91:. Petrie listed the contents of each grave on a strip of cardboard and swapped the papers around until he arrived at a sequence he was satisfied with. He reasoned that the most accurate sequence would be the one where concentrations of certain design styles had the shortest duration across the sequence of papers (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, p. 116; Kendall 1971, p. 215; Shennan 1997, p. 341). Whereas Petrie is considered the inventor of contextual seriation, Brainerd (1951) and Robinson (1951) were the first to address the problem of frequency seriation (Shennan 1997, p. 342).
195:. The sequence of the first axis of a correspondence analysis is considered the best seriation order (Shennan 1997, p. 342; Lock 2003, p. 127; Jensen & Høilund Nielsen 1997). Using this technique, not only the sequence of the objects but also those of the design styles is established. Note that external evidence is needed to establish the direction of the sequence calculated, i.e. the method does not tell whether the first object in the sequence is the oldest or the youngest object.
68:, frequency seriation relies on measuring the proportional abundance or frequency of a design style. Contextual seriation is often used for reconstructing the chronological sequence of graves as only the presence or absence of a design style or type is important. Frequency seriation is applied in cases of large quantities of objects belonging to the same style. An example of this being assemblages of pottery shards that include roughly the same range of types, though in different proportions.
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chronological sequence as it does not provide a link to another context. Similarly, contexts containing one object only are irrelevant for seriation. Therefore, the contexts with one or no object and types represented by one object or not at all were eliminated. The resulting raw simulated data consisting of 43 contexts and 34 types are shown on the left. As expected, the dots indicating the occurrence of a type in a context are close to the diagonal of the table.
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129:), this design style is not appropriate for seriation and its inclusion in the analysis may result in strange results. Some design styles were used for a very long time as the shape constructed was handy and no improvement or ornament was added. Of course, these design styles are not eligible for chronological seriation. For example, knives in early medieval times in Europe are said to show no chronological variation.
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174:(1971), Petrie's paper showed already a deep understanding of the mathematics of the seriation problem (Quote: "..in my view Petrie should be ranked with the greatest applied mathematicians of the nineteenth century"). In Baxter's (2003, p. 8) list of landmarks of statistics in archaeology the paper of Robinson (1951) is the first entry. Robinson based his frequency seriation method on a
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of the scores on the first axis on the basis of some known absolute dates will create good estimates for the unknown absolute dates, and this approach is the basis of the method presented by
Groenen and Poblome (see above) to combine relative and absolute dates. This ideal example shows that a linear
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The assumption that design styles follow a bell curve of popularity – starting slowly, growing to a peak and then dying away as another style becomes popular – provides the basis for frequency seriation. It also assumes that design popularity will be broadly similar from site to
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Note that the distances of the scores for adjacent contexts on the first axis vary: At the beginning and the end, the distances are extremely small, the largest distances in the centre is about 30 times as large as the smallest distance. Hill and Gauch (1979) created a similar contingency table with
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is contained in contexts 1 and 2. Contextual seriation sorts the design styles and the contexts in such a way that the star symbols are found as close as possible to the diagonal of the table. Of course, for a small examples like this, no computer programs are needed to find the best ordering, but
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The correspondence analysis results shown in the figures below were calculated on the basis of 49 contexts with ideal seriation data. The scatterplot of the first two correspondence analysis axes shows the typical parabola shape. The display of the scores on the first and the third axes exhibits
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The image on the right hand side shows the result of the seriation for this data set. Note that the dots are even more compact along the diagonal of the table compared to the raw data. This shows a minor problem of seriation: In fact, the intervals of production may be somewhat longer than those
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techniques for seriation problems, and this approach has also been used by some other scientists (see Baxter 2003, pp. 202–203). Baxter also presents a review of statistical methods for seriation and a description of these approaches (pp. 202–207). In 1975, Doran and Hodson
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methods to date archaeological finds and features. Seriation is a standard method of dating in archaeology. It can be used to date stone tools, pottery fragments, and other artifacts. In Europe, it has been used frequently to reconstruct the chronological sequence of graves in a cemetery (e.g.
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by WinBasp. Initially 60 contexts (called units in WinBasp) were created along with 50 types. The contexts were labeled in chronological order by numbers 01 to 60, the types are labeled in the form T00001 to T00050. If a type is represented by one object only this object is not relevant for the
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The contingency table shows 29 contexts with ideal seriation data as created by
Kendall and Jensen & Høilund Nielsen (see above). With each new context a new type appears and another type disappears. For this regular data, it seems reasonable to assume constant time intervals for contexts
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Janssen, U.: Die frühbronzezeitlichen Gräberfelder von Halawa, Shamseddin, Djerniye, Tawi und Wreide am
Mittleren Euphrat. Versuch einer Datierung und Deutung sozialer Strukturen anhand multivariater statistischer Verfahren (Korrespondenzanalyse und Seriation). Ugarit Forschungen 34, Münster
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In addition to temporal organization, seriation results may reflect assemblage differences in social status, age, sex or those resulting from regional variation (or a combination of two or more of these factors). Shennan (1997, p. 343) presents a seriation result of Danish
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Groenen, P. J. F. and J. Poblome (2003). Constrained correspondence analysis for seriation in archaeology applied to
Sagalassos ceramic tablewares. In: Schwaiger, M. and O. Opitz (eds.), Exploratory Data Analysis in Empirical Research. Springer, Berlin:
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by Hill and Gauch (1980). Both
Kendall and Jensen & Høilund Nielsen (1997) created artificial data sets to show that the parabola results in ideal circumstances. Therefore, it is recommended inspecting the scatterplot of the first two axes of
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Poblome, J. and P. J . F. Groenen (2003). Constrained correspondence analysis for seriation of
Sagalassos tablewares. In M. Doerr and A. Sarris (eds.), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Hellinic Ministry of Culture,
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a regular structure with each context containing six types. They note, too, that the within-context distances are smaller at the ends than in the middle. This was one of the reasons why they proposed an adjustment which is called
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as well as to the stratigraphy of a site. Also, the terms
Archaeological sequence and Archaeological stratigraphy are closely related and somewhat interchangeable. These colloquial uses of the term are normal in conversation
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based on artefact types like daggers, axes, and swords. The result is not a chronological sequence due to the selection of types, the ordering seems to start with extremely male hoards and ends with extremely female ones.
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Two different variants of seriation have been applied: contextual seriation and frequency seriation (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, pp. 116–117). Whereas contextual seriation is based on the presence or absence of a
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in the late nineteenth century. He found that the graves he was uncovering contained no evidence of their dates and their discrete nature meant that a sequence could not be constructed through their
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transformation might not be appropriate in all cases, though a simulation study by van de Velden, Groenen and
Poblome comes to the conclusion that the predictions of the approach are quite good.
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showed the form of a horse-shoe where the graves were arranged on the curve according to their chronological order. Similarly, a mapping of the component scores for the first two axes of the
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calculated by the algorithm. In general, the sequences of contexts and types calculated by a seriation algorithm are not the correct chronological sequences but they are fairly close.
513:. In other words, the events causing the stratigraphic contexts to be deposited happened one after another, in an order which can be determined from study of the several
183:(pp. 269–281) summarized the state of the art of seriation methods thoroughly, giving detailed descriptions of Kendall's and Robinson's approaches.
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frequently is the basis of a seriation. Errors in typology result in errors in seriation: For example, if a certain design style had two peaks in popularity (
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indicating which design style can be found in which context by a star symbol. For example, consider the first column: context 3 contains the design styles
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of objects can be placed into sequence so that sites with the most similar proportions of certain styles are always together (Lock 2003, p. 125).
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The small example below was inspired by
Flinders Petrie's serial ordering of Egyptian pottery as published by Renfrew and Bahn (1996, p. 117).
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In 2003, Groenen and
Poblome adapted the correspondence analysis algorithm to combine seriation with absolute dates and stratigraphic relationships.
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If more than one factor is important, the arch effect may distort the results. Hill and Gauch (1980) presented a method to remove this effect.
367:. Similarly, the plot of the scores on the first and the fourth axes will show a fourth degree polynomial for ideal data – and so on.
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477:. However, the two terms are not exactly interchangeable. The term 'Archaeological record' is broader in its meaning and can be applied to
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The task of identifying design styles i.e. to form groups of objects belonging to the same design style is by no means trivial. Creating a
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Nowadays, seriation results are no longer produced manually as in Petrie's times but by appropriate algorithms. Though according to
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Jensen, C.K. and K. Høilund Nielsen (1997). Burial Data and Correspondence Analysis. In Jensen, C.K. and K. Høilund Nielsen (eds.)
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Doran and Hodson (1975, p. 269) list three conditions that must be satisfied to obtain a chronological seriation result:
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A free software by Øyvind Hammer (Oslo), which calculates a correspondence analysis, a detrended CA, or a canonical CA.
889:. Edited by F. R. Hodson, D. G. Kendall, and P. Tautu, pp. 215–252. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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Jørgensen, L. (ed.) (1992). Chronological Studies of Anglo-Saxon England, Lombard Italy and Vendel Period Sweden.
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The traits or attributes included in the seriation must depend on cultural aspects (rather than on function).
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Hill, M.O. and Gauch, H.G. (1980). Detrended Correspondence Analysis: An Improved Ordination Technique.
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if the design styles considered are controlled by one factor only (like chronology). This is called the
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The term 'sequence' when narrowly defined, and used in a serious piece of writing, refers to the
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The image above shows the scatterplot with the typical parabola shape of the first two axes of a
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Today, the most popular seriation method both for contextual and frequency problems is based on
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Chronologie der merowingerzeitlichen Grabfunde vom linken Niederrhein bis zur nördlichen Eifel.
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610:. Copenhagen: Institute of Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology, University of Copenhagen.
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for larger data sets like the 900 graves studied by Petrie they are extremely helpful.
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Burial and Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data
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Brainerd, G.W. (1951). The place of chronological ordering in archaeological analysis.
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Materialien zur Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland, Heft 15. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag GmbH.
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Robinson, W.S. (1951). A method for chronologically ordering archaeological deposits.
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How to perform a correspondence analysis. A short guide to archaeological practice
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Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils: The Backbone of Archaeological Dating
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from numerous sites in the same culture are placed in chronological order. Where
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methods, such as radio carbon, cannot be applied, archaeologists have to use
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to find out if other factors play a role as well (see Examples 2 and 3).
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Seriation by constrained correspondence analysis: a simulation study.
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The objects analyzed must all come from a single cultural tradition.
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Another way of presenting the raw data for contextual seriation:
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Example 2: Simulated data, seriation and correspondence analysis
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Müssemeier, U., Nieveler, E., Plum, R., Pöppelmann, H. (2003).
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Kendall, D.G. (1971). "Seriation from abundance matrices". In
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Example 3: Ideal data, seriation and correspondence analysis
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Petrie, F. W. M. (1899). Sequences in prehistoric remains.
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van de Velden, M., Groenen, P. J. F., Poblome, J. (2007).
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Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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CAPCA – Excel based seriation program (Windows)
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Using Computers in Archaeology: towards virtual pasts
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Jørgensen 1992; Müssemeier, Nieveler et al. 2003).
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Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
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874:. Aarhus University Press, pp. 29–61.
202:to the cemetery data of Münsingen. The resulting
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989:Step by step introduction to frequency seriation
915:O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman (1999).
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378:Nevertheless, some archaeologists think that a
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453:Learn how and when to remove this message
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978:R-package seriation (Windows/Linux/OS X)
831:Econometric Institute Report EI 2007-40.
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238:Example 1: Small contextual seriation
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863:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
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1416:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1332:Revised Julian
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:Lists of kings
1247:
1242:
1240:Canon of Kings
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Before present
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1006:
998:
992:
991:
986:
980:
975:
970:
963:
962:External links
960:
959:
958:
943:
928:
913:
898:
883:
868:
864:
857:
840:
837:
834:
833:
783:
781:301–306.
773:
763:
761:, 47–58.
744:
720:
701:
685:
657:
655::295–301
641:
620:
595:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
581:
575:
570:
564:
558:
553:
548:
539:
534:
523:
520:
519:
518:
503:stratification
491:
461:
460:
419:
417:
410:
404:
401:
347:
344:
299:
296:
239:
236:
234:
231:
188:
185:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
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118:
115:
101:
98:
96:
93:
73:
70:
60:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1841:
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1828:
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1796:
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1722:
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1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
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1646:
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1632:
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1627:
1624:Chronological
1621:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Geochronology
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Geologic time
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Metonic cycle
1506:
1504:
1503:Galactic year
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:ISO week date
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Byzantine era
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1106:Calendar eras
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:
940:0-500-27867-9
937:
933:
929:
926:
925:0-306-46152-8
922:
918:
914:
911:
910:0-415-16770-1
907:
903:
899:
896:
895:0-85224-213-1
892:
888:
884:
881:
880:87-7288-686-2
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:0-340-76299-3
851:
847:
843:
842:
830:
824:
818:
804:on 2008-10-03
800:
793:
787:
777:
767:
760:
757:
751:
749:
741:
740:0-85224-250-6
737:
733:
727:
725:
717:
714:
708:
706:
698:
695:
689:
682:
681:0-7486-0791-9
678:
674:
668:
666:
664:
662:
654:
651:
645:
638:
637:3-7927-1894-4
634:
630:
624:
617:
613:
609:
606:
600:
596:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
557:
556:Harris matrix
554:
552:
549:
543:
540:
538:
535:
529:
526:
525:
516:
512:
511:relationships
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
470:
468:
457:
454:
446:
436:
432:
426:
425:
420:This section
418:
414:
409:
408:
396:
388:
384:
381:
376:
374:
368:
366:
360:
352:
343:
341:
332:
328:
320:
312:
308:
305:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
263:
255:
247:
243:
230:
227:
224:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
184:
181:
177:
173:
155:
152:
149:
148:
147:
139:
136:
130:
128:
124:
114:
112:
108:
92:
90:
86:
82:
79:excavated at
78:
69:
67:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1753:Stratigraphy
1747:
1698:Uranium–lead
1668:Lichenometry
1466:Winter count
1449:Mesoamerican
1377:Astronomical
1195:Mesoamerican
1180:Sothic cycle
1155:Seleucid era
1140:Bosporan era
1128: /
1118:
1066:Paleontology
946:
931:
916:
901:
886:
871:
860:
845:
828:
806:. Retrieved
799:the original
786:
776:
771:90–97.
766:
758:
755:
731:
715:
712:
696:
693:
688:
672:
652:
649:
644:
628:
623:
607:
604:
599:
495:stratigraphy
464:
449:
440:
429:Please help
424:verification
421:
377:
369:
361:
357:
337:
325:
301:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
241:
228:
225:
215:
197:
190:
169:
145:
131:
120:
103:
89:stratigraphy
75:
66:design style
62:
29:
1693:Radiocarbon
1368:Dual dating
1227:Regnal year
1205:Short Count
1145:Bostran era
1126:Anno Domini
1059:Big History
1039:Archaeology
443:August 2016
216:arch effect
204:scatterplot
40:assemblages
32:archaeology
1855:Categories
1288:Vietnamese
1200:Long Count
1135:Anno Mundi
1130:Common Era
1032:Key topics
1025:Chronology
839:References
808:2008-08-27
551:Excavation
111:assemblage
1825:Year zero
1805:Chronicle
1748:Seriation
1683:Lead–lead
1557:Standards
1538:Deep time
1498:Ephemeris
1384:Lunisolar
1348:Gregorian
1341:Gregorian
1302:Calendars
1265:Era names
1235:Anka year
1114:Human Era
1044:Astronomy
756:Vegetatio
616:0901-6732
487:Manuports
479:artifacts
304:simulated
95:The model
44:artifacts
1820:Timeline
1658:Ice core
1531:Concepts
1278:Japanese
1210:Tzolk'in
1175:Egyptian
983:PAST 3.x
817:cite web
578:Sequence
522:See also
515:contexts
483:Biofacts
279:blackrim
233:Examples
212:parabola
123:typology
117:Pitfalls
1830:Floruit
1578:Methods
1439:Iranian
1407:Islamic
1273:Chinese
1084:Periods
1054:History
1049:Geology
107:culture
72:History
1626:dating
1422:Others
1388:Hebrew
1283:Korean
1094:Epochs
953:
938:
923:
908:
893:
878:
852:
738:
679:
635:
614:
291:beaker
287:handle
285:, and
283:bottle
135:hoards
1459:Aztec
1403:Lunar
1398:Solar
1392:Hindu
1255:Limmu
1215:Haab'
1170:Hijri
867:2002.
802:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
591:Notes
85:Egypt
1454:Maya
1189:Yuga
1089:Eras
1071:Time
951:ISBN
936:ISBN
921:ISBN
906:ISBN
891:ISBN
876:ISBN
850:ISBN
823:link
736:ISBN
677:ISBN
633:ISBN
612:ISSN
490:but:
485:and
289:. A
433:by
83:in
42:or
30:In
1857::
1390:,
819:}}
815:{{
759:42
747:^
723:^
716:16
704:^
697:16
660:^
653:29
375:.
281:,
1409:)
1405:(
1394:)
1386:(
1191:)
1187:(
1017:e
1010:t
1003:v
957:.
942:.
927:.
912:.
897:.
882:.
856:.
825:)
811:.
742:.
683:.
639:.
618:.
608:5
456:)
450:(
445:)
441:(
427:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
