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86:. Such mahallas developed quickly on both banks of the Neretva during the Ottoman period. One- and two-storey houses were anonymous at the street level but rich and expressive within. Each was carefully sited to catch a view of a cypress or minaret from second-story windows and each was legally obliged not to block the views of a neighbor. A street-level entry would access the courtyard, creating a transition that allowed for intimacy and privacy within; rooms dedicated to family life were separated from those intended to receive outsiders. Mostar's Biščevića house is a case in point: an austere entrance belies rooms of built-in cabinets, elaborately carved wooden ceilings and a windowed room that cantilevers over the Neretva River. In thriving commercial areas, houses like the Alajbegovica house addressed the commercial thoroughfare with a shop, with residential spaces above and behind.
82:, were a traditional mode of philanthropy which allowed for routine distribution of wealth within the empire. The grandest mosques were characterized by a large single dome, like the Koski Mehmet Paša Mosque in Mostar on the east bank of the Neretva or the Karadjozbeg Mosque, bearing many hallmarks of the famous Ottoman architect Sinan. The dome had come to represent the imperial presence of the Ottomans throughout the territories they controlled; it seems to have signified both Ottoman dominion over a colony and benevolence towards the colonized. Mosques defined and strengthened communities. A good example is the Sevri Hadži Hasan Mosque, a hip-roofed structure that forms the nucleus and principal public open space of its neighborhood, or
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as to establish a framework of urban conservation schemes and individual restoration projects that would help regenerate the most significant areas of historic Mostar, and particularly the urban tissue around the Old Bridge. The project also resulted in the establishment of the Stari Grad Agency which has an important role in overseeing the ongoing implementation of the conservation plan, as well as operating and maintaining a series of restored historic buildings (including the Old Bridge complex) and promoting Mostar as a cultural and tourist destination. The official inauguration of the Stari grad Agency coincided with the opening ceremony of the Bridge.
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and a new round of hostilities in what was termed the “second battle of Mostar” ensued. More than 3,000 people were killed, and another 10,000 Bosniaks and Serbs were sent to concentration camps. On
November 9, 1993, the bridge's springline was hit at point-blank range by a Croatian tank shell and Mostar's 400-year-old symbol fell into the cold Neretva River, provoking deep sadness for citizens throughout the city for whom the Bridge had represented everything permanent and inviolable.
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victimizing others. Such intensive growth posed new communal problems for the city's government. During the early years of the Austro- Hungarian administration construction of a new water supply system in 1885, a city sewage, and electrical power line-network, as well as street illumination were all accomplished in a relatively short time.
333:, the industrial base was expanded with construction of a metal-working factory, cotton textile mills, and an aluminum plant. Skilled workers, both men and women, entered the work force and the social and demographic profile of the city was broadened dramatically; between 1945 and 1980, Mostar's population grew from 18,000 to 100,000.
237:’s. Though its design was derived from Islamic styles of Spain and North Africa and bears no genuine relation with Mostar’s Ottoman past, it reflects the tendency of Austro-Hungarian administrators to harmonize rather than suppress cultural difference within the empire. Mostar Bathhouse was built in similar,
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Over one tenth of the city population (or 1715 people) were part of the Austro-Hungarian administration, or had come from abroad to profit from it. From administrative point of view, from
February, 1889 Mostar was functioning as a City-State. It was divided into eight zones, five of which were on the
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as a province and ruled by a pasha: an administrator of elevated rank. Following this occupation, Mostar was transformed, in a matter of decades, from a minor river crossing to a thriving colonial crossroads. As
Ottoman administrators strove to integrate local inhabitants into their empire and extend
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A Croat-Muslim
Federation was able to expel Serbian forces by June 1992. Shortly thereafter, local Muslims and Croatians became adversaries due to competing territorial ambitions and ongoing political instability. The Bosnian-Croatian Militia (the HVO) took possession of the West Bank of the Neretva
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undertook a five-year-long restoration and rehabilitation effort in historic Mostar. Realizing early on that the reconstruction of the bridge without an in-depth rehabilitation of the surrounding historic neighbourhoods would be devoid of context and meaning, they shaped the programme in such a way
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style appeared on the historic eastern side of the city as well, replacing more intimate timber constructions that had survived since
Ottoman times. In the 1970s and 1980s, a healthy local economy fueled by foreign investment spurred recognition and conservation of the city's cultural heritage. An
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Number and structure of population were changing rapidly. In 1885 Mostar there were 1,975 houses, 2,104 the dwelling units occupied by 12,665 inhabitants, of whom 6,442 were men and 6,223 women. Population consisted of 6,825 Muslims, 3,369 Orthodox, and 2,359 Catholics, 98 Jews and 17 followers of
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A contemporary hospital was completed in 1888; a first post office in Bosnia and
Herzegovina was opened in 1858; a fire brigade station was instituted in 1885 and a Meteorology station was established in 1903. The city gained a new power plant in 1912, and in 1894, street illumination replaced the
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was under a siege that would last more than three years. During this same period, Bosnian Serb military and paramilitary forces pursued a campaign of terror and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. Mostar was overwhelmed by
Serbian military units, and shelled from the surrounding hills during May and June
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from
Sarajevo, it asserted a new prosperity, stability and tradition, linking Mostar symbolically with other European centers. Residential districts around the Rondo invited grand single-family homes and reaffirmed an occidental influence that complemented the city’s traditional buildings. By the
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Though Mostar was officially part of the
Ottoman Empire until the third quarter of the nineteenth century, all of the territories that would later become Bosnia and Herzegovina enjoyed an unusual measure of independence in the eighteenth and most of the nineteenth centuries. Ottoman legislation
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Consequently, broad avenues and an urban grid appeared on the west bank of the
Neretva, while at the same time, significant investment was made in infrastructure, communications, and rental housing. The real-estate speculation began a process, which would benefit some sectors of society while
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was built to replace a precarious wooden suspension bridge that had spanned the river. Facilitating travel, trade and the movement of military troops, the Stari Most became a symbol of the benevolence and power of the Ottoman Empire; it insured Mostar's primacy as the capital of the county of
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The change of government in August 1878 introduced a lively urban development in Mostar. With a significant amount of capital infused, the city council began implementing broad reforms in city planning. New government envisioned the city's past and present on the east bank of
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formed a new government in Bosnia, which included the representation of Bosnian-Muslim, Bosnian-Croat and Bosnian-Serb parties. In 1992, 64% of the Bosnian electorate voted for a state “of equal citizens and nations of Muslims, Serbs, Croats and others”. Days later,
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other religions. Among the total number of inhabitants 7,035 were bachelors and 4,356 were married. By April 22, 1895, Mostar had 17,010 residents of a which 6, 946 were Muslims, 3, 877 were Orthodox Christians, 3, 353 were Catholics and 164 Jews.
41:, which had possessed an independent political identity since the twelfth century. By the fifteenth century, most of the lands that would later become part of modern Yugoslavia were inhabited primarily by peoples of the same south Slavic heritage.
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A monumental project to rebuild the Old Bridge to the original design, and restore surrounding structures and historic neighbourhoods was initiated in 1999 and mostly completed by Spring 2004. The money for this reconstruction was donated by
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1992. Nearly 100,000 people were forced from their homes and over 1,600 died. Many historic buildings in the old city, including most of the city's important mosques, were heavily damaged. Even the Old Bridge was hit by a shell.
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in 1878 led Mostar's city council to aspire to autonomy, but it cooperated with the Austro-Hungarians to implement sweeping reforms in city planning: broad avenues and an urban grid were imposed on the western bank of the
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river. Its hinterlands consisted of a broad agricultural plain on the west bank and steep terraces on the east bank surrounded by barren mountains. Mostar was a representative multi-ethnic and multi-cultural settlement in
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assuring religious tolerance between Christians, Muslims and Jews had become an integral part of indigenous social and political values, and the city functioned as a bonded, multicultural social entity. In Mostar,
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The inevitable hybrid that emerged from this period of intense building was a new monumental style that combined the massing of European prototypes with Orientalist details, namely structures built in
329:. Between 1948 and 1974, Yugoslavia evolved from a repressive socialist regime to a federate socialist nation made up of discrete republics, of which one was Bosnia-Herzegovina. During this period in
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Because Mostar's eastern bank was burdened by inadequate infrastructure, the city expanded on the western bank with the construction of large residential blocks. Local architects favored an austere
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330 lanterns that were initially used. Telephone service for civil customers was introduced to Mostar in 1906, while a Military Airport Mostar, first one in the Balkans was established in 1913.
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buildings towered over their diminutive Ottoman predecessors and introduced sober, imposing street walls to the city. One example is the Municipality building. Designed by the architect
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The Ottomans used monumental architecture to affirm, extend and consolidate their colonial holdings. Administrators and bureaucrats – many of them indigenous Bosnians who converted to
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envoy, several elections were held and each nation was accommodated with regard to political control over the city. Over 15 million dollars has been spent on restoration.
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During the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, ultra-nationalist leaders in the republics enjoyed political ascendancy which would have been unthinkable under
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architectural styles reflected cosmopolitan interest and exposure to foreign aesthetic trends and were artfully merged with indigenous styles. Examples include the
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Since the end of the wider war in 1995, great progress is being made in the reconstruction of the city of Mostar. The city was under direct monitoring from a
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east bank of the Neretva River: Carina, Luka, Brankovac, Bjelušine, the Old City; and three were on the west bank of Neretva River: Cernica, Prethum, Zahum.
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economically sustainable plan to preserve the old town of Mostar was implemented by the municipality, which drew thousands of tourists from the
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Franciscan church, the Ottoman Muslibegovića house, the Dalmatian Ćorovića House and an Orthodox church built with a gift from the Sultan.
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New monuments and architectural styles reflected the aspirations of Mostarians and the Austro-Hungarian administration. Monolithic
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284:. His attempts to “erase the old regional identities” antagonized all parties, culminating in a suspension of the constitution.
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were central players in these transformations, which facilitated growth and linked the eastern and western banks of the city.
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their influence, architecture expressed important social and economic changes in Mostar. During the Ottoman period, the
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Pasic, Amir. Conservation and Revitalisation of Historic Mostar. Geneva: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2004.pg 1-7
78:– founded mosque complexes that generally included Koranic schools, soup kitchens or markets. These foundations, or
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53:. The bridge is at the heart of the town's identity: Mostar means in fact “bridgekeeper”. Bosnia was added to the
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415:(who had a sizable contingent of peacekeeping troops stationed in the surrounding area during the conflict), the
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280:), a constitutional monarchy that included Bosnia and Herzegovina under the leadership of Serbia’s Prince Regent
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coast and invigorated the economy of the city. The results of this ten-year project earned Mostar an
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radicals confirmed their distaste for the incumbent empire by assassinating its heir, Archduke
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The first document that names the city was written in 1474, only eleven years after the
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435:. A grand opening was held on July 23, 2004 under heavy security.
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These internal conflicts were soon overshadowed by the advance of
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styles began to appear in Mostar’s historicist buildings, such as
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was a small hamlet situated at a strategic crossing of the
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The Old Bridge in September 2008 after reconstruction.
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The Old Bridge undergoing reconstruction in June 2003.
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resistance in the region grew under the direction of
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Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1021:"Conservation and Revitalisation of Historic Mostar"
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Entrance to the traditional Ottoman house in Mostar
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221:style. This combination is illustrated well in
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1005:MOSTAR LEGENDS: Mujaga Komadina - In Bosnian
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202:early twentieth century, elements of
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462:and its closest vicinity onto the
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962:[cited February 17, 2012]
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603:Facade in Fejica Street in Mostar
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123:
117:in 1890, in
88:
79:
73:
48:
23:
429:Netherlands
266:World War I
204:Art Nouveau
92:historicist
45:Ottoman era
1077:Categories
1062:2006-11-29
1037:2006-11-15
990:15 January
911:References
460:Old Bridge
440:Old Bridge
327:Yugoslavia
270:Pragmatism
258:Black Hand
96:Italianate
60:Stari Most
985:cidom.org
353:in 1986.
338:modernist
324:socialist
282:Alexander
241:, style.
185:built in
943:Archived
446:and the
372:Sarajevo
347:Adriatic
312:Partisan
470:Gallery
433:Croatia
310:). The
301:fascist
276:(later
146:Neretva
130:Neretva
84:mahalla
34:Neretva
26:Ottoman
1017:- AKTC
456:UNESCO
442:, the
431:, and
427:, the
421:Turkey
331:Mostar
297:Hitler
189:style.
80:vakufs
30:Mostar
1031:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
425:Italy
413:Spain
76:Islam
992:2024
363:Tito
229:and
206:and
233:by
225:by
181:’s
1079::
1019:.
983:.
968:^
919:^
466:.
423:,
419:,
365:.
268:.
1065:.
1040:.
994:.
306:(
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