38:
444:
withdrawal can lead to sinkholes or groundwater-related subsidence. The overdrafting leads to the pressure in limestone containments to become unstable and sediments to collapse, creating a sinkhole. Overdrafting in coastal regions can lead to the reduction of water pressure in an aquifer, allowing saltwater intrusion. If saltwater contaminates a freshwater aquifer, that aquifer can no longer be used as a reliable source of freshwater for settlements and cities. Artificial recharge may return fresh water pressure to halt saltwater intrusion. However, this method can be economically inefficient and unavailable due to the high cost of the process.
591:
less water, and investing in infrastructure that uses water sustainably. The state of
California has implemented some water conservation techniques due to droughts in the state. Some of their techniques include prohibitions on: 1) outdoor watering that runs onto sidewalks or other on hard surfaces that don’t absorb water, 2) washing vehicles with a hose that does not have a shutoff handle, 3) watering within 48 hours after a quarter inch of rain, and 4) watering commercial/industrial decorative grass.
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small landholders more than it does large landholders because large landholders have more resources “to invest in technology.” Therefore, small landholders, who traditionally have a lower income than large landholders, are unable to benefit from the technology that allows greater water access. This creates a cycle of inequity as small landholders that are dependent on agriculture have less water to irrigate their land, producing a lower output of crops.
4510:
1847:
1880:
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558:. Prior appropriation rights declare that the first person to use water from a water source will maintain the right to water. These rights result in socio-economic inequities as businesses and/or larger landholders who have a higher income can maintain their water rights. Meanwhile, new businesses or smaller landholders have less access to water, resulting in less ability to profit. Due to this inequity, small farmers in
4534:
4522:
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1869:
408:. According to Konikow, "Cumulative total groundwater depletion in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet the Nation’s water needs."
97:, which contains impermeable materials through which groundwater cannot be extracted. In unconfined aquifers, there is no aquitard, and groundwater can be freely extracted from the surface. Extracting groundwater from unconfined aquifers is like borrowing the water: it has to be recharged at a proper rate. Recharge can happen through artificial recharge and natural recharge.
537:(or the sinking) of land resulting from unsustainable groundwater extraction. It is a growing problem in the developing world as cities increase in population and water use, without adequate pumping regulation and enforcement. One estimate has 80% of serious U.S. land subsidence problems associated with the excessive extraction of groundwater.
471:: the collapse of land due to lack of support (from the water that is being depleted). The first recorded case of land subsidence was in the 1940s. Land subsidence can be as little as local land collapsing or as large as an entire region's land being lowered. The subsidence can lead to infrastructural and ecosystem damage.
82:. Safe yield is the amount of groundwater that can be withdrawn over a period of time without exceeding the long-term recharge rate or affecting the aquifer integrity. Sustainable yield is the amount of water extraction that can be sustained indefinitely without negative hydrological impacts, taking into account both
599:
Techniques used by
California in emergency situations are useful; however, incentive to follow through on these is important. The city of Spokane has a program to incentivize sustainable landscapes called SpokaneScape. This program incentivizes water efficient landscapes by offering homeowners up to
590:
Other solutions include implementing water conservation techniques to decrease overdrafting. These include improving governance to ensure proper water management, incentivizing water conservation, improving agriculture techniques to ensure water use is efficient, changing diets to crops that require
371:
In the U.S., an estimated 800 km of groundwater was depleted during the 20th century. The development of cities and other areas of highly concentrated water usage has created a strain on groundwater resources. In post-development scenarios, interactions between surface water and groundwater are
447:
When aquifers or groundwater wells experience overdraft, chemical concentrations in the water may change. Chemicals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate can be found in groundwater sources. Changes to water quality as a result of overdrafting may make it
550:
drops. As the water table drops, deeper wells are required to reach water in the aquifer. This not only requires deepening of already existing wells, but also digging new wells. Both processes are expensive. Research from Punjab found that the high cost of technology to continue water access hurts
70:
and is found underground. The primary cause of groundwater depletion is the excessive pumping of groundwater up from underground aquifers. Insufficient recharge can lead to depletion, reducing the usefulness of the aquifer for humans. Depletion can also have impacts on the environment around the
379:
Groundwater recharge rates are also affected by rising temperatures which increase surface evaporation and transpiration, resulting in decreased water content of the soil. Anthropogenic changes to groundwater storage, such as over-pumping and the depletion of water tables combined with climate
443:
Groundwater extraction for use in water supplies lowers the overall water table, the level that groundwater sits at in an area. The lowering water table can diminish streamflow and reduce water level in other water bodies such as wetlands and lakes. In Karst systems, large-scale groundwater
121:, and loss of surface water reaching the streams. In extreme cases, the supply of water that naturally recharges the aquifer is pulled directly from streams and rivers, lowering their water levels. This affects wildlife, as well as humans who might be using the water for other purposes.
358:
This ranking is based on the amount of groundwater each country uses for agriculture. This issue is becoming significant in the United States (most notably in
California), but it has been an ongoing problem in other parts of the world, such as was documented in
159:
practices, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces. Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge, and thus overdrafting can effectively dry up certain sub-surface
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to the consumer due to a lower water table—more energy is needed to pump from a greater depth, so operating costs increase for companies, who pass on the expense to the consumer
748:
396:
between 2001–2008 is about 32% of the cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural
2009:
45:, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.
562:
with less water rights tend to grow maize or less productive rice; meanwhile, larger landholders in Punjab can use more land for rice because they have access to water.
287:
113:. As the drafting of water continues, the cone increases in radius. Extracting too much water (overdrafting) can lead to negative impacts such as a drop of the
3008:
327:
3204:
317:
3182:
124:
The natural process of aquifer recharge takes place through the percolation of surface water. An aquifer may be artificially recharged, such as by pumping
3145:
168:
occurs when excessive groundwater is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated. This can lead to a capacity reduction in the aquifer.
179:. Roughly 40% of global irrigation is supported by groundwater, and irrigation is the primary activity causing groundwater storage loss across the U.S.
1073:
Green, Timothy R.; Taniguchi, Makoto; Kooi, Henk; Gurdak, Jason J.; Allen, Diana M.; Hiscock, Kevin M.; Treidel, Holger; Aureli, Alice (August 2011).
3001:
140:. This organization takes wastewater, treats it to a proper level, and then systematically pumps it back into the aquifers for artificial recharge.
1276:
Saber, Mohamed; Ahmed, Omar; Keheila, Esmat A.; Mohamed, Mohamed Abdel-Moneim; Kantoush, Sameh A.; Abdel-Fattah, Mohammed; Sumi, Tetsuya (2022).
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3219:
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1771:
4564:
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3172:
3120:
1446:
710:
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As reported by another USGS study of withdrawals from 66 major US aquifers, the three greatest uses of water extracted from aquifers were
3194:
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3140:
3115:
1916:
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Reduction of water volume in streams and lakes because their supply of water is being diminished by surface water recharging the aquifers
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247:
1279:
Assessment of the
Impacts of Groundwater Overdrafting on Water Quality and Environmental Degradation in the Fares Area, Aswan, Egypt
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4451:
4395:
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3511:
3135:
1165:(Report). Scientific Investigations Report. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. p. 63.
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582:
is the man-made replenishment of groundwater, though there is only a limited amount of suitable water available for replenishing.
175:) that interfere with groundwater recharge patterns. One of the leading anthropogenic activities causing groundwater depletion is
3786:
3130:
1380:"Socio-economic Implications of Depleting Groundwater Resource in Punjab: A Comparative Analysis of Different Irrigation Systems"
3516:
1950:
3775:
3531:
3209:
1295:
1257:
1122:"Monitoring and modeling water-vegetation interactions in groundwater-dependent ecosystems: GROUNDWATER-DEPENDENT ECOSYSTEMS"
3626:
3474:
419:(19%), and "self-supplied industrial" (4%). The remaining 8% of groundwater withdrawals were for "self-supplied domestic,
4353:
3479:
3125:
3110:
93:
There are two types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. In confined aquifers, there is an overbearing layer called an
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188:
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975:
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17:
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37:
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4411:
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3199:
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3048:
3024:
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389:
1470:
1447:"Water Conservation Portal - Emergency Conservation Regulation | California State Water Resources Control Board"
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619:
530:
524:
468:
165:
72:
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3462:
3400:
1973:
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2525:
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133:
3611:
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3820:
3429:
3313:
3070:
2849:
1681:
1208:"Environmental impacts of groundwater overdraft: selected case studies in the southwestern United States"
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unsafe for human consumption; rendering the groundwater sources unusable as a source of drinking water.
42:
1340:
4198:
4133:
3960:
2982:
2866:
2810:
1902:
307:
903:"Simulating the sensitivity of evapotranspiration and streamflow to large-scale groundwater depletion"
659:
Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (19 December 2022).
380:
change, effectively reshape the hydrosphere and impact the ecosystems that depend on the groundwater.
3935:
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3651:
3546:
3439:
3323:
2397:
1718:
1177:
3606:
1325:
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Loss of habitat for these creatures through overdrafting has reduced biodiversity in certain areas.
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4032:
3945:
3930:
3885:
3704:
3659:
3561:
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3102:
2382:
1703:
1632:
75:, local climatic change, soil chemistry changes, and other deterioration of the local environment.
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3982:
3950:
3751:
3689:
3092:
2557:
2446:
1282:. Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports. Springer. pp. 529–551.
1074:
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1872:
1814:
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267:
171:
Changes in freshwater availability stem from natural and human activities (in conjunction with
1781:
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2752:
2547:
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1723:
129:
1796:
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1819:
1652:
1086:
1031:
914:
785:
672:
639:
614:
600:$ 500 in credit on their utility bill if they adapt their yards to water efficient plants.
578:
461:
347:
297:
144:
83:
1879:
8:
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3955:
3741:
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3674:
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2946:
2854:
2842:
2732:
2685:
2493:
2416:
2142:
1933:
1824:
1564:
1519:
774:"Sustainable Yield in Theory and Practice: Bridging Scientific and Mainstream Vernacular"
337:
257:
237:
59:
1120:
Orellana, Felipe; Verma, Parikshit; Loheide, Steven P.; Daly, Edoardo (September 2012).
1090:
1035:
918:
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789:
676:
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4262:
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3714:
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2827:
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2303:
2208:
1963:
1574:
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1313:
1301:
1227:
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1102:
1055:
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695:
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609:
277:
106:
723:
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3631:
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2118:
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2004:
1958:
1846:
1831:
1614:
1554:
1305:
1291:
1253:
1231:
1047:
1019:
971:
948:
930:
835:
801:
700:
661:"Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought"
156:
79:
1106:
970:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 62.
813:
546:
Overdrafting has socio-economic impacts due to cost inequities that increase as the
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4301:
4193:
4084:
3992:
3977:
3586:
3581:
3556:
3355:
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2878:
2837:
2820:
2707:
2605:
2137:
2041:
1925:
1751:
1549:
1283:
1219:
1133:
1094:
1059:
1039:
938:
922:
793:
690:
680:
629:
451:
Overdrafting can also affect organisms living within groundwater aquifers known as
393:
152:
2993:
1098:
30:
This article is about groundwater extraction. For financial uses of the term, see
4318:
4054:
3719:
3636:
3616:
3596:
3496:
3345:
2895:
2861:
2747:
2727:
2637:
2286:
2252:
2186:
1983:
1968:
1713:
1708:
1647:
1637:
1586:
1287:
125:
118:
1075:"Beneath the surface of global change: Impacts of climate change on groundwater"
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3746:
3641:
3541:
3469:
3256:
2936:
2883:
2793:
2712:
2697:
2692:
2644:
2532:
2328:
2276:
2259:
2093:
1861:
1512:
1277:
685:
634:
624:
432:
172:
161:
1223:
1043:
1020:"Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science"
4553:
4468:
4333:
4291:
4237:
4059:
3880:
3729:
3684:
3664:
3486:
3261:
2900:
2737:
2627:
2584:
2365:
2242:
2128:
2078:
1942:
1786:
1766:
1428:
1051:
934:
559:
491:
388:
According to a 2013 report by research hydrologist
Leonard F. Konikow at the
360:
148:
87:
1207:
4247:
4222:
4064:
4022:
3967:
3925:
3422:
3417:
3405:
3365:
3038:
2702:
2660:
2436:
2387:
2323:
2179:
2083:
1850:
1730:
1696:
1357:
952:
926:
805:
704:
416:
401:
1193:"Estimated Withdrawals from Principal Aquifers in the United States, 2000"
4378:
4313:
4296:
4269:
4242:
4227:
4203:
4074:
3915:
3843:
3536:
3491:
3360:
3333:
2798:
2742:
2564:
2542:
2537:
2404:
2281:
2247:
2235:
2123:
2046:
1791:
1761:
1686:
1676:
1642:
1604:
1559:
1138:
1121:
547:
511:
497:
484:
Impacts on animals that depend on streams and lakes for food, water, and
475:
420:
405:
114:
67:
55:
1391:
1379:
1192:
4069:
4017:
4012:
3895:
3601:
2905:
2722:
2680:
2622:
2591:
2230:
2162:
2100:
2073:
2036:
1004:
797:
534:
504:
452:
412:
397:
372:
reduced; there is less intermixing between the surface and subsurface (
195:
176:
137:
1883:
4279:
4007:
3724:
3370:
2788:
2670:
2478:
2473:
2451:
2340:
2333:
2152:
2147:
2054:
2031:
1691:
1657:
773:
424:
373:
31:
1894:
3972:
2915:
2483:
2409:
2350:
2345:
2293:
2203:
2174:
2167:
2157:
2088:
2062:
2058:
2050:
1248:
Brooks, Kenneth N.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; Magner, Joseph A. (2013).
94:
1416:. Oakland California: University of California Press. p. 186.
4328:
4284:
4252:
3551:
3501:
2783:
2579:
2574:
2520:
2426:
2355:
2198:
1999:
485:
383:
207:
63:
4306:
4232:
3900:
3890:
3375:
2632:
2597:
2421:
2377:
2225:
2023:
428:
3812:
41:
Within a long period of groundwater depletion in
California's
4323:
2665:
2505:
2431:
2218:
1668:
1609:
1594:
1535:
1427:
Cousin, Ertharin; Kawamura, A.G.; Rosegrant, Mark W. (2019).
1206:
Zektser, S.; Loáiciga, H. A.; Wolf, J. T. (1 February 2005).
1178:"Drop in U.S. underground water levels has accelerated: USGS"
876:. United States Geological Survey. 2015-08-20. Archived from
554:
Additionally, overdrafting has socio-economic impacts due to
4214:
4002:
2610:
2466:
2461:
2441:
2315:
2266:
2110:
1429:"Strategies to Enhance Water, Food, and Nutrition Security"
110:
991:
Dhawan, B. D. (1993). "Ground Water
Depletion in Punjab".
832:
Sustainable Water
Challenges and Solutions from California
825:
823:
2569:
2213:
1599:
1252:(4. ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 184.
132:
projects directly into the aquifer. An example of is the
1504:
1275:
1119:
1072:
855:
658:
1426:
820:
1160:
Groundwater
Depletion in the United States (1900–2008)
575:
Since recharge is the natural replenishment of water,
478:, which makes water harder to reach streams and rivers
1247:
1191:
Maupin, Molly A. & Barber, Nancy L. (July 2005).
1153:
1151:
1149:
3023:
1205:
652:
1146:
1195:. United States Geological Survey. Circular 1279.
771:
517:
105:When groundwater is extracted from an aquifer, a
4551:
901:Condon, Laura E.; Maxwell, Reed M. (June 2019).
66:. Groundwater is one of the largest sources of
384:Accelerated decline in subterranean reservoirs
194:Ranking of countries that use groundwater for
3828:
3009:
1910:
1520:
900:
78:There are two sets of yields: safe yield and
1190:
1017:
772:Rudestam, Kirsten; Langridge, Ruth (2014).
3835:
3821:
3016:
3002:
1917:
1903:
1527:
1513:
1250:Hydrology and the management of watersheds
3527:Environmental issues in the United States
1378:Sarkar, Anindita (February 12–18, 2011).
1175:
1169:
1137:
942:
694:
684:
541:
3512:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1411:
829:
438:
36:
27:Unsustainable extraction of groundwater
14:
4552:
3517:Effects of climate change on livestock
1377:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1338:
990:
71:aquifer, such as soil compression and
3816:
2997:
1924:
1898:
1508:
1271:
1269:
1243:
1241:
1018:Sophocleous, Marios (February 2002).
965:
565:
376:), leading to depleted water tables.
4521:
3771:
3627:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1868:
1358:USGS Fact Sheet-165-00 December 2000
896:
894:
4565:Environmental impact of agriculture
4533:
3660:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1362:
1157:
595:Water Conservation Incentivization:
182:
24:
4384:Environmental impact of irrigation
1573:
1501:, Issues in Science and Technology
1405:
1266:
1238:
1176:Zabarenko, Deborah (20 May 2013).
189:Environmental impact of irrigation
25:
4591:
3307:pharmaceuticals and personal care
1499:The Perils of Groundwater Pumping
1492:
1433:Chicago Council on Global Affairs
891:
816:– via Wiley Online Library.
147:at a different rate depending on
4532:
4520:
4508:
4497:
4496:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3458:decline in amphibian populations
3163:Deforestation and climate change
2978:
2977:
1878:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1339:Devitt, Thomas (5 August 2019).
523:This section is an excerpt from
366:
4570:Environmental issues with water
4452:Agriculture and the environment
4189:British Agricultural Revolution
3842:
3592:Land surface effects on climate
3049:Environmental impact assessment
3025:Human impact on the environment
1463:
1439:
1420:
1351:
1332:
1199:
1184:
1113:
1066:
1011:
984:
830:Lassiter, Allison (July 2015).
390:United States Geological Survey
4396:Climate change and agriculture
4169:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
959:
862:
856:"Orange County Water District"
848:
765:
741:
716:
620:Groundwater-related subsidence
586:Water Conservation Techniques:
531:Groundwater-related subsidence
525:Groundwater-related subsidence
518:Groundwater related subsidence
469:Groundwater-related subsidence
143:Since every groundwater basin
13:
1:
3463:decline in insect populations
1747:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1384:Economic and Political Weekly
1341:"Creatures of the Deep Karst"
1099:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.05.002
993:Economic and Political Weekly
874:The USGS Water Science School
645:
392:(USGS), the depletion of the
54:is the process of extracting
4174:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1943:Pollution / quality
1288:10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_22
834:. University of California.
134:Orange County Water District
100:
7:
603:
232:irrigated with groundwater
10:
4596:
4134:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1412:Lassiter, Allison (2015).
1180:. Washington, DC: Reuters.
728:Water Education Foundation
686:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x
522:
186:
29:
4580:Water and the environment
4493:
4484:Universities and colleges
4460:
4404:
4352:
4213:
4117:
4102:Universities and colleges
3914:
3907:
3873:
3850:
3765:
3700:Environmental engineering
3650:
3547:Environmental degradation
3438:
3324:fishing down the food web
3101:
3031:
2973:
2914:
2779:
2772:
2653:
2514:Types / location
2513:
2504:
2314:
2109:
2022:
1992:
1941:
1932:
1840:
1807:
1739:
1666:
1625:
1585:
1571:
1542:
1534:
1224:10.1007/s00254-004-1164-3
1044:10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8
464:of overdrafting include:
4469:Agriculturist profession
3946:Agricultural engineering
3931:Agricultural cooperative
3705:Environmental mitigation
3562:Greenhouse gas emissions
3522:Environmental insecurity
556:prior appropriation laws
4374:Agricultural wastewater
4097:Sustainable food system
4092:Sustainable agriculture
3983:Animal-free agriculture
3951:Agricultural technology
3752:Sustainable consumption
3093:Social ecology (ethics)
1435:: 28 – via JSTOR.
4474:Agricultural machinery
4432:History of agriculture
4417:Agriculture by country
4412:Agricultural machinery
4369:Agricultural pollution
4364:Agricultural expansion
4139:Austronesian expansion
4050:Mechanised agriculture
3695:Ecological engineering
3475:runaway climate change
1757:Planetary oceanography
1579:
1451:www.waterboards.ca.gov
966:Black, Maggie (2009).
927:10.1126/sciadv.aav4574
542:Socio-economic effects
109:is created around the
46:
4479:Government ministries
4422:Agriculture companies
4258:Convertible husbandry
3936:Agricultural supplies
3886:Agricultural Engineer
3078:List of global issues
1577:
1212:Environmental Geology
1126:Reviews of Geophysics
665:Nature Communications
462:Environmental impacts
439:Environmental impacts
130:wastewater management
40:
4129:Neolithic Revolution
3988:Cellular agriculture
3941:Agricultural science
3680:Community resilience
3480:in the United States
3448:Biodiversity threats
3121:cannabis cultivation
3088:Planetary boundaries
3054:Environmental issues
3044:Ecological footprint
2889:remnant natural area
2526:storage and recovery
2192:habitat conservation
2010:Deforestation (REDD)
1820:Ocean stratification
1653:Doubly labeled water
1158:Konikow, Leonard F.
1139:10.1029/2011RG000383
1079:Journal of Hydrology
1024:Hydrogeology Journal
640:Human overpopulation
615:Groundwater recharge
571:Artificial Recharge:
510:Disturbances to the
433:thermoelectric power
3742:Restoration ecology
3675:Climate engineering
3612:Ocean acidification
3602:Loss of green belts
3572:Holocene extinction
3567:Habitat destruction
3242:Environmental crime
2843:Earth Overshoot Day
2417:Marine conservation
2398:non-timber products
1825:Lake stratification
1808:Physical parameters
1091:2011JHyd..405..532G
1036:2002HydJ...10...52S
919:2019SciA....5.4574C
790:2014GrWat..52S..90R
677:2022NatCo..13.7825L
199:
4263:Rotational grazing
4179:Columbian exchange
3757:Waste minimization
3715:Mitigation banking
3710:Industrial ecology
3670:Cleaner production
3622:Resource depletion
3158:Corporate behavior
3116:animal agriculture
2828:Ecosystem services
1951:Ambient standards
1772:List of Candidates
1633:Deuterium-depleted
1580:
1475:my.spokanecity.org
1386:. pp. 61–63.
1345:American Scientist
968:The Atlas of Water
798:10.1111/gwat.12160
610:Cone of depression
566:Possible solutions
507:from lack of water
363:, India, in 1987.
193:
107:cone of depression
47:
4547:
4546:
4107:Urban agriculture
4080:Rice-duck farming
4028:Intensive farming
3998:Extensive farming
3810:
3809:
3632:Water degradation
3507:Ecological crisis
3453:biodiversity loss
3252:Industrialisation
3237:Genetic pollution
3083:Impact assessment
2991:
2990:
2969:
2968:
2768:
2767:
2447:genetic resources
2383:genetic resources
2018:
2017:
1926:Natural resources
1892:
1891:
1832:Ocean temperature
1414:Sustainable Water
1297:978-981-16-2903-7
1259:978-0-4709-6305-0
999:(44): 2397–2401.
870:"Land subsidence"
490:Deterioration to
356:
355:
157:soil conservation
80:sustainable yield
18:Aquifer depletion
16:(Redirected from
4587:
4536:
4535:
4524:
4523:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4344:Wildlife farming
4194:Green Revolution
4145:Ancient history
4085:Rice-fish system
3993:Contract farming
3978:Animal husbandry
3837:
3830:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3607:Phosphorus cycle
3587:Land consumption
3582:Land degradation
3557:Freshwater cycle
3356:Overexploitation
3329:marine pollution
3136:cocoa production
3018:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2932:
2879:Natural heritage
2838:overexploitation
2777:
2776:
2511:
2510:
2457:herbal medicines
2437:FAO Plant Treaty
1977:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1752:Asteroidal water
1740:Extraterrestrial
1529:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1375:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1085:(3–4): 532–560.
1070:
1064:
1063:
1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
963:
957:
956:
946:
907:Science Advances
898:
889:
888:
886:
885:
866:
860:
859:
852:
846:
845:
827:
818:
817:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
753:solareis.anl.gov
745:
739:
738:
736:
735:
720:
714:
713:of chart itself)
708:
698:
688:
656:
630:Overexploitation
496:Increase in the
474:Lowering of the
394:Ogallala Aquifer
226:
225:
216:
215:
200:
192:
183:Around the world
153:vegetative cover
21:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4456:
4447:Poultry farming
4400:
4355:
4348:
4319:Poultry farming
4209:
4185:Modern history
4165:Post-classical
4113:
4112:
4111:
4055:Organic farming
3910:
3909:
3905:
3869:
3846:
3841:
3811:
3806:
3761:
3720:Organic farming
3646:
3637:Water pollution
3617:Ozone depletion
3597:Loss and damage
3497:Desertification
3434:
3346:Overconsumption
3267:cleaning agents
3168:Energy industry
3131:meat production
3097:
3027:
3022:
2992:
2987:
2965:
2930:
2910:
2896:Systems ecology
2862:Natural capital
2764:
2649:
2638:reclaimed water
2500:
2462:UPOV Convention
2310:
2105:
2014:
1988:
1984:Ozone depletion
1975:
1952:
1928:
1923:
1893:
1888:
1836:
1803:
1735:
1662:
1621:
1581:
1569:
1538:
1533:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1376:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1246:
1239:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1118:
1114:
1071:
1067:
1016:
1012:
989:
985:
978:
964:
960:
913:(6): eaav4574.
899:
892:
883:
881:
868:
867:
863:
854:
853:
849:
842:
828:
821:
770:
766:
757:
755:
747:
746:
742:
733:
731:
722:
721:
717:
657:
653:
648:
606:
568:
544:
539:
538:
528:
520:
505:crop production
441:
406:coal extraction
386:
369:
231:
223:
221:
213:
211:
191:
185:
126:reclaimed water
119:land subsidence
103:
73:land subsidence
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4275:Insect farming
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4154:Ancient Greece
4151:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3778:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Sustainability
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3642:Water scarcity
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Nitrogen cycle
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Forest dieback
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3470:Climate change
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:nanotechnology
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:on marine life
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:list of issues
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2931:(perpetuation)
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2884:Nature reserve
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:climate change
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2329:Bioprospecting
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:Clean Air Act
1966:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1815:Stratification
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1743:
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1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
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1679:
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1671:
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1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:External links
1491:
1488:
1487:
1471:"SpokaneScape"
1462:
1438:
1419:
1404:
1361:
1350:
1331:
1322:|website=
1296:
1265:
1258:
1237:
1218:(3): 396–404.
1198:
1183:
1168:
1145:
1112:
1065:
1010:
983:
976:
958:
890:
861:
847:
840:
819:
764:
740:
730:. 22 June 2020
715:
671:(7825): 7825.
650:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Drinking water
622:
617:
612:
605:
602:
567:
564:
543:
540:
529:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
501:
494:
488:
482:
479:
472:
440:
437:
415:(68%), public
385:
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368:
365:
354:
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350:
344:
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340:
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324:
323:
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250:
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184:
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173:climate change
162:water supplies
102:
99:
43:Central Valley
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4592:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
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4557:
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4477:
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4472:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Meat industry
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Biotechnology
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
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4403:
4397:
4394:
4390:
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4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
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4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4354:Environmental
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Sheep farming
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
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4312:
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4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Dairy farming
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4215:Farming Types
4212:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Ancient Egypt
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Paludiculture
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:Biotechnology
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Agriculturist
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:Reforestation
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Cultured meat
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Birth control
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Deforestation
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:Manufacturing
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:nuclear power
3208:
3206:
3205:fracking (US)
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2962:
2961:Non-renewable
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Urban ecology
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Privatization
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Surface water
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:peak farmland
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Hycean planet
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:Water droplet
1576:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
977:9780520259348
973:
969:
962:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
895:
880:on 2013-11-10
879:
875:
871:
865:
857:
851:
843:
841:9780520285354
837:
833:
826:
824:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:(S1): 90–99.
783:
779:
775:
768:
754:
750:
744:
729:
725:
719:
712:
706:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
651:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
601:
597:
596:
592:
588:
587:
583:
581:
580:
573:
572:
563:
561:
557:
552:
549:
536:
532:
526:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:cost of water
495:
493:
492:water quality
489:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
466:
465:
463:
459:
457:
456:
449:
445:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
377:
375:
367:United States
364:
362:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
259:
256:
255:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
239:
236:
235:
229:
220: ha (2.5
219:
209:
205:
202:
201:
197:
190:
180:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
149:precipitation
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
98:
96:
91:
89:
88:surface water
85:
84:recharge rate
81:
76:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4575:Water supply
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4389:Overdrafting
4388:
4248:Goat farming
4159:Ancient Rome
4065:Permaculture
4023:Horticulture
3968:Agroforestry
3926:Agribusiness
3423:urban sprawl
3418:Urbanization
3366:Particulates
3351:Overdrafting
3350:
3066:Human impact
3039:Anthropocene
2959: /
2833:Exploitation
2718:Conservation
2661:Desalination
2596:
2489:conservation
2324:Biodiversity
2272:conservation
2119:Agricultural
2047:Fossil fuels
1697:Hydrobiology
1682:Distribution
1479:. Retrieved
1477:. 2020-04-30
1474:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1397:November 25,
1395:. Retrieved
1383:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1278:
1249:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1186:
1171:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1030:(1): 52–67.
1027:
1023:
1013:
996:
992:
986:
967:
961:
910:
906:
882:. Retrieved
878:the original
873:
864:
850:
831:
781:
777:
767:
756:. Retrieved
752:
749:"Safe yield"
743:
732:. Retrieved
727:
724:"Safe Yield"
718:
668:
664:
654:
635:Water crisis
598:
594:
593:
589:
585:
584:
576:
574:
570:
569:
553:
545:
503:Decrease in
460:
454:
450:
446:
442:
417:water supply
410:
387:
378:
370:
357:
308:Saudi Arabia
227:
217:
170:
142:
123:
104:
92:
77:
62:yield of an
51:Overdrafting
50:
49:
48:
4539:Wikiproject
4379:Overgrazing
4314:Pig farming
4297:Paddy field
4270:Hydroponics
4243:Fur farming
4228:Aquaculture
4223:Agrivoltaic
4204:Monoculture
4125:Prehistory
4075:Polyculture
3896:Farm worker
3874:Occupations
3844:Agriculture
3537:Externality
3532:Coral reefs
3492:Defaunation
3361:Overgrazing
3334:overfishing
3314:Marine life
3188:electricity
3111:Agriculture
2952:Nationalism
2924:Common-pool
2565:Hydrosphere
2558:remediation
2543:Groundwater
2138:Degradation
1762:Ocean world
1687:Hydrosphere
1615:superheated
778:Groundwater
577:artificial
548:water table
512:water cycle
476:water table
421:aquaculture
115:water table
68:fresh water
60:equilibrium
58:beyond the
56:groundwater
4554:Categories
4405:Categories
4070:Plantation
4018:Free range
4013:Feed ratio
3802:mitigation
3797:assessment
3792:by country
3690:Decoupling
3652:Mitigation
3381:Reservoirs
3302:pesticides
3247:Explosives
3225:reservoirs
3126:irrigation
2947:Extraction
2906:Wilderness
2867:accounting
2850:Management
2816:ecological
2804:tragedy of
2723:Peak water
2708:Efficiency
2681:Sanitation
2623:Stormwater
2616:harvesting
2592:Irrigation
2494:management
2452:gene banks
2393:management
2371:management
2287:resilience
2253:phosphorus
2209:industrial
2187:Management
2163:soundscape
2069:Geothermal
1884:Wiktionary
1719:management
1565:Properties
1481:2023-11-25
1456:2023-11-25
884:2013-04-06
758:2022-12-19
734:2022-12-19
646:References
535:subsidence
455:tygobionts
413:irrigation
398:irrigation
288:Bangladesh
196:irrigation
187:See also:
177:irrigation
166:Subsidence
138:California
4437:Livestock
4280:Livestock
4008:Farmhouse
3725:Recycling
3391:Transport
3376:Quarrying
3371:Pollution
3230:transport
3220:petroleum
3215:oil shale
3178:biodiesel
2957:Renewable
2942:Depletion
2929:Conflict
2811:Economics
2789:enclosure
2748:Resources
2728:Pollution
2645:Watershed
2548:pollution
2479:Seed bank
2474:Rangeland
2356:Fisheries
2341:Biosphere
2334:biopiracy
2277:fertility
2153:cityscape
2148:Landscape
2055:peak coal
2042:Resources
1993:Emissions
1797:Enceladus
1778:Specific
1714:Resources
1709:Pollution
1692:Hydrology
1658:Hydronium
1648:Tritiated
1638:Semiheavy
1543:Overviews
1324:ignored (
1314:cite book
1306:242196835
1232:129514582
1052:1431-2174
935:2375-2548
425:livestock
374:interflow
145:recharges
101:Mechanism
90:impacts.
32:Overdraft
4560:Aquifers
4503:Category
4329:Orchards
4302:Pastoral
3973:Agronomy
3787:Category
3411:shipping
3396:aviation
3282:plastics
3272:concrete
3257:Land use
3173:biofuels
3141:palm oil
2983:Category
2916:Resource
2855:adaptive
2753:improved
2713:Conflict
2698:Security
2693:Scarcity
2686:improved
2676:Leaching
2553:recharge
2533:Drinking
2484:Wildlife
2351:Bushmeat
2346:Bushfood
2299:planning
2204:gemstone
2199:Minerals
2180:property
2168:viewshed
2158:seascape
2089:sunlight
2063:peak oil
2059:peak gas
1862:Category
1392:27918148
1107:18098122
953:31223647
814:34864194
806:24479641
705:36535940
604:See also
579:recharge
268:Pakistan
208:hectares
206:Million
95:aquitard
4527:Commons
4339:Terrace
4285:Pasture
4253:Grazing
4199:Organic
4119:History
4033:animals
3956:Digital
3916:General
3860:History
3855:Outline
3776:Commons
3552:Erosion
3502:Ecocide
3440:Effects
3386:Tourism
3319:fishing
3277:fashion
3200:fashion
3153:Bitcoin
3032:General
2784:Commons
2773:Related
2738:Quality
2654:Aspects
2580:glacial
2521:Aquifer
2427:Pasture
2378:Forests
2304:reserve
2079:Nuclear
2049: (
2005:Trading
2000:Airshed
1873:Commons
1550:Outline
1087:Bibcode
1060:2891081
1032:Bibcode
1005:4400350
944:6584623
915:Bibcode
786:Bibcode
711:Archive
696:9763392
673:Bibcode
533:is the
486:habitat
435:uses."
230:acres))
203:Country
64:aquifer
4515:Portal
4356:impact
4307:Bocage
4233:Cattle
3901:Herder
3891:Farmer
3780:
3769:
3341:Mining
3195:energy
3103:Causes
2794:global
2758:policy
2703:Supply
2666:Floods
2633:Sewage
2606:Marine
2598:huerta
2432:Plants
2422:Meadow
2282:health
2260:rights
2248:copper
2226:mining
2124:arable
2024:Energy
1964:Indoor
1877:
1866:
1855:
1851:Portal
1844:
1782:Europa
1731:Supply
1724:policy
1704:Origin
1595:Liquid
1587:States
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560:Punjab
431:, and
429:mining
400:, and
361:Punjab
348:Brazil
328:Turkey
298:Mexico
155:, and
4461:Lists
4324:Ranch
4292:Mixed
4043:crops
3865:Index
3735:urban
3406:roads
3297:paper
3292:paint
2937:Curse
2743:Right
2585:polar
2575:bergs
2538:Fresh
2506:Water
2219:metal
2143:Field
2094:shade
2084:Solar
2074:Hydro
1959:Index
1677:Cycle
1669:Earth
1643:Heavy
1626:Forms
1610:Steam
1605:Vapor
1560:Model
1536:Water
1388:JSTOR
1302:S2CID
1228:S2CID
1163:(PDF)
1132:(3).
1103:S2CID
1056:S2CID
1001:JSTOR
810:S2CID
338:Syria
318:Italy
258:China
252:10.8
242:26.5
238:India
128:from
4038:pigs
4003:Farm
3401:rail
3183:coal
3146:(US)
2872:good
2821:land
2799:land
2611:Rain
2467:wood
2442:food
2405:Game
2316:Life
2267:Soil
2243:peak
2236:sand
2111:Land
2101:Wind
1976:(US)
1953:(US)
1792:Moon
1787:Mars
1555:Data
1399:2023
1326:help
1292:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1048:ISSN
972:ISBN
949:PMID
931:ISSN
836:ISBN
802:PMID
701:PMID
404:and
352:0.5
342:0.6
332:0.7
322:0.9
312:1.5
302:1.7
292:2.6
282:3.6
278:Iran
272:4.9
262:8.8
111:well
86:and
3430:War
2671:Law
2570:Ice
2410:law
2388:law
2366:law
2294:Use
2231:law
2214:ore
2175:Law
2051:gas
2037:Law
2032:Bio
1969:Law
1934:Air
1667:On
1600:Ice
1284:doi
1220:doi
1134:doi
1095:doi
1083:405
1040:doi
939:PMC
923:doi
794:doi
691:PMC
681:doi
402:oil
248:USA
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