1703:
105:
130:
520:, because they spread across Earth's oceans. They had long snouts, large eyes, and a nasal opening located farther up the head than in earlier archaeocetes — suggesting they could breathe with the head held horizontally, similar to modern cetaceans — a first step towards a blowhole. Their dentition varied, but started to evolve towards the nonmasticating teeth of modern cetaceans, and they were probably active hunters. Their ability to move on land seems to have been variable: in
401:
1379:
1463:
483:. Remingtonocetids had longer snouts than other archaeocetes, except that the cranial morphology also varied considerably, probably reflecting different diets. The eyes were small, but the ears were large and set far apart — probably reflecting an increased emphasis on underwater hearing. The fragmentary remains of remingtonocetid postcrania suggest that they had a long neck and large hind limbs that were probably able to support the body weight on land.
565:
4428:
321:(38.0–33.9 mya) genera are known from across Earth, including North America, Egypt, New Zealand, and Europe. Although no consensus exists regarding the mode of locomotion of which cetaceans were capable during the late Lutetian, they were very unlikely to be nearly as well-adapted to the open ocean as living cetaceans. They probably reached as far as North America along coastal waters, either around Africa and over to South America, or more likely, over the
1574:
1517:
457:
1594:
1689:
354:
1544:
1436:
3835:
1409:
1490:
499:
490:: The anterior margin of external nares is located above or behind the third upper incisor, the rostrum is wide, the supraorbital processes are present but short, the anterior edge of the orbit is located above the second or third upper molar, the postorbital process forms a 90° angle with the sagittal crest, and the cervical vertebrae are short.
471:
had short limbs, and a strong and powerful tail with flattened vertebrae. Their long snout, tiny eyes, and ear morphology suggest their vision was poor and that hearing was their dominant sense. They, too, have only been found in
Pakistan and India, and sediments suggest that they lived in turbid
375:
Dozens of fossils are known, but only of skulls, teeth, and jaw fragments; no complete skeletons have been found. The dentition varied; the smallest species had teeth like modern fish eaters, and the largest were more like modern hyenas. The pakicetids may have been predators or carrion feeders.
443:
had an unusual soft tissue connecting the back of the jaw to the middle ear — a small equivalent to the large sound-receiving fat pad in modern odontocetes. Its eyes were placed dorsally on the head, but were facing laterally. The musculature of the head, neck, and back was strong and the
591:(indicating the presence of a fluke). The scapulae are broad and fan-shaped with anterior acromions and small supraspinous fossae. The ulnae are large and have transversely flat olecranons, the wrists and distal forearms are flattened in the plane of the hands, and the hind limbs are tiny.
372:, the most archaic of whales, had long, slender legs and a long, narrow tail, and could reach the size of a modern wolf. They have only been found in sediments from freshwater streams in northwestern India and northern Pakistan, and were probably waders rather than swimmers.
586:
not present in earlier archaeocetes: In the vertebral column, the neck vertebrae are short, the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are of similar length, the sacral vertebrae are unfused, the sacroiliac joints are absent, and the short tail has a
513:, known from both Africa and America, were a diversified family with hind limbs and a strong tail, indicating that they were strong swimmers that colonized shallow and warm oceans, such as reefs. They greatly affected cetacean evolution
3112:
Hulbert, Richard C. Jr.; Petkewich, Richard M.; Bishop, Gale A.; Bukry, David; Aleshire, David P. (September 1998). "A New Middle Eocene
Protocetid Whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and Associated Biota from Georgia".
2810:
Gingerich, Philip D; Ul-Haq, Munir; Khan, Intizar
Hussain; Zalmout, Iyad S. (2001). "Eocene stratigraphy and archaeocete whales (Mammalia, Cetacea) of Drug Lahar in the eastern Sulaiman range, Balochistan (Pakistan)".
1895:
Olivier L, Bianucci G, Salas-Gismondi R, Di Celma C, Steurbaut E, Urbina M & de Muizon C (2019). "An amphibious whale from the Middle Eocene of Peru reveals early South
Pacific dispersal of quadrupedal cetaceans".
439:, is nearly complete and the main source of information concerning early cetacean evolution. The size of a male sea lion, it had a large head with a long snout and robust, strongly worn teeth. The lower jaw shows that
2583:, New Archaeoceti (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, with a Revised Interpretation of Ages of Whale-Bearing Strata in the Kirthar Group of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan)".
475:
Dozens of fossils have been described, but most are only skulls and lower jaws with few dental and postcranial remains. Remingtonocetids probably varied in size with the smallest species matching
2612:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, Muhammad; Clyde, William C. (1995). "New
Archaeocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Domanda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan)".
582:
of modern odontocetes and mysticeti. Basilosaurids and dorudontids are the oldest obligate aquatic cetaceans for which the entire skeleton is known. They display a number of
2228:
Clementz, Mark T.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Peek, Stephanie L.; Fox, David L. (2014). "Ancient marine isoscapes and isotopic evidence of bulk-feeding by
Oligocene cetaceans".
448:
probably swam with its hind feet like a modern otter, and was incapable of supporting its own weight on land. It probably was an ambush hunter like modern crocodiles.
2641:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Cappetta, Henri (2014). "A New
Archaeocete and Other Marine Mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from Lower Middle Eocene Phosphate Deposits of Togo".
419:
suggest that they were ambush rather than fast-pursuit predators. Also known exclusively from
Pakistan and India, the ambulocetids include the oldest known whale,
3285:
Steeman, M. E.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Ho, S. Y. W.; Rabosky, D. L.; Nielsen, R.; Rahbek, C.; Glenner, H.; Sørensen, M. V.; Willerslev, E. (2009).
578:, which had tiny hind limbs and flipper-shaped fore limbs, were obligatorily aquatic and came to dominate the oceans. They still lacked the echolocation and
415:, were large, already fully aquatic, and crocodile-like with large feet and a strong tail. Sediments indicate that they lived in coastal areas and their
1989:
444:
fluke-less tail was long. The hind limbs were short, but equipped with long feet. The fore limbs were also short and equipped with five short hooves.
2259:
Paläontologische und geologische
Untersuchungen im Tertiär von Pakistan. 2. Die mitteleocänen Säugetiere von Ganda Kas bei Basal in Nordwest-Pakistan
377:
588:
2490:(1992). "Marine Mammals (Cetacean and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, Age, and Paleoenvironments".
603:: The status of the Kekenodontidae is still disputed, and the family is placed in either the Archaeoceti, Mysticeti, or even Delphinoidea.
548:), the pelvis was not connected to the vertebral column, suggesting the hind limbs could not have supported the body weight. Some genera (
1916:, a new late Eocene protocetid (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from Wadi Al Hitan, Egypt, and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whales".
3433:; Hussain, S. T. (1998). "Systematic review of the Pakicetidae, Early and middle Eocene Cetacea (Mammalia) from Pakistan and India".
2544:
2199:, n. gen. et sp. (Mammalia, Cetacea), from the middle Eocene of Egypt: clinorhynchy, olfaction, and hearing in a protocetid whale".
3483:
2840:
Gingerich, Philip D.; ul-Haq, Munir; von
Koenigswald, Wighart; Sanders, William J.; Smith, B. Holly; Zalmout, Iyad S. (2009).
3867:
3461:
3376:
3246:
2961:
2334:
2311:
3609:
Uhen, Mark D (1998). "New protocetid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the late middle Eocene Cook Mountain Formation of Louisiana".
3703:
2473:
3688:
1837:"Farewell to life on land - thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals"
1723:
2842:"New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan: Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism"
3752:; Devries, Thomas J.; Urbina, Mario; Renne, Paul R. (2011). "New Middle Eocene Whales from the Pisco Basin of Peru".
3797:
West, Robert M (1980). "Middle Eocene large mammal assemblage with Tethyan affinities, Ganda Kas region, Pakistan".
3193:"A new genus and species of Eocene protocetid archaeocete whale (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Atlantic Coastal plain"
472:
waters in coastal areas. Though they were probably able to live on land, they apparently used their tails to swim.
3334:
Die Archaeoceti des ägyptischen Eozäns: Beiträge zur paläontologie und geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients
3236:
2278:
2421:
3659:
Uhen, M. D. (2008). "New protocetid whales from Alabama and Mississippi, and a new cetacean clade, Pelagiceti".
2385:
2520:
3672:
3328:
2020:
3192:
2901:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Khan, Intizar Hussain; Malkani, S. (September 2001).
1924:
4551:
3839:
2738:, A New Archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan)"
2106:"A new, diminutive Eocene whale from Kachchh (Gujarat, India) and its implications for locomotor evolution"
2966:, a new protocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early middle Eocene of Balochistan (Pakistan)"
2772:
2733:
2671:
129:
3332:
1990:"A description of new species of zeuglodont and of leathery turtle from the Eocene of Southern Nigeria"
3860:
3566:
2348:
3227:
2777:, a new dorudontine archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early late Eocene of Wadi Hitan, Egypt"
2449:
3081:
2105:
2549:, new archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation, Fayum, Egypt"
3704:"New genus of dorudontine archaeocete (Cetacea) from the middle-to-late Eocene of South Carolina"
4510:
2138:"The origin and early evolution of whales: macroevolution documented on the Indian subcontinent"
4523:
4448:
3162:, new combination, a middle Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from western Kutch, India".
2903:"Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan"
269:
265:
3549:
Trivedy, A. N.; Satsangi, P. P. (1984). "A new archaeocete (whale) from the Eocene of India".
4518:
4505:
4486:
3256:
Sahni, Ashok; Mishra, Vijay Prakash (1975). "Lower Tertiary vertebrates from western India".
2374:"A new protocetid whale (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from the late middle Eocene of South Carolina"
3043:(1834). "Notice of fossil bones found in the Tertiary formation of the State of Louisiana".
376:
Neither the skull nor the dentition of pakicetids resembles those of modern whales, but the
280:. This initial diversification occurred in the shallow waters that separated India and Asia
4546:
4431:
3853:
3498:
3003:, a New Cetacean (Cetacea, Basilosauridae) from the Late Middle Eocene of Eastern Europe".
2914:
2853:
2686:
2450:"Description of the teeth of a new fossil animal found in the Green Sand of South Carolina"
2274:
2237:
2052:
325:(between Eurasia and Africa) and along the coasts of Europe, Greenland, and North America.
212:
2575:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, M.; Bhatti, M. Akram; Anwar, M.; Sanders, William J. (1997). "
2041:"A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales"
8:
2487:
1708:
288:
3502:
2918:
2857:
2690:
2241:
2056:
3806:
3785:
3722:
3676:
3646:
Uhen, Mark D. (2005). "A new genus and species of archaeocete whale from Mississippi".
3626:
3530:
3418:
3311:
3286:
3215:
3146:
3130:
3060:
3028:
2948:
2884:
2841:
2720:
2658:
2405:
2216:
2176:
2008:
1861:
1836:
583:
124:
328:
The archaeocetes are paraphyletic in relation to their extant modern descendants, the
3991:
3814:
3789:
3777:
3736:
3634:
3582:
3562:
3522:
3514:
3467:
3457:
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3372:
3341:
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3179:
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3020:
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2507:
2397:
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2307:
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2168:
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2088:
2083:
2070:
2040:
2012:
1866:
1462:
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720:
468:
3680:
3032:
2952:
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2409:
2220:
2180:
3769:
3761:
3749:
3726:
3718:
3668:
3622:
3618:
3534:
3506:
3484:"Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls"
3422:
3402:
3306:
3298:
3175:
3171:
3122:
3052:
3012:
2922:
2879:
2861:
2820:
2724:
2702:
2694:
2650:
2621:
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2499:
2389:
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2245:
2208:
2152:
2078:
2060:
2004:
1856:
1848:
1694:
600:
533:
2373:
2298:
Fordyce, Ewan (2002). "Cetacean Evolution". In Perrin, William R; Wiirsig, Bernd;
4028:
3590:
2866:
2249:
2212:
780:
608:
2960:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Bhatti, M. Akram (2005).
4344:
4245:
4048:
3845:
3479:
3446:
3430:
3386:
3364:
3360:
3040:
2528:
Placental mammals: origin, timing, and relationships of the major extant clades
2344:
2322:
2299:
2137:
2133:
2101:
1516:
1512:
1328:
1101:
1095:
823:
575:
416:
104:
3818:
3406:
3183:
3142:
3126:
3024:
2401:
2156:
4540:
4471:
4110:
4099:
4071:
4000:
3980:
3957:
3946:
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3740:
3638:
3586:
3518:
3414:
2984:
2936:
2875:
2795:
2756:
2716:
2604:
2567:
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2164:
2074:
2065:
2016:
1435:
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922:
914:
854:
732:
706:
670:
656:
421:
412:
400:
292:
62:
16:
Paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans from Early Eocene to Late Oligocene
3594:
3471:
3393:, a new remingtonocetid cetacean from marine Eocene sediments of Pakistan".
3345:
3302:
3097:
3072:
2927:
2902:
2832:
2633:
2511:
2290:
486:
The remaining families and later crown cetaceans form a clade united by six
4378:
4353:
4277:
4254:
4153:
4139:
4130:
4085:
4078:
4039:
4007:
3526:
3320:
3277:
2944:
2893:
2672:"New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin of cetacean swimming"
2417:
2172:
1870:
1543:
1539:
1489:
1485:
1378:
1371:
1361:
1298:
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1107:
957:
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890:
878:
866:
812:
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538:
510:
487:
385:
250:
242:
2092:
556:
seems to have relied more on its tail to propel itself through the water.
4497:
4480:
4408:
4360:
4326:
4305:
4270:
4263:
4209:
4195:
4188:
4119:
4021:
3966:
3923:
3913:
3731:
3200:
Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America
2824:
2707:
2670:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Raza, S. M.; Arif, M.; Anwar, M.; Zhou, X. (1994).
2625:
2596:
2503:
1408:
1404:
1265:
1234:
1174:
1150:
1119:
1043:
1024:
933:
768:
682:
620:
528:
181:
37:
3456:. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Vol. 191. pp. 1–86.
564:
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4167:
4160:
4146:
4092:
4064:
4014:
3973:
3901:
3810:
3773:
3630:
3363:(2002). "Archaeocetes, Archaic". In Perrin, William R; Wiirsig, Bernd;
3269:
3134:
3064:
1573:
1569:
1311:
1304:
1253:
1241:
1210:
1067:
1055:
1031:
988:
981:
969:
902:
842:
792:
756:
694:
522:
515:
381:
333:
322:
318:
297:
282:
277:
259:
82:
47:
3016:
2349:"Neue Zeuglodonten aus dem unteren Mitteleocän vom Mokattam bei Cairo"
1852:
456:
427:
4401:
4333:
4230:
4181:
4174:
4057:
3939:
3932:
3765:
3510:
3287:"Radiation of Extant Cetaceans Driven by Restructuring of the Oceans"
2839:
2813:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
2784:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
2745:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the Museum of Michigan
2698:
2614:
Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan
2585:
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan
2393:
1593:
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1334:
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1285:
1079:
1017:
1012:
1000:
834:
644:
632:
544:
369:
337:
314:
273:
254:
141:
87:
31:
4442:
3056:
2279:"On the Arrangement of the Orders and Families of Existing Mammalia"
4465:
4298:
3895:
2654:
1277:
1222:
389:
353:
310:
306:
161:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
4367:
4284:
2372:
Geisler, Jonathan H; Sanders, Albert E; Luo, Zhe-Xi (July 2005).
1556:
1391:
1198:
1131:
329:
246:
191:
92:
67:
2321:
Fordyce, R. E. (2008). "Neoceti". In Perrin, W. F.; Wursig, B.;
287:, resulting in some 30 species adapted to a fully oceanic life.
3907:
3889:
3834:
579:
171:
151:
2454:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
313:(47.8–41.3 mya) are known exclusively from Indo-Pakistan, but
2530:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 234–252
2959:
950:
938:
926:
827:
498:
407:, an ambulocetid (drawing showing preserved fossil remains).
272:, thus are the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders,
3551:
Abstracts of 27th International Geological Congress, Moscow
3478:
3111:
2386:
10.1206/0003-0082(2005)480[0001:ANPWCA]2.0.CO;2
1935:
883:
435:
Of the less than 10 fossils that have been described, one,
2900:
2809:
1048:
974:
432:, some 4 million years older than the rest of its family.
3673:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[589:NPWFAA]2.0.CO;2
3284:
3086:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
1912:
Gingerich P.D., Antar M.S.M. & Zalmout I.S. (2019). "
1789:
360:, a pakicetid (drawing showing preserved fossil remains).
3747:
2574:
1270:
1227:
1124:
2257:
Dehm, Richard; Oettingen-Spielberg, Therese zu (1958).
2256:
699:
661:
536:, indicating they could move on land. In other genera (
3482:; Williams, E. M.; Roe, L. J.; Hussain, S. T. (2001).
2669:
2227:
1959:
1060:
3445:
687:
675:
625:
2131:
2039:
Bajpai, Sunil; Gingerich, Philip D (December 1998).
1906:
1822:
1684:
552:) had large hind feet forming large paddles, while
3702:Uhen, Mark D; Gingerich, Philip D (January 2001).
3045:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2611:
2195:Bianucci, Giovanni; Gingerich, Philip D. (2011). "
1716:
1072:
993:
761:
392:of their ears still reveal their cetacean nature.
3258:Monograph of the Paleontological Society of India
3198:. In Wang, Xiaoming; Barnes, Lawrence G. (eds.).
3082:"Notes on New Zealand Cetacea, recent and fossil"
2732:Gingerich, Philip D.; Russell, Donald E. (1981).
2640:
2371:
2230:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2194:
1889:
1883:
1777:
1084:
962:
859:
4538:
3875:
3429:
3385:
2731:
2329:(2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 758–763.
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
749:
649:
637:
268:, they include the initial amphibious stages in
3548:
2422:"Remarques au sujet du genre Phocodon d'Agasiz"
2283:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2261:. Abhandlungen / Neue Folge, 91. Munich: Beck.
2099:
2038:
1997:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
847:
773:
711:
599:The Archaeoceti include five well-established
3861:
3701:
3575:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
3454:, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan
2973:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology
2770:
2556:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology
2492:University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology
2353:Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1738:
1179:
1155:
3190:
2998:
2771:Gingerich, Philip D.; Uhen, Mark D. (1996).
1167:
871:
3255:
2526:. In Rose, K. D.; Archibald, J. D. (eds.).
1005:
737:
3868:
3854:
3157:
1807:
785:
725:
103:
3730:
3359:
3310:
2926:
2883:
2865:
2706:
2542:
2518:
2486:
2082:
2064:
1971:
1860:
1753:
1258:
1246:
1215:
411:The next diverging family of whales, the
332:. Neocetes consist of two subgroups, the
2999:Goldin, Pavel; Zvonok, Evgenij (2013). "
563:
497:
455:
399:
352:
3449:; Madar, S. I.; Hussain, S. T. (1996).
3327:
2416:
2320:
2297:
1987:
1801:
1765:
907:
817:
4539:
3079:
3039:
2447:
2273:
1339:
1203:
1112:
264:). Representing the earliest cetacean
4447:
4446:
3849:
3191:McLeod, S. A.; Barnes, L. G. (2008).
2343:
1136:
1036:
3796:
3658:
3645:
3608:
3561:
3234:
1947:
1941:
1834:
1290:
1191:
895:
451:
365:
3238:The Beginning of the Age of Mammals
2306:. Academic Press. pp. 214–25.
700:Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958
688:Thewissen, Madar & Hussain 1996
676:Thewissen, Madar & Hussain 1996
662:Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958
626:Thewissen, Madar & Hussain 1996
13:
3723:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00979.x
3661:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3611:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3164:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2201:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2009:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1919.tb02124.x
1823:Bajpai, Thewissen & Sahni 2009
295:evolved during a second radiation
14:
4563:
3827:
3371:. Academic Press. pp. 36–9.
559:
364:First identified as cetaceans by
4427:
4426:
3833:
1701:
1687:
1592:
1572:
1542:
1515:
1488:
1461:
1434:
1407:
1377:
1073:Gingerich, Arif & Clyde 1995
994:Gingerich, Arif & Clyde 1995
762:Gingerich, Arif & Clyde 1995
395:
309:(56–47.8 mya) and most from the
128:
35:
3435:Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum
1965:
1953:
1929:
1884:Geisler, Sanders & Luo 2005
1778:Geisler, Sanders & Luo 2005
860:Geisler, Sanders & Luo 2005
493:
3623:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011093
3395:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
3369:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
3202:. Vol. 41. pp. 73–98
3176:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011629
3158:Kumar, K.; Sahni, A. (1986). "
2448:Gibbes, Robert Wilson (1845).
2327:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
2304:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
1877:
1828:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
348:
343:
1:
2519:Gingerich, Philip D. (2005).
1980:
1085:Gingerich & Cappetta 2014
963:Bianucci & Gingerich 2011
3235:Rose, Kenneth David (2006).
2867:10.1371/journal.pone.0004366
2543:Gingerich, Philip D (2007).
2250:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.009
2213:10.1080/02724634.2011.607985
1352:
750:Thewissen & Hussain 2000
650:Thewissen & Hussain 1998
638:Gingerich & Russell 1981
334:toothed whales (odontocetes)
7:
3160:Remingtonocetus harudiensis
848:Trivedy & Satsangi 1984
774:Bajpai & Thewissen 2000
712:Bajpai & Gingerich 1998
594:
10:
4568:
425:, which is believed to be
338:baleen whales (mysticetes)
305:All archaeocetes from the
241:in older literature, is a
4455:
4422:
4377:
4343:
4253:
4244:
4129:
4109:
4047:
4038:
3990:
3956:
3922:
3884:
3389:; Hussain, S.T. (2000). "
3127:10.1017/S0022336000027232
2378:American Museum Novitates
2157:10.1007/s12038-009-0060-0
1587:
1567:
1560:
1537:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1395:
1375:
1365:
1180:Uhen & Gingerich 2001
1156:Gingerich & Uhen 1996
225:
220:
125:Scientific classification
123:
111:
102:
23:
2066:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15464
1780:, Biogeography, pp. 50–2
1680:
1168:Goldin & Zvonok 2013
872:McLeod & Barnes 2008
3799:Journal of Paleontology
3754:Journal of Paleontology
3407:10.1023/A:1009458618729
3391:Attockicetus praecursor
3115:Journal of Paleontology
3005:Journal of Paleontology
2928:10.1126/science.1063902
2643:Journal of Paleontology
1988:Andrews, C. W. (1919).
1726:. Paleobiology Database
1006:Sahni & Mishra 1975
838:(Gingerich et.al. 2019)
738:Sahni & Mishra 1975
237:("ancient whales"), or
3567:"The fossil cetacean,
2577:Basilosaurus drazindai
786:Kumar & Sahni 1986
726:Kumar & Sahni 1986
572:
506:
464:
408:
388:(compact) and rotated
361:
4519:Paleobiology Database
4506:Paleobiology Database
3711:Marine Mammal Science
3303:10.1093/sysbio/syp060
2275:Flower, William Henry
1936:Thewissen et al. 2001
1903:(8): p. 1352–1359.e3.
1835:Ando, Konami (2016).
1125:Gingerich et al. 1997
1061:Gingerich et al. 1994
1049:Gingerich et al. 2001
1018:Gingerich et al. 2009
975:Gingerich et al. 2001
951:Gingerich et al. 2005
939:Gingerich et al. 2005
927:Gingerich et al. 2005
828:Gingerich et al. 2005
567:
501:
459:
403:
356:
3842:at Wikimedia Commons
3750:Pyenson, Nicholas D.
3648:Southeastern Geology
2581:Basiloterus hussaini
1960:Clementz et al. 2014
796:(Bebej et al., 2016)
463:, a remingtonocetid.
317:(41.3–38.0 mya) and
249:that lived from the
221:Families and clades
4552:Paraphyletic groups
3503:2001Natur.413..277T
3480:Thewissen, J. G. M.
3447:Thewissen, J. G. M.
3431:Thewissen, J. G. M.
3387:Thewissen, J. G. M.
3367:, J. G. M. (eds.).
3361:Thewissen, J. G. M.
3080:Hector, J. (1881).
2919:2001Sci...293.2239G
2913:(5538): 2239–2242.
2858:2009PLoSO...4.4366G
2775:Ancalecetus simonsi
2691:1994Natur.368..844G
2547:Stromerius nidensis
2429:Journal de Zoologie
2325:, J. G. M. (eds.).
2242:2014PPP...400...28C
2136:; Sahni, A (2009).
2102:Thewissen, J. G. M.
2057:1998PNAS...9515464B
1886:, Discussion, p. 45
1790:Steeman et al. 2009
1709:Paleontology portal
1281:(Antar et al. 2023)
884:Hulbert et al. 1998
584:aquatic adaptations
245:group of primitive
3452:Ambulocetus natans
3291:Systematic Biology
3001:Basilotritus uheni
2964:Makaracetus bidens
2197:Aegyptocetus tarfa
1914:Aegicetus gehennae
1841:Journal of Anatomy
573:
516:47 to 41
507:
465:
437:Ambulocetus natans
409:
362:
330:Neoceti (neocetes)
298:36 to 35
283:53 to 45
270:cetacean evolution
260:50 to 23
4534:
4533:
4449:Taxon identifiers
4440:
4439:
4418:
4417:
4240:
4239:
3992:Remingtonocetidae
3838:Media related to
3689:"M. D. Uhen 2008"
3463:978-3-929907-32-2
3378:978-0-12-551340-1
3340:. W. Braumüller.
3248:978-0-8018-8472-6
3017:10.1666/12-080R.1
2736:Pakicetus inachus
2474:"R W Gibbes 1845"
2336:978-0-12-373553-9
2313:978-0-12-551340-1
2026:on 4 January 2015
1853:10.1111/joa.12518
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1459:Remingtonocetidae
721:Remingtonocetidae
571:, a basilosaurid.
518:million years ago
469:Remingtonocetidae
452:Remingtonocetidae
430:million years old
262:million years ago
232:
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3766:10.1666/10-162.1
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3569:Dorudon serratus
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3511:10.1038/35095005
3497:(6853): 277–81.
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2488:Gingerich, P. D.
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2019:. Archived from
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1695:Cetaceans portal
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1228:Uhen et al. 2011
534:sacroiliac joint
519:
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27:Temporal range:
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3748:Uhen, Mark D.;
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2113:Current Science
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2100:Bajpai, Sunil;
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609:Cetartiodactyla
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505:, a protocetid.
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4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4111:Makaracetinae
4108:
4102:
4101:
4100:Pontobasileus
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:Carolinacetus
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:Andrewsiphius
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3981:Himalayacetus
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3958:Ambulocetidae
3955:
3949:
3948:
3947:Ichthyolestes
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3760:(5): 955–69.
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3732:2027.42/73005
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:(3): 133–46.
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:. JHU Press.
3240:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3217:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:(2): 254–68.
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:2027.42/48661
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:2027.42/62571
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:2027.42/48650
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:2027.42/48652
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:2027.42/48630
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2418:Gervais, Paul
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(5): 673–86.
2150:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:Thewissen, JG
2130:
2119:(10): 1478–82
2118:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1950:, p. 273
1949:
1944:
1938:, p. 277
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1825:, p. 675
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1804:, p. 758
1803:
1798:
1792:, p. 573
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1768:, p. 216
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1725:
1724:"Archaeoceti"
1719:
1715:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:Ambulocetidae
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
990:
986:
984:
983:
979:
976:
972:
971:
967:
964:
960:
959:
955:
954:
952:
948:
945:
940:
936:
935:
931:
930:
928:
924:
923:Makaracetinae
921:
917:
916:
915:Pontobasileus
912:
909:
905:
904:
900:
897:
893:
892:
888:
885:
881:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
861:
857:
856:
855:Carolinacetus
852:
849:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
829:
825:
822:
821:
819:
815:
814:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
795:
794:
790:
787:
783:
782:
778:
775:
771:
770:
766:
763:
759:
758:
754:
751:
747:
746:
742:
739:
735:
734:
733:Andrewsiphius
730:
729:
727:
723:
722:
718:
713:
709:
708:
707:Himalayacetus
704:
701:
697:
696:
692:
689:
685:
684:
680:
679:
677:
673:
672:
671:Ambulocetidae
668:
663:
659:
658:
657:Ichthyolestes
654:
651:
647:
646:
642:
639:
635:
634:
630:
629:
627:
623:
622:
618:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
606:
605:
604:
602:
592:
590:
589:ball vertebra
585:
581:
577:
576:Basilosaurids
570:
566:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
531:
530:
525:
524:
517:
512:
504:
500:
491:
489:
484:
482:
478:
473:
470:
462:
458:
449:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
424:
423:
422:Himalayacetus
418:
417:compact bones
414:
413:Ambulocetidae
406:
402:
396:Ambulocetidae
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
371:
367:
359:
355:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
294:
290:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
4456:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:Pachycetinae
4366:
4359:
4354:Basilosaurus
4352:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4278:Cynthiacetus
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:Dorudontinae
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4154:Crenatocetus
4152:
4145:
4140:Aegyptocetus
4138:
4131:Protocetinae
4118:
4098:
4091:
4086:Natchitochia
4084:
4079:Georgiacetus
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4040:Protocetidae
4027:
4020:
4013:
4008:Attockicetus
4006:
3999:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3914:Artiodactyla
3876:
3802:
3798:
3757:
3753:
3714:
3710:
3692:
3664:
3660:
3654:(3): 157–72.
3651:
3647:
3617:(3): 664–8.
3614:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3578:
3574:
3568:
3554:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3494:
3490:
3453:
3450:
3438:
3434:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3368:
3349:. Retrieved
3333:
3294:
3290:
3261:
3257:
3237:
3204:. Retrieved
3199:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3118:
3114:
3101:. Retrieved
3089:
3085:
3048:
3044:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2976:
2972:
2963:
2910:
2906:
2852:(2): e4366.
2849:
2845:
2816:
2812:
2799:. Retrieved
2787:
2783:
2774:
2762:20 September
2760:. Retrieved
2748:
2744:
2735:
2682:
2678:
2646:
2642:
2617:
2613:
2591:(2): 55–81.
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2532:. Retrieved
2527:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2462:. Retrieved
2460:(9): 254–256
2457:
2453:
2437:. Retrieved
2432:
2428:
2377:
2361:. Retrieved
2359:(3): 199–220
2356:
2352:
2326:
2303:
2282:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2148:
2144:
2121:. Retrieved
2116:
2112:
2048:
2044:
2028:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2000:
1996:
1974:, Table 15.1
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1879:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1802:Fordyce 2008
1797:
1785:
1773:
1766:Fordyce 2002
1761:
1730:20 September
1728:. Retrieved
1718:
1588:
1568:
1540:Dorudontinae
1538:
1511:
1486:Protocetidae
1484:
1457:
1430:
1403:
1376:
1362:Whippomorpha
1333:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1299:Pachycetinae
1284:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1187:Cynthiacetus
1185:
1173:
1163:Basilotritus
1161:
1149:
1145:Dorudontinae
1130:
1118:
1108:Basilosaurus
1106:
1094:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
980:
968:
958:Aegyptocetus
956:
947:Protocetinae
932:
913:
908:Andrews 1919
901:
891:Natchitochia
889:
879:Georgiacetus
877:
867:Crenatocetus
865:
853:
841:
833:
818:Stromer 1908
813:Protocetidae
811:
791:
779:
767:
755:
745:Attockicetus
743:
731:
719:
705:
693:
681:
669:
655:
643:
631:
619:
614:
607:
598:
574:
568:
553:
549:
543:
539:Georgiacetus
537:
527:
521:
511:Protocetidae
508:
502:
494:Protocetidae
485:
480:
476:
474:
466:
460:
445:
440:
436:
434:
420:
410:
404:
386:pachyostotic
374:
363:
357:
327:
304:
289:Echolocation
253:to the late
251:Early Eocene
243:paraphyletic
239:Zeuglodontes
238:
234:
233:
226:
207:
198:
188:Infraorder:
182:Artiodactyla
116:
113:Cynthiacetus
112:
18:
4547:Archaeoceti
4487:Archaeoceti
4481:Wikispecies
4457:Archaeoceti
4409:Platyosphys
4361:Basiloterus
4327:Supayacetus
4306:Pontogeneus
4271:Chrysocetus
4264:Ancalecetus
4210:Qaisracetus
4196:Phiomicetus
4189:Peregocetus
4120:Makaracetus
4022:Kutchicetus
3967:Ambulocetus
3924:Pakicetidae
3877:Archaeocete
3840:Archaeoceti
3774:10088/17509
3717:(1): 1–34.
3693:Fossilworks
3581:(4): 5–78.
3051:: 397–403.
2478:Paleobio DB
2132:Bajpai, S;
1405:Pakicetidae
1340:Hector 1881
1266:Supayacetus
1235:Pontogeneus
1204:Gibbes 1845
1175:Chrysocetus
1151:Ancalecetus
1120:Basiloterus
1113:Harlan 1834
1044:Qaisracetus
1025:Peregocetus
934:Makaracetus
769:Kutchicetus
683:Ambulocetus
621:Pakicetidae
615:Archaeoceti
529:Peregocetus
481:Ambulocetus
461:Kutchicetus
446:Ambulocetus
441:Ambulocetus
405:Ambulocetus
349:Pakicetidae
344:Description
235:Archaeoceti
208:Archaeoceti
117:Ambulocetus
30:54–23
24:Archaeoceti
4541:Categories
4395:Pachycetus
4388:Antaecetus
4320:Stromerius
4313:Saghacetus
4292:Masracetus
4224:Takracetus
4217:Rodhocetus
4203:Protocetus
4168:Gaviacetus
4161:Dhedacetus
4147:Artiocetus
4093:Pappocetus
4065:Babiacetus
4015:Dalanistes
3974:Gandakasia
3902:Vertebrata
3900:Subphylum
3819:4899161959
3563:True, F.W.
3540:1 February
3270:B0007AL8UE
3206:1 February
3184:4649653943
3143:4908698029
3092:: 434–37.
3041:Harlan, R.
3025:4960242901
2534:1 December
2402:4630500767
2285:: 178–86.
2186:1 February
1981:References
1570:Odontoceti
1312:Pachycetus
1305:Antaecetus
1254:Stromerius
1242:Saghacetus
1211:Masracetus
1137:Fraas 1904
1068:Takracetus
1056:Rodhocetus
1037:Fraas 1904
1032:Protocetus
989:Gaviacetus
982:Dhedacetus
970:Artiocetus
903:Pappocetus
843:Babiacetus
793:Rayanistes
757:Dalanistes
695:Gandakasia
550:Rodhocetus
532:possess a
523:Rodhocetus
382:involucrum
370:pakicetids
323:Tethys Sea
319:Priabonian
278:Odontoceti
119:skeletons
4402:Perucetus
4334:Zygorhiza
4231:Togocetus
4182:Maiacetus
4175:Indocetus
4058:Aegicetus
3940:Nalacetus
3933:Pakicetus
3790:115130412
3782:802202947
3741:204061291
3639:204612030
3595:19219818M
3587:355813868
3557:: 322–23.
3519:118116179
3441:: 220–38.
3415:362777268
3365:Thewissen
3226:ignored (
3216:cite book
3151:131420545
2985:742723177
2937:0036-8075
2876:678622523
2796:742731018
2757:742729300
2717:742745707
2605:742731913
2568:214233870
2521:"Cetacea"
2394:2246/5671
2323:Thewissen
2300:Thewissen
2267:163296508
2236:: 28–40.
2165:565869881
2075:678707438
2017:228169273
1948:Rose 2006
1590:Mysticeti
1353:Phylogeny
1335:Kekenodon
1319:Perucetus
1291:True 1908
1286:Zygorhiza
1192:Uhen 2005
1080:Togocetus
1013:Maiacetus
1001:Indocetus
896:Uhen 1998
835:Aegicetus
645:Nalacetus
633:Pakicetus
554:Aegicetus
545:Aegicetus
503:Maiacetus
477:Pakicetus
366:West 1980
358:Pakicetus
315:Bartonian
274:Mysticeti
266:radiation
255:Oligocene
247:cetaceans
227:See text
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
4495:BioLib:
4466:Wikidata
4432:Category
4299:Ocucajea
3908:Mammalia
3896:Chordata
3890:Animalia
3888:Kingdom
3681:86326007
3565:(1908).
3527:11565023
3472:36463214
3346:21174007
3331:(1908).
3321:20525610
3264:: 1–48.
3098:31837919
3073:63356837
3033:83864139
2953:21441797
2945:11567134
2894:19194487
2846:PLOS ONE
2833:50061585
2663:85915213
2634:34123868
2512:26941847
2498:: 1–84.
2420:(1876).
2410:54060094
2347:(1904).
2291:83091701
2277:(1883).
2221:85995809
2181:28232300
2173:20009264
2145:J Biosci
2104:(2000).
1962:, Fig. 1
1925:e0230596
1918:PLOS ONE
1871:27396988
1278:Tutcetus
1223:Ocucajea
601:families
595:Taxonomy
390:ossicles
336:and the
311:Lutetian
307:Ypresian
172:Mammalia
162:Chordata
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
4472:Q568536
4368:Eocetus
4285:Dorudon
3894:Phylum
3811:1304193
3631:4523937
3571:Gibbes"
3535:4416684
3499:Bibcode
3423:5700031
3312:2777972
3278:3566369
3135:1306667
3065:1004838
2990:1 March
2915:Bibcode
2907:Science
2885:2629576
2854:Bibcode
2725:4315623
2687:Bibcode
2435:: 64–70
2238:Bibcode
2093:9860991
2053:Bibcode
2030:1 April
1862:5108153
1557:Neoceti
1392:Cetacea
1199:Dorudon
1132:Eocetus
569:Dorudon
192:Cetacea
178:Order:
168:Class:
4511:148535
3912:Order
3906:Class
3817:
3809:
3788:
3780:
3739:
3679:
3637:
3629:
3600:1 July
3593:
3585:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3491:Nature
3470:
3460:
3421:
3413:
3375:
3351:1 July
3344:
3319:
3309:
3276:
3268:
3245:
3182:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3103:1 July
3096:
3071:
3063:
3031:
3023:
2983:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2892:
2882:
2874:
2831:
2801:1 July
2794:
2755:
2751:(11).
2723:
2715:
2679:Nature
2661:
2632:
2603:
2566:
2510:
2464:1 July
2439:1 July
2408:
2400:
2363:1 July
2333:
2310:
2289:
2265:
2219:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2123:1 July
2091:
2081:
2073:
2015:
1869:
1859:
580:baleen
368:, the
215:, 1883
213:Flower
4524:42933
4498:38230
3807:JSTOR
3786:S2CID
3707:(PDF)
3677:S2CID
3627:JSTOR
3531:S2CID
3487:(PDF)
3419:S2CID
3338:(PDF)
3196:(PDF)
3147:S2CID
3131:JSTOR
3061:JSTOR
3029:S2CID
2969:(PDF)
2949:S2CID
2780:(PDF)
2741:(PDF)
2721:S2CID
2675:(PDF)
2659:S2CID
2552:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2425:(PDF)
2406:S2CID
2217:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2141:(PDF)
2109:(PDF)
2084:28065
2024:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1923:(3):
1681:Notes
3815:OCLC
3778:OCLC
3737:OCLC
3635:OCLC
3602:2013
3583:OCLC
3542:2013
3523:PMID
3515:OCLC
3468:OCLC
3458:ISBN
3411:OCLC
3373:ISBN
3353:2013
3342:OCLC
3317:PMID
3274:OCLC
3266:ASIN
3243:ISBN
3228:help
3208:2013
3180:OCLC
3139:OCLC
3105:2013
3094:OCLC
3069:OCLC
3021:OCLC
2992:2013
2981:OCLC
2941:PMID
2933:ISSN
2890:PMID
2872:OCLC
2829:OCLC
2803:2013
2792:OCLC
2764:2018
2753:OCLC
2713:OCLC
2630:OCLC
2601:OCLC
2579:and
2564:OCLC
2536:2013
2508:OCLC
2466:2013
2441:2013
2398:OCLC
2365:2013
2331:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2287:OCLC
2263:OCLC
2188:2013
2169:PMID
2161:OCLC
2125:2013
2089:PMID
2071:OCLC
2045:PNAS
2032:2013
2013:OCLC
1867:PMID
1732:2018
542:and
526:and
509:The
467:The
428:53.5
291:and
276:and
115:and
38:PreꞒ
3770:hdl
3762:doi
3727:hdl
3719:doi
3669:doi
3619:doi
3507:doi
3495:413
3403:doi
3307:PMC
3299:doi
3172:doi
3123:doi
3053:doi
3013:doi
2923:doi
2911:293
2880:PMC
2862:doi
2821:hdl
2703:hdl
2695:doi
2683:368
2651:doi
2622:hdl
2593:hdl
2500:hdl
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2382:doi
2246:doi
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2209:doi
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2061:doi
2005:doi
1857:PMC
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