2398:has added Western Armenian in its annual 2290:Արեւմտահայերէն pronounced Arevmedahayeren 1779:addressed to the Turkish public opinion. 5226: 5009: 4936:Gayrimüslimler için hayat tozpembe değil 4604: 4448: 4334: 4101: 4010: 3868: 3781: 3720:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 3592: 3508: 3330: 2713: 2541: 2401:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 2345:. The only diaspora community that uses 2205: 1864: 1844: 1549: 1533: 1274: 785: 5463: 5364: 4455:Khanlaryan, Karen (29 September 2005). 4135: 3642:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: 3014:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1916:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1910:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1869:Assumption Armenian Catholic Church in 1202:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 1028:Armenian-speaking population in Turkey 6403: 5377:. Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş. Archived from 5175:"Dilimizi dilim dilim... Agop Dilaçar" 4982: 4897: 4070: 3958:"Dersim Armenians back to their roots" 3713: 3669:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey" 3557: 1802:We are all Hrant, we are all Armenians 1439: 1207: 693:. They are not considered part of the 6193: 5601: 5575: 5425: 5271: 5033: 5031: 4569: 4533: 4527: 4073:"Türkiye'nin tek Ermeni köyü Vakıflı" 3635: 3593:Phillips, Thomas James (2020-12-16). 3019:Other Armenian media titles include: 1982:Christmas date, etiquette and customs 1829:of the Armenian genocide, and of the 712:(roughly corresponding to the modern 681:faith and a minority of Armenians in 5498:Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital website 5309:Greek Europe Reporter, 28 July 2011 4665:"Turkey: A Cry for Bloody Vengeance" 4427:Ziflioğlu, Vercihan (19 June 2012). 4399:Ziflioğlu, Vercihan (24 June 2011). 4322:«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան 4316:Danielyan, Emil (22 February 2010). 3514: 3187:Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey 3147:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 2790: 2694:. He taught history and language at 1960:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 1944:. In local matters, the Patriarchal 958:, which had control of southeastern 934:Most of the Armenian survivors from 929:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 669:), one of the indigenous peoples of 42:Regions with significant populations 5530:Ozur Diliyoruz Turkish Apology site 4773:"Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead" 3788:(PhD thesis). University of Oxford. 3667:Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent (2009). 3472:Baser, Bahar; Swain, Ashok (2009). 2612:(1895–1979) was a Turkish Armenian 2437:. Western Armenian still keeps the 2273: 2254:. Only about 18% of them can speak 2026:List of Armenian churches in Turkey 1682:", was posted on a special website 1504: 1464: 1212:The officially recognized Armenian 13: 6411:Turkish people of Armenian descent 5406: 5028: 4718:"Gul in landmark visit to Armenia" 3927:Adamhasan, Ali (5 December 2011). 3799:Pellegrinelli, Lara (2018-08-03). 3685:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x 3097:Organization of Istanbul Armenians 3066:Turkish Press Advertisement Agency 2835:Robert Haddedjian chief editor of 2538:Armenians and the Turkish language 1499: 14: 6432: 5483: 5396:Library of Congress Country Study 3152:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey 3087:Turkish Armenians in the diaspora 2692:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 2185:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu ve Lisesi 1938:Vagharshapat, Republic of Armenia 1922:Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul 1894:, and are either of the Armenian 1758:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1722: 1695:national football teams of Turkey 1693:qualifying match between the two 1581:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party 1573:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 1480:(also designated occasionally as 1352: 6221: 5647: 5561:Marmara Armenian daily newspaper 4906:Today's Zaman, 2 September 2011 4798:Mass protest at editor's funeral 4673:. 23 August 1982. Archived from 4207:Armenian Children to Be Educated 3240: 3104:Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp 1789: 1577:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 1264:Regions with Armenian Christians 773: 179: 5329: 5318:from the original on 2016-03-06 5300: 5289:from the original on 2016-10-04 5251: 5196: 5185:from the original on 2016-07-02 5173:İrfan Özfatura (3 April 2011). 5166: 5139: 5112: 5087: 5061: 5003: 4976: 4958: 4947:from the original on 2016-03-04 4876: 4851: 4826: 4815:from the original on 2016-03-12 4791: 4765: 4754:from the original on 2016-03-28 4736: 4710: 4689: 4657: 4623: 4605:Kaligian, Dikran (2009-05-31). 4598: 4563: 4515:from the original on 2016-03-04 4501: 4474: 4420: 4392: 4383: 4365: 4347: 4328: 4309: 4298:from the original on 2022-12-05 4280: 4250: 4225: 4200: 4181: 4168: 4032: 4023: 4004: 3920: 3862: 3836: 3825: 3792: 3775: 3763:from the original on 2016-09-13 3707: 3660: 3167:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 3120:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 2663:First Turkish Language Congress 2105:Kocamustafapaşa Anarat Higutyun 2053:immigrant families from Armenia 2000:visited the baby Jesus. As the 1008: 899:Their descendants are known as 753:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 6385:Cities and towns by population 5551:Agos Armenian weekly newspaper 5010:Dabağyan, Levon Panos (2002). 4335:Hairenik (10 September 2013). 3484: 3465: 3430: 3405: 3388:"Ermenilerin Türkiye'den göçü" 3380: 3316: 3305: 3267:Patriarch Karekin II Kazanjian 3262:Patriarch Shenork I Kaloustian 2947:, and since 1992 is edited by 2807: 2690:to Mustafa Kemal Pasha in the 2439:classical Armenian orthography 2407:definitely endangered language 2266:, and others learning it as a 1934:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 1623:Esenboğa International Airport 1431:as a genocide, Prime Minister 1414:and is within eyesight of the 1333:, While Pangalti has a mix of 1325:neighborhoods, as well as the 907:, but particularly in Dersim ( 866:Democratic Republic of Armenia 719:Armenians are one of the four 1: 5365:Başyurt, Erhan (2005-12-26). 3299: 3197: 2974:took over the paper in 1967. 2823: 2554:including the reforms of the 2482:Also very notably, the first 1746:Justice and Development Party 1609:committed suicide in 1982 by 1568:abolished on March 15, 1944. 1396:invaded and annexed by Turkey 6390:Provinces by life expectancy 5426:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). 5367:"Anneannem bir Ermeni'ymiş!" 5097:. 2017-04-22. Archived from 5045:(in Turkish). Archived from 4639:. p. 33. Archived from 4544:(in Turkish). Archived from 4071:Kalkan, Ersin (2005-07-31). 4011:Hairenik (14 October 2011). 3934:(in Turkish). Archived from 3929:"Dersimin Nobel adayları..." 3272:Patriarch Mesrob II Mutafyan 2676:Turkish Language Association 2622:Turkish Language Association 2225:Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital 2211:Surp Prgiç Armenian Hospital 2034: 1575:(ARF – Dashnagtsutiun), the 1496:" or "Hemşince" in Turkish. 1410:, the village overlooks the 675:are concentrated in Istanbul 7: 5504:"Armenians in Turkey Today" 4534:Güven, Dilek (2005-09-06). 3992:(in Turkish). 27 April 2013 3673:Political Science Quarterly 3646:. pp. 88–89, 203–204. 3515:Kaya, Nurcan (2015-11-24). 3172:Ottoman Armenian casualties 3113: 2245: 2235:Surp Agop Armenian Hospital 2020:Armenian churches in Turkey 1964:Catholicos of All Armenians 1840: 1600:Armenian Revolutionary Army 1545: 1469: 1345:, while Pangalti is in the 1268: 972:Turkish War of Independence 903:and are present throughout 761:Ottoman Armenian casualties 757:Ottoman Armenian population 691:Armenian Evangelical Church 650: 585:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 10: 6437: 5645: 5535:The Armenian Genocide 1915 5419:Armed Forces & Society 5358: 4044:anadolukatolikkilisesi.org 3374:February 22, 2009, at the 3277: 3140: 3075: 2914:(established in 1908) and 2723:remaining Armenian village 2709: 2277: 2023: 1926:Oriental Orthodox churches 1913: 1633:plaza, the main square of 1298:The Armenian community of 1291: 1285: 1012: 814:, and given the status of 750: 746: 581:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6372: 6324: 6234: 6166: 6150: 6090: 6027: 5907: 5843: 5777: 5724: 5656: 5609: 5468:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5227:Campbell, Verity (2007). 4102:Campbell, Verity (2007). 3732:10.1080/14683850601016390 3611:10.1163/15718115-02701001 3533:10.1163/9789004306134_013 3449:10.1163/9789401203807_006 3162:List of Turkish-Armenians 3082:List of Turkish Armenians 3078:List of Ottoman Armenians 2775:and his brother the late 2433:, although they are both 2419:Eastern Armenian language 2415:Western Armenian language 2305: 2297: 2289: 2201: 2002:Armenian Apostolic Church 1754:Republican People's Party 1738:Peoples' Democratic Party 1730:Communist Party of Turkey 1374: 1023:List of Turkish-Armenians 772: 767: 644: 639: 139: 134: 122: 117: 46: 41: 36: 31: 6316:Demographics of Istanbul 5631:Population by urban area 5422:. Vol. 36, No. 4 (2010). 5280:Sabah, 8 September 2011 4633:Law On Political Parties 4536:"6–7 Eylül Olayları (1)" 4212:October 4, 2015, at the 3419:(in Turkish). 2024-07-15 3394:(in Turkish). 2019-04-08 3177:Armenia–Turkey relations 3072:Famous Turkish-Armenians 2854: 2768:player is indisputable. 2736: 2300:, (and earlier known as 2165:Getronagan Ermeni Lisesi 2133:Pangaltı Anarat Higutyun 1701:in the Armenian capital 1559:The wealth tax known as 1422:Immigration from Armenia 1310:and constant migration. 687:Armenian Catholic Church 6416:Ethnic groups in Turkey 6380:Provinces by population 5493:Istanbul Armenians site 5464:Suciyan, Talin (2015). 5449:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4983:Mansel, Philip (2011). 4970:March 31, 2009, at the 4174:Gevorg Ter-Gabrielyan. 3564:East European Quarterly 2839:newspaper published in 2771:In contemporary music, 2574:etymological dictionary 2241:pronounced Sourp Hagop) 2154:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2148:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2135:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2126:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2120:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2107:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2089:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2083:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2077:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2071:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 2042:Ermeni İlköğretim Okulu 1835:denigrating Turkishness 1476:Also in Turkey are the 714:Eastern Anatolia Region 6228:Demographics of Turkey 5566:Hye Tert Armenian site 4586:Cite journal requires 3714:Köksal, Yonca (2006). 3344:Helix Consulting LLC. 2730: 2547: 2496:(Hovsep Vartanian) in 2318:Indo-European language 2217: 1882: 1862: 1806:Halaskargazi Boulevard 1556: 1429:1915 Armenian genocide 1283: 1015:Demographics of Turkey 791: 631: 479:Languages and dialects 5615:Population by country 5208:www.dildernegi.org.tr 3782:Papazian, H. (2020). 3636:Bayır, Derya (2013). 3558:Toktas, Sule (2006). 3125:Armenians in Istanbul 2717: 2668:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2610:Agop Martayan Dilâçar 2560:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2545: 2500:, was published with 2457:using letters of the 2435:mutually intelligible 2209: 1886:Religious affiliation 1868: 1848: 1689:On the occasion of a 1605:The Turkish-Armenian 1553: 1534:Religious affiliation 1288:Armenians in Istanbul 1278: 968:Sykes–Picot Agreement 942:ended up in northern 816:second-class citizens 789: 6082:United Arab Emirates 5381:on February 27, 2009 4677:on December 30, 2008 4548:on 15 September 2008 3130:Minorities in Turkey 3049:(smile in Armenian) 2704:Turkish Encyclopedia 2616:. He specialized in 2586:Hovannes Muhendisian 2572:completed the first 1986:Armenians celebrate 1705:, and following the 1617:on 7 August 1982 in 1230:Armenian Evangelical 1048:% of Total speakers 1045:Turkey's population 1019:Minorities in Turkey 798:. Estimates for the 150:Armenian Evangelical 5778:Former Soviet Union 5659:Armenian settlement 5430:. Springer Nature. 5343:on 14 December 2012 5267:. 18 November 2020. 4811:. 24 January 2007. 4611:The Armenian Weekly 4461:Noravank Foundation 4434:Hürriyet Daily News 4406:Hürriyet Daily News 4262:www.todayszaman.com 3289:Marmara (newspaper) 2920:Armenian literature 2762:Udi Hrant Kenkulian 2566:Bedros Keresteciyan 2475:. For example, the 1902:, or less commonly 1750:Selina Özuzun Doğan 1540:Crypto-Christianity 1441:Diyarbakir Province 1208:Armenian Christians 1204:, being at 95,000. 1197:Crypto-Christianity 1039:As second language 1029: 624:Armenians in Turkey 165:Part of a series on 28: 23:Armenians in Turkey 5657:Historic areas of 4724:. 6 September 2008 4359:christiantoday.com 3938:on 16 January 2013 3908:on 28 January 2013 3805:The New York Times 3644:Ashgate Publishing 2773:Arto Tunçboyacıyan 2731: 2700:Türk Ansiklopedisi 2548: 2511:When the Armenian 2369:) and most of the 2284:Western Armenian ( 2218: 2144:2019-12-27 at the 2116:2017-09-28 at the 1956:Sahak II Mashalian 1883: 1863: 1804:". (panorama from 1707:Armenian President 1613:in protest of the 1557: 1284: 1222:Armenian Apostolic 1036:As first language 1027: 989:and its environs, 792: 679:Armenian Apostolic 632:Türkiye Ermenileri 563:Hamidian massacres 451:Armenian Apostolic 142:Armenian Apostolic 26:Türkiye Ermenileri 22: 6398: 6397: 6187: 6186: 6126: 5958: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5834: 5820: 5768: 5761: 5747: 5740: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5603:Armenian diaspora 5475:978-0-85772-773-2 5456:978-1-78831-276-9 5437:978-3-030-59400-8 5403: 5244:978-1-74104-556-7 5159:978-0-8143-3221-4 5132:978-0-8143-3221-4 5049:on 21 August 2012 4779:. 19 January 2007 4125:978-1-74104-556-7 3966:. 7 February 2011 3653:978-1-4094-7254-4 3458:978-94-012-0380-7 3234:Vakıflı, Samandağ 3093:Armenian diaspora 3043:and the humorous 2945:Sarkis Kochounian 2941:Kochounian family 2845:Zareh Yaldizciyan 2830:Armenian diaspora 2791:Cinema and acting 2696:Ankara University 2532:Armenian alphabet 2530:Bibles using the 2459:Armenian alphabet 2443:reformed spelling 2383:Armenian diaspora 2343:Armenian diaspora 2332:Armenian diaspora 1831:Armenian diaspora 1781:His assassination 1714:Turkish President 1585:Armenian genocide 1525:Armenian genocide 1482:eastern Hemshinli 1412:Mediterranean Sea 1388:Musa Dagh Defense 1304:Armenian genocide 1226:Armenian Catholic 1192: 1191: 966:according to the 917:Armenian genocide 850:Armenian genocide 843:Armenian diaspora 784: 783: 721:ethnic minorities 702:Armenian genocide 695:Armenian Diaspora 664:Turkish Armenians 621: 620: 456:Armenian Catholic 273:Armenian diaspora 160: 159: 146:Armenian Catholic 6428: 6326:Census in Turkey 6262:Turkish language 6226: 6225: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6122: 5954: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5830: 5816: 5764: 5757: 5743: 5736: 5711: 5706:Hidden Armenians 5704: 5697: 5690: 5670:Nagorno-Karabakh 5651: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5518: 5510: 5508: 5479: 5460: 5441: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339:. 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Hachette UK. 4981: 4977: 4972:Wayback Machine 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4808:TheGuardian.com 4801: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4750:. 9 June 2015. 4746: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4603: 4599: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4361:. 29 July 2013. 4353: 4352: 4348: 4341:Armenian Weekly 4333: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4237:PanARMENIAN.Net 4231: 4230: 4226: 4214:Wayback Machine 4205: 4201: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4145: 4136: 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5824: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785:Baltic states 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:Tessa Hofmann 5516: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235:Lonely Planet 5232: 5231: 5223: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5101:on 2017-04-22 5100: 5096: 5090: 5075:. May 5, 2010 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5021:9789756618332 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4929: 4915:on 2011-09-03 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4865:on 2007-09-26 4864: 4860: 4854: 4840:on 2007-09-26 4839: 4835: 4829: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4646:on 2019-12-13 4642: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4488:on 2016-03-13 4487: 4483: 4477: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4112:Lonely Planet 4108: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4050:on 2016-03-05 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3923: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3880:9780892414581 3876: 3872: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241:Personalities 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2907:(1908–1909). 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2895:(1909–1914), 2894: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2886:Vertchin Lour 2883:(1912–1917), 2882: 2881: 2877:(1899–1908), 2876: 2875: 2871:(1896–1908), 2870: 2869: 2865:(1884–1915), 2864: 2863: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2558:initiated by 2557: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513:Duzian family 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:South America 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2197:Ermeni Lisesi 2196: 2193: 2191:Ermeni Lisesi 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2172:Ermeni Lisesi 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2046:Ermeni Lisesi 2043: 2032: 2027: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:Markar Esayan 1739: 1735: 1731: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1594:(ASALA), the 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 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During the 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 890:Mamuretülaziz 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 808: 803: 801: 797: 788: 780: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 744: 742: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 652: 637: 633: 629: 625: 614: 609: 607: 602: 600: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 582: 579: 577: 573: 570: 568: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 549: 548: 543: 538: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519: 515: 513: 512:Armenian Sign 509: 505: 502: 498: 495: 494: 493: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 480: 477: 476: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 447: 446: 443: 440: 439: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 399: 398: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 344: 340: 337: 335: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 317: 314: 312: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 292:United States 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 275: 274: 267: 264: 261: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 247: 246: 242: 239: 238: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 193: 190: 187: 186: 182: 178: 177: 174: 173: 169: 168: 164: 163: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 113: 109: 105: 104:Kahramanmaraş 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 40: 37:40,000-50,000 35: 30: 27: 6279:Christianity 6247:Ethnic Kurds 5802:Central Asia 5685: 5636: 5629: 5620: 5613: 5545: 5540:Houshamadyan 5487: 5465: 5446: 5427: 5417: 5392: 5383:. Retrieved 5379:the original 5374: 5370: 5345:. Retrieved 5341:the original 5331: 5320:. Retrieved 5306: 5302: 5291:. Retrieved 5277: 5273: 5262: 5253: 5229: 5222: 5211:. Retrieved 5207: 5204:"A. Dilâçar" 5198: 5187:. Retrieved 5178: 5168: 5148: 5141: 5121: 5114: 5103:. Retrieved 5099:the original 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5072: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5047:the original 5042: 5011: 5005: 4985: 4978: 4960: 4949:. Retrieved 4935: 4933:(in Turkish) 4928: 4917:. Retrieved 4913:the original 4903: 4899: 4887:. Retrieved 4878: 4867:. Retrieved 4863:the original 4853: 4842:. Retrieved 4838:the original 4828: 4817:. Retrieved 4806: 4797: 4793: 4781:. Retrieved 4776: 4767: 4756:. Retrieved 4742: 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4721: 4712: 4700:. Retrieved 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4675:the original 4668: 4659: 4648:. Retrieved 4641:the original 4632: 4625: 4614:. Retrieved 4610: 4600: 4579:cite journal 4571: 4565: 4556: 4550:. Retrieved 4546:the original 4539: 4529: 4517:. Retrieved 4503: 4490:. 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Türkiye. 4412:13 November 4292:www.tert.am 4160:8 September 3970:31 December 3932:Adana Medya 3912:30 December 3902:Massis Post 3570:: 489–519. 3496:www.tert.am 3008:(Լրաբեր in 2808:Photography 2590:World War I 2582:Apkar Tebir 2373:(except in 2371:Middle East 2306:Թրքահայերէն 2215:Zeytinburnu 1734:Garo Paylan 1680:I apologize 1672:World War I 1607:Artin Penik 1492:they call " 1459:Grey Wolves 1185:31,391,421 1165:27,754,820 1145:24,064,763 1125:20,947,188 1105:18,790,174 1085:16,157,450 1065:13,629,488 962:and all of 952:Deir ez-Zor 948:Middle East 855:World War I 845:worldwide. 839:Middle East 640:Թուրքահայեր 550:Persecution 465:Brotherhood 460:Evangelical 418:Armeno-Tats 413:Cherkesogai 156:minorities. 6405:Categories 6289:Irreligion 6252:Minorities 6103:Bangladesh 5732:Azerbaijan 5666:Azerbaijan 5622:historical 5513:(348 5385:2008-08-28 5322:2011-10-01 5293:2011-10-01 5213:2021-07-30 5189:2021-07-30 5105:2021-07-30 5079:18 January 5053:18 January 4951:2014-04-27 4919:2011-10-01 4869:2007-01-04 4844:2007-01-04 4819:2016-12-13 4758:2015-06-09 4650:2021-07-30 4616:2021-07-30 4558:ibarettir. 4552:2008-10-25 4519:2015-07-15 4492:2015-08-27 4377:Al-Monitor 4302:2021-07-31 4272:11 January 4154:EurasiaNet 4114:. p. 4085:2007-02-22 4054:2015-07-10 3942:20 October 3818:2022-07-25 3767:2015-08-27 3501:2023-10-08 3423:2024-09-09 3398:2024-09-09 3300:References 3257:Hrant Dink 3204:Diyarbakır 3198:Demography 2991:Hrant Dink 2892:Arshalouys 2874:Sourhantag 2824:Literature 2802:Cem Karaca 2781:Yaşar Kurt 2421:spoken in 2139:Tarkmanças 2099:Karagözyan 1950:autonomous 1904:Protestant 1892:Christians 1764:Hrant Dink 1494:Homshetsma 1447:Diyarbakir 1360:Iskenderun 1347:newer part 1292:See also: 991:Diyarbakir 940:Diyarbakır 886:Diyarbakır 733:Bulgarians 700:Until the 689:or to the 527:Armeno-Tat 423:Lom people 387:Bangladesh 311:Azerbaijan 258:(See also 241:By country 221:Literature 130:(minority) 76:Iskenderun 52:Diyarbakır 6296:Education 6257:Languages 6174:Australia 6142:Singapore 6118:Indonesia 5851:Argentina 5818:Circassia 5790:Lithuania 5568:(Turkish) 4498:fasting." 4194:The Times 3813:0362-4331 3740:1468-3857 3693:0032-3195 3619:1385-4879 3576:0012-8449 3541:2211-6117 3443:. 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