2644:
1183:
2672:
1925:
246:
209:
2052:
1159:
1611:
598:. Some publications have labelled the Nocona Formation as the "Upper Archer City Formation", thus considering the Archer City Formation to be a unit of the Wichita Group. This proposal is not widely agreed upon. The Cisco Group and its constituent formations have been restricted to marine strata further south and west. Of these strata, the Archer City Formation is roughly equivalent in time to the uppermost Pueblo Formation, the Moran Formation, the
1210:
1991:
2022:
2216:
1466:
1058:
1723:
1958:
1546:
2658:
191:
2181:
1279:
1094:
1312:
1414:
1822:
1895:
1576:
707:. These data points suggest soil temperatures of 31β35 Β°C (88β95 Β°F), significantly warmer than the cool and wet conditions of the Markley Formation. This fits with climate evidence from rapid sedimentary changes between the formations, as well as an increasingly patchy distribution of high-humidity flora. The Archer City Formation would have had a hot
813:
Four different types of paleosol (labelled types E through H) have been identified in the Archer City
Formation. Three (F, G, and H) first appear in this formation, while type E paleosols are retained from the underlying Markley Formation. All four continue to persist through the Texas Lower Permian
614:
Based on correlations with coastal strata further west, the
Carboniferous-Permian boundary is positioned near the top of the Markley Formation. This suggests that the Archer City Formation occupies most of the Asselian (299β293 Ma), the first global stage of the Permian Period. The plant fossils of
2326:
The Kola Switch site is divided into three different layers in a 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) thick interval, each with a different set of fossils. The lower bed is pale upwards-fining siltstone, the middle bed is dark shale with carbonaceous impressions, and the upper bed is greenish claystone.
2837:"Morphology and distribution of fossil soils in the Permo-Pennsylvanian Wichita and Bowie Groups, north-central Texas, USA: implications for western equatorial Pangean palaeoclimate during icehouse-greenhouse transition: Permo-Carboniferous palaeoclimate from palaeosols"
852:. They develop in stable forested uplands with a low water table and a semi-arid to subhumid climate (~70 cm of annual precipitation). Type G paleosols are similar, with sandy vertical cracks and abundant calcareous nodules. They qualify as
797:
Some sandstone beds are isolated straight channel fills, without corresponding riverbank deposits. These straight beds may reach 30 meters in width (though most are much narrower) and several kilometers in length. Coarser beds preserve sinuous
2264:
Plant fossils in the Archer City
Formation are concentrated at two sites in Clay County: Kola Switch and Sanzenbacher Ranch. Both sites were discovered in 1940β1941 by Adolph H. Witte, a local geologist working for the
2553:
The
Sanzenbacher flora occupies a narrow layer of greyish claystone coarsening upwards to buff-colored siltstone. The most abundant plants are dry-soil species of seed ferns and conifers. Seed fern species include
3091:"Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretation of three successive macrofloras and palynofloras from the Kola Switch locality, lower Permian (Archer City Formation, Bowie Group) of Clay County, Texas, USA"
3477:
Permo-Carboniferous
Vertebrate Paleontology, Lithostratigraphy, and Depositional Environments of North-Central Texas. Field Trip Guidebook No. 2, 49th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
754:
ponds. Most of the pond bonebeds are too small to continuously support an ecosystem of large aquatic vertebrates, suggesting that the carcasses may have been washed in from larger bodies of water.
856:, inundated and dried at a seasonal frequency along the margins of a floodplain. Type H paleosols have an even greater proportion of calcareous minerals, forming blocky crusts interspersed among
802:
while finer channels develop small climbing ripples towards the top. Straight channels would have formed during high-energy erosion events, but the climate was probably too moist for frequent
2300:
ferns in the Bursum
Formation and a greater variety of swamp foliage in the Neal Ranch Formation. Many of the broader groups prevalent in these formations are equally abundant in the
2592:
plants are less common but far from rare, giving
Sanzenbacher a 'mixed' ecosystem character similar to, but drier than, the upper bed of Kola Switch. Marattialean ferns such as
3041:
Hentz, Tucker F. (1988). "Lithostratigraphy and
Paleoenvironments of Upper Paleozoic Continental Red Beds, North-central Texas: Bowie (new) and Wichita (revised) Groups".
620:
603:
3688:"New Upper Pennsylvanian armored dissorophid records (Temnospondyli, Dissorophoidea) from the U.S. midcontinent and the stratigraphic distributions of dissorophids"
2280:
The floral diversity of the Archer City
Formation strongly overlaps with other Asselian-Sakmarian formations in the southwestern United States. These include the
416:
counties. Many fossils are rare fragments of species which are better-preserved in younger parts of the red beds. Nevertheless, complete skeletons and important
4373:
3873:
2480:
587:
301:
144:
2690:
2564:
2486:
2409:
2396:
660:
in the west and patches of steadily eroding mountains in the north and east. Some of the mountains are still standing in the present day, such as the
2089:
2517:). Otherwise, the floral diversity of the upper bed encompasses the same species as the other Kola Switch beds. The upper bed palynoflora is mostly
2419:
2318:. This is most likely a consequence of local environmental factors rather than a turnover of plant diversity at the Permo-Carboniferous boundary.
2624:
2574:
2469:
2095:
826:
in the type E variety. The Archer City
Formation mostly lacks the high-humidity paleosol varieties of the Markley Formation (types A through D).
308:. The Archer City Formation was not named as a unique geological unit until the late 1980s. Older studies generally labelled its outcrops as the
3939:"Returning to the roots: resolution, reproducibility, and robusticity in the phylogenetic inference of Dissorophidae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)"
3490:
2358:
353:
2836:
680:
northward and eastward. The major bonebed sites of the Archer City Formation were probably 40β60 km (25β37 mi) away from the coast.
3208:
2539:
2535:
2425:
615:
the Archer City Formation also resemble those of Asselian Europe. The upper part of the Archer City Formation may extend into the succeeding
583:
124:
2618:
1496:
4068:"Trimerorhachis (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permian of Texas and New Mexico: cranial osteology, taxonomy and biostratigraphy"
1788:
A trimerorhachid dvinosaur. Reports from the Archer City Formation are unsubstantiated, though it is known from time-equivalent strata in
2545:. The combination of fossils from the lower and middle bed is peculiar considering their strongly different depositional environments.
2306:
347:
3805:"The Appendicular Skeleton of Eryops Megacephalus Cope, 1877 (Temnospondyli: Eryopoidea) from the Lower Permian of North America"
4301:"Possible origin of the xenacanth sharks Orthacanthus texensis and Orthacanthus platypternus in the Lower Permian of Texas, USA"
2873:
3313:
3332:
3294:"From wetlands to wet spots: Environmental tracking and the fate of Carboniferous elements in Early Permian tropical floras"
3804:
2490:
spp. (marattialean spores) are even more dominant. The middle bed represents foliage washed into a nearby stagnant pond.
2274:
4435:
4396:
4109:
3473:"Stratigraphic distribution of tetrapods in the Bowie and Wichita Groups, Permo-Carboniferous of north-central Texas"
460:
spp. make up a small component of the terrestrial fauna. Amphibians are common in every niche, with examples such as
3250:
845:, patterned with deep root casts and numerous horizons, including intermediate layers with calcareous nodules and
579:
in the west. It is most broadly exposed in Clay and Archer counties, including under its namesake of Archer City.
3846:
2270:
636:
of the early Sakmarian. The Asselian and Sakmarian global stages are equivalent to the early-middle parts of the
2310:) are common in both regions. Conversely, there is little similarity with swampy coal-bearing areas such as the
2685:
649:
289:
3820:
2632:) and spores are rarer. Still, the palynomorph diversity of Sanzenbacher is much greater than at Kola Switch.
4372:
DiMichele, William A.; Hook, Robert W.; Kerp, Hans; Hotton, Carol L.; Looy, Cindy V.; Chaney, Dan S. (2018),
3915:
2965:, Geological Society of America Special Papers, vol. 28, Geological Society of America, pp. 1β534,
2266:
711:
climate, with moist or swampy areas shrinking to the vicinity of riverbanks and ponds during the dry season.
673:
2904:
829:
Type E paleosols are silty or fine sandy soils with persistent mottling, hematite nodules, and few distinct
1657:
is based on more fragmentary fossils and may belong to an unrelated genus, perhaps a trematopid related to
2390:(horsetails) are very rare, despite the evidence for deposition in a slow stream channel. The most common
3364:"Apsisaurus witteri from the Lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid"
746:
beds and paleosols are also common. Fossils and other organic debris are concentrated into rare greyish
4340:"Revised generic diagnoses of the fossil fishes Megalichthys and Ectosteorhachis (family Osteolepidae)"
2269:. Though Witte's original collections have been lost, he sampled the sites further in 1961, along with
576:
782:, with channels only a few meters wide. Other common sandstone features include subdued, fine-grained
4339:
3661:
3575:
2984:
4028:
3505:
3363:
3209:"Late Paleozoic continental warming of a cold tropical basin and floristic change in western Pangea"
3162:
2960:
708:
328:
114:
4300:
3727:"Revision of the Early Permian dissorophid 'Dissorophus' angustus (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea)"
3687:
3293:
3994:
560:
285:
723:, the Archer City and Nocona formations are nearly indistinguishable, with equivalent sets of
4029:"A new trematopsid amphibian (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea) from the Lower Permian of Texas"
2695:
2649:
1117:
4411:
3995:"Reappraisal of the Early Permian amphibamid Tersomius texensis and some referred material"
3686:
May, William; Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Pardo, Jason D.; Benca, Jeff; Small, Bryan J. (2011).
2771:"Early Permian depositional environments and pond bonebeds in central Archer County, Texas"
2289:
677:
568:
529:
409:
336:
278:
676:
oil field. Rising sea levels through the Early Permian allowed the coastline to gradually
292:, introducing a tropical ecosystem which will persist in the area through the rest of the
8:
3333:"The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny"
2677:
1182:
775:
572:
259:
4388:
4233:
4206:
3973:
3765:
3629:
3601:
3484:
3411:
3348:
3123:
3090:
3043:
The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations
771:
691:
of 0Β° to 5Β° N. Temperature estimates can be inferred for the Archer City Formation via
669:
665:
564:
521:
413:
229:
4139:
786:
deposits. The crevasse splays are often associated with plant fossils which have been
556:. The formation and its stratigraphic placement were formalized in text a year later.
4392:
4320:
4274:
4224:
Zidek, Jiri (1978). "New Chondrichthyan Spines from the Late Paleozoic of Oklahoma".
4198:
4159:
4087:
4067:
4048:
3960:
3893:
3824:
3785:
3746:
3726:
3707:
3621:
3527:
3472:
3383:
3309:
3251:"Age assignment of the Pennsylvanian-Early Permian succession of North Central Texas"
3231:
3182:
3128:
3110:
2924:
2855:
2790:
2786:
2770:
2315:
1863:
1320:
1302:
724:
661:
599:
456:
335:
and plant assemblages ranging from dry upland forests to moist riverside galleries. "
4083:
3874:"Osteology of the temnospondyl Neldasaurus and the evolution of basal dvinosaurians"
3014:
672:. The marine basin is formally known as the Midland Basin, a major component of the
4384:
4312:
4264:
4194:
4190:
4151:
4079:
4044:
4040:
4006:
3993:
Maddin, Hillary C.; FrΓΆbisch, Nadia B.; Evans, David C.; Milner, Andrew R. (2013).
3968:
3950:
3885:
3816:
3777:
3738:
3699:
3613:
3517:
3375:
3344:
3301:
3223:
3207:
Tabor, Neil J.; DiMichele, William A.; MontaΓ±ez, Isabel P.; Chaney, Dan S. (2013).
3174:
3118:
3102:
2966:
2916:
2851:
2782:
2281:
1601:
1051:
819:
787:
751:
739:
591:
541:
533:
313:
305:
134:
3742:
3178:
668:, while others have been fully eroded or buried, such as the Texan portion of the
4316:
3703:
3379:
3089:
DiMichele, William A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Looy, Cindy V.; Hook, Robert W. (2019).
2401:
2174:
2171:
2156:
2045:
1691:
1191:
1143:
537:
505:
500:
309:
3889:
2432:
Conversely, the middle bed is almost entirely marattialean ferns. These include
837:, young soils corresponding to isolated, frequently disturbed areas with a high
4010:
3292:
DiMichele, William A.; Tabor, Neil J.; Chaney, Dan S.; Nelson, W. John (2006),
3227:
3106:
2493:
The upper bed has the greatest portion of sphenophytes, not just sphenophylls (
2208:
2118:
1918:
1775:
1083:
783:
763:
700:
532:, starting in the late 1920s. At the time, these bonebeds were assigned to the
417:
4252:
3548:
Llewellyn Ivor Price (1937). "Two new cotylosaurs from the Permian of Texas".
3305:
4429:
4409:
4324:
4278:
4202:
4163:
4091:
4052:
3964:
3897:
3828:
3789:
3750:
3711:
3625:
3531:
3387:
3235:
3186:
3114:
2928:
2794:
2589:
2456:
2311:
2285:
2101:
2066:
2014:
1948:
1688:
1437:
1365:
1335:
1287:
815:
653:
625:
595:
450:
381:
297:
214:
71:
31:
27:
245:
3132:
2663:
2335:
2204:
2189:
2083:
1815:
1731:
1642:
1422:
1407:
1272:
1269:
1068:
830:
633:
549:
525:
495:
490:
432:
341:
4269:
3504:
Lucas, Spencer G.; Rinehart, Larry F.; Celeskey, Matthew D. (2018-11-14).
2920:
2502:
2450:
2387:
2379:
2297:
2113:
2071:
1999:
1984:
1933:
1924:
1878:
1701:
1604:
1584:
1512:
1474:
1447:
1158:
1102:
1021:
940:
873:
838:
803:
637:
553:
545:
466:
462:
375:
364:
46:
3955:
3633:
822:. The paleosols are generally dark red or brown, with only intermittent
4237:
4210:
2433:
2391:
2301:
2293:
2051:
1981:
1881:
1789:
1678:
1671:
1650:
1610:
1305:
1254:
1128:
1036:
1006:
926:
869:
799:
736:
728:
657:
444:
438:
426:
401:
369:
320:
293:
91:
56:
2874:"Vertebrate faunal horizons in the Texas Permo-Carboniferous red beds"
2468:
continue to make up a significant portion of the palynomorphs, though
2021:
1990:
1209:
2970:
2584:
2513:
2507:
2331:
2234:
2215:
2122:
2030:
1951:
1903:
1800:
1753:
1659:
1569:
1539:
1465:
1057:
767:
747:
743:
720:
616:
393:
387:
275:
173:
169:
96:
40:
4155:
2125:
have also been reported from bonebeds of the Archer City Formation.
1957:
1722:
316:
formations, which are age-equivalent marine units to the southwest.
4374:"Lower Permian Flora of the Sanzenbacher Ranch, Clay County, Texas"
4344:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University
3938:
3781:
3766:"Edops, a Primitive Rhachitomous Amphibian from the Texas Red Beds"
3617:
2444:
2249:
1966:
1886:
1637:
1620:
1545:
1392:
979:
865:
857:
853:
846:
732:
704:
696:
688:
630:
517:
484:
421:
405:
332:
271:
159:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
36:
2180:
731:
sediments. The vast majority of each formation is homogeneous red
4110:"The Appendicular Skeleton of the Permian Embolomerous Amphibian
3851:, a new rhachitomous labyrinthodont from the Texas Lower Permian"
3522:
2700:
2344:
2340:
2273:
geologists Sergius H. Mamay and Arthur D. Watt. On behalf of the
2107:
2077:
1278:
1227:
1093:
1025:
933:
842:
834:
823:
779:
684:
359:
324:
319:
The sediments of the Archer City Formation reconstruct a coastal
282:
267:
101:
76:
3021:, Austin: The University of Texas and Bureau of Economic Geology
1413:
1311:
692:
2414:
1821:
1554:
791:
478:
1894:
619:
stage (293β290 Ma). The Santa Anna Branch Shale and overlying
400:
The Archer City Formation preserves a diverse fauna of fossil
2404:
1524:
904:
472:
304:, and succeeded by the equally fossiliferous red beds of the
263:
196:
4140:"The postcranial skeleton of the Permian microsaur Pantylus"
4072:
Neues Jahrbuch fΓΌr Geologie und PalΓ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
3878:
Neues Jahrbuch fΓΌr Geologie und PalΓ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
3362:
Reisz, Robert R.; Laurin, Michel; MarjanoviΔ, David (2010).
3206:
1712:
At least seven skulls with associated postcranial fragments
1575:
1174:
A medium-sized ophiacodontid, also described under the name
3163:"Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology"
2454:
sp, and several more unnamed species. Sphenophytes such as
2383:
872:, deposited in dry upland areas free from the influence of
861:
849:
3291:
2985:"The stratigraphy of the Permian Wichita redbeds of Texas"
3992:
3821:
10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[561:TASOEM]2.0.CO;2
3685:
1079:
Isolated neural spines and at least one partial skeleton
2339:
is the most abundant plant fossil in the lower bed. The
2304:
of Europe, even if only a few specific species (such as
2296:. There are some notable differences, such as a lack of
1839:
Non-temnospondyl amphibians of the Archer City Formation
4371:
3088:
548:. The Archer City Formation was first named in a 1987
3573:
3503:
3361:
2612:. The most common palynomorphs are seed fern pollen (
1977:
Multiple skeletons in varying states of completeness
3547:
2835:
Tabor, Neil John; MontaΓ±ez, Isabel P. (2004-06-24).
2639:
2228:
Teeth, fin spines, cartilage fragments, and a skull
296:. The Archer City Formation is preceded by the cool
4412:"Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database"
4410:Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database.
4066:Milner, Andrew R.; Schoch, Rainer R. (2013-10-01).
3412:"New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles"
2691:List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
2378:). The plants tend to be adapted to low humidity;
1884:, often conflated with the more fragmentary genus
3916:"The relationships of the rhachitomous amphibian
2775:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2600:are occasionally prevalent. Sphenophytes include
1298:Five skulls with associated postcranial material
762:By volume, the most prevalent sandstone beds are
4427:
3167:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1510:A dissorophid, formerly considered a species of
778:fill deposits. These are all hallmarks of small
488:, just to name a few. The rivers were roamed by
420:are also known from the formation. Some notable
3662:"Early evolution of the dissorophid amphibians"
1715:A trematopid, formerly considered a species of
1171:A partial skeleton with a well-preserved skull
652:, the Archer City Formation was deposited on a
606:(= Putnam Formation), from oldest to youngest.
3550:Proceedings of the New England ZoΓΆlogical Club
3419:Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club
4121:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology
3855:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
3666:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
3580:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
2834:
2768:
2356:) is also common, followed by the seed ferns
2277:, Mamay led another expedition in 1990β1991.
4253:"Notes on certain American Paleozoic fishes"
4065:
3802:
3764:Romer, Alfred S.; Witter, Robert V. (1942).
2905:"Early history of Texas redbeds vertebrates"
899:
397:, etc.) were prominent in more humid areas.
327:and isolated ponds. The climate was hot and
3763:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
2983:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (27 November 1974).
841:, such as riverbanks. Type F paleosols are
582:The Archer City Formation is a unit of the
511:
4181:, an Early Permian nectridian amphibian".
4108:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (11 January 1957).
3576:"Romeriid Reptiles from the Lower Permian"
3543:
3541:
3489:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3012:
2958:
683:During the Permian, the area was near the
244:
16:Geologic formation in Texas, United States
4268:
3972:
3954:
3521:
3337:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3122:
3013:Hentz, Tucker F.; Brown, L.F. Jr (1987),
3840:
3838:
3560:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
2582:is the most common conifer, followed by
2130:
1837:
1635:A temnospondyl of uncertain affinities.
1458:Two skulls, one with a partial skeleton
1363:
1225:
977:
4337:
4298:
4176:
4137:
3914:Carroll, Robert L. (21 February 1964).
3913:
3659:
3538:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3248:
4428:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4103:
4101:
4026:
4022:
4020:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3909:
3907:
3871:
3724:
3681:
3679:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3595:
3593:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3330:
2909:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2364:O. subcrenulata, O. osmundaeformis, O.
1649:, has variably been interpreted as an
559:The formation outcrops in an arc from
552:seeking to update the stratigraphy of
288:. It is the earliest component of the
4250:
4223:
4107:
3844:
3835:
3599:
3409:
3394:
3326:
3324:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3216:International Journal of Coal Geology
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3040:
2982:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2548:
1350:A partial skull and partial skeleton
524:were first investigated in detail by
3470:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2608:, and to a lesser extent species of
363:, etc.) occupied drier soils, while
4354:
4285:
4098:
4017:
3981:
3936:
3904:
3676:
3640:
3590:
3429:
2959:Romer, A. S.; Price, L. W. (1940),
1830:
956:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in
643:
13:
4389:10.1016/B978-0-12-813012-4.00006-1
4183:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4033:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3803:Pawley, Kat; Warren, Anne (2006).
3731:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3692:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3368:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3349:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x
3321:
3268:
3193:
3139:
2891:
2862:
2382:of moisture-loving plants such as
1056:
14:
4447:
4138:Carroll, Robert L. (1968-11-01).
3300:, Geological Society of America,
3053:
3025:
2999:
2935:
2801:
2713:
2288:formations of New Mexico and the
2132:Fish of the Archer City Formation
1595:Four partial skulls and postcania
1146:, also described under the names
1113:Limb and hip bones and vertebrae
916:Taxon falsely reported as present
864:-rich clay. They could be termed
757:
3872:Schoch, Rainer R. (2018-01-01).
3574:J. Clark; R. L. Carroll (1973).
2856:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00655.x
2670:
2656:
2642:
2484:spp. (marattialean spores), and
2214:
2179:
2050:
2020:
1989:
1956:
1923:
1893:
1820:
1721:
1609:
1574:
1544:
1464:
1412:
1356:
1310:
1277:
1208:
1181:
1157:
1092:
207:
189:
44:
4338:Thomson, Keith Stewart (1964).
4331:
4244:
4217:
4170:
4131:
4059:
4027:Dilkes, David W. (1990-06-21).
3930:
3865:
3796:
3757:
3725:Dilkes, David W. (2020-07-03).
3718:
3497:
3355:
3242:
2127:
1834:
1360:
1222:
974:
921:Dubious taxon or junior synonym
4195:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011176
4045:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011809
3600:Olson, Everett Claire (1941).
2976:
2686:Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma
2321:
1535:Several skulls and postcrania
1202:Skull fragments and vertebrae
750:bonebeds, which correspond to
1:
4383:, Elsevier, pp. 95β126,
3743:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801704
3179:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04
2706:
1485:Partial skull and postcrania
1433:Neural spine armor fragments
1403:Partial skull and postcrania
1024:, originally identified as a
879:
4317:10.1080/08912963.2012.669128
3937:Gee, Bryan M. (2021-11-08).
3704:10.1080/02724634.2011.582532
3380:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441
3015:"Wichita Falls-Lawton sheet"
2881:University of Texas Bulletin
2787:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90153-3
2423:(indeterminate pollen), and
1767:A micropholid amphibamiform
1368:of the Archer City Formation
1230:of the Archer City Formation
982:of the Archer City Formation
970:
808:
357:, etc.) and early conifers (
7:
4257:American Journal of Science
4251:Romer, A. S. (1942-03-01).
4177:Carlson, Keith J. (1999). "
4144:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4084:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0360
3660:Carroll, Robert L. (1964).
2903:Romer, A. S. (1935-11-30).
2635:
2565:Neurodontopteris auriculata
2533:, and the bisaccate pollen
2354:. schneideri, W. piniformis
1218:
883:
10:
4452:
4381:Transformative Paleobotany
4011:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.007
3602:"The Family Trematopsidae"
3510:Palaeontologia Electronica
3249:Wardlaw, Bruce R. (2005).
3228:10.1016/j.coal.2013.07.009
3161:Lucas, Spencer G. (2006).
3107:10.1007/s12542-019-00485-8
2962:Review of the Pelycosauria
2769:Martin Sander, P. (1989).
2167:Scales, jaws, and a skull
2090:Anodontacanthus americanus
714:
621:Coleman Junction Limestone
331:, preserving a variety of
4299:Johnson, Gary D. (2012).
3924:American Museum Novitates
3479:. Austin. pp. 47β53.
2628:), while conifer pollen (
2570:Odontopteris subcrenulata
2376:A. conferta, A. naumannii
2259:
2213:
2202:
2187:
2102:Barbclabornia luederensis
1565:Jaws and other fragments
1340:
1333:
1318:
1126:
1047:Nearly complete skeleton
890:
886:
623:both preserve fossils of
448:. Early reptiles such as
243:
235:
225:
220:
202:
184:
179:
165:
155:
150:
140:
130:
120:
110:
26:
21:
4436:Permian geology of Texas
3471:Hook, Robert W. (1989).
2478:(indeterminate spores),
2065:Scales of indeterminate
888:
648:As with the rest of the
512:History and stratigraphy
379:, etc.) and horsetails (
4226:Journal of Paleontology
3890:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0700
3809:Journal of Paleontology
3331:Laurin, Michel (1991).
3019:Geologic atlas of Texas
2519:Columinisporites ovalis
2397:Columinisporites ovalis
2060:
604:Santa Anna Branch shale
501:Ectosteorhachis nitidus
300:swamp sediments of the
239:Hentz & Brown, 1987
3999:Comptes Rendus Palevol
3770:The Journal of Geology
3606:The Journal of Geology
2575:Rhachiphyllum schenkii
2560:Sphenopteris germanica
2523:Colatisporites decorus
2420:Colatisporites decorus
2336:Sphenopteris germanica
1205:A large ophiacodontid
1088:Edaphosaurus cruciger.
1086:, often confused with
1082:A common medium-sized
1061:
964:taxa are discredited.
626:Sweetognathus merrilli
609:
433:Edaphosaurus boanerges
4270:10.2475/ajs.240.3.216
3306:10.1130/2006.2399(11)
3298:Wetlands through Time
2696:Paleontology in Texas
2650:Earth sciences portal
1660:Ecolsonia cutlerensis
1060:
833:. They are a type of
563:in the east, through
491:Orthacanthus texensis
451:Protorothyris archeri
256:Archer City Formation
22:Archer City Formation
3849:Neldasaurus wrightae
3845:Chase, J.N. (1965).
3410:Romer, A.S. (1937).
2921:10.1130/GSAB-46-1597
2872:Romer, A.S. (1928).
2429:(seed fern pollen).
2290:Neal Ranch Formation
1641:, the more complete
1050:A small sail-backed
575:counties, as far as
467:Neldasaurus wrightei
439:Ophiacodon uniformis
260:geological formation
3956:10.7717/peerj.12423
2678:Paleontology portal
1914:Jaws and vertebrae
1874:Jaws and vertebrae
1638:Parioxys ferricolus
1632:A partial skeleton
1507:A partial skeleton
1017:A partial skeleton
658:inland marine basin
577:Throckmorton County
520:in the vicinity of
479:Eryops megacephalus
28:Stratigraphic range
4305:Historical Biology
3506:"New eupelycosaur"
2549:Sanzenbacher Ranch
2508:Annularia carinata
2481:Cyclogranisporites
2460:are also present.
2445:Aphlebia erdmannii
1062:
911:Reclassified taxon
868:or (more broadly)
719:In terms of their
670:Ouachita Mountains
666:Arbuckle Mountains
586:, lying above the
544:formations of the
463:Phonerpeton pricei
445:Dimetrodon milleri
427:Apsisaurus witteri
230:Archer City, Texas
3315:978-0-8137-2399-0
2915:(11): 1597β1657.
2606:Annularia spicata
2316:Appalachian Basin
2257:
2256:
2058:
2057:
2010:Partial skeleton
1828:
1827:
1655:."Parioxys" bolli
1354:
1353:
1216:
1215:
968:
967:
959:
947:
946:
943:
936:
929:
922:
917:
912:
907:
818:event in the mid-
780:meandering rivers
662:Wichita Mountains
600:Sedwick Formation
588:Markley Formation
485:Pantylus cordatus
325:meandering rivers
323:crossed by small
302:Markley Formation
262:in north-central
252:
251:
145:Markley Formation
4443:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4402:
4401:
4378:
4369:
4352:
4351:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4296:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4232:(5): 1070β1078.
4221:
4215:
4214:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4150:(6): 1175β1192.
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4005:(7β8): 447β461.
3990:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3958:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3657:
3638:
3637:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3468:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3407:
3392:
3391:
3374:(5): 1628β1631.
3359:
3353:
3352:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3289:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3213:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3158:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3086:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3023:
3022:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:10.1130/spe28-p1
2956:
2933:
2932:
2900:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2832:
2799:
2798:
2766:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2630:Potonieisporites
2578:, among others.
2556:Autunia conferta
2531:Potonieisporites
2487:Punctatisporites
2466:Potonieisporites
2410:Potonieisporites
2307:Autunia conferta
2218:
2183:
2128:
2099:), and teeth of
2054:
2024:
1993:
1960:
1927:
1910:D. sideropelicus
1897:
1835:
1831:Other amphibians
1824:
1811:Skull fragments
1725:
1653:or a dissorophid
1613:
1578:
1548:
1468:
1416:
1361:
1314:
1281:
1223:
1212:
1185:
1161:
1096:
975:
957:
939:
932:
925:
920:
915:
910:
903:
900:
884:
820:Clear Fork Group
644:Paleoenvironment
640:regional stage.
592:Nocona Formation
306:Nocona Formation
248:
213:
211:
210:
195:
193:
192:
135:Nocona Formation
106:
19:
18:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4426:
4425:
4416:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4376:
4370:
4355:
4336:
4332:
4297:
4286:
4249:
4245:
4222:
4218:
4175:
4171:
4156:10.1139/z68-168
4136:
4132:
4116:
4106:
4099:
4064:
4060:
4025:
4018:
3991:
3982:
3935:
3931:
3912:
3905:
3870:
3866:
3843:
3836:
3801:
3797:
3762:
3758:
3737:(4): e1801704.
3723:
3719:
3684:
3677:
3658:
3641:
3598:
3591:
3572:
3561:
3546:
3539:
3502:
3498:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3430:
3414:
3408:
3395:
3360:
3356:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3290:
3269:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3194:
3159:
3140:
3087:
3054:
3039:
3026:
3011:
3000:
2981:
2977:
2957:
2936:
2901:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2839:
2833:
2802:
2767:
2714:
2709:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2551:
2324:
2262:
2157:Ectosteorhachis
2063:
1833:
1561:E. megacephalus
1359:
1303:protorothyridid
1221:
1192:Stereophallodon
1139:Rare fragments
973:
955:
898:
882:
811:
760:
717:
646:
612:
561:Montague County
530:Llewellyn Price
514:
208:
206:
190:
188:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4424:
4423:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4353:
4330:
4311:(4): 369β379.
4284:
4263:(3): 216β228.
4243:
4216:
4189:(4): 623β631.
4169:
4130:
4097:
4058:
4039:(2): 222β243.
4016:
3980:
3929:
3903:
3864:
3834:
3815:(3): 561β580.
3795:
3782:10.1086/625101
3776:(8): 925β960.
3756:
3717:
3698:(4): 907β912.
3675:
3639:
3618:10.1086/624952
3612:(2): 149β176.
3589:
3559:
3537:
3496:
3428:
3393:
3354:
3320:
3314:
3267:
3241:
3192:
3138:
3101:(3): 423β451.
3052:
3024:
2998:
2975:
2934:
2890:
2861:
2850:(4): 851β884.
2800:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2667:
2653:
2637:
2634:
2550:
2547:
2413:spp. (conifer
2323:
2320:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2175:tetrapodomorph
2168:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2067:palaeoniscoids
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2046:seymouriamorph
2042:
2039:
2037:S. baylorensis
2034:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1875:
1872:
1870:A. crassidisca
1867:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1776:Trimerorhachis
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:A dissorophid
1743:
1740:
1738:R. renascentis
1735:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1602:trimerorhachid
1598:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:A dissorophid
1486:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:A dissorophid
1459:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1137:
1135:O. retroversus
1132:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1052:sphenacodontid
1048:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
972:
969:
966:
965:
950:
948:
945:
944:
937:
930:
923:
918:
913:
908:
892:
891:
889:
887:
881:
878:
810:
807:
784:crevasse splay
774:, and coarser
764:upwards-fining
759:
758:Sandstone beds
756:
716:
713:
701:phyllosilicate
650:Texas red beds
645:
642:
611:
608:
590:and below the
513:
510:
418:type specimens
290:Texas red beds
250:
249:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
204:
200:
199:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4448:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4398:9780128130124
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4350:(9): 283β311.
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4127:(5): 105β159.
4126:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4078:(1): 91β128.
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3861:(3): 153β225.
3860:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3672:(7): 161β250.
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3586:(5): 353β407.
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Sedimentology
2838:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2654:
2651:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2625:Anguisporites
2621:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:Sphenophyllum
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:calamitaleans
2500:
2496:
2495:Sphenophyllum
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:Knoxisporites
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:Sphenophyllum
2453:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:Dunkard Group
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2245:Tooth plates
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2196:O. compressus
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:megalichthyid
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:Platyacanthus
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:diadectomorph
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:amphibamiform
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Temnospondyls
1362:
1357:Temnospondyls
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:Protorothyris
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:S. ciscoensis
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:ophiacodontid
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1120:edaphosaurid
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
981:
976:
963:
954:
951:
949:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
919:
914:
909:
906:
902:
901:
897:
894:
893:
885:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:aridification
806:
805:
804:flash floods.
801:
795:
793:
789:
788:remineralized
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
674:Permian Basin
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:coastal plain
651:
641:
639:
635:
632:
628:
627:
622:
618:
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:Wichita Group
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
506:megalichthyid
503:
502:
498:"shark") and
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:
476:
474:
469:
468:
464:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
383:
382:Sphenophyllum
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Carboniferous
295:
294:Early Permian
291:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
266:, preserving
265:
261:
257:
247:
242:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
219:
216:
215:United States
205:
201:
198:
187:
183:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
38:
33:
32:Early Permian
29:
25:
20:
4415:. Retrieved
4380:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4308:
4304:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4111:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4036:
4032:
4002:
3998:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3923:
3917:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3695:
3691:
3669:
3665:
3609:
3605:
3583:
3579:
3553:
3549:
3523:10.26879/899
3513:
3509:
3499:
3476:
3422:
3418:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3343:(1): 59β95.
3340:
3336:
3297:
3261:
3257:
3244:
3219:
3215:
3173:(1): 65β93.
3170:
3166:
3098:
3094:
3046:
3042:
3018:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2961:
2912:
2908:
2884:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2778:
2774:
2664:Texas portal
2629:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2395:
2392:palynomorphs
2388:sphenophytes
2380:macrofossils
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:Odontopteris
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2305:
2298:marattialean
2279:
2263:
2240:
2233:
2223:
2195:
2190:Orthacanthus
2188:
2162:
2155:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2084:Ctenacanthus
2082:
2076:
2070:
2069:, spines of
2064:
2036:
2029:
2005:
1998:
1972:
1965:
1939:
1932:
1909:
1902:
1885:
1869:
1862:
1838:
1806:
1799:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1737:
1732:Reiszerpeton
1730:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1643:type species
1636:
1627:
1618:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1560:
1553:
1530:
1523:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1481:B. profundum
1480:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1428:
1423:Aspidosaurus
1421:
1398:
1391:
1364:
1345:
1326:
1319:
1293:
1286:
1260:
1253:
1226:
1197:
1190:
1175:
1167:O. uniformis
1166:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1127:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1084:edaphosaurid
1075:E. boanerges
1074:
1069:Edaphosaurus
1067:
1042:
1035:
1012:
1005:
978:
961:
952:
895:
828:
814:up until an
812:
796:
761:
718:
703:minerals in
695:records for
682:
647:
634:index fossil
624:
613:
581:
558:
550:geologic map
526:Alfred Romer
515:
499:
489:
483:
477:
473:Edops craigi
471:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
399:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
365:marattialean
358:
354:Odontopteris
352:
346:
342:Sphenopteris
340:
318:
255:
253:
221:Type section
4417:17 December
4179:Crossotelos
3884:(1): 1β16.
3516:(3): 1β42.
3258:Permophiles
3222:: 177β186.
2614:Vesicaspora
2598:Asterotheca
2542:. saarensis
2536:Platysaccus
2527:Vesicaspora
2501:) but also
2462:Vesicaspora
2451:Asterotheca
2426:Vesicaspora
2402:sphenophyll
2322:Kola Switch
2224:O. texensis
2119:petalodonts
2114:Gnathorhiza
2072:Xenacanthus
2017:nectridean
2015:urocordylid
2000:Sauropleura
1973:P. cordatus
1949:diplocaulid
1934:Diplocaulus
1807:Z. serratus
1760:T. texensis
1702:Phonerpeton
1689:micropholid
1679:P. cf. mayi
1591:N. wrightae
1585:Neldasaurus
1513:Dissorophus
1475:Brevidorsum
1448:Broiliellus
1438:dissorophid
1399:A. cumminsi
1336:captorhinid
1273:parareptile
1261:B. striatus
1176:Poliosaurus
1148:Theropleura
1103:Lupeosaurus
962:crossed out
941:Morphotaxon
874:groundwater
870:inceptisols
839:water table
800:megaripples
735:with small
721:lithologies
656:between an
638:Wolfcampian
584:Bowie Group
554:North Texas
546:Cisco Group
522:Archer City
402:vertebrates
376:Asterotheca
125:Bowie Group
3949:: e12423.
2707:References
2619:Wilsonites
2594:Pecopteris
2439:jongmansii
2435:Pecopteris
2302:Rotliegend
2294:West Texas
2163:E. nitidus
2123:cladodonts
2041:Vertebrae
1952:nectridean
1944:Vertebrae
1882:embolomere
1816:zatracheid
1790:New Mexico
1672:Pasawioops
1628:"P." bolli
1503:D. angusta
1497:Diploseira
1408:trematopid
1338:eureptile
1294:P. archeri
1270:bolosaurid
1255:Bolosaurus
1129:Ophiacodon
1043:D. milleri
1037:Dimetrodon
1013:A. witteri
1007:Apsisaurus
958:small text
927:Ichnotaxon
880:Paleobiota
794:minerals.
772:scroll-bar
766:stacks of
742:. Fluvial
737:calcareous
729:floodplain
678:transgress
602:, and the
370:Pecopteris
337:Seed ferns
321:floodplain
274:and early
4325:0891-2963
4279:0002-9599
4203:0272-4634
4164:0008-4301
4092:0077-7749
4053:0272-4634
3965:2167-8359
3898:0077-7749
3829:0022-3360
3790:0022-1376
3751:0272-4634
3712:0272-4634
3626:0022-1376
3556:: 97β102.
3532:1094-8074
3485:cite book
3388:0272-4634
3236:0166-5162
3187:0305-8719
3115:0031-0220
2929:0016-7606
2887:: 67β108.
2795:0031-0182
2602:Calamites
2585:Cordaites
2514:Calamites
2475:ruhlandii
2332:seed fern
2235:Sagenodus
2205:xenacanth
2144:Material
2031:Seymouria
2006:S. bairdi
1985:microsaur
1904:Diadectes
1879:archeriid
1851:Material
1801:Zatrachys
1754:Tersomius
1717:Acheloma.
1708:P. pricei
1605:dvinosaur
1568:A common
1531:E. craigi
1454:B. brevis
1380:Material
1346:R. texana
1306:eureptile
1242:Material
1028:reptile.
1022:varanopid
994:Material
980:Synapsids
971:Synapsids
896:Color key
866:aridisols
854:vertisols
809:Paleosols
768:point bar
752:perennial
748:claystone
744:sandstone
709:monsoonal
705:paleosols
687:, with a
617:Sakmarian
496:xenacanth
422:synapsids
394:Calamites
388:Annularia
333:paleosols
329:monsoonal
276:Sakmarian
270:from the
226:Named for
174:siltstone
170:sandstone
151:Lithology
131:Underlies
115:Formation
41:Sakmarian
4430:Category
4112:Archeria
3918:Parioxys
3634:30080836
3425:: 89β97.
3264:: 21β22.
3133:34262228
2989:Breviora
2781:: 1β21.
2636:See also
2590:Riparian
2368:. readii
2250:lungfish
2141:Species
1982:pantylid
1967:Pantylus
1887:Cricotus
1864:Archeria
1848:Species
1764:A skull
1742:A skull
1684:A skull
1651:eryopoid
1647:Parioxys
1621:Parioxys
1393:Acheloma
1377:Species
1331:A skull
1327:R. prima
1239:Species
1228:Reptiles
1219:Reptiles
1142:A large
1116:A small
991:Species
858:chlorite
847:smectite
843:alfisols
831:horizons
733:mudstone
697:hematite
689:latitude
631:conodont
518:bonebeds
424:include
406:bonebeds
404:in pond
272:Asselian
236:Named by
180:Location
160:mudstone
141:Overlies
37:Asselian
4238:1303852
4211:4524033
3974:8582317
3926:(2167).
3124:8276796
2995:: 1β31.
2701:Permian
2580:Walchia
2372:Autunia
2370:), and
2345:Walchia
2341:conifer
2314:of the
2150:Images
2108:Helodus
2087:, and "
2078:Hybodus
1857:Images
1570:eryopid
1540:edopoid
1386:Images
1321:Romeria
1248:Images
1152:Diopeus
1109:L. kayi
1026:diapsid
1000:Images
934:Ootaxon
835:entisol
824:gleying
776:channel
740:nodules
725:fluvial
715:Geology
685:equator
594:of the
516:Fossil
508:fish).
457:Romeria
408:across
367:ferns (
360:Walchia
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283:Permian
281:of the
268:fossils
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156:Primary
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2260:Plants
2241:S. sp.
2200:Teeth
2147:Notes
2138:Genus
2121:, and
1940:D. sp.
1854:Notes
1845:Genus
1782:T. sp.
1555:Eryops
1429:A. sp.
1383:Notes
1374:Genus
1265:A jaw
1245:Notes
1236:Genus
997:Notes
988:Genus
860:- and
792:copper
571:, and
569:Archer
542:Putnam
534:Pueblo
482:, and
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410:Archer
314:Putnam
286:period
279:stages
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3630:JSTOR
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1118:basal
953:Notes
905:Taxon
573:Young
540:, or
538:Moran
310:Moran
264:Texas
258:is a
197:Texas
166:Other
4419:2021
4393:ISBN
4321:ISSN
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862:mica
850:clay
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693:Ξ΄18O
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565:Clay
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