80:; they were often given gifts as part of imperial ceremonies. Nevertheless, the rank and file were usually sold off as slaves or kept in prison until ransomed or exchanged. Most were employed as a labour force, although some who might be induced to convert to Christianity were given lands to settle. Otherwise they enjoyed the freedom to worship at mosques of their own.
292:
sent an elderly emissary named
Triphylios with 77 Muslim prisoners to al-Mutawakkil, being presented before the Caliph on 31 May 859. Nasr ibn al-Azhar ibn Faraj was sent to accompany the Byzantine envoy back to Constantinople, but the exchange was delayed until the next spring, after the Byzantine
510:
under Phokas in the previous years. The
Byzantines held more than 3,000 prisoners, which Sayf al-Dawla promised to ransom at 270 dinars each. However, he ran out of money after 240,000 dinars had been paid, and was forced to ransom the rest by handing over a valuable cuirass and a hostage from the
116:
in his report of the 845 exchange: "Two bridges were built over the river, one for the prisoners of each side. Each side released one prisoner, who walked across the bridge towards his co-religionists, simultaneously with his counterpart. After the exchange was complete, the surplus prisoners were
59:
had led to a degree of mutual understanding and respect, evidenced by a regular pattern of diplomatic and cultural exchange between the two powers. This is exemplified in the protocols for the imperial receptions at the
Byzantine court, where the "Eastern Muslims" are accorded the first place
442:. More than 6,300 people were exchanged over 16 days, but the Byzantines still held 800 more prisoners than the Muslims, and the truce was extended for six months to allow the remaining captives to be ransomed for money in smaller batches.
266:
in turn sent Nasr ibn al-Azhar ibn Faraj to assess the number of Muslim prisoners. A truce was arranged from 19 November 855 until 5 March 856. The
Abbasid delegation was led by Shunayf al-Khadim, and he was joined by the chief qadi,
354:, the exchange was interrupted after 1,154 or 1,155 Muslim prisoners had been exchanged, according to al-Mas'udi, because the Byzantines reneged on the agreed terms. Hence known as the "ransom of treachery" (
84:
noted that although the Arab captives were made to work as slaves, they could earn money, and that the
Byzantines "do not force any of them to eat pork, and they do not slit their noses or their tongues".
72:, they were otherwise generally well treated. Senior figures that were state prisoners were often honoured guests during the duration of their captivity, being regularly invited to attend races at the
271:, and a number of leading Baghdadis. According to al-Tabari, the Muslims recovered 785 men and 125 women. Al-Mas'udi on the other hand gives the figure as 2,200 men or 2,000 men and 100 women.
450:
The last exchange to take place at the Lamos. 2,482 prisoners, men and women, were exchanged, with the remaining 230 Muslim prisoners held by the
Byzantines ransomed with 80,000
236:, allowing only those who supported it to be exchanged. The exchange lasted 10 days. Al-Tabari records that the Muslims recovered 4,600 prisoners, of whom 600 women and 500
549:
in 838. According to
Toynbee, this attests to the efficiency of the Byzantine military's strategy of "dogging and pouncing" the Muslim armies that raided Asia Minor.
1046:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad: The Caliphates of al-Muʿtaḍid, al-Muktafī and al-Muqtadir, A.D. 892–915/A.H. 279–302
1105:
378:). Again under the supervision of Rustam ibn Baradu, the Muslims recovered 2,842 further prisoners according to al-Mas'udi (al-Tabari gives "about 3,000").
68:
co-religionists. There was also humane treatment of prisoners of war by both sides; on the
Byzantine side, although Arab prisoners were usually paraded in
268:
342:, the Muslims recovered 2,504 prisoners, men, women and children, over 10 days, while Mas'udi variously gives a total of 2,495 prisoners or 3,000 men.
297:
rebelled and went over to the
Abbasids. According to al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi, 2,367 Muslim prisoners, both men and women, were exchanged in 7 days.
258:" of the Muslim sources, it lasted 7 days. Al-Tabari reports that in total, the Byzantines held 20,000 Muslim prisoners, and that Empress-regent
994:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248
545:(863), they held more prisoners than the Arabs, despite the wholesale capture and deportation of Byzantine subjects in events like the
224:, and even by liberating slave women from his own household. The Muslim prisoners were questioned by an emissary of the chief
1054:
1002:
981:
945:
168:
967:
35:. The exchanges began in the late 8th century and continued until the late 10th century. Most of them took place at the
1076:
1030:
933:
1095:
1021:
924:
112:
was arranged beforehand, and both sides met on the river. The exchange was made man for man, as illustrated by
77:
507:
439:
259:
188:", after the man who supervised it on the Arab side. It lasted 7 days, and 2,500 prisoners were exchanged.
73:
1100:
333:
954:
558:
511:
grandees of his court. Among the exchanged prisoners was Sayf al-Dawla's cousin and celebrated poet,
140:
283:
20:
216:"), according to which the Byzantines had many more prisoners than the Muslims, forcing Caliph
61:
1049:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
997:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
390:
1012:
499:
8:
910:
233:
229:
167:. It was the first to take place on the Lamos, and was supervised by the eunuch courtier
542:
369:
918:
Cappel, Andrew J.; Cutler, Anthony; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Prisoners of war". In
438:". The negotiations on the Muslim side were handled by the autonomous ruler of Egypt,
1072:
1064:
1050:
1026:
1016:
998:
977:
929:
919:
538:
524:
351:
339:
101:
32:
52:
28:
24:
490:
The Byzantines sent an embassy to Sayf al-Dawla to negotiate a prisoner exchange.
1044:
1040:
992:
904:
546:
463:
415:
183:
65:
962:
950:
262:
sent an envoy George, the son of Kyriakos, to arrange for the exchange. Caliph
56:
1089:
958:
528:
459:
420:". According to al-Mas'udi, 3,983 Muslims were exchanged over 19 days, while
396:
263:
152:
69:
400:
241:
81:
541:, is that even in 845, before the Byzantines gained the upper hand in the
372:, the exchange resumed in 908, hence it was named "ransom of completion" (
220:
to cover the balance by purchasing slaves from the markets of Baghdad and
289:
36:
537:
What is notable in the numbers reported for the exchanges, according to
618:
479:
451:
421:
900:
794:
512:
498:
The exchange took place on 23 June between Sayf al-Dawla and Emperor
217:
164:
113:
88:
Both sides also engaged in regular exchanges of prisoners (ἀλλάγια,
928:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1722–1723.
503:
455:
570:
466:
on behalf of Sayf al-Dawla, whence the exchange is also known as "
731:
719:
105:
40:
462:, and partly by the Ikhshidids. The exchange was supervised by
294:
237:
1025:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1722.
770:
16:
Mideastern Middle Age war-time events during the years 769–969
635:
633:
221:
109:
368:
After a two-year diplomatic mission by the Byzantine envoy
225:
878:
847:
818:
806:
782:
630:
60:
immediately after any ecclesiastical officials, including
868:
866:
864:
862:
837:
835:
833:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
606:
594:
171:. It lasted 12 days, and 3,700 prisoners were exchanged.
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
399:
to Baghdad. 5,500 prisoners were exchanged according to
100:, in Arabic), which took place on the river Lamos (mod.
674:
672:
670:
668:
523:
The exchange took place between the Byzantines and the
108:, on the border between Byzantium and the Caliphate. A
859:
830:
743:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
27:
became a regular feature of the relations between the
696:
684:
582:
433:
412:
387:
373:
355:
330:
280:
253:
244:
gives the respective numbers as 4,460, 800 and 100.
180:
117:
either ransomed for money or exchanged for slaves."
917:
645:
624:
944:
1087:
1071:. London and New York: Oxford University Press.
899:
737:
725:
179:Mentioned by al-Mas'udi and al-Tabari as the "
906:Le livre de l'avertissement et de la revision
403:, 3,336 over 8 days according to al-Mas'udi.
395:") was preceded by a Byzantine embassy under
1106:Abbasid Caliphate–Byzantine Empire relations
1011:
639:
968:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1069:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World
1039:
812:
43:, on the border between the two powers.
1063:
990:
884:
872:
853:
841:
824:
800:
788:
776:
764:
713:
690:
612:
600:
588:
576:
1088:
1015:(1991). "Prisoners, Exchanges of". In
212:Mentioned by several Muslim sources ("
942:
678:
120:
976:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 647.
527:, after both powers had partitioned
478:Small exchange which took place in
288:". According to al-Tabari, Emperor
13:
1022:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
925:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
1117:
625:Cappel, Cutler & Kazhdan 1991
482:, involving 60 Muslim prisoners.
293:garrison of the border fortress
991:Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989).
913:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
803:, pp. xvii, 156, 168–170.
338:". According to al-Tabari and
321:Mentioned only by al-Mas'udi.
313:Mentioned only by al-Mas'udi.
305:Mentioned only by al-Mas'udi.
204:Mentioned only by al-Mas'udi.
196:Mentioned only by al-Mas'udi.
1:
564:
508:Byzantine conquest of Cilicia
124:
51:Centuries of war between the
46:
901:Ali ibn al-Husain al-Mas'udi
579:, pp. 382–383, 388–390.
282:fidāʾ Naṣr ibn al-Azhar waʿ
163:Mentioned by al-Mas'udi and
76:or imperial banquets at the
7:
552:
434:
413:
388:
374:
356:
331:
281:
254:
181:
10:
1122:
893:
559:Prisoners of war in Islam
130:
127:
19:During the course of the
141:Theophanes the Confessor
779:, pp. xvii, 39–43.
360:) in the Arab sources.
269:Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid
232:, on their opinion on
627:, pp. 1722–1723.
454:, paid partly by the
70:triumphal processions
1013:Oikonomides, Nicolas
500:Nikephoros II Phokas
1096:Arab–Byzantine wars
943:Huart, Cl. (1986).
911:Baron Carra de Vaux
887:, pp. 388–389.
856:, pp. 392–393.
827:, pp. 391–392.
791:, pp. 138–140.
740:, pp. 256–257.
728:, pp. 255–256.
615:, pp. 385–386.
603:, pp. 384–385.
234:Quranic createdness
230:Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad
21:Arab–Byzantine wars
1101:Prisoner exchanges
1017:Kazhdan, Alexander
920:Kazhdan, Alexander
543:Battle of Lalakaon
370:Leo Choirosphaktes
169:Abu Sulayman Faraj
151:Mentioned only by
139:Mentioned only by
121:Prisoner exchanges
1056:978-0-87395-876-9
1004:978-0-88706-874-4
983:978-90-04-07819-2
815:, pp. 32–33.
539:Arnold J. Toynbee
535:
534:
525:Fatimid Caliphate
352:Rustam ibn Baradu
340:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
33:Abbasid Caliphate
1113:
1082:
1060:
1041:Rosenthal, Franz
1036:
1008:
987:
948:
939:
914:
909:. Translated by
888:
882:
876:
870:
857:
851:
845:
839:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
694:
688:
682:
676:
643:
640:Oikonomides 1991
637:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
506:, following the
468:fidāʾ Ibn Ḥamdān
458:Emir of Aleppo,
437:
435:fidāʾ Ibn Warqāʾ
419:
394:
377:
359:
337:
287:
257:
187:
125:
53:Byzantine Empire
29:Byzantine Empire
25:prisoners of war
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1065:Toynbee, Arnold
1057:
1033:
1005:
984:
951:Bosworth, C. E.
936:
896:
891:
883:
879:
871:
860:
852:
848:
840:
831:
823:
819:
811:
807:
799:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
763:
744:
738:Al-Mas'udi 1896
736:
732:
726:Al-Mas'udi 1896
724:
720:
712:
697:
689:
685:
677:
646:
642:, p. 1722.
638:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
575:
571:
567:
555:
547:sack of Amorium
464:Nasr al-Thamali
386:The exchange ("
249:23 February 856
184:Thābit ibn Naṣr
123:
49:
23:, exchanges of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1061:
1055:
1043:, ed. (1985).
1037:
1031:
1009:
1003:
988:
982:
955:van Donzel, E.
940:
934:
915:
895:
892:
890:
889:
877:
875:, p. 393.
858:
846:
844:, p. 392.
829:
817:
813:Rosenthal 1985
805:
793:
781:
769:
767:, p. 391.
742:
730:
718:
716:, p. 390.
695:
693:, p. 388.
683:
681:, p. 647.
644:
629:
617:
605:
593:
591:, p. 383.
581:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
554:
551:
533:
532:
531:between them.
521:
517:
516:
496:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
476:
472:
471:
448:
444:
443:
430:
426:
425:
409:
405:
404:
384:
380:
379:
375:fidāʾ al-tamām
366:
362:
361:
357:fidāʾ al-ghadr
350:Supervised by
348:
344:
343:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
277:
273:
272:
250:
246:
245:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
177:
173:
172:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
129:
122:
119:
57:Arab Caliphate
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1118:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1080:
1078:0-19-215253-X
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:0-19-504652-8
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
985:
979:
975:
971:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
941:
937:
935:0-19-504652-8
931:
927:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
898:
897:
886:
881:
874:
869:
867:
865:
863:
855:
850:
843:
838:
836:
834:
826:
821:
814:
809:
802:
797:
790:
785:
778:
773:
766:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
641:
636:
634:
626:
621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
590:
585:
578:
573:
569:
560:
557:
556:
550:
548:
544:
540:
530:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Sayf al-Dawla
457:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
436:
431:
428:
427:
424:gives 3,933.
423:
418:
417:
410:
408:Sep./Oct. 925
407:
406:
402:
398:
397:John Rhadenos
393:
392:
385:
383:Sep./Oct. 917
382:
381:
376:
371:
367:
364:
363:
358:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
336:
335:
328:
326:Sep./Oct. 896
325:
324:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
300:
296:
291:
286:
285:
284:Alī ibn Yaḥyā
278:
275:
274:
270:
265:
264:al-Mutawakkil
261:
256:
255:fidāʾ Shunayf
251:
248:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
186:
185:
178:
175:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
158:
154:
150:
147:
146:
142:
138:
135:
134:
126:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1068:
1045:
1020:
993:
973:
966:
923:
905:
885:Toynbee 1973
880:
873:Toynbee 1973
854:Toynbee 1973
849:
842:Toynbee 1973
825:Toynbee 1973
820:
808:
801:Kraemer 1989
796:
789:Kraemer 1989
784:
777:Kraemer 1989
772:
765:Toynbee 1973
733:
721:
714:Toynbee 1973
691:Toynbee 1973
686:
620:
613:Toynbee 1973
608:
601:Toynbee 1973
596:
589:Toynbee 1973
584:
577:Toynbee 1973
572:
536:
467:
401:Ibn al-Jawzi
276:Apr./May 860
242:Ibn al-Athir
214:fidāʾ Khāqān
213:
102:Limonlu Çayı
97:
93:
92:, in Greek;
89:
87:
82:Al-Muqaddasi
78:Great Palace
50:
18:
963:Pellat, Ch.
452:gold dinars
290:Michael III
37:Lamos River
1090:Categories
946:"Lamas-Ṣū"
679:Huart 1986
565:References
480:Alexandria
440:al-Ikhshid
422:al-Maqrizi
334:Ibn Ṭughān
153:al-Mas'udi
74:Hippodrome
62:Bulgarians
47:Background
972:Volume V:
959:Lewis, B.
513:Abu Firas
218:al-Wathiq
165:al-Tabari
114:al-Tabari
1067:(1973).
974:Khe–Mahi
965:(eds.).
903:(1896).
553:See also
504:Samosata
456:Hamdanid
447:Oct. 946
429:Oct. 938
365:July 908
347:Sep. 905
260:Theodora
240:, while
209:Sep. 845
131:Details
66:Frankish
55:and the
31:and the
1019:(ed.).
922:(ed.).
894:Sources
238:dhimmis
106:Cilicia
90:allagia
41:Cilicia
1075:
1053:
1029:
1001:
980:
961:&
932:
416:Mufliḥ
414:fidāʾ
391:Muʾnis
389:fidāʾ
332:fidāʾ
295:Loulon
182:fidāʾ
98:afdiya
96:, pl.
949:. In
529:Syria
432:The "
411:The "
329:The "
302:861/2
279:The "
252:The "
222:Raqqa
128:Year
110:truce
104:) in
94:fidāʾ
1073:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1027:ISBN
999:ISBN
978:ISBN
930:ISBN
226:qadi
64:and
520:969
502:at
495:966
487:954
475:953
470:".
318:872
310:867
201:816
193:810
176:808
160:805
148:797
136:769
39:in
1092::
970:.
957:;
953:;
861:^
832:^
745:^
698:^
647:^
632:^
515:.
228:,
155:.
143:.
1081:.
1059:.
1035:.
1007:.
986:.
938:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.