548:
602:
752:
42:
488:
261:
856:
383:
367:
833:
156:
683:
617:
borough of
Solihull the Lord of the Manor offered free burgage tenure in which residents were free, rent-paying burgesses, rather than villeins owing service to the Lord of the Manor. In Tanworth in Arden the Earl of Warwick pursued a policy as overlord that unusually saw over 60 per cent of the income from this manor derived from free rents.
616:
occurred from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century, as a result of "peasant land hunger" from settlements south of Arden and "seignorial encouragement" and lords desiring to expand their holdings and political power. Even so, settlers had to be enticed to colonise the area. In the planted
566:
This may have been due to the density and size of the forest – which overlies a large area of clay resulting in natural vegetation of dense broad-leaved woodland like oak and lime – as well as the dangers within such as bears and wolves, which did not become extinct in Great
Britain until the sixth
847:
quarried from the Arden area and used in local buildings. The sandstone contains a large amount of calcium carbonate ('lime') originating from the shells of creatures that lived in the water in which the sandstone formed, which over time develops a reddish hue due to a type of algae
737:. Many species of deer still roam the region, however the cattle have long since been lost to emparkment. Wild boar were extinct in Great Britain in the 17th century, however they were accidentally reintroduced in the 1970s and sightings have been made in the Arden area.
910:
Most of the trees and woodland that made up the forest and still remain are today protected, and there are a number of listed buildings across the area, noted for their history. Many of the buildings are operated by the
National Trust and can be visited by tourists.
690:
It is not known exactly when deforestation began, but even in the 16th century it was understood that the forest of Arden had been diminished from what it had been due to enclosure and later logging, due amongst other things to the demands of the navy for wood.
867:
The stone varies in colour from a muddy brown-red to a brighter orange or red ochre depending on factors such as how long it has been exposed. It is a common building material across the Arden area, and many prominent and famous buildings use it, such as
1594:
1429:
903:
Deforestation and emparkment has reduced the woodland cover, but it should be kept in mind that "forest" meant a legal and governance territory before it described the tree cover as it does to modern ears.
1104:
559:. It is unclear why this is, however it is possibly because wide-scale settlement of the area did not occur until comparatively late, and thus the forest still represented something of a
457:
The status of
Coventry as an isolated settlement surrounded by the thick Forest of Arden has been cited by some historians as a cause for the prospering of a cult of the pagan goddess
1335:
343:, a village in Arden. It is believed that many local families across the Arden area had resisted the Reformation and retained Catholic sympathies, possibly including the family of
254:
1130:
582:
The
Domesday book indicates that the area was still little settled by 1086, with a handful of former Iron Age hill forts, Roman forts, and Anglo-Saxon settlements at places like
907:
The area remains largely rural, and pockets of trees, a few ancient woodlands, field boundaries and ancient oaks remain as the heritage of the once much larger forest.
539:
The organisation claims to be a successor to an older organisation of woodmen, however there is scant evidence that forest law ever applied in the Forest of Arden.
468:, an Anglo Saxon Countess of the area. The warping of the myths with the real historical figure of Godiva, could explain many of the legends associated with her.
276:, remained prominent in the area for centuries, by the 14th century, under Sir Henry de Arden, the most prominent Ardens had their primary estate at Park Hall,
730:
for so long that individual coppice stools have become difficult to distinguish from clustered ones. Falk estimates these trees are well over 1000 years old.
598:
Cross sits at the southern boundary of the forest, and was allegedly a site where travelers would pray for safe passage through the forest prior to entering.
416:, and the romanticized version of his youth).Lodge was familiar with the English Forest of Arden via the ownership and occupation by the family of the manor
927:, to carry on this work. On his death in 2014 he left most of his fortune to be used for this purpose. 3,000 acres (12.1 km) have been planted in
242:
of this name. The
Domesday book reveals that in 1086 the Forest of Arden was comparatively lightly settled, and poor in terms of agricultural wealth.
1697:
1336:
https://eservices.solihull.gov.uk/mginternet/documents/s98686/20220310_Solihull%20CA%20App%20and%20Manage%20Plan%20Draft_CPHReport_Appendix1.pdf.pdf
635:, founded (or refounded) in 1758, claim to be a revival of a body who traditionally exercised the role of crown forestry officials in the area.
203:, and a prehistoric salt track leading from Droitwich. It included the north-western half of the traditional county of Warwick, stretching from
1831:
1754:
733:
The fauna is typical for the wider area, however before emparkment would have included traditional game species such as wild deer, boar and
223:, in addition to areas that are still largely rural with numerous areas of woodland. A significant settlement in the forest was the town
955:
some of the forest. The aim is part of a wider project seeking to plant a quarter of a million trees within ten years across the area.
1541:
1567:
547:
1740:
758:
at
Windmill Hill – A rural path tracking old paths through the forest – Demonstrating the modern agricultural nature of the area
779:
26:
1862:
1320:
272:, was one of the few major English landowners who retained extensive properties after the Norman conquest. His progeny, the
245:
An ancient mark stone known as
Coughton Cross is still present at the southwestern corner of the forest, at the junction of
1698:"The Historical Reality of Fantasy Forests: Arden, Sherwood, and Sambisa – as You Like It | Marin Shakespeare Company"
762:
Given the history and natural geography of the area, tourism supports some of the local economy. Towns in the area include
1082:
421:
104:
The Forest of Arden area was first mapped according to the Roman roads which conceptually bounded it: in the West by the
2011:
813:
655:– ending with 'ley', meaning 'a clearing'. There are also a large number of areas with references to woodland, such as
1908:
601:
464:
It is believed that in the 12th century, this localised cult had transferred its veneration from the goddess Cofa to
46:
Map showing the traditional territory of the Forest of Arden by reference to the Roman roads that formed its boundary
1814:
1595:"Archaeologists coming closer to breaking the 'code' of ancient Shropshire hall which folklore links to Shakespeare"
1479:
621:
1783:
1665:
952:
948:
427:
This manor is located on the boundaries of the
English Forest of Arden in a territory in which the Tudor Statesman
1057:
1919:
1155:
1951:
1991:
1683:
980:
968:
434:
Shakespeare's Arden seems to have promulgated a vision of the forest that fits in with the
English nostalgic
751:
972:
132:
877:
806:
707:
676:
1712:
881:
802:
699:
443:
298:, was a member of this prominent West Midlands family, who had also had a prominent centre of power in
620:
Royal forests subject to forest law were established on wooded land adjoining the Forest of Arden, at
1390:
741:
668:
1250:"St James' Church Is A Neo-Classical Architectural Gem Sitting On The Packington Estate In Coventry"
628:
in the early Norman era, both much smaller and more manageable than the vast untamed land of Arden.
1403:
41:
1875:
947:
In 2021 it was announced that a new 'Arden Forest' scheme was being established in the borough of
716:(common oak), including examples exceeding 1000 years old. The oldest trees are believed to be in
710:, conducted a survey of the oldest trees in the Arden area and found over 500 examples of ancient
694:
The forest itself is today mostly reduced to individual oaks, hedgerows and occasional pockets of
1274:
1249:
924:
672:
656:
587:
208:
1364:
Roberts, B. K. (1968). "A Study of Medieval Colonization in the Forest of Arden, Warwickshire".
555:
Unlike other forests of the era it does not appear that the Forest of Arden was ever subject to
227:(in a valley of the River Alne, approximately 15 miles southeast of Birmingham), the site of an
1637:
964:
664:
648:
595:
446:
318:
136:
90:
74:
396:
is set in the Forest of Arden, but it is an imaginary version incorporating elements from the
1619:
1105:"Shropshire Day: Natural beauty and culture help county celebrate its own patron saint's day"
892:
849:
512:
257:. According to local tradition, travellers prayed here for safe passage through the forest.
163:, shown within the Forest of Arden on the road between Lichfield (left) and Droitwich (right)
1223:
431:
was active, furnishing a possible inspiration for Shakespeare's character Old Sir Rowland.
370:
William Shakespeare was familiar with The Forest of Arden and set drama there, most notably
841:
499:
324:
During the medieval era it is believed the forest began to become enclosed and deforested.
235:
951:, to create a continuous wildlife corridor across the region, in an effort to restore and
8:
355:
314:
295:
204:
168:
139:
98:
487:
1966:
1797:
1373:
1202:
187:
Located near the geographical centre of England, the Forest of Arden, through which no
22:
855:
1904:
1449:
1316:
1194:
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that traces old paths and routes through rural areas of the ancient Forest of Arden.
771:
734:
717:
631:
Despite the lack of evidence that the Forest of Arden was ever under forest law, the
435:
428:
351:
183:), by extension "highland", the area was formerly thickly forested and known as the
1892:
1441:
1308:
1029:
1024:
1004:
976:
763:
695:
632:
625:
606:
525:
507:
291:
1651:
524:
In 1758 the Earl of Aylesford and five others founded (or possibly refounded) the
1900:
1391:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Coughton_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4657750.jpg
1301:"Greater Landowners and the Management of their Estates in Late Medieval England"
1009:
873:
790:
767:
652:
583:
568:
476:
408:
and the real forest (both as it was when the play was written, i.e. subjected to
397:
306:
285:
277:
246:
224:
192:
105:
1996:
1516:
284:. Connection to this ancient family was important in the identity work of the
1620:"The City of Coventry: The legend of Lady Godiva | British History Online"
1300:
1083:"Wem's Shakespearean Connection: "Old Sir Rowland" Unmasked | Wem Rural Parish"
888:
572:
472:
392:
382:
336:
332:
310:
250:
196:
176:
117:
94:
1952:"Landowners and their Estates in the Forest of Arden in the Fifteenth Century"
1312:
2005:
1568:"Excavation resumes at Wem manor at the centre of medieval and Tudor history"
1453:
1198:
992:
923:
planted substantial areas of woodland in the area. He created a charity, the
817:
775:
755:
722:
712:
660:
567:
and seventeenth centuries respectively. No Roman road penetrated the forest;
528:. This is an exclusive archery club that takes its offices from the medieval
439:
409:
366:
86:
975:
was established in the 1990s to the north of the forest of Arden called the
551:
Remains of Wayside Cross Marking South Western Corner of The Forest of Arden
1019:
920:
745:
556:
529:
417:
401:
273:
239:
78:
1430:"Edward Arden and the Dudley earls of Warwick and Leicester, c. 1572–1583"
260:
1844:
988:
936:
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465:
344:
211:
in the north, and as well as areas that are now the large settlements of
1970:
1445:
1377:
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832:
932:
703:
503:
249:(now A435) and the salt track, now the southern end of the frontage of
220:
212:
188:
155:
131:
has been used to describe a smaller area primarily concentrated in the
82:
1927:
1542:"Archaeological dig unlocking the mysteries of historic site near Wem"
1159:
1131:"Shropshire's remarkable connections with Shakespeare are fascinating"
579:
all went around it instead, and a salt track bounded the south side.
313:
in the middle of the Forest of Arden. The property then passed to the
77:, that in antiquity and into the Early Modern Period included much of
984:
860:
844:
821:
786:
727:
682:
613:
576:
413:
299:
200:
160:
121:
113:
109:
1974:
305:
From around 1162, until the suppression of their order in 1312, the
101:
as a territory of his youth, and the setting of some of his drama.
1863:"1000s of trees and plans to 'rewild' land under Arden Forest plan"
1684:"Finding Shakespeare's Forest of Arden | The Shakespeare blog"
928:
560:
533:
340:
281:
228:
216:
774:. The name 'Arden' is used prominently across the region, such as
643:
The area is punctuated by a large number of settlements – such as
1480:"Arden Hall Bredbury, Reddish Vale, Stockport | Artware Fine Art"
887:
The stone features prominently in villages across Arden, such as
644:
458:
269:
70:
591:
740:
A number of rivers run through the Arden area including the
112:(the modern Alcester to Stratford Road), in the East by the
971:
in the area in 1989, but the proposal was not taken up. A
354:
of 1642 – 1651 were fought in the Arden area, such as the
21:"Forest of Arden" redirects here. Not to be confused with
686:
1000 year old oak tree in the grounds of Stoneleigh Abbey
1497:
1460:
268:
Thorkell of Arden, a descendant of the ruling family of
238:
by Alwin, whose son Thurkill of "of Arden," founded the
60:
West Midlands, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Shropshire.
812:
Although the Arden area itself is not recognized as an
461:
after the rest of the country had been Christianised.
347:, whose paternal ancestors were from the Balsall area.
1832:
Felix Dennis leaves £500 million fortune to his forest
234:
Wide lands in this district were held in the time of
479:
in the Forest of Arden, overlooking the River Avon.
898:
706:. Ecologist Steven Falk, undertaking research with
73:and culturally defined area located in the English
16:
The Forest of Arden, territory in the West Midlands
1798:"BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units – Result Details"
361:
1845:"Visit the forest | Heart of England Forest"
805:allocated the Arden area within its borders as a
159:Birmingham illustrated on the fourteenth century
2003:
1784:"Heritage : Delving into Baddesley Clinton"
1340:
840:Arden Sandstone is a distinctive Triassic white
1897:1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare
1949:
852:) that grows only on such lime-bearing stone.
386:Marie Davey as Rosalind in As You Like It 2017
25:. For the hotel and country club complex, see
124:shows this traditional extent of the forest.
594:. A medieval era wayside cross known as the
1710:
958:
498:is a remnant of the Forest of Arden, now a
191:were built, was bounded by the Roman roads
1815:"Where was Shakespeare's Forest of Arden?"
914:
442:, and inspired subsequent artists such as
1247:
1180:
1058:"Bodleian Library MS. Gough Gen. Top. 16"
796:
135:of Warwickshire and parts of the modern
1404:"Park Hall (Part One) – The Manor House"
1359:
1357:
1355:
939:, and at the Lenches in Worcestershire.
854:
831:
750:
681:
600:
546:
486:
381:
365:
259:
154:
1891:
1809:
1807:
1503:
1466:
1363:
1218:
1216:
1052:
1050:
863:at Stoneleigh – A typical Arden village
2004:
1592:
1401:
1128:
1102:
942:
780:Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club
612:The first major wave of settlement of
327:
27:Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club
1352:
698:, such as the former Royal Forest of
491:John Collier - In the Forest of Arden
406:Rosalynde; Or, Euphues' Golden Legacy
1917:
1804:
1427:
1346:
1298:
1213:
1047:
452:
1741:"Wild boar spotted in Warwickshire"
1713:"The Veteran Trees of Warwickshire"
1670:History of Birmingham Places A to Y
1248:Pawlowski, Anna (24 October 2023).
983:has since been established between
482:
471:According to the legend, the hero
13:
1943:
1638:"Lottery grant for 'Tolkien' wood"
827:
814:Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
14:
2023:
1985:
1158:. 8 February 2012. Archived from
1299:Ross, James (20 November 2020).
1224:"Forest of Arden – Encyclopedia"
1103:Austin, Sue (23 February 2024).
899:Forest restoration and rewilding
519:
150:
40:
1869:
1855:
1837:
1825:
1790:
1776:
1755:"Special Landscape Areas Study"
1747:
1733:
1704:
1690:
1676:
1658:
1644:
1630:
1612:
1586:
1560:
1534:
1509:
1472:
1421:
1395:
1384:
1366:The Agricultural History Review
1329:
1292:
1129:Austin, Sue (8 November 2023).
362:Culture and cultural references
350:Many of the key engagements of
127:More recently the shorter term
1593:Tooley, David (14 June 2023).
1428:Enis, Cathryn (October 2016).
1402:Dargue, William (2 May 2014).
1267:
1241:
1174:
1148:
1122:
1096:
1075:
377:
167:Believed to be derived from a
1:
1035:
726:(small-leaved lime) has been
542:
1918:Webb, John (8 August 2008).
638:
624:in the Anglo-Saxon era, and
7:
1959:Agricultural History Review
1652:"Step into Tolkien's world"
1305:The Fifteenth Century XVIII
998:
878:St Alphege Church, Solihull
708:Warwickshire County Council
10:
2028:
1885:
967:considered creating a new
882:Stoneleigh Abbey Gatehouse
803:Stratford-on-Avon District
288:in the sixteenth century.
145:
116:, and in the North by the
20:
2012:Geography of Warwickshire
1624:www.british-history.ac.uk
1521:www.stmaryabchurch.org.uk
1313:10.1017/9781800101128.009
1181:Martineau, P. E. (1927).
1062:digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk
532:court positions, such as
339:of 1605, was a native of
321:during the 16th century.
264:Arms of the Arden family
56:
51:
39:
34:
1849:heartofenglandforest.org
1434:British Catholic History
1040:
959:National forest proposal
475:set up his hermitage at
317:, who held it until the
97:. It is associated with
1950:Andrew Watkins (1997).
1878:, Heart of England blog
1187:Empire Forestry Journal
925:Heart of England Forest
915:Heart of England Forest
884:, and numerous others.
820:AONB to the north, and
1599:www.shropshirestar.com
1484:www.artwarefineart.com
1135:www.shropshirestar.com
1109:www.shropshirestar.com
965:Countryside Commission
864:
837:
807:Special Landscape Area
797:Government protections
759:
687:
609:
552:
492:
387:
374:
309:owned a preceptory at
265:
253:, and is owned by the
180:
164:
108:, in the South by the
1980:on 27 September 2007.
1183:"The Forest of Arden"
858:
850:Trentepohlia jolithus
835:
754:
685:
604:
550:
513:The Lord of the Rings
490:
385:
369:
263:
158:
1711:Steven Falk (2011).
500:local nature reserve
236:Edward the Confessor
1876:The Forest of Arden
1446:10.1017/bch.2016.24
943:Arden Forest scheme
824:AONB to the south.
605:Forest Hall of the
390:Shakespeare's play
356:Battle of Camp Hill
328:Early modern period
315:Knights Hospitaller
296:William Shakespeare
205:Stratford-upon-Avon
140:metropolitan county
99:William Shakespeare
67:The Forest of Arden
1865:. 5 February 2021.
1408:Birmingham History
1162:on 8 February 2012
865:
838:
760:
688:
610:
553:
502:that inspired the
493:
473:Sir Guy of Warwick
404:'s prose romance
388:
375:
266:
165:
23:Forest of Ardennes
1920:"Forest of Arden"
1786:. 11 August 2011.
1572:Whitchurch Herald
1546:Whitchurch Herald
1506:, pp. 270–4.
1469:, pp. 276–7.
1322:978-1-80010-112-8
1279:Packington Estate
1254:Secret Birmingham
1156:"Forest of Arden"
1015:Tanworth-in-Arden
870:Kenilworth Castle
816:, it borders the
791:UK National Trail
772:Tanworth-in-Arden
735:White Park cattle
453:Myths and legends
352:English Civil War
64:
63:
2019:
1997:About Mary Arden
1992:About the Forest
1981:
1979:
1973:. Archived from
1956:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1926:. Archived from
1924:Heart-of-England
1914:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1853:
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1841:
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1762:stratford.gov.uk
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1642:
1641:
1640:. 30 March 2010.
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1054:
1030:Arden University
1025:Woodmen of Arden
1005:Hampton-in-Arden
977:Forest of Mercia
973:Community Forest
764:Hampton-in-Arden
696:ancient woodland
633:Woodmen of Arden
626:Feckenham Forest
607:Woodmen of Arden
526:Woodmen of Arden
508:J. R. R. Tolkien
483:In other fiction
429:Sir Rowland Hill
422:Sir Thomas Lodge
335:, leader of the
207:in the south to
185:Forest of Arden.
44:
32:
31:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2002:
2001:
1988:
1977:
1954:
1946:
1944:Further reading
1933:
1931:
1911:
1901:Faber and Faber
1888:
1883:
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1748:
1743:. 13 June 2011.
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1709:
1705:
1700:. 16 July 2014.
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1654:. 5 April 2016.
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969:national forest
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874:Maxstoke Castle
836:Maxstoke Castle
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828:Arden Sandstone
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768:Henley-in-Arden
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584:Henley-in-Arden
569:Icknield Street
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420:by his father,
398:Ardennes forest
380:
372:As You Like It.
364:
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307:Knights Templar
278:Castle Bromwich
247:Icknield Street
225:Henley-in-Arden
193:Icknield Street
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133:historic county
106:Icknield Street
81:, and parts of
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333:Robert Catesby
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311:Temple Balsall
302:in the 1500s.
255:National Trust
251:Coughton Court
197:Watling Street
175:- "high" (cf.
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1975:the original
1965:(1): 18–33.
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1928:the original
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1834:24 June 2014
1827:
1818:
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1768:15 September
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:
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1725:15 September
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1706:
1692:
1678:
1669:
1666:"Arden Hill"
1660:
1646:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1504:Shapiro 2005
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1467:Shapiro 2005
1462:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1386:
1369:
1365:
1342:
1331:
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1275:"Dog trials"
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1228:theodora.com
1227:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1020:Arden family
962:
946:
921:Felix Dennis
918:
909:
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842:heterolithic
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746:River Blythe
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530:Royal Forest
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511:
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477:Guy's Cliffe
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447:John Collier
433:
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405:
402:Thomas Lodge
391:
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294:, mother of
290:
274:Arden family
267:
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184:
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103:
79:Warwickshire
69:is a former
66:
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1764:. June 2012
995:, however.
989:Swadlincote
937:Honeybourne
718:Ryton Woods
700:Sutton Park
622:Sutton Park
496:Moseley Bog
466:Lady Godiva
378:Shakespeare
345:Shakespeare
319:Reformation
231:hillfort.
189:Roman roads
1934:3 February
1489:9 December
1413:2 November
1307:: 93–104.
1284:6 November
1259:6 November
1233:6 December
1140:9 November
1067:6 November
1036:References
933:Dorsington
919:Publisher
861:Almshouses
742:River Cole
704:Rough Wood
557:forest law
543:Forest law
504:Old Forest
292:Mary Arden
221:Shrewsbury
213:Birmingham
83:Shropshire
1454:2055-7973
1347:Webb 2008
1199:2054-7447
1114:23 August
1088:23 August
985:Leicester
845:sandstone
822:Cotswolds
809:in 1996.
787:Arden Way
677:Four Oaks
673:Earlswood
669:Hollywood
657:Kingswood
639:Geography
588:Coleshill
577:Fosse Way
414:enclosure
300:Stockport
201:Fosse Way
169:Brythonic
161:Gough Map
122:Gough Map
114:Fosse Way
110:Salt Road
52:Geography
2006:Category
1971:40275129
1895:(2005).
1378:40273280
1207:42591666
999:See also
979:, and a
949:Solihull
929:Spernall
778:and the
744:and the
728:coppiced
665:Packwood
661:Nuthurst
596:Coughton
592:Ulverlei
561:frontier
534:Verderer
341:Lapworth
282:Solihull
229:Iron Age
217:Coventry
209:Tamworth
57:Location
1886:Sources
1720:ncr.com
991:in the
649:Shirley
645:Bearley
614:assarts
516:books.
418:Soulton
146:History
129:'Arden'
1969:
1907:
1604:8 July
1578:8 July
1552:8 July
1526:8 July
1452:
1376:
1319:
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953:rewild
893:Knowle
770:, and
720:where
653:Henley
575:, and
270:Mercia
240:family
120:. The
93:, and
89:, the
71:forest
1978:(PDF)
1967:JSTOR
1955:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1716:(PDF)
1374:JSTOR
1203:JSTOR
1041:Notes
177:Welsh
171:word
35:Arden
1936:2011
1905:ISBN
1770:2023
1727:2023
1606:2023
1580:2023
1554:2023
1528:2023
1491:2023
1450:ISSN
1415:2023
1317:ISBN
1286:2023
1261:2023
1235:2023
1195:ISSN
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1142:2023
1116:2024
1090:2024
1069:2023
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