History of antisemitism

5356:," and Rubenstein attests that London and Liverpool became economic trading hubs which bolstered England's status as an economic powerhouse. Jews were often associated with being the moneymakers and financial bodies in continental Europe, so it is significant that the English were able to claim responsibility for the country's financial growth and not attribute it to Jews. It is also significant that because Jews were not in the spotlight financially, it took a lot of the anger away from them, and as such, antisemitism was somewhat muted in England. It is said that Jews did not rank among the "economic elite of many British cities" in the 19th century. Again, the significance in this is that British Protestants and non-Jews felt less threatened by Jews because they were not imposing on their prosperity and were not responsible for the economic achievements of their nation. 4974: 4269:...they are obliged to live in a separate part of town... for they are considered as unclean creatures... Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt... For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans... If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him... unmercifully... If a Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods... Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them. 5283:, the rise of capitalism, and the establishment of constitutional governments that protect civil liberties. Rubenstein does not argue that the treatment of Jews was ideal in these countries, rather he argues that there has been less overt antisemitism in the English-speaking world due to political, ideological, and social structures. Essentially, English-speaking nations experienced lower levels of antisemitism because their liberal and constitutional frameworks limited the organized, violent expression of antisemitism. In his essay, Rubinstein tries to contextualize the reduction of the Jewish population that led to a period of reduced antisemitism: "All Jews were expelled from England in 1290, the first time Jews had been expelled en masse from a European country". 4329: 4062: 4502: 3941: 4820: 2707: 3342: 4160: 3216: 4579: 2421: 3427: 4765:

in Des Moines, Iowa in which he expressed the decidedly Ford-like view that: "The three most important groups which have been pressing this country towards war are the British, the Jews, and the Roosevelt Administration." In his diary Lindbergh wrote: "We must limit to a reasonable amount the Jewish influence... Whenever the Jewish percentage of the total population becomes too high, a reaction seems to invariably occur. It is too bad because a few Jews of the right type are, I believe, an asset to any country."

8991:: "A brazen attempt by influential "Israel-firsters" in the policy echelons of the Reagan administration to extend their control to the day-to-day espionage and covert-action operations of the CIA was the hidden source of the controversy and scandals that shook the U.S. intelligence establishment this summer. The dual loyalists ... have long wanted to grab a hand in the on-the-spot "field control" of the CIA's worldwide clandestine services. They want this control, not just for themselves, but on behalf of the 2987: 3156: 3565:, Voltaire's "Lettres philosophiques, Dictionnaire philosophique, and Candide, to name but a few of his better known works, are saturated with comments on Jews and Judaism and the vast majority are negative". Paul H. Meyer adds: "There is no question but that Voltaire, particularly in his later years, nursed a violent hatred of the Jews and it is equally certain that his animosity...did have a considerable impact on public opinion in France." Thirty of the 118 articles in Voltaire's 5210: 5123: 12727: 1432: 1909: 3399:. Muslow and Popkin assert that, "the antisemitism of the early modern period was even worse than that of the Middle Ages; and nowhere was this more obvious than in those areas which roughly encompass modern-day Germany, especially among Lutherans." In his final sermon shortly before his death, however, Luther preached: "We want to treat them with Christian love and to pray for them, so that they might become converted and would receive the Lord." 1609: 61: 2901:

condemned to death. In the end, the child would be crowned with thorns and tied or nailed to a wooden cross. The cross would be raised, and the blood dripping from the child's wounds would be caught in bowls or glasses and then drunk. Finally, the child would be killed with a thrust through the heart from a spear, sword, or dagger. Its dead body would be removed from the cross and concealed or disposed of, but in some instances rituals of

12741: 2735:, the degree to which these laws were followed and enforced varied greatly. Sometimes, Jews sought to evade the badges by paying what amounted to bribes in the form of temporary "exemptions" to kings, which were revoked and re-paid for whenever the king needed to raise funds. By the end of the Middle Ages, the hat seems to have become rare, but the badge lasted longer and remained in some places until the 18th century. 3536: 2884: 2679:. This led to many negative stereotypes of Jews as insolent, greedy usurers and the tensions between creditors (typically Jews) and debtors (typically Christians) added to social, political, religious, and economic strains. Peasants who were forced to pay their taxes to Jews could see them as personally taking their money while unaware of those on whose behalf these Jews worked. 2266:(438) barred Jews from the civil service, the army and the legal profession. The Jewish Patriarchate was abolished and the scope of Jewish courts was restricted. Synagogues were confiscated and old synagogues could only be repaired if they were in danger of collapsing. Synagogues fell into ruin or they were converted to churches. Synagogues were destroyed in 3649:. While the rural upper class pressed incessantly for their expulsion, the financial interests of the authorities prevented it. They imposed special taxes on peddling and cattle trading, the primary Jewish professions. The Jews were directly subordinate to the governor; from 1696, they were compelled to renew a (costly) letter of protection every 16 years. 3414:, Italy, who was found dead at the age of two in 1475, having allegedly been kidnapped, mutilated, and drained of blood. His disappearance was blamed on the leaders of the city's Jewish community, based on confessions extracted under torture, in a case that fueled the rampant antisemitism of the time. Simon was regarded as a saint, and was canonized by 5412:

antisemitism at any point." Similarly, Ireland and New Zealand also experienced a lower presence of antisemitism. This is not to say that English-speaking countries have less antisemitic sentiment because their populations speak English, instead, the ideologies that often exist in English-speaking countries affect their acceptance of Jews.

5279:, a respected author and historian, outlines the presence of antisemitism in the English-speaking world in one of his essays with the same title. In the essay, he explains that there are relatively low levels of antisemitism in the English-speaking world, particularly in Britain and the United States, because of the values associated with 2001:(132–136 CE), the Romans killed many Jews, "killing until their horses were submerged in blood to their nostrils". However, some historians argue that Rome brutally suppressed revolts in all of its conquered territories and they also point out that Tiberius expelled all adherents of foreign religions from Rome, not just the Jews. 4081:, criticized these new arrivals along with immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as culturally, intellectually, morally, and biologically inferior. Despite these attacks, very few Eastern European Jews returned to Europe for whatever privations they faced, their situation in the U.S. was still improved. 5403:, who asserted his belief in religious inclusion. Rubinstein believes that though instances of antisemitism definitely existed in Britain and America, the moderation of antisemitism was limited in English-Speaking countries largely because of political and social ideologies that come with a constitutional government. 5184:

In 2004, the United Kingdom set up an all-Parliamentary inquiry into antisemitism, which published its findings in 2006. The inquiry stated that: "Until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond that antisemitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the

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In the first half of the 20th century, Jews in the United States faced discrimination in employment, in access to residential and resort areas, in membership in clubs and organizations and in tightened quotas on Jewish enrollment and teaching positions in colleges and universities. Some sources state

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of that year, followed by another in 1941, purged Jews from employment in administrative, civil service and judicial posts, from most professions and even from the entertainment industry – restricting them, mostly, to menial jobs. Vichy officials detained some 75,000 Jews who were then

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One symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. A 19th-century traveler observed: "I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with

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stated that the aim of the government with regard to the Jews was that: "One third will die out, one third will leave the country and one third will be completely dissolved the surrounding population". In the event, a mix of pogroms and repressive legislation did indeed result in the mass emigration

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granted them full political rights within Aargau, as well as broad business rights; however, the majority Christian population did not fully abide by these new liberal laws. The time of 1860 saw the canton government voting to grant suffrage in all local rights and to give their communities autonomy.

3652:

During this period, Jews and Christians were not allowed to live under the same roof, nor were Jews allowed to own land or houses. They were taxed at a much higher rate than others and, in 1712, a pogrom took place in Lengnau, resulting in considerable property destruction. In 1760, they were further

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instituted several laws concerning the Jews: they were forbidden to own Christian slaves and they were also forbidden to circumcise their slaves. The conversion of Christians to Judaism was also outlawed. Religious services were regulated, congregations were restricted, but Jews were allowed to enter

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embraced the liberal principles that were previously put forth in England and inspired the formation of a republic that had executive, judicial, and legislative powers and even a law that served to "forbid the establishment of any religion or any official religious test for office holding." Having a

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in opposing any American involvement in the new war in Europe. However, America First's leaders avoided saying or doing anything that would make them and their organization appear to be antisemitic and for this reason, they voted to drop Henry Ford as an America First member. Lindbergh gave a speech

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in 1936, further polarised opinion within France. Action Française and other right-wing groups launched a vicious antisemitic press campaign against Blum which culminated in an attack in which he was dragged from his car and kicked and beaten while a mob screamed 'Death to the Jew!' Catholic writers

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and the Rothschilds house, bonds which that syndicate was now selling for a profit. The Populists used it as an opportunity to prove that Washington and Wall Street were in the hands of the international Jewish banking houses. Another focus of antisemitic feeling was the allegation that Jews were at

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of Medina violated a treaty with Muhammad by allying with the attacking tribes. Subsequently, the tribe was charged with treason and besieged by the Muslims commanded by Muhammad himself. The Banu Qurayza were forced to surrender and the men were beheaded, while all the women and children were taken

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where the native language is French. Quebec has a "long history of blaring antisemitism, enunciated by French-speaking nationalists steeped in the most extreme forms of Catholic hostility towards Jews." This is important because other English-speaking parts of Canada were more tolerant of Jews than

5373:

The third major factor which contributed to the lessening of antisemitism in Britain was the establishment of a constitutional government, something that was later adopted and bolstered in the United States. A constitutional government is one which has a written document that outlines the powers of

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was a major factor that curbed antisemitism in England beginning in the sixteenth century. This assertion is supported by the fact that the number of reported instances in which Jews were killed in England was significantly higher prior to the birth of Protestantism albeit this was also affected by

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was introduced in some places; it could be a coloured piece of cloth in the shape of a circle, strip, or the tablets of the law (in England), and was sewn onto the clothes. Elsewhere special colours of robe were specified. Implementation was in the hands of local rulers but by the following century

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from Eastern Europe migrated to America, many of them fleeing pogroms and the difficult economic conditions which were widespread in much of Eastern Europe during this time. Many Americans distrusted these Jewish immigrants. Along with Italians, Irish and other Eastern and Southern Europeans, Jews

4021:

Having been restricted in their rights of work and movement since the Middle Ages, on 5 May 1809, Jews were finally declared Swiss citizens and given limited rights regarding trade and farming. They were still restricted to Endingen and Lengnau until 7 May 1846, when their right to move and reside

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and executed. Others were killed in their homes. All Jews were banished from the country in 1290, where it was possible that hundreds were killed or drowned while trying to leave the country. All the money and property of these dispossessed Jews was confiscated. No Jews were known to be in England

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that the Jews "have often been treated injuriously by the kings and governors of Persia, yet can they not be dissuaded from acting what they think best; but that when they are stripped on this account, and have torments inflicted upon them, and they are brought to the most terrible kinds of death,

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writers are predominantly anti-Semitic." He asserts that "one of the great puzzles that has confronted the students of anti-semitism is the alleged shift from pro-Jewish statements found in the first pagan writers who mention the Jews ... to the vicious anti-Jewish statements thereafter, beginning

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Between 1900 and 1924, approximately 1.75 million Jews migrated to America's shores, the bulk of them were from Eastern Europe. Where before 1900, American Jews never amounted to even 1 percent of America's total population, by 1930 Jews formed about 3½ percent of America's total population.

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and political oppression. Christian literature began to display extreme hostility towards Jews, which occasionally resulted in attacks against them and the burning of their synagogues. The hostility against Jews was reflected in the edicts which were imposed upon them by church councils and state

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was kidnapped and taken to a hidden place. The child would be tortured by Jews, and a crowd would gather at the place of execution (in some accounts the synagogue itself) and engage in a mock tribunal to try the child. The child would be presented to the tribunal naked and tied and eventually be

1946:, Tiberius tried to suppress all foreign religions. In the case of the Jews, he sent young Jewish men, under the pretence of military service, to provinces which were noted for their unhealthy climate. He expelled all other Jews from the city, under threat of lifelong slavery for non-compliance. 5364:

that Jews "assumed social positions, such as moneylending, that were inherently precarious and tension creating." Lindemann believes that moneylending is inevitably riddled with tension, so as long as Jews were moneylenders, they would always be at the center of the problem and synonymous with

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Portugal followed suit in December 1496. However, those expelled could only leave the country in ships specified by the King. When those who chose to leave the country arrived at the port in Lisbon, they were met by clerics and soldiers who used force, coercion and promises to baptize them and

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observance, and the study of Jewish religious books, during the period when Ancient Greece dominated the eastern Mediterranean. Statements exhibiting prejudice towards Jews and their religion can also be found in the works of a few pagan Greek and Roman writers, but the earliest occurrence of

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as quickly after the outbreak as April 1348. "Never mind that Jews were not immune from the ravages of the plague; they were tortured until they 'confessed' to crimes that they could not possibly have committed. In one such case, a man named Agimet was ... coerced to say that Rabbi Peyret of

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In addition to being low in the United States and Britain, antisemitism was also low in other English-speaking countries such as Canada, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. Australia has had a historically positive attitude towards Jews and as a result, it had "remarkably little overt

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cities alone between May and July 1096. The religious zeal fomented by the Crusades at times burned as fiercely against Jews as against Muslims, although attempts were made by bishops during the first Crusade and by the papacy during the Second Crusade to stop Jews from being attacked. Both

2841:, in southern France, toleration and favour shown to Jews was one of the main complaints of the Roman Church against the Counts of Toulouse at the beginning of the 13th century. Organised and official persecution of the Jews became a normal feature of life in southern France only after the 4899:

During the early 1980s, isolationists on the far right made overtures to anti-war activists on the left in the United States to join forces against government policies in areas where they shared concerns. This was mainly in the area of civil liberties, opposition to United States military

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In late October, a group of prominent US law firms signed a letter condemning "reports of anti-Semitic harassment, vandalism and assaults on college campuses, including rallies calling for the death of Jews and the elimination of the State of Israel" urging universities to take action.

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taxed Jewish moneylenders. When the moneylenders could no longer pay the tax, they were accused of disloyalty. Already restricted to a limited number of occupations, Edward abolished their "privilege" to lend money, restricted their movements and activities and forced Jews to wear a

2845:, because it was only then that the Church became powerful enough to insist that measures of discrimination be applied. In 1209, stripped to the waist and barefoot, Raymond VI of Toulouse was obliged to swear that he would no longer allow Jews to hold public office. In 1229 his son 2109:. As your fathers did, so do you. Which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute? And they killed those who announced beforehand the coming of the Righteous One, whom you have now betrayed and murdered, you who received the law as delivered by angels and did not keep it." ( 5399:

government that respected and protected civil liberties, especially those pertaining to religious liberties, reduced blatant antisemitism by constitutionally protecting the right to practice different faiths. These sentiments go back to the first President of the United States,

4891:'s new radically anti-Israeli policy in support of socialist Arab countries. Both of these waves of antisemitism in Poland resulted in the emigration of most of the country's Holocaust survivors during the late 1940s and in 1968, mostly to either Israel or the United States. 2355:

has been the most powerful warrant for antisemitism by Christians. The earliest recorded instance of an accusation of deicide against the Jewish people as a whole – that they were collectively responsible for the death of Jesus – occurs in a sermon of 167 CE attributed to

3469:. He stated that Jews were "deceitful", "very repugnant", and "hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ". However, religious plurality was already a cultural tradition and a legal obligation in New Amsterdam and in the Netherlands, and his superiors at the 1770:. However, Bohak has argued that early animosity against the Jews cannot be regarded as being anti-Judaic or antisemitic unless it arose from attitudes that were held against the Jews alone, because many Greeks showed animosity towards any group which they considered 2812:

states that the building was set on fire while the Jews were still inside. The Crusaders were supposedly reported as hoisting up their shields and singing "Christ We Adore Thee!" while they encircled the burning building." Following the siege, Jews captured from the

3558:. In many countries, enhanced civil rights were gradually extended to the Jews, though often only in a partial form and on condition that the Jews abandon many aspects of their previous identity in favour of integration and assimilation with the dominant society. 2686:

and restrictions throughout the Middle Ages, some of which lasted until the end of the 19th century. Even moneylending and peddling were at times forbidden to them. The number of Jews permitted to reside in different places was limited; they were concentrated in

6592: 3125:, persecutions and formal expulsions of the Jews were liable to occur at intervals, although it should be said that this was also the case for other minority communities, whether religious or ethnic. There were particular outbursts of riotous persecution in the 4874:

in communist Poland were examples further incidents of antisemitic attitudes and violence in the Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. A common theme behind the anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war period in Poland were blood libel rumours. Poland's later

3554:" saw the dismantling of archaic corporate, hierarchical forms of society in favour of individual equality of citizens before the law. How this new state of affairs would affect previously autonomous, though subordinated, Jewish communities became known as the 2076:; yet you seek to kill me, because my word finds no place in you ... You are of your father the devil, and your will is to do your father's desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, and has nothing to do with the truth, because there is no truth in him." ( 2887:

A 15th-century German woodcut showing an alleged host desecration. In the first panel the hosts are stolen, in the second panel the hosts bleed when they are pierced by a Jew, in the third panel the Jews are arrested, and in the fourth panel they are burned

2638:, went east to more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms. At certain times in the Middle Ages, in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen, decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were enacted. Jews were 4088:

to blame the perceived evils of capitalism and industrialism on Jews because of their alleged racial/religious inclination for financial exploitation and, more specifically, because of the alleged financial manipulations of Jewish financiers such as the

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Restrictions upon Jewish occupations were imposed by Christian authorities. Local rulers and church officials closed many professions to Jews, pushing them into marginal roles which were considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and

4736:, the organization's National Director, disputes this claim, stating that American Jews simply needed to found an institution that would combat antisemitism. The social tensions which existed during this period also led to renewed support for the 3387:

against them, calling for their permanent oppression and expulsion. At one point he writes: "...we are at fault in not slaying them..." a passage that "may be termed the first work of modern antisemitism, and a giant step forward on the road to

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who attacked more than one hundred Jewish communities. Following these crusades, Jews were subject to expulsions, including, in 1290, the banishing of all English Jews. In 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France and in 1421, thousands were

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before they gave their victims over to the secular authorities for punishment. Under this dispensation, some 30,000 were condemned to death and executed by being burnt alive. In 1492, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile issued an

5308:, so their doctrines shared both content and narrative with Jewish teachings. Rubenstein attests that another reason as to why "most of these were predisposed to be sympathetic to the Jews" was because they often "view themselves, like the 3828:, which he helped launch. In the Papal States, Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In some cases, the state separated them from their families, of which the 4660:

at which all the ethnic Jews and many of part-Jews resident in Europe and North Africa were marked to be exterminated. To implement this plan, the Jews from Poland, Germany, and various other countries would be transported to purpose-built

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its non-English speaking parts were, which suggests a correlation between lingual diversity and the level of Jewish hate. Additionally, it seems that Quebec's firm Catholic hostility towards Jews contributed to local antisemitic behavior.

5185:

margins of society." However, it found a reversal of this progress since 2000 and aimed to investigate the problem, identify the sources of contemporary antisemitism and make recommendations to improve the situation. A 2008 report by the

5040:. Jews in the Middle East were also affected by the Holocaust. Most of North Africa came under Nazi control and many Jews were discriminated against and used as slaves until the Axis defeat. In 1945, hundreds of Jews were injured during 2833:

to first pay for the holy books and then rescued pockets of Jews over several months. All that could be ransomed were liberated by the summer of 1100. The few who could not be rescued were either converted to Christianity or murdered.

2211: Several scholars have challenged the veracity of this incident, arguing that it was exaggerated or invented. Later, several conflicts arose between Jews of Arabia and Muhammad and his followers, the most notable of which was in 7511:"Review of: Rivka Ulmer: Turmoil, Trauma, and Triumph. The Fettmilch Uprising in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) According to Megillas Vintz. A Critical Edition of the Yiddish and Hebrew Text Including an English Translation" 3805:

propagated Bonald's arguments against the Jewish "financial aristocracy" along with vicious attacks against the Talmud and the Jews as a "deicidal people" driven by hatred to "enslave" Christians. Gougenot des Mousseaux's

4796:–Jewish conspiracy in America, Kuhn and his activities were scrutinized by the US House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and when the United States entered World War II most of the Bund's members were placed in 3990:. Between 1882 and 1886 alone, French priests published twenty antisemitic books blaming France's ills on the Jews and urging the government to consign them back to the ghettos, expel them, or hang them from the gallows. 4637:, murdering over one million Jews and marking a turn from persecution to extermination. In all, some six million Jews, about half of them from Poland, were murdered outright or indirectly through starvation, disease and 3640:

were greatly restricted in their freedom of work, movement and settlement, and in the 17th century, Aargau was the only federal condominium where they were tolerated. In 1774, the Jews were restricted to just two towns,

2008:

had privileges that others did not have. Unlike other subjects of the Roman Empire, the Jews had the right to maintain their religion and they were not expected to accommodate themselves to local customs. Even after the

2017:

outlawed circumcision as a form of mutilation which was normally inflicted upon people who were unable to consent to it, he later exempted the Jews from the ban on circumcision. According to the 18th-century historian

4571:, the regime sanctioned the killing of Jews, the destruction of property and the torching of synagogues. Already prior to the new European war, German authorities started rounding up thousands of Jews for their first 2667:, and an occupation which Christians were forbidden to engage in. Not being subject to this restriction, insofar as loans to non-Jews were concerned, Jews made this business their own, despite possible criticism of 5390:

specifically outlined laws to protect British civil liberties as well. Thus, it is not surprising that having a constitutional government with liberal principles minimized, to some extent, antisemitism in Britain.

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of Jews from Spain, giving Jews four months to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. Some 165,000 emigrated and some 50,000 converted to Christianity. The same year the order of expulsion arrived in

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reasoned that the Jews, having crucified Jesus, continued to thirst for pure and innocent blood, at the expense of innocent Christian children. Jews were also sometimes falsely accused of desecrating consecrated

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and other tribes. However, the relationship between the followers of the new religion and the Jews of Medina later became bitter. At this point the Quran instructs Muhammad to change the direction of prayer from

4470:. The Vichy government openly collaborated with the Nazi occupiers to identify Jews for deportation. The antisemitic demands of right-wing groups were implemented under the collaborating Vichy regime of Marshal 5260:, federal law enforcement in the United States reported a spike in antisemitic harassment, threats and violence. A man was charged for leaving an antisemitic voicemail containing death threats against Senator 2063:

was written, ostensibly, by Jews who became followers of Jesus, there are a number of passages in the New Testament that some consider antisemitic, and they have been used for antisemitic purposes, including:

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for the death of Jesus. According to this interpretation, both the Jews who were present at Jesus' death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time had committed the sin of deicide, or God-killing.

1796:"in remembrance of the exile of his people, instituted for them a misanthropic and inhospitable way of life". Manetho wrote that the Jews were expelled Egyptian lepers who had been taught "not to adore the 9708:

Oxford University Press; 811 pages; Examines four distinct versions of English antisemitism, from the medieval era (including the expulsion of Jews in 1290) to antisemitism in the guise of anti-Zionism

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in French, seamlessly blended racial and religious antisemitism, as in his statement that "from the triple viewpoint of race, of nationality, and of religion, the Jew has become the enemy of humanity."

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of Jews to western Europe and America. Between 1881 and the outbreak of the First World War, an estimated two and half million Jews left Russia – one of the largest mass migrations in recorded history.

4187:, most scholars conclude that Arab antisemitism in the modern world arose in the 19th century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalisms, and it was primarily imported into the 3129:

of 1096 accompanying the lead-up to the First Crusade, many involving the crusaders as they travelled to the East. There were many local expulsions from cities by local rulers and city councils. The

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Despite laws granting legal and political equality to Jews in a number of countries, traditional cultural discrimination and hostility to Jews on religious grounds persisted and was supplemented by

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that began after Israel was established. Over the following years, Jewish population in Arab countries decreased from 856,000 in 1948 to 25,870 in 2009 as a result of emigration, mostly to Israel.

3798:. Bonald furthermore declared that the Jews were an "alien" people, a "state within a state", and should be forced to wear a distinctive mark to more easily identify and discriminate against them. 4567:, which published the alleged sexual misdemeanors of Jews for popular consumption. Mass violence against the Jews was encouraged by the Nazi regime, and on the night of 9–10 November 1938, dubbed 3141:

to expel its 500 Jews. At this period the rulers of the eastern edges of Europe, in Poland, Lithuania and Hungary, were often receptive to Jewish settlement, and many Jews moved to these regions.

4395:, which had by now achieved wide circulation in the west. The pogroms were committed not only by White forces, but also by Red forces, local warlords, and ordinary Ukrainian and Polish citizens. 4278:. To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mahommedan." In 1891, the leading Muslims in Jerusalem asked the Ottoman authorities in 6226:, a contemporary of Ibn Ishaq, whom he rejected as a "liar", an "impostor" and for seeking out the Jewish descendants for gathering information about Muhammad's campaign with their forefathers. 3653:

restricted regarding marriages and procreation. An exorbitant tax was levied on marriage licenses; oftentimes, they were outright refused. This remained the case until the 19th century.

1886:" and "anti-Judaism" are sometimes used in reference to animosity towards Judaism as a religion rather than antisemitism, which is used in reference to animosity towards Jews as members of an 2438:

and killings. In the 12th century, there were Christians who believed that some, or possibly all, of the Jews possessed magical powers and had gained these powers from making a pact with the

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As Nazi control extended in the course of World War II, antisemitic laws, agitation and propaganda were brought to occupied Europe, often building on local antisemitic traditions. In the

2920:, England were accused of murder after a Christian boy, William, was found dead. It was claimed that the Jews had tortured and crucified him. The legend of William of Norwich became a 2765:

in Rome, which took place from the end of the 11th century until the 13th century. They began as endeavors to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims but developed into territorial wars.

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By the 1890s anti-Semitic feeling had crystallized around the suspicion that the Jews were responsible for an international conspiracy to base the economy on the single gold standard.

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Jotham, Kirimi Mwenda, Rev Dr John Kobia Ataya, and Rev Dr John Ngige Njoroge. "A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ISLAMIZATION OF IGEMBE PEOPLE THROUGH MIRAA TRADE IN MERU COUNTY."

3770:, traditional Christian antisemitism, and the identification of Jews with bankers and finance capital, which would in turn influence many subsequent right-wing reactionaries such as 3270:

prevent them from leaving the country. This episode technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as

6741: 4391:. White emigres from revolutionary Russia fostered the idea that the Bolshevik regime, with its many Jewish members, was a front for the global Jewish conspiracy, outlined in the 4541:). After Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nazi regime sought the systematic exclusion of Jews from national life. Jews were demonized as the driving force of both international 2723:

laws had been enacted covering most of Europe. In many localities, members of Medieval society wore badges to distinguish their social status. Some badges (such as those worn by

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was "peddled aggressively" by right-wing groups. Some on the left adopted the rhetoric, which it has been argued, was made possible by their lack of knowledge of the history of

6845: 5036:

decided to make an alliance with Hitler's Germany during World War II, 180 Jews were killed and 700 Jews were injured in the Nazi-inspired riots of 1941 which are known as the

4130:, but antisemitic attitudes and long-standing repressive policies against Jews were intensified after Alexander II was assassinated on 13 March 1881, culminating in widespread 2430:

Hostility to Judaism continued from the late Roman period into medieval times. During the Middle Ages in Europe there was a full-scale persecution of Jews in many places, with

6723: 4339:

In Russia, under the Tsarist regime, antisemitism intensified in the early years of the 20th century and was given official favour when the secret police forged the notorious

3508:

in 1665. However his later conversion to Islam dashed these hopes and led many Jews to discredit the traditional belief in the coming of the Messiah as the hope of salvation.

9704: 3519:, Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of 1553:

Chanes suggests that these six stages could be merged into three categories: "ancient antisemitism, which was primarily ethnic in nature; Christian antisemitism, which was

10363: 3731:, which stressed a putative conflict between higher and lower races of human beings. Such theories, usually posited by white Europeans, advocated the superiority of white 3500:

massacred tens of thousands of Jews in the eastern and southern areas that he controlled (now Ukraine). This persecution led many Jews to pin their hopes on a man called

4904:. As they interacted, some of the classic right-wing antisemitic scapegoating conspiracy theories began to seep into progressive circles, including stories about how a " 9117: 4093:. Although Jews played only a minor role in the nation's commercial banking system, the prominence of Jewish investment bankers such as the Rothschilds in Europe, and 3167:

Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence during the ravages of the Black Death, particularly in the Iberian peninsula and in the Germanic Empire. In

5251: 412: 1760:

describes an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in which thousands of Jews died. The violence in Alexandria may have been caused by the Jews' being portrayed as

3226:

In the Catholic kingdoms of late medieval and early modern Spain, oppressive policies and attitudes led many Jews to embrace Christianity. Such Jews were known as

5177:

stories have appeared numerous times in the state-sponsored media of a number of Arab nations, on Arab television shows, and on websites. Other scholars, such as

3288:. They were given a grace period of thirty years during which no inquiry into their faith would be allowed. This period was later extended until 1534. However, a 2691:

and were not allowed to own land; they were subject to discriminatory taxes on entering cities or districts other than their own and were forced to swear special

1561:

of the 19th and 20th centuries". In practice, it is difficult to differentiate antisemitism from the general ill-treatment of nations by other nations before the

1737:

they meet them after an extraordinary manner, beyond all other people, and will not renounce the religion of their forefathers". One of the earliest anti-Jewish

3664:

in the 18th century resulted, for the first time in Russian history, in the possession of land with a large population of Jews. This land was designated as the

2634:

harshly. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians took a third option if they could, and fled. Some, such as the family of

9968: 2896:. According to the authors of these so-called blood libels, the 'procedure' for the alleged sacrifice was something like this: a child who had not yet reached 489: 4883:) political campaign involving the suppression of the dissident movement and a power struggle within the Polish communist party against the background of the 3133:

generally tried to restrain persecution, if only for economic reasons, but he was often unable to exert much influence. As late as 1519, the Imperial city of

11059: 2804:

The Jewish defenders of Jerusalem retreated to their synagogue to "prepare for death" once the Crusaders had breached the outer walls of the city during the

350: 8694:

Wolfgang Benz in Dimension des Volksmords: Die Zahl der Jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: Deutscher Taschebuch Verlag, 1991). Israel Gutman,

5189:

found that there was an increase in antisemitism across the world, and that both old and new expressions of antisemitism persist. A 2012 report by the U.S.

6341: 4039:

granted all Jews full citizenship rights in Switzerland. However, they did not receive all of the rights in Endingen and Lengnau until a resolution of the

642: 4939:

began to build, a number of far-right and antisemitic groups sought out alliances with left-wing anti-war coalitions, who began to speak openly about a "

2772:

that accompanied the First Crusade attacked Jewish communities in Germany, France, and England, and killed many Jews. Entire communities, like those of

5481: 4712:

This dramatic increase in the size of America's Jewish community and the upward mobility of some Jews was accompanied by a resurgence of antisemitism.

10021: 4968: 4642: 4628: 2663:, occupations which were only tolerated as a "necessary evil". At that time, Catholic doctrine taught the view that lending money for interest was a 30: 4043:, on 15 May 1877, when Jewish citizens were given charters under the names of New Endingen and New Lengnau, finally granting them full citizenship. 1962:

reports that Tiberius banished most of the Jews, who had been attempting to convert the Romans to their religion. Philo of Alexandria reported that

1882:

antisemitism has been the subject of debate among scholars, largely because different writers use different definitions of antisemitism. The terms "

12231: 4429:

was revealed to be involved in high-level political corruption, these groups encouraged serious rioting which almost toppled the government in the

9902: 2618:

from North Africa in the 11th century, however, harsh measures were taken against both Christians and Jews. As part of this repression there were

12621: 10608: 10371: 760: 647: 3480:

was devastated by several conflicts, in which the Commonwealth lost over a third of its population (over 3 million people). The decrease of the

2105:

speaking before a synagogue council just before his execution: "You stiff-necked people, uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the

10015: 5969: 4009:

after being convicted. Dreyfus was acquitted in 1906, but the case polarised French opinion between antisemitic authoritarian nationalists and

1459: 1355: 8518: 3932:. However, they did not enjoy mass electoral support and at their peak in 1907, had only 16 deputies out of a total of 397 in the parliament. 2905:

would be performed on it. This method, with some variations, can be found in all the alleged Christian descriptions of ritual murder by Jews.

11304: 10060: 8829: 5300:

and other religious groups. One possible reason as to why Protestant groups were more accepting of Jews was the fact that they preferred the

3002:

for their return was used to enrich the French crown during the 13th and 14th centuries. The most notable such expulsions were from Paris by

11054: 10195: 10190: 10182: 9297: 7529:"Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed." 5505: 5247: 5093: 4706: 4056: 746: 417: 345: 9877: 7468: 6474: 5631: 5604: 4928:

of 1991 were a violent expression of tensions within a very poor urban community, pitting African American residents against followers of

12581: 8899: 6738: 6442:

The "Goad of Love", a retelling of the crucifixion that is considered the first anti-Jewish Passion treatise, was written around 1155–80.

5190: 3970:, particularly by authoritarian, right wing, clerical and royalist groups. These accusations were spread in antisemitic journals such as 2091:

washes his hands and declares himself innocent of Jesus' blood, the Jewish crowd answers him, "His blood be on us and on our children!" (

1032: 9942: 6572: 5577: 2630:, who by 1147 had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and Andalusian territories, took a less tolerant view still and treated the 11099: 10697: 10339: 5073: 3379: 1172: 9626: 7086:

Bennett, Gillian (2005), "Towards a revaluation of the legend of 'Saint' William of Norwich and its place in the blood libel legend".

4973: 4101:

in New York City, made the claims of antisemites believable to some. The Morgan Bonds scandal injected populist antisemitism into the

3832:

account is one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the second half of the 19th century.

1764:. Tcherikover argues that the reason for the hatred of Jews in the Hellenistic period was their separateness in the Greek cities, the 11000: 9398: 6842: 5493: 5395: 4131: 2453:

in Spain issued a series of anti-Jewish edicts already in the 7th century, persecution of Jews in Europe reached a climax during the

1932: 328: 8779:

Jerome A. Chanes (2001). "Who Does What?". In Louis Sandy Maisel; Ira N. Forman; Donald Altschiller; Charles Walker Bassett (eds.).

6720: 2797:

economically and socially, the Crusades were disastrous for European Jews. They prepared the way for the anti-Jewish legislation of

11128: 11005: 9908: 6992:

Goitein, S.D. "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders." Journal of Jewish Studies 3 (1952), pp. 162–77,

5332:, at both the elite and mass levels, became a key theme in Britain, tending to push antisemitism aside." Overall, the emergence of 4102: 4066: 3598:

but soon reversed her position, on condition that they pay for their readmission every ten years. This was known among the Jews as

3086: 3050: 1788:

writers. Edward Flannery writes that it was the Jews' refusal to accept Greek religious and social standards that marked them out.

3692:

were enacted in the early 19th century in those parts of Europe over which France had influence. The old laws restricting them to

12627: 10818: 10310: 6387: 4836: 2756: 1903: 9998: 6924: 6826: 546: 11727: 11181: 6787: 5799: 5065: 5045: 5025: 3622:

were eliminated from public records and that judicial autonomy was annulled. In 1768, thousands of Jews were killed by Cossack

1340: 17: 8400: 3383:, written in 1543. He portrays the Jews in extremely harsh terms, excoriates them and provides detailed recommendations for a 2234:

laws. In the early 4th century, intermarriage between unconverted Jews and Christians was prohibited by the provisions of the

11722: 9983: 7949: 7736: 6048: 5994: 3590:: forcing these "protected" Jews to "either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin." In the same year, Archduchess of Austria 2944:(d. 1475), in the fifteenth century, was held over a large bowl so that all of his blood could be collected, it was alleged. 2576: 2348: 1371: 112: 7548:"... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage." 6332: 2817:, along with native Christians, were made to clean the city of the slain. Numerous Jews and their holy books (including the 10943: 10933: 10916: 10911: 10828: 9988: 9280: 6776: 4666: 4553:

of 1935 outlawed marriage or sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jews. Antisemitic propaganda by or on behalf of the

2748: 2409: 1251: 224: 214: 167: 157: 11631: 6502: 6456: 2595:

status on Christian and Jewish minorities. Nevertheless, Jews were granted more freedom to practise their religion in the

1970: 1700:, an Egyptian priest and historian of that time, wrote scathingly of the Jews and his themes are repeated in the works of 11742: 11737: 11161: 10953: 10926: 10357: 9636: 9434: 7068: 5522: 4346: 2527:

plague swept across Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than half of the population, Jews often became the

2201: 2141: 2099:

argues that this passage has caused more Jewish suffering throughout history than any other passage in the New Testament.

1982: 754: 667: 333: 244: 207: 7513: 6529: 5771:

Bohak, Gideon. "The Ibis and the Jewish Question: Ancient 'Antisemitism' in Historical Context" in Menachem Mor et al.,

4943:" that was encouraging the United States to invade the Middle East. This idea evolved into conspiracy theories about a " 12554: 11431: 10995: 10968: 10948: 10276: 10245: 10218: 10150: 8911: 8788: 8763: 5488: 5471: 4901: 4328: 4315: 4147: 4143: 3637: 3484:

during that period is estimated at 100,000 to 200,000, including emigration, deaths from diseases and captivity in the

3477: 2224: 1452: 1365: 952: 536: 323: 291: 269: 229: 127: 9204: 6426: 6372: 6218:

Arafat, "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina", pp. 100–107. Arafat relates the testimony of

4031:

Before the law was enacted however, it was repealed due to vocal opposition led by Johann Nepomuk Schleuniger and the

3958:(1870–71) was blamed by some on the Jews. Jews were accused of weakening the national spirit through association with 3711:

Despite this, traditional discrimination and hostility to Jews on religious grounds persisted and was supplemented by

1484:

being called "the longest hatred". Jerome Chanes identifies six stages in the historical development of antisemitism:

11582: 11436: 11049: 10240: 10053: 9803: 9789: 9735: 9694: 9680: 9652: 9614: 9593: 9579: 9082: 8257: 8027: 7901: 7561: 7450: 7282: 7209: 7132: 7108: 6977: 6956: 6890: 6869: 6632: 6602: 6106: 6021: 5953: 5809: 5686: 5587: 5500: 5186: 4743: 4725: 4085: 4052: 3315:

in Holland also became a focus for settlement by the persecuted Jews from many lands in succeeding centuries. In the

2054: 1345: 660: 556: 469: 340: 9892: 8935: 4077:

faced discrimination in the United States in employment, education and social advancement. American groups like the

3750:

stands out among the earliest figures to explicitly call for the reversal of Jewish emancipation in the wake of the

12767: 11491: 11399: 11029: 10973: 10392: 10235: 9978: 9034: 7221: 6944: 6668: 6594:

The Sephardic Jews of Spain and Portugal: Survival of an Imperiled Culture in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

6514: 5476: 5109: 5053: 4992:, there were riots against Jews in Middle Eastern countries prior to the foundation of Israel, including unrest in 4475: 4369: 4319: 3925: 3913: 1608: 568: 442: 274: 254: 6406: 4800:, and some of them were deported at the end of the war. Meanwhile, the United States government did not allow the 637: 12656: 11850: 10707: 10636: 10286: 8640: 5512: 5041: 4341: 3696:, as well as the many laws that limited their property rights, rights of worship and occupation, were rescinded. 3292:

resulted in the deaths of up to four or five thousand Jews, and the execution of the leaders of the riot by King

3150: 2540: 1590: 1182: 595: 561: 96: 8247: 1649:". In view of Manetho's anti-Jewish writings, antisemitism may have originated in Egypt and been spread by "the 11532: 11092: 10864: 10452: 9376: 8813: 8669: 7478: 7233: 6345: 6079: 5641: 5614: 5434: 5081: 4960: 4682: 4380: 4235: 4078: 3631: 3116: 2981: 2846: 2699:

in 1215 decreed that Jews and Muslims must wear distinguishing clothing. The most common such clothing was the

1027: 1017: 677: 605: 385: 279: 10009: 9239: 7168: 5221: 5134: 4531:

arose as a political movement incorporating racially antisemitic ideas, expressed by Adolf Hitler in his book

4114:

the center of an international conspiracy to fix the currency and thus the economy to a single gold standard.

2475:

in 1147, the Jews in France were the victims of frequent killings and atrocities. Following the coronation of

12633: 11954: 10561: 10509: 10387: 10250: 9224: 7629:

Ages Arnold. "Tainted Greatness: The Case of Voltaire's Anti-Semitism: The Testimony of the Correspondence."

5517: 4944: 3929: 3605: 3396: 3336: 3259: 2977: 2892:

On many occasions, Jews were accused of drinking the blood of Christian children in mockery of the Christian

2822: 1503: 1445: 1409: 1304: 1246: 942: 692: 375: 9935: 6624:

The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain

5113: 4678: 4179:

writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries. According to

3885: 12696: 12564: 12559: 11747: 11732: 11496: 11451: 11196: 11039: 10869: 10786: 10519: 10213: 10046: 10029: 9328: 9155: 5439: 4905: 4876: 4694: 4674: 4638: 4223: 3771: 3443: 3246:. The Inquisition used torture to elicit confessions and delivered judgment at public ceremonials known as 2991: 2925: 2600: 2580: 2564: 2496: 2492: 2388:

is derived, was used in the 4th century by Peter Chrystologus in his sermon number 172. Though not part of

2050: 2035: 1293: 600: 573: 390: 298: 286: 8292: 3727:, usually excluded the Jews from the national community as an alien race. Allied to this were theories of 3311:, and to Holland, France and Italy. Within the Ottoman Empire, Jews could openly practise their religion. 12661: 12646: 11527: 11387: 11024: 10838: 10583: 10556: 10549: 9435:"Top law firms signal they won't recruit from college campuses that tolerate antisemitism | CNN Business" 5861: 5747: 4908:", also called the "Shadow Government" or "The Octopus", was manipulating world governments. Antisemitic 4840: 4203: 3873:

said the god of Judaism is money and accused the Jews of corrupting Christians. In 1850, German composer

3810:(1869) has been called a "Bible of modern antisemitism" and was translated into German by Nazi ideologue 2186:, and from this point on, the tone of the verses of the Quran become increasingly hostile towards Jewry. 2162:, contains some verses that can be interpreted as expressing very negative views of some Jews. After the 1891: 1578: 1565:

period, but since the adoption of Christianity in Europe, antisemitism has undoubtedly been present. The

1330: 239: 4061: 2642:

or face death in parts of Yemen, Morocco and Baghdad. 6,000 Jews were killed by a Muslim mob during the

12777: 12615: 12509: 12160: 12054: 11762: 11695: 11256: 11146: 10901: 10578: 10524: 10345: 10133: 9185: 8067:

The Jews in Nineteenth-century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israélite Universelle

4690: 4226:

were falsely accused of having ritually murdered a Christian monk and his Muslim servant and of having

3879: 3815: 3567: 3347: 2639: 2551:

dated July 6, 1348, and by an additional bull soon afterwards, but several months later, 900 Jews were

2487:. In the first large-scale persecution in Germany after the First Crusade, 100,000 Jews were killed by 2010: 740: 187: 8873: 6949:

The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi

6803: 6756: 3889:. The essay began as an attack on Jewish composers, particularly Wagner's contemporaries (and rivals) 3840:

Civil rights granted to Jews in Germany, following the occupation of that country by the French under

3668:

from which Jews were forbidden to migrate into the interior of Russia. In 1772, the empress of Russia

1673:. Feldman concedes that, after Manetho: "The picture usually painted is one of universal and virulent 12731: 12671: 12569: 12549: 12419: 12344: 12204: 12071: 11757: 11717: 11085: 11066: 10881: 10876: 10712: 10093: 9489:

Assumed social positions, such as moneylending, that were inherently precarious and tension creating.

7425: 5313: 5257: 5241: 5077: 4989: 4856: 4785: 4607:, where over three million Jews had lived before the war in the largest Jewish population in Europe, 3921: 3716: 3693: 3481: 3003: 2805: 2752: 2703:, which was already worn by many Jews as a self-identifying mark, but was now often made compulsory. 1797: 1777:

Statements which exhibit prejudice against Jews and their religion can be found in the works of many

1315: 1187: 357: 152: 147: 140: 9137: 6486: 4214:, and it was only by forced conversion that a massacre was averted. There was a massacre of Jews in 1954:, confirms that Tiberius ordered all Jews to be banished from Rome. Four thousand Jews were sent to 12651: 12482: 11781: 11656: 11034: 10823: 10717: 10177: 10145: 8177: 5556: 5429: 5386:(1688), parliament was established to make laws that protected the rights of British citizens. The 5296:

the number of resident Jews. Protestants were comparatively more understanding of Jews relative to

5174: 4860: 4752: 4572: 4438: 4426: 3591: 3470: 3341: 2229:

When Christianity became the state religion of Rome in the 4th century, Jews became the victims of

2081: 1832:

wrote about the "ridiculous practices" of the Jews and he also wrote about the "absurdity of their

1376: 1360: 1310: 1192: 687: 249: 122: 91: 8839: 8089: 5153:

The first years of the 21st century have seen an upsurge of antisemitism. Several authors such as

4501: 2727:

members) were prestigious, while others were worn by ostracised outcasts such as lepers, reformed

12604: 12593: 12187: 12108: 11813: 11712: 11651: 11537: 11510: 10990: 10958: 10833: 5661: 5017: 4997: 4761: 4480: 4040: 3657: 3575: 3332: 2413: 2174: 2145: 1829: 1701: 1325: 1077: 927: 814: 318: 259: 162: 9359: 9305: 6811: 5060:, 87 Jews were killed and 120 injured. A mob of Muslim sailors looted Jewish homes and shops in 3940: 3912:. The late 1870s saw the growth of antisemitic political parties in Germany. These included the 3824: 3676:

and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the partition of Poland.

2215:, in which many Jews were killed and their properties seized and distributed among the Muslims. 12640: 12610: 11673: 11044: 11019: 10985: 10963: 10938: 10921: 10906: 10886: 10843: 10813: 10666: 10430: 10407: 10281: 10167: 10128: 10103: 10010:

Materials for the International Conference The "Other" as Threat: Demonization and Antisemitism

9873: 9865: 8861: 7800: 7530: 6906: 6361: 5537: 5466: 5444: 5348:

In post-Napoleonic England, when there was a notable absence of Jews, Britain removed bans on "

4808: 4729: 4604: 4430: 4404: 4323: 4299: 3897:, but expanded to accuse Jewish influences more widely of being a harmful and alien element in 3865: 3766:(1806) was one of the most venomous screeds of its era and furnished a paradigm which combined 3604:(queen's money). In 1752 she introduced a law limiting each Jewish family to one son. In 1782, 3446:

executed Fettmilch and made the Jews return to the city under protection by imperial soldiers.

3374: 3297: 3235: 2951:, such blood libels were directed against Jews in many parts of Europe. The believers in these 2696: 2137: 2133: 1928: 1883: 1554: 1517: 1335: 1298: 867: 484: 479: 313: 308: 264: 219: 197: 192: 172: 8685:

Saul Friedlander (2008) The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews. London, Phoenix

8019: 7941: 7893: 7687: 7250:

Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida

6071: 6065: 5773:

Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Land in the Days of the Second Temple, the Mishna and the Talmud

4290:

In the 20th century, antisemitism and Social Darwinism culminated in a systematic campaign of

12772: 12666: 12587: 12369: 12076: 11959: 11700: 11690: 11683: 11668: 11554: 11014: 10980: 10896: 10891: 10776: 10539: 10332: 10292: 10230: 10225: 10162: 10088: 9953: 9782:

But Were They Good for the Jews? Over 150 Historical Figures Viewed From a Jewish Perspective

9172: 9072: 7703: 7454: 7438: 7122: 6219: 6096: 6038: 6011: 5461: 5324:

contributed to lower levels of antisemitism: "All of these groups were profoundly hostile to

5276: 5105: 4964: 4844: 4827:

Antisemitism in the Soviet Union reached a peak in 1948–1953 and culminated in the so-called

4819: 4777: 4456: 4418: 4388: 4358: 4036: 4027: 3743: 3642: 3582:

to only ten so-called "protected" Jewish families and encouraged a similar practice in other

3458: 3442:

looted the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt, expelling Jews from the city. Two years later emperor

3239: 3220: 3210: 3082: 3058: 2957: 2714:

Jews were forced to wear can be seen in this marginal illustration from an English manuscript

2683: 2623: 2504: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2230: 2129: 2123: 2039: 1966:, one of Tiberius's lieutenants, may have been a prime mover in the persecution of the Jews. 1620: 1574: 1570: 1524: 1435: 1263: 1042: 730: 720: 710: 632: 615: 437: 427: 407: 402: 303: 234: 182: 177: 44: 9918: 9866:"Antisemitism in Global History – Antisemitism Uncovered: A Guide to Old Myths in a New Era" 9053: 8081: 8011: 7364: 6618: 5415:

While antisemitism tended to be low in English-speaking regions of Canada, it was higher in

4455:

praised Jouin for "combating our mortal enemy" and appointed him to high papal office as a

3755: 3684:

Following legislation supporting the equality of French Jews with other citizens during the

2706: 2459: 12701: 12691: 12194: 11166: 10751: 10702: 10674: 10397: 10327: 10113: 6935:

television show). The entire episode can be viewed with RealPlayer or Windows Media Player.

5013: 5005: 4769: 4620: 4365: 4164: 4126:

schools for a 25-year military service. Policy towards Jews was liberalised somewhat under

4013:

anti-clerical republicans, with consequences which were to resonate into the 20th century.

3982: 3857: 3551: 3493: 3358: 3319:, Jews were forced to live in ghettos and subjected to several restrictions as part of the 3293: 3138: 3019: 3015: 2858: 2744: 2560: 2468: 1528: 1419: 1226: 1177: 1122: 880: 820: 705: 494: 7150: 6475:

Christians and Jews in Angevin England: The York Massacre of 1190, Narratives and contexts

5731: 3496:

against the Polish aristocracy and the Jews who administered their estates. Khmelnytsky's

2013:, the Roman authorities refused to rescind Jewish privileges in some cities. And although 8: 12349: 12317: 12243: 12152: 12098: 11705: 11505: 11239: 11204: 10781: 10692: 10684: 10447: 10440: 10172: 10157: 10108: 9861: 9403: 8912:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis, Volume 1

8755: 8749: 8082: 7997:

The Aesthetics of Hate: Far-Right Intellectuals, Antisemitism, and Gender in 1930s France

7708: 7691: 7154: 7052: 6673: 6490: 6040:

Jesus, Judaism, and Christian Anti-Judaism: Reading the New Testament After the Holocaust

5532: 5387: 5383: 5317: 5069: 5021: 4925: 4662: 4505:

Antisemitic propaganda in Nazi Germany: on the left, a depiction of capitalist/communist

4098: 3955: 3853: 3712: 3700: 3689: 3669: 3661: 3243: 3160: 3126: 3090: 3030: 3011: 2842: 2769: 2552: 2247: 2023: 1868: 1864: 1789: 1757: 1742: 1733: 1725: 1558: 1537: 1532: 1268: 1167: 1160: 851: 531: 474: 432: 7520:(in German). Bern / Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang 2001, in: sehepunkte 2 (2002), Nr. 7/8 . 7047: 5092:

led to further persecution against Jews in the Arab world, prompting an increase in the

4855:

of the Soviet Union. However, the discrimination against Jews had continued, leading to

4410: 12681: 12676: 12487: 12209: 12086: 12081: 12066: 12036: 11989: 11912: 11818: 11678: 11251: 11156: 11123: 10761: 10588: 10271: 9947: 9326: 8887: 8862:

Christians & Jews Faith to Faith: Tragic History, Promising Present, Fragile Future

8117: 7193: 6457:"This Day in Jewish History 1189: Richard I Is Crowned and London's Jews Are Massacred" 5963: 5876: 5197:

and opposition to Israeli policy at times was used to promote or justify antisemitism.

5154: 5085: 4657: 4135: 3908:

in 1879. In that year, Marr founded the Antisemites League and published a book called

3898: 3848:

peace conference (1814–5) were unsuccessful. In 1819, German Jews were attacked in the

3845: 3791: 3665: 3489: 3435: 3320: 3130: 3078: 3046: 3007: 2909: 2838: 2604: 2586: 2450: 2263: 2239: 2155: 1236: 1142: 1062: 1047: 890: 773: 768: 715: 625: 395: 11964: 11840: 8232: 6384: 4839:

of the Soviet Jews as nation. The country's leading Yiddish-writing poets and writers

4471: 3779: 3395:

Luther's harsh comments about the Jews are seen by many as a continuation of medieval

3307:

from the Hebrew word for Spain, fled to North Africa, Turkey and Palestine within the

1657:

prejudices". As examples of pagan writers who spoke positively of Jews, Feldman cites

1127: 957: 12465: 12396: 12278: 12263: 12046: 11917: 11882: 11171: 10630: 10435: 10298: 10083: 9799: 9785: 9759: 9731: 9690: 9676: 9648: 9610: 9589: 9575: 9408: 9078: 8809: 8784: 8759: 8253: 8023: 8012: 7945: 7934: 7897: 7886: 7732: 7557: 7474: 7446: 7278: 7229: 7205: 7128: 7104: 6973: 6952: 6921: 6886: 6865: 6807: 6695:

Islamic world. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 2, 2007, from

6628: 6622: 6598: 6253: 6102: 6075: 6044: 6017: 5990: 5949: 5805: 5715: 5682: 5637: 5610: 5583: 5400: 5375: 5061: 5049: 4781: 4757: 4649: 4384: 4159: 4127: 4090: 4006: 3894: 3890: 3751: 3685: 3439: 3122: 3098:. The heads of Jewish households were then arrested with over 300 being taken to the 2798: 2692: 2643: 2435: 2022:, there was greater tolerance of the Jews from about 160 CE. Between 355 and 363 CE, 1998: 1924: 1685: 1666: 1286: 1022: 802: 672: 583: 551: 509: 9993: 9796:

Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

7010:

Goitein, "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders", p. 166

7001:

Goitein, "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders", p. 165

4746:

reached its peak during the 1920s and 1930s. The pioneering automobile manufacturer

4623:

in 1941, a systematic campaign of mass murder in that country was conducted against

4361:

of 1913 showed that it was possible to revive the blood libel accusation in Russia.

3783: 3215: 2849:

underwent a similar ceremony. In 1236, Crusaders attacked the Jewish communities of

2608: 1577:

in 19th-century Europe bred a new manifestation of antisemitism, based as much upon

1520:

that was—at least in its classical form—nuanced, in that Jews were a protected class

12531: 12499: 12460: 12431: 12414: 12364: 12165: 11974: 11907: 11860: 11808: 11776: 11767: 11752: 11626: 11601: 11577: 11461: 11392: 11309: 11176: 10598: 10593: 10467: 10140: 9000: 8963: 8736: 8576:

How Russia Shaped the Modern World: From Art to Anti-semitism, Ballet to Bolshevism

8403:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Paul B. Fenton, David G. Littman, page 103, 8377:

Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith

7270: 7245: 6932: 6910: 5454: 5394:

In further attempts to minimize antisemitism within government, the United States'

5379: 5357: 5329: 5321: 5194: 5170: 5033: 5009: 4977: 4852: 4828: 4558: 4345:, a document purported to be a transcription of a plan by Jewish elders to achieve 4106: 3967: 3822:(The Jew of Verona) shaped religious antisemitism for decades, as did his work for 3811: 3728: 3724: 3627: 3615: 3450: 3085:

in an effort to destroy the records of their debts to moneylenders. To finance his

3026: 2965: 2952: 2814: 2536: 2396: 2357: 1994: 1969:

The Romans refused to permit the Jews to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem after its

1817: 1729: 1713: 1629: 1547: 1112: 1057: 997: 862: 620: 464: 422: 117: 7655: 7406: 4871: 4807:

to enter the United States in 1939 because it was full of Jewish refugees. During

4387:. From 1918 to 1921, between 100,000 and 150,000 Jews were slaughtered during the 4084:

Beginning in the early 1880s, declining farm prices also prompted elements of the

3426: 2792:, were murdered by armed mobs. About 12,000 Jews are said to have perished in the 29:"Anti-Semitism in the 21st century" redirects here. For the documentary film, see 12441: 12436: 12248: 12175: 12008: 11979: 11902: 11892: 11855: 11830: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11621: 11616: 11606: 11591: 11382: 11299: 11266: 11224: 11214: 10624: 10377: 10033: 9699: 9284: 9208: 9099: 8939: 8707: 8233:"Judeophobia – History and analysis of Antisemitism, Jew-Hate and anti-"Zionism"" 7517: 6928: 6849: 6745: 6727: 6573:"This Day in Jewish History 1389: Hundreds of Jews Massacred in Prague on Easter" 6533: 6391: 6336: 6329: 6098:

The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City

5690: 5527: 5297: 5158: 5057: 4797: 4591: 4578: 4422: 4414: 4350: 4219: 4192: 3994: 3977: 3972: 3946: 3829: 3775: 3767: 3747: 3646: 3619: 3555: 3289: 3254: 3104: 3099: 2850: 2809: 2544: 2420: 2389: 2235: 2163: 2096: 2092: 2005: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1912: 1849: 1837: 1507: 1404: 1102: 1037: 1012: 1007: 992: 982: 972: 947: 725: 700: 9913: 9808:

Tevis, Britt P. "Trends in the Study of Antisemitism in United States History."

9277: 8519:

20 years before the Holocaust, pogroms killed 100,000 Jews – then were forgotten

8105:

The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites

5984: 5029: 4516: 2986: 2004:

Some accommodations, in fact, were later made with Judaism, and the Jews of the

1072: 12745: 12720: 12541: 12448: 12406: 12386: 12374: 12354: 12268: 12258: 12226: 12219: 12199: 12170: 12142: 12137: 12103: 12013: 11937: 11927: 11865: 11663: 11611: 11522: 11517: 11279: 11274: 11209: 11138: 10756: 10566: 10534: 10499: 10420: 9252: 9118:"Jews of Aden Recall the Pogrom Sparked by UN Vote on Palestine Partition Plan" 8433: 8372: 8356: 7549: 6830: 6791: 6477:, Sarah Rees Jones, Sethina Watson, York Medieval Press, pages 43, 54–55, 94–96 6223: 5712:

Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE – 117 CE)

5162: 5001: 4733: 4653: 4633: 4550: 4496: 4354: 4279: 4274:

the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish

4176: 4073: 4032: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3917: 3874: 3802: 3736: 3610: 3501: 3485: 3407: 3370: 3362: 3308: 3279: 3271: 2998:

The practice of expelling Jews, the confiscation of their property and further

2941: 2929: 2781: 2668: 2532: 2472: 2377: 2352: 2347:

is the killing of a god. In the context of Christianity, deicide refers to the

2339: 2303: 2262:

Discrimination against Jews became worse in the 5th century. The edicts of the

1860: 1781: 1616: 1493: 1231: 1147: 1137: 1132: 967: 909: 541: 202: 73: 69: 9813: 7069:"This Day in Jewish History 1242: France Burns All Known Copies of the Talmud" 7032: 6696: 4563: 4511: 4210:, a mob burst into the Jewish Quarter, burned the synagogue and destroyed the 12761: 12514: 12359: 12286: 12093: 12027: 12000: 11949: 11897: 11870: 11845: 11835: 11596: 11542: 11476: 11456: 11446: 11441: 11414: 11360: 11289: 11234: 10729: 10571: 10504: 10351: 9923: 9412: 8988: 8834: 8388: 7510: 7493: 6553: 6526: 5927: 5449: 5337: 5333: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5280: 5178: 4867: 4848: 4823:

A Soviet birth certificate from 1972 where nationality is stated as "Jewish".

4616: 4568: 4520: 4492: 4368:

ended official discrimination against the Jews but was followed, however, by

4199: 4180: 4010: 3959: 3856:

was not granted in Germany until 1871, when the country was united under the

3849: 3795: 3539: 3454: 3415: 3389: 3354: 3304: 2913: 2732: 2517: 2480: 2471:

destroyed flourishing Jewish communities on the Rhine and the Danube. In the

2464: 2369: 2256: 2251: 2197: 2102: 2060: 2019: 1654: 1582: 1399: 1320: 1204: 1097: 1082: 1052: 932: 682: 10303: 4697:, accounted for about half of the total number of Jewish victims of Nazism. 4254:, and an Arab mob looted Jewish homes and stores, and burned synagogues, on 3844:, were rescinded after his defeat. Pleas to retain them by diplomats at the 3248: 3155: 588: 12494: 12291: 12253: 12214: 11803: 11547: 11486: 11466: 11426: 11409: 11377: 11365: 11326: 11244: 11219: 10793: 10739: 10603: 10415: 10315: 10266: 10123: 10069: 10026: 9201: 8980: 8417: 7672: 4940: 4917: 4909: 4888: 4880: 4801: 4737: 4670: 4612: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4443: 4409:

In France, antisemitic agitation was promoted by right-wing groups such as

4303: 4262: 4247: 4110: 4094: 3993:

Financial scandals such as the collapse of the Union Generale Bank and the

3905: 3316: 3095: 3061:

in the 1260s, Simon de Montfort's followers ravaged the Jewries of London,

3034: 2818: 2719: 2711: 2676: 2660: 2596: 2190: 2110: 2077: 1920: 1887: 1785: 1761: 1693: 1674: 1662: 1586: 1566: 1562: 1497: 1489: 1481: 1414: 1273: 1214: 1117: 1002: 987: 825: 516: 60: 52: 9327:

All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism (UK) (September 2006).

9156:"Fact Sheet: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries | Jewish Virtual Library" 6843:

Medieval Jewish History: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Norman Roth, Routledge

4575:

while many other German Jews fled the country or were forced to emigrate.

4479:

handed over to the Germans; approximated 72,500 Jews were murdered during

4434: 2570: 2479:

in 1189, Jews were attacked in London. When king Richard left to join the

2380:, he only mentions that Pilate washed his hands of guilt. The Latin word 610: 12504: 12019: 11944: 11922: 11825: 11419: 11348: 11343: 11331: 11321: 10656: 10462: 10457: 10425: 9973: 9399:"Threats to U.S. senator amid spike in anti-Jewish, anti-Muslim activity" 9202:"The New Anti-Semitism: The Current Crisis and What We Must Do About It." 8932: 8928: 8900:

Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath

8670:

From Persecution to Mass Murder: Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa

8501: 6304: 5325: 5261: 5089: 4884: 4624: 4608: 4417:. These groups were critical of the whole political establishment of the 4353:

in 1903 was continued after the 1905 revolution by the activities of the

4227: 4211: 3904:

The term "antisemitism" was coined by the German agitator and publicist,

3787: 3562: 3524: 3066: 3042: 3038: 2961: 2948: 2928:(d. 1255), in the 13th century, reputedly had his belly cut open and his 2902: 2878: 2866: 2615: 2524: 2431: 2106: 1959: 1813: 1709: 1670: 1511: 1107: 808: 521: 457: 7176:

Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society

6067:

The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day

5681:. Paulist Press, first published in 1985; this edition 2004, pp. 11–12. 5374:

government in an attempt to balance and protect civil rights. After the

5209: 5122: 4645:

captivity between 1941 and 1945 in the genocide known as the Holocaust.

3234:. Suspicions that they might still secretly be adherents of Judaism led 3192:, and elsewhere. In the aftermath of Agimet's 'confession', the Jews of 3177: 1680:

The first clear examples of anti-Jewish sentiment can be traced back to

12598: 12305: 11887: 11481: 11229: 11151: 10848: 10734: 10651: 10382: 10321: 9896: 9019:

Exile in the Maghreb: Jews under Islam, Sources and Documents, 997–1912

8673: 8644: 8401:

Exile in the Maghreb: Jews under Islam, Sources and Documents, 997–1912

6872:. See also Norman Roth, op cit. Also Schreckenburg pp. 15 & passim. 5309: 5193:

also noted a continued global increase in antisemitism, and found that

4993: 4788:

by repeatedly referring to him as "Frank D. Rosenfeld" and calling his

4747: 4554: 4546: 4533: 4376: 4373: 4188: 3963: 3600: 3193: 3134: 3070: 3062: 2830: 2700: 2635: 2548: 2528: 2315: 1872: 1853: 1809: 1705: 1689: 1681: 1381: 1209: 1092: 1087: 1067: 977: 962: 937: 885: 735: 526: 452: 7967:

The Modernity of Others: Jewish Anti-Catholicism in Germany and France

4134:

which lasted for three years. A hardening of official attitudes under

3504:

who emerged in the Ottoman Empire at this time and proclaimed himself

2295: 2250:

forbade Christians from keeping the Jewish Sabbath. The Roman Emperor

1908: 1848:. Edward Flannery describes the form of antisemitism which existed in 12519: 11984: 11875: 11786: 11404: 11338: 10771: 10646: 10641: 10529: 10005:

Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs: Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism

5166: 4981: 4793: 4721: 4596: 4589:), a photograph of a Jewish man about to be shot dead by a member of 4295: 4275: 4243: 4123: 4005:

falsely accused of treason in 1895 by his army superiors and sent to

3870: 3660:, Russia's discriminatory policies towards Jews intensified when the 3623: 3543: 3312: 3296:. Those labeled as New Christians were under the surveillance of the 3227: 3074: 3054: 2893: 2793: 2647: 2508: 2319: 2179: 2069: 1958:

but more Jews, who were unwilling to become soldiers, were punished.

1943: 1841: 1805: 1771: 1746: 1658: 1258: 875: 845: 840: 380: 11355: 9721:

Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

9007:, December 20, 1990; revised February 22, 1994, revised again 1999.) 8422:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001

6505:, Cambridge University Press, Noel D. Johnson, Mark Koyama, page 97 3801:

In the 1840s, the popular counter-revolutionary Catholic journalist

2883: 2463:

began to appear and affect public consciousness. At the time of the

1569:

has also historically seen the Jews as outsiders. The coming of the

12238: 12180: 12125: 12120: 11791: 11077: 10745: 10661: 10514: 10473: 9820:

A people apart: a political history of the Jews in Europe 1789–1939

8970:, December 20, 1990; revised February 22, 1994, revised again 1999. 8852:

Albert Lee. "Henry Ford and the Jews". Stein and Day. 1980. p. 126.

7642:

Meyer, Paul H. "The Attitude of the Enlightenment Toward the Jew."

7535: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4792:

the "Jew Deal". Because he espoused a belief in the existence of a

4789: 4773: 4717: 4686: 4474:, following the defeat of the French by the German army in 1940. A 4291: 4139: 3841: 3462: 3275: 3263: 3231: 3189: 3168: 2937: 2826: 2761:

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns sanctioned by the

2531:. Rumors spread that they had caused this epidemic by deliberately 2454: 2443: 2395:, many Christians, including members of the clergy, once held Jews 2373: 2323: 2243: 2166: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1938:

Several ancient historians report that in 19 CE, the Roman emperor

1923:

were antagonistic from the very start and they resulted in several

1778: 1637: 1350: 1220: 835: 578: 8249:

Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Volume 1

6650:

Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) The Paradox of Anti-Semitism. Continuum: 4

6222:, who denounced this and other accounts as "odd tales" and quoted 3715:, encouraged by the work of racial theorists such as the royalist 2095:

27:25, RSV). In an essay regarding antisemitism, biblical scholar

1981:) at the same time, ostensibly to finance the construction of the 12453: 12337: 12332: 12322: 12310: 12130: 12115: 12059: 11994: 11969: 11932: 11796: 11471: 11370: 11294: 11186: 11112: 10022:

Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2006

9329:"Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism" 7982:

Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present

7662:. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1975 (translated). pp. 88–89. 6036: 5044:

and Jewish property was vandalized and looted. In November 1945,

4913: 4557:

began to pervade society. Especially virulent in this regard was

4542: 4239: 3673: 3595: 3588:

Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft

3583: 3579: 3571:

concerned Jews and described them in consistently negative ways.

3520: 3505: 3497: 3466: 3284: 2917: 2897: 2789: 2688: 2627: 2344: 2327: 2307: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2212: 2159: 2073: 2014: 1963: 1877: 1845: 1833: 1825: 1721: 1697: 1642: 1546:

Contemporary antisemitism, which has been labeled by some as the

903: 896: 857: 830: 9728:

Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice

9335: 8698:, Macmillan Reference Books; Reference edition (October 1, 1995) 6503:

Persecution & Toleration: The Long Road to Religious Freedom

5048:

during a pogrom in Tripoli. In December 1947, shortly after the

4265:

in the middle of the 19th century, a contemporary author wrote:

2376:

to execute Jesus. Melito does not attribute particular blame to

12524: 12391: 12327: 10766: 10722: 10544: 10479: 10118: 10038: 10004: 8992: 8561:

A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church

8052:

A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church

6970:

Legacy of Hatred: Why Christians Must Not Forget the Holocaust.

5801:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

5679:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

5416: 5088:

of Damascus claimed a dozen lives and thirty injured. The 1967

5037: 4528: 4255: 4231: 4207: 4023: 3759: 3535: 3411: 3384: 3366: 3185: 3181: 3172: 2999: 2933: 2869:

occurred in Spain, followed by accusations against the Talmud.

2862: 2854: 2777: 2773: 2762: 2728: 2646:. There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465, and in 2619: 2591: 2556: 2512: 2311: 2170: 2088: 1852:

as being essentially "cultural, taking the shape of a national

1792:, a Greek historian of the early third century BCE, wrote that 1650: 1541: 1514:

that was religious in nature and has extended into modern times

1480:

as a religious or ethnic group, goes back many centuries, with

1241: 1197: 447: 7757:

Kayserling, Moritz (1906). Singer, Isidore (ed.). ""Aargau"".

2555:, where the plague had not yet affected the city. The Jews of 2026:

permitted the Jews to rebuild the Second Temple of Jerusalem.

1942:

expelled the Jews from Rome. According to the Roman historian

12475: 12470: 12424: 12379: 12300: 12295: 11559: 11314: 11284: 9705:

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England

7683: 7681: 7426:"BBC – History – Historic Figures: Martin Luther (1483–1546)" 5349: 5336:

lessened the severity of antisemitism through its use of the

5271: 4847:. The excesses largely ended with the death of Soviet leader 4832: 4302:

between 1941 and 1945 under the National Socialist regime of

4251: 4215: 4144:

restricted the civil rights of Jews within the Russian Empire

3754:. Bonald's attacks on the Jews are likely to have influenced 3732: 3723:

of 1853–55. Nationalist agendas based on ethnicity, known as

3516: 3512: 3457:, later New York City, sought to bolster the position of the 2785: 2724: 2672: 2439: 2392: 2291: 2283: 2271: 2183: 2151: 1974: 1821: 1801: 1793: 1766: 1750: 1738: 1717: 796: 9756:

Judaism, Antisemitism, and Holocaust: Making the Connections

8983:

as a cover for anti-Semitism can be seen in a 1981 issue of

7500:, Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1920, Vol. 51, p. 195. 7204:

Prestwich, Michael (1997), Edward I, Yale University Press,

7146: 7144: 6013:

Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism

5165:

argue that this is antisemitism of a new type stemming from

4988:

While Islamic antisemitism has increased in the wake of the

4206:

in Baghdad in 1828. In 1839, in the eastern Persian city of

3808:

Le Juif, le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens

2857:, killing 3,000 and baptizing 500. Two years after the 1240 2491:

in 1298. The Jews were also subjected to attacks during the

1593:

in 1948 caused new antisemitic tensions in the Middle East.

12574: 11108: 8084:

Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust

7246:"Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe" 6806:

International Journal For Research in Educational Studies (

5353: 4811:, Jewish businesses were targeted for looting and burning. 3672:

forced the Jews of the Pale of Settlement to stay in their

3546:

hanging a Jew by his heels, 19th century Ukrainian folk art

2921: 2299: 2044: 1531:

and post-Enlightenment Europe that laid the groundwork for

9766:

Anti-Semitism. Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present

9572:

None is too many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948

7678: 5986:

Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present

2912:(d. 1144) is often cited as the first known accusation of 9363: 9278:

Al-Ahram Weekly Online, January 2–8, 2003 (Issue No. 619)

7141: 5946:

Jewish Responsibility for the Death of Jesus in Luke-Acts

5052:, Arab rioting resulted in hundreds of Jewish casualties 5028:

in the 1930s, as well as attacks on the Jews of Iraq and

4772:

held parades which featured Nazi uniforms and flags with

2664: 2333: 1646: 1477: 9930: 9600:

Woke Antisemitism: How a Progressive Ideology Harms Jews

9259:. The New York Sun, One SL, LLC. p. Foreign, page 6 7294: 7292: 7290: 4861:

another during and after the breakup of the Soviet Union

4780:

in 1939, some 20,000 people listened to the Bund leader

4673:

immediately upon their arrival. These camps, located at

3430:

Plundering of the Frankfurt Jewish ghetto in August 1614

3110: 9848:

Antisemitism in the Modern World: An Anthology of Texts

7919:

Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism

7888:

From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700–1933

7871:

Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism

6030: 5732:

http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book36.html

5064:. During 1948 there were further riots against Jews in 2571:

Relations between Muslims and Jews in the Islamic world

2117: 1688:

were the largest Jewish community in the world and the

1476:, defined as hostile actions or discrimination against 9764:

Perry, Marvin Perry and Frederick M. Schweitzer, eds.

7783: 7781: 7103:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 5848:

Rome and Jerusalem: the clash of ancient civilisations

5714:, University of California. John M. G. Barclay of the 4298:, in which some six million Jews were exterminated in 2924:, and the child acquired the status of a holy martyr. 2653: 1919:

Relations between the Jews in Judea and the occupying

9556:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 491. 9538:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 492. 9520:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 461. 9487:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 28. 9472:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 459. 7660:

The History of Anti-Semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner

7354:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press: p. 125 7341:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press: p. 124 7287: 6517:, Cambridge University Press, Robert Chazan, page 195 6373:

Nostra Aetate: a milestone – Pier Francesco Fumagalli

5252:

Violent incidents in reaction to the Israel–Hamas war

4935:

Towards the end of 1990, as the movement against the

2971: 2872: 2695:, and they suffered a variety of other measures. The 1844:

in 320 BC because its inhabitants were observing the

9021:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 508. 8641:

Expansion of German Conquest and Policy Towards Jews

8120:

by David I. Kertzer, University of Washington. 1997.

7873:. Columbia University Press. pp. 2–7 and 30–37. 7470:

Secret conversions to Judaism in early modern Europe

7407:"1555, Pope Paul Iv Orders Jews to Live in a Ghetto" 7169:"Jews, jurats and the Jewry Wall: a name in context" 7033:

The Counts of Toulouse and the Jews of the Languedoc

6115: 4814: 4282:

to prohibit the entry of Jews arriving from Russia.

4122:

Since 1827, Jewish minors were conscripted into the

4105:. It was disclosed that the government of President 3377:, wrote antagonistically about Jews in his pamphlet 2511:

and subsequently by John Zimberlin during 1338–9 in

2259:, the anniversary of the destruction of the Temple. 9175:, Jerry M. Rosenberg, Hamilton Books, 2009, page 44 8751:

B'nai B'rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership

8714:. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975. 8361:

Dearest Auntie Fori. The Story of the Jewish People

8107:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 151–152. 7778: 6515:

The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500

5406: 4894: 4879:" of 1967–1968 was a state anti-Jewish (officially 4072:Between 1881 and 1920, approximately three million 3656:In accordance with the anti-Jewish precepts of the 3461:by trying to stem the religious influence of Jews, 3453:, the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of 3326: 9116: 9033: 8321: 8319: 7933: 7885: 7731:(in German and English). Basel: Christoph Merian. 7554:Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past 7405: 7067: 6885:, pp. 15 & passim, 1996, Continuum, New York, 6571: 6455: 6405: 5482:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union 3303:Jewish refugees from Spain and Portugal, known as 1623:whose seven children were killed by the Seleucids. 9893:Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933–1939: Antisemitism 9645:Never Again?: The Threat of the New Anti-Semitism 9586:History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism 9397:Stein, Perry; Barrett, Devlin (31 October 2023). 9377:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012" 9074:Jewish Life in Muslim Libya: Rivals and Relatives 9054:"Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance" 8803: 7801:The Virtual Jewish History Tour By Rebecca Weiner 7729:Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories 6653: 5110:Antisemitism in Europe § In the 21st century 4969:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world 4433:. The rise to prominence of the Jewish socialist 3883:("Jewishness in Music") under a pseudonym in the 3402: 2829:(Ascalon) reached out to their coreligionists in 2029: 1540:that arose in the 19th century and culminated in 32:Anti-Semitism in the 21st Century: The Resurgence 12759: 10819:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) 9740:Lindemann, Albert S., and Richard S. Levy, eds. 9666:A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism 9250: 8778: 8290: 7498:D. Martin Luthers Werke: kritische Gesamtausgabe 6385:"A Viewer's Guide to Contemporary Passion Plays" 6383:Paley, Susan and Koesters, Adrian Gibbons, eds. 6194:Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources 5746:, Philo of Alexandria Commentary Series, Brill. 5557:Our common inhumanity: anti-semitism and history 10372:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 9771:Quinley, Harold Earl, and Charles Young Glock. 9547: 9545: 9529: 9527: 8316: 7726: 7607:), Vol. 2, Jerusalem 1989, pp. 714–716 (Hebrew) 7226:Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape 6777:The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries 6160: 5982: 3025:Jewish expulsions inside England took place in 1871:and banned Jewish religious practices, such as 1601: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8754:. State University of New York Press. p. 8449:Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth (1987) 8352: 8350: 8348: 8187: 8185: 8010:Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). 7931: 7644:Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 7467:Mulsow, Martin; Popkin, Richard Henry (2004). 6689: 6207:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 5360:also proposes in the introduction to his book 4947:" (ZOG), which has been seen as equivalent to 4859:once it was allowed in the 1970s, followed by 4831:that could have been a precursor to a general 4750:propagated antisemitic ideas in his newspaper 4665:set up by Nazis in the occupied Poland and in 4515:, September 1944; on the right, a painting by 3706: 3578:limited the number of Jews allowed to live in 2865:manuscripts were burned in the streets. Other 2603:thrived under tolerant Muslim rule during the 2424:Jewish martyrdom depicted in a woodcut (1493). 2302:in 411, several in Judea between 419 and 422, 1745:in about 170–167 BCE, sparked a revolt of the 1356:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 11093: 10054: 9999:The Forgotten Jewish Exodus: Mizrahi Timeline 8924: 8922: 8920: 8830:"The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan" 8009: 7694:(1906) by Gotthard Deutsch, Alexander Büchler 7238: 6149: 6147: 5835:Anti-Semitism in the Hellenistic-Roman Period 5786:Anti-Semitism in the Hellenistic-Roman Period 4202:were killed in 1805. There was a massacre of 4109:had sold bonds to a syndicate which included 3995:collapse of the French Panama Canal operation 3550:In many European countries the 18th century " 2861:, twenty-four wagons piled with hand-written 2242:(341) prohibited Christians from celebrating 1856:which was played out in political settings". 1453: 10829:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) 9542: 9524: 9396: 9366:, 14 March 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 9360:"Report: Anti-Semitism on the rise globally" 8846: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 7979: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7466: 6173: 6037:Fredriksen, Paula; Reinhartz, Adele (2002). 5983:Schweitzer, F; Perry, M (20 December 2002). 5506:History of antisemitism in the United States 5368: 4707:History of antisemitism in the United States 4619:for almost half million Jews. Following the 4250:in Morocco. In 1869, 18 Jews were killed in 4195:(and only subsequently was it "Islamized"). 4057:History of antisemitism in the United States 4001:saw a Jewish military officer named Captain 2541:destroyed by the ensuing hatred and violence 2535:, an accusation that appeared before in the 12582:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 9919:Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Anti-Semitism 9505:. Oxford University Press Inc. p. 460. 9097: 9077:. University of Chicago Press. p. 97. 9031: 8949: 8554: 8552: 8366: 8345: 8297:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 8208:. IB Tauris, London and New York: pp. 82–83 8182: 7275:Jews: The Essence and Character of a People 6424: 6133: 6131: 6043:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 91. 5752: 5736: 5563:by Robert S. Wistrich, Thames Methuen, 1991 5191:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 4924:, and a conspiracy theory of history." The 4760:and many other prominent Americans led the 4486: 2682:Jews were subject to a wide range of legal 2483:in 1190, anti-Jewish riots broke out again 2173:in 622 CE, he made peace treaties with the 11100: 11086: 10340:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 10061: 10047: 10001:, 20th century departures from Middle East 9860: 9623:Antisemitism: A World History of Prejudice 9554:Antisemitism in the English Speaking World 9551: 9536:Antisemitism in the English Speaking World 9533: 9518:Antisemitism in the English-Speaking World 9515: 9503:Antisemitism in the English-Speaking World 9500: 9470:Antisemitism in the English-Speaking World 9467: 8999:, August 24, 1981, cited in Berlet, Chip. 8917: 8808:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 81. 8578:. Princeton University Press. p. 159. 7932:Garṭner, Aryeh; Gartner, Lloyd P. (2001). 7756: 7445:, HarperCollins Publishers, 1987, p. 242. 6988: 6986: 6686:Harzig, Hoerder & Shubert, 2003, p. 42 6646: 6644: 6144: 5968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5673: 5671: 5669: 5272:Antisemitism in the English-speaking world 5181:, contest the notion of new antisemitism. 5114:Islam and antisemitism § 21st century 4462:Antisemitism was particularly virulent in 4242:. In 1864, around 500 Jews were killed in 2353:accusation that the Jews committed deicide 2298:(590). Other synagogues were confiscated: 1581:as upon religion, which culminated in the 1460: 1446: 9974:MidEastWeb: Israel-Arab Conflict Timeline 9659:Key concepts in the study of antisemitism 9482: 8902:by Joshua D. Zimmerman (10 January 2003). 8783:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. 8406: 8291:Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan (8 June 2017). 8224: 8102: 8069:. Stanford University Press. p. 208. 8036: 7964: 7921:. Columbia University Press. p. 164. 7857: 7727:Lubrich, Naomi; Battegay, Caspar (2018). 7264: 6551:("The greatest epidemic in history"), in 6493:(1906) by Gotthard Deutsch, S. Mannheimer 6418: 6407:"694 CE: Visigoth King Enslaves the Jews" 5943: 5660:, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 208. 5623: 5596: 5571: 5569: 5494:History of the Jews in the United Kingdom 5032:in the 1940s. As Palestinian Arab leader 4132:anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 3986:, the organ of the Catholic order of the 3758:'s decision to limit the civil rights of 3721:Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race 3608:abolished most of these practices in his 3196:were burned alive on February 14, 1349." 3184:) had ordered him to poison the wells in 2520:. Many of those expelled fled to Poland. 2368:. This text blames the Jews for allowing 1804:. The same themes appear in the works of 11129:Index of Jewish history-related articles 9070: 8549: 8440:. Princeton University Press, pp. 181–83 8325:Richard Rubenstein and John Roth (1987) 8272: 8079: 7999:. Stanford University Press. p. 47. 7969:. Stanford University Press. p. 99. 7432: 7228:, p. 251, 1993, Reaktion Books, London, 6707: 6705: 6597:. McFarland & Company. p. 130. 6543: 6541: 6453: 6186: 6128: 5797: 5248:Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war 5200: 4972: 4900:intervention overseas and opposition to 4818: 4577: 4500: 4327: 4158: 4067:1896 United States presidential election 4060: 3939: 3534: 3476:During the mid-to-late-17th century the 3425: 3340: 3214: 3159:Illustration by Emile Schweitzer on the 3154: 2985: 2882: 2705: 2419: 2045:The New Testament and early Christianity 1915:depicting Roman destruction of Jerusalem 1907: 1607: 791: 12628:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 11265: 9979:Islamic Antisemitism And Its Nazi Roots 9940: 9931:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 9570:Abella, Irving M and Troper, Harold M. 8558: 8477:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 8464:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 8342:. IB Tauris, London and New York: p. 57 8193:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 8049: 7980:Michael, Robert; Rosen, Philip (2007). 7916: 7868: 7852:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 7839:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 7789:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 7773:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 7618:Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction 7487: 7381:. IB Tauris, London and New York: p. 39 7021:The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade 6983: 6822: 6820: 6671:by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, 6641: 6617: 6547:See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, 6237:Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews" 6063: 6009: 5666: 5629: 5602: 5099: 4333:Stop your cruel oppression of the Jews! 4065:Antisemitic political cartoon from the 4026:was granted. On 24 September 1856, the 2994:depicting the expulsion of Jews in 1182 2757:Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon 2622:against Jews in Cordova in 1011 and in 2563:marked a decline in the Golden Age for 1904:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 14: 12760: 9905:Exposition at Florida Holocaust Museum 9834:The Routledge History of Antisemitism 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9298:"Interrogating the "New Antisemitism"" 9295: 9225:"Europe's Alarming New Anti-Semitism." 9135: 9114: 9016: 8679: 8567: 8245: 8088:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8064: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7166: 6915: 6860:Françoise Piponnier and Perrine Mane; 6212: 5704: 5650: 5575: 5566: 4740:, which had been inactive since 1870. 3421: 3373:reformer whose teachings inspired the 3278:, and those were rumoured to practice 3199: 3137:took advantage of the recent death of 2539:. Hundreds of Jewish communities were 2499:. In the 1330s Jews were assaulted by 2334:Accusations that the Jews killed Jesus 2072:: "I know that you are descendants of 1341:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism 11081: 10042: 9432: 8995:, Israel's terrorist secret police. ( 8747: 8573: 7994: 7892:. Harvard University Press. pp. 7403: 7065: 6788:The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History 6702: 6590: 6569: 6549:La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire 6538: 6427:"The Words That Killed Medieval Jews" 6403: 6377: 6229: 6199: 5775:, Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2003, pp. 27–43. 5765: 5760:Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews 5106:Antisemitism § Current situation 4954: 4669:, where they were mostly murdered in 4654:final solution to the Jewish question 4185:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies 3790:, and antisemitic socialists such as 3679: 3530: 3488:. These conflicts began in 1648 when 3204: 3111:Expulsions from the Holy Roman Empire 3006:in 1182, from the whole of France by 2577:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 2559:were attacked on Easter of 1389. The 2384:(slayer of god), from which the word 2349:responsibility for the death of Jesus 1977:in 70 CE, imposed a tax on the Jews ( 1933:Roman policy of religious persecution 1632:argues: "We must take issue with the 1372:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 418:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24) 113:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 11107: 9760:online scholarly review of this book 9433:Peers, Alexandra (2 November 2023). 8492:. IB Tauris, London and New York: 72 8230: 7883: 7252:. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust 7120: 6938: 6817: 6659:Schweitzer, Perry (2002) pp. 267–68. 6239:, p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's 6094: 6070:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5742:Van Der Horst, Pieter Willem, 2003. 5204: 5117: 4843:in a campaign against the so-called 4285: 2749:History of the Jews and the Crusades 2599:than they were in Christian Europe. 2410:Antisemitism in Europe (Middle Ages) 2218: 2118:Muhammad, the Quran, and early Islam 1732:as having written about the time of 10358:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 9994:Anti-Semitism in the United Nations 9936:Never Again: The Holocaust Timeline 9452: 9296:Burley, Shane (15 September 2022). 9186:"Anti-Semitism and Jewish destiny." 8864:by James Ruddin (19 November 2010). 8712:The War Against The Jews, 1933–1945 7940:. Oxford University Press. p. 7936:History of the Jews in Modern Times 7745: 7715: 7706:by Herman Rosenthal, J. G. Lipman, 7556:, Columbia University Press, 1999, 7277:, HarperSanFrancisco, 1998, p. 84. 7099:Ben-Sasson, H.H., Editor; (1969). 6711:Frank and Leaman, 2003, pp. 137–38. 6454:Schuster, Ruth (4 September 2013). 6404:Green, David B. (9 November 2015). 6357:Charleton Lewis and Charles Short, 5523:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 5320:with God." Lastly, Protestantism's 4949:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 4728:, also led to the formation of the 4716:that the conviction (and later the 4627:(including former Polish Jews from 4611:were forced into newly established 4527:In Germany, following World War I, 4437:, who became prime minister of the 4349:. Violence against the Jews in the 4154: 4138:and his ministers, resulted in the 3818:'s highly popular novel 1850 novel 2654:Occupational and other restrictions 2611:became a centre of Jewish culture. 2457:. Anti-Jewish rhetoric such as the 2446:images began to appear in Germany. 2142:Historical reliability of the Quran 1621:woman in the Books of the Maccabees 1596: 1500:that was primarily ethnic in nature 668:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness 24: 12575:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 12555:American Jewish Historical Society 10839:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 9880:from the original on 24 March 2020 9840: 9564: 9251:Steven Stalinsky (12 April 2006). 8806:The Death of American Antisemitism 8725:The Third Reich: A Concise History 8658:The Third Reich: A Concise History 8616:The Third Reich: A Concise History 8603:The Third Reich: A Concise History 8379:, HarperCollins, 2002, pp. 179–82. 8363:. HarperCollins, 2002, pp. 179–82. 6557:magazine, n°310, June 2006, p. 47 6101:. Regnery Publishing. p. 92. 5579:Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook 5489:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom 5472:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 4700: 4631:) by Nazi death squads called the 4519:at an exhibition dedicated to the 4316:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 4148:Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev 3997:were also blamed on the Jews. The 3144: 2972:Expulsions from France and England 2968:and it carried the death penalty. 2940:, after being taken from a cross. 2873:Blood libels and host desecrations 2825:. The Karaite Jewish community of 2585:From the 9th century onwards, the 2225:Antisemitism in early Christianity 1366:Working definition of antisemitism 128:Working definition of antisemitism 25: 12789: 10016:Antisemitism: A Historical Survey 9854: 9115:Aderet, Ofer (30 November 2016). 8888:The Brest Ghetto Passport Archive 8875:The Tragedy of the S.S. St. Louis 8781:Jews in American Politics: Essays 8424:. Vintage Books, 2001, pp. 10–11. 8118:The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara 8018:. Yale University Press. p. 6903:A Concise History of the Crusades 6570:Green, David B. (17 April 2016). 5744:Philo's Flaccus: the First Pogrom 5501:Antisemitism in the United States 5340:and its anti-Catholic sentiment. 4815:Eastern Europe after World War II 4744:Antisemitism in the United States 4726:antisemitism in the United States 4167:on antisemitic riots in Algiers ( 4053:Antisemitism in the United States 2055:Antisemitism in the New Testament 1346:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 12739: 12726: 12725: 10393:White genocide conspiracy theory 10068: 9822:(Oxford University Press, 2001). 9673:The Destruction of European Jews 9635:(Oxford University Press, 1995) 9509: 9494: 9476: 9426: 9390: 9369: 9353: 9320: 9289: 9271: 9244: 9233: 9230:. 2 October 2014. 26 May 2015. 9217: 9212:The Phyllis Chesler Organization 9194: 9178: 9166: 9148: 9129: 9108: 9104:. Twayne Publishers. p. 68. 9091: 9064: 9046: 9025: 9010: 8973: 8914:by Robert Melvin Spector (2005). 8905: 8893: 8881: 8867: 8855: 8822: 8797: 8772: 8741: 8730: 8717: 8701: 8688: 8663: 8650: 8634: 8621: 8608: 8595: 8582: 8536: 8523: 8511: 8508:, 1967 (Eyre & Spottiswoode) 8495: 8482: 8469: 8456: 8443: 8427: 8394: 8382: 8332: 8303: 8284: 8266: 8239: 8211: 8198: 8162: 8149: 8136: 8123: 8111: 8096: 8073: 8058: 8003: 7988: 7973: 7958: 7925: 7910: 7877: 7844: 7831: 7818: 7805: 7794: 7765: 7697: 7665: 7649: 7636: 7623: 7610: 7593: 7580: 7567: 7542: 7523: 7503: 7460: 7418: 7404:Green, David B. (14 July 2013). 7397: 7384: 7371: 7357: 7344: 7331: 7318: 7066:Green, David B. (17 June 2013). 6425:Sara Lipton (11 December 2015). 5561:Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred 5559:by Richard Webster (a review of 5477:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 5407:Other English-speaking countries 5286: 5208: 5121: 4895:United States after World War II 4320:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 4046: 3327:Anti-Judaism and the Reformation 3219:Expulsion of Jews from Spain by 1613:Martyrdom of the Seven Maccabees 1591:formation of the state of Israel 1431: 1430: 59: 10637:Institute for Historical Review 10557:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) 10287:International Jewish conspiracy 10184: 9716:(New York: Stein and Day, 1980) 9468:Rubenstein, William D. (2010). 9032:Zvi Zameret (29 October 2010). 8313:, Harper Perennial, 1986, p 359 8275:America, religions and religion 8273:Albanese, Catherine L. (1981). 7305: 7215: 7198: 7186: 7160: 7114: 7093: 7080: 7059: 7041: 7026: 7013: 7004: 6995: 6962: 6895: 6875: 6854: 6836: 6829:, University Press of America, 6797: 6781: 6770: 6761: 6750: 6732: 6714: 6680: 6662: 6611: 6584: 6563: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6480: 6468: 6447: 6397: 6366: 6351: 6323: 6314: 6311:, Facts on File, 1984, pp.34–36 6298: 6285: 6272: 6246: 6155:In the Footsteps of the Prophet 6123:Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman 6088: 6057: 6003: 5976: 5937: 5921: 5909: 5896: 5883: 5868: 5865:, Vol 3, "Tiberius", Section 36 5853: 5840: 5827: 5818: 5791: 5778: 5513:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 5316:that had entered into a direct 5042:violent demonstrations in Egypt 4887:and the Soviet Union's and the 4393:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 4342:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3926:German Social Antisemitic Party 3910:Victory of Jewry over Germandom 3151:Black Death Jewish persecutions 1897: 1836:", and he also wrote about how 1756:The ancient Jewish philosopher 755:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 12647:Relations with other religions 10018:as the SWC Museum of Tolerance 9989:The U.N.'s Dirty Little Secret 9775:(Transaction Publishers, 1979) 9675:, (Holmes & Meier, 1985). 9253:"Passover and the Blood Libel" 9173:The Rebirth of the Middle East 9136:Gazzar, Brenda (31 May 2007). 8221:. London, Pan Books: pp. 23–27 7984:. Scarecrow Press. p. 67. 7101:A History of The Jewish People 6697:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6346:Northwest Theological Seminary 6320:Schweitzer, Perry (2002) p. 26 5720: 5695: 5633:Studies in Hellenistic Judaism 5606:Studies in Hellenistic Judaism 5550: 5435:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4961:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4916:and its use of "scapegoating, 4724:, which turned a spotlight on 4425:, in which a Jewish man named 4079:Immigration Restriction League 4016: 3814:. In Italy, the Jesuit priest 3586:cities. In 1750 he issued the 3523:and which became known as the 3478:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3403:Canonization of Simon of Trent 3282:were pejoratively labelled as 3117:History of the Jews in Germany 2982:History of the Jews in England 2485:in York and throughout England 2403: 2030:Rise of Christianity and Islam 711:Hunter (William Luther Pierce) 13: 1: 12634:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 10834:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) 10562:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 10540:Beilis trial (Russian Empire) 10510:Pogroms in the Russian Empire 9914:Anti-Semitism & Responses 9903:Antisemitism through the Ages 9191:. 20 May 2015. 26 May 2015. 8890:, retrieved February 11, 2008 8737:Holocaust Timeline: The Camps 8696:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 8054:. Springer. pp. 128–129. 5804:. Paulist Press. p. 25. 5543: 5518:History of the Jews in Poland 5343: 4776:alongside American flags. At 3337:Christianity and antisemitism 2978:History of the Jews in France 2731:and prostitutes. As with all 2068:Jesus speaking to a group of 1859:In one recorded instance, an 1692:, a Greek translation of the 1305:Campaign Against Antisemitism 413:during the Gaza War (2008-09) 12565:Leo Baeck Institute New York 12560:American Sephardi Federation 10814:Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 10520:1968 Polish political crisis 9832:Weitzman, Mark, et al. eds. 9552:Rubenstein, William (2010). 9534:Rubenstein, William (2010). 9516:Rubenstein, William (2010). 9501:Rubenstein, William (2010). 9160:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9138:"THE SIX DAY WAR: EXODUS II" 9071:Goldberg, Harvey E. (1990). 9035:"A distorted historiography" 8987:, published by the neo-Nazi 8748:Moore, Deborah Dash (1981). 8436:. In: Lewis, Bernard, 1984. 8293:"Military Service in Russia" 8157:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 8144:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 8131:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7826:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7815:. London, Pan Books: 13, 15. 7588:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7575:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7392:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7367:. Dieli.net. 7 October 2007. 7326:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7313:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 7300:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 6951:. Dover Publications, 2003 ( 6922:CROSS PURPOSES: The Crusades 6293:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 6280:The Paradox of Anti-Semitism 6139:Muhammad: the prophet of God 5798:Flannery, Edward H. (1985). 5440:Antisemitism in Christianity 5014:broadly throughout Palestine 4809:race riot in Detroit in 1943 4621:invasion of the Soviet Union 4370:massive anti-Jewish violence 4191:by nationalistically minded 3954:The defeat of France in the 3772:Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux 3473:in Amsterdam overruled him. 3103:thereafter until 1655, when 2992:Grandes Chroniques de France 2926:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln 2051:Antisemitism in Christianity 2036:Antisemitism in Christianity 1997:relates that, following the 1602:Early animosity towards Jews 1294:Anti-antisemitism in Germany 786:Antisemitism on the Internet 574:Jewish war conspiracy theory 7: 11388:Constantinopolitan Karaites 10584:Night of the Murdered Poets 9657:Goldberg, Sol, et al. eds. 9017:Fenton, Paul (5 May 2016). 8574:Marks, Steven Gary (2003). 6527:Why the Jews? – Black Death 6181:A New Introduction to Islam 5862:Lives of the Twelve Caesars 5748:Pieter Willem van der Horst 5423: 5396:Declaration of Independence 5365:fraught financial affairs. 5004:in the 1910s, massacres in 4945:Zionist-occupied government 4784:as he criticized President 4667:Germany-annexed territories 4398: 4381:Ukrainian People's Republic 4309: 3920:, the Lutheran chaplain to 3707:Catholic counter-revolution 3410:was a boy from the city of 2738: 2601:Jewish communities in Spain 2547:tried to protect Jews by a 2493:Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 2270:(350), Rome (388 and 500), 1331:Southern Poverty Law Center 490:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 10: 12794: 12616:National Library of Israel 11257:Zionism, race and genetics 10579:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 10550:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq) 10525:Jewish Anti-Zionist League 10490:Antisemitic laws, policies 10346:On the Jews and Their Lies 9909:Anti-Semitism: What Is It? 9827:How to Fight Anti-Semitism 9768:(Palgrave MacMillan, 2002) 9749:Antisemitism: Here and Now 9625:(The History Press, 2011) 9483:Lindemann, Albert (2010). 8804:Spencer Blakeslee (2000). 8080:Brustein, William (2003). 8014:The Holocaust Encyclopedia 7531:Judaism Timeline 1618–1770 7273:and Hirt-Manheimer, Aron. 6394:, accessed March 12, 2006. 6010:Ruether, Rosemary (1974). 5837:in JBL 98 (1979) pp. 45–65 5788:in JBL 98 (1979) pp. 45–65 5762:, New York: Atheneum, 1975 5630:Feldman, Louis H. (1996). 5603:Feldman, Louis H. (1996). 5582:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 5–6. 5576:Chanes, Jerome A. (2004). 5245: 5239: 5103: 5080:came to an end in 1949, a 4958: 4920:and simplistic solutions, 4841:were tortured and executed 4732:in October 1913. However, 4704: 4629:Soviet-annexed territories 4587:Der letzte Jude in Winniza 4490: 4402: 4313: 4103:1896 presidential campaign 4050: 3930:Antisemitic People's Party 3886:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 3880:Das Judenthum in der Musik 3835: 3568:Dictionnaire philosophique 3380:On the Jews and Their Lies 3348:On the Jews and Their Lies 3330: 3208: 3148: 3114: 2975: 2964:; this crime was known as 2916:against Jews. The Jews of 2876: 2742: 2675:and later sections of the 2640:forced to convert to Islam 2574: 2449:Although the Catholicised 2407: 2337: 2222: 2202:Excessive citations inline 2127: 2121: 2048: 2033: 1927:. It has been argued that 1901: 741:On the Jews and Their Lies 28: 12714: 12570:Yeshiva University Museum 12550:Center for Jewish History 12540: 12405: 12277: 12151: 12045: 11576: 11195: 11137: 11119: 10857: 10802: 10683: 10617: 10488: 10406: 10259: 10206: 10076: 9984:United Nations and Israel 8103:Feinstein, Wiley (2003). 7917:Battini, Michele (2016). 7869:Battini, Michele (2016). 7824:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006). 7586:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006). 7539:. Accessed May 13, 2007. 7127:. Oxford UP. p. 67. 7124:Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 6883:The Jews in Christian Art 6864:; p. 138, Yale UP, 1997; 6767:Kraemer, 2005, pp. 16–17. 6309:Atlas of the Jewish World 6260:. Encyclopedia Britannica 5944:Weatherly, Jon A (1994). 5932:Times Literary Supplement 5710:Barclay, John M G, 1999. 5369:Constitutional government 4786:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 4756:. The pioneering aviator 4583:The last Jew in Vinnytsia 4476:law on the status of Jews 4218:in 1867. In 1840, in the 4117: 3935: 3717:Joseph Arthur de Gobineau 3688:, similar laws promoting 3449:In the mid-17th century, 2753:Siege of Jerusalem (1099) 2614:With the entrance of the 2553:burnt alive in Strasbourg 1316:Fundamental Rights Agency 749:Undisputed Over The World 564: Jewish conspiracy 11162:Ancient Israel and Judah 10824:Community Security Trust 10698:Black Death persecutions 10032:20 February 2021 at the 9773:Anti-semitism in America 9661:(Springer Nature, 2020). 9101:Jews in the modern world 8563:. Springer. p. 171. 8546:. London, Pan: pp. 38–43 8533:. London, Pan: pp. 36–37 8488:Ronnie S. Landau (1992) 8338:Ronnie S. Landau (1992) 8252:. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. 8204:Ronnie S. Landau (1992) 8155:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 8142:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 8129:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 8065:Graetz, Michael (1996). 8050:Michael, Robert (2008). 7995:Sanos, Sandrine (2012). 7573:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 7390:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 7377:Ronnie S. Landau (1992) 7350:Rhea Marsh Smith (1965) 7337:Rhea Marsh Smith (1965) 7324:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 7311:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 7298:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 6862:Dress in the Middle Ages 6291:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 6278:Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) 6064:Laqueur, Walter (2006). 5430:Timeline of antisemitism 5056:, including 75 dead. In 4753:The Dearborn Independent 4487:Nazism and the Holocaust 4439:Popular Front Government 4427:Serge Alexandre Stavisky 4142:of 1882, which severely 3614:, on the condition that 3471:Dutch West India Company 3171:, 40 Jews were burnt in 3121:In Germany, part of the 2960:in a reenactment of the 2581:Islamic–Jewish relations 2397:collectively responsible 2246:with the Jews while the 2189:In 627 CE, Jewish tribe 1684:in the 3rd century BCE. 1377:Three Ds of antisemitism 1361:Wiener Holocaust Library 1311:Community Security Trust 1173:Black Death persecutions 688:The Dearborn Independent 661:Antisemitic publications 12768:History of antisemitism 11538:North African Sephardim 11511:Jewish tribes of Arabia 11030:Palestinian Territories 10535:Dreyfus Affair (France) 9812:105.1 (2021): 255–284. 9810:American Jewish History 9742:Antisemitism: A history 9714:Henry Ford and the Jews 9633:Antisemitism in America 9485:Antisemitism: A History 9228:The Wall Street Journal 8723:Martin Kitchen (2007). 8451:Approaches to Auschwitz 8329:. London, SCM Press: 96 8327:Approaches to Auschwitz 7965:Joskowicz, Ari (2013). 7759:The Jewish Encyclopedia 7633:21.2 (Sept. 1994): 361. 7352:Spain, A Modern History 7339:Spain, A Modern History 7167:Harris, Oliver (2008). 7157:(1906) by Joseph Jacobs 6972:Baker Pub Group, 1990 ( 6591:Sloan, Dolores (2009). 6339:pp. 57, 82, 92–93 from 5934:, 6 April 2007, pp. 6–7 5362:Antisemitism: A History 4902:U.S. support for Israel 4768:In the late 1930s, the 4762:America First Committee 4615:in 1940, including the 4481:the Holocaust in France 4261:Concerning the life of 3944:Antisemitic cartoon in 3782:, nationalists such as 3762:Jews. Bonald's article 3658:Russian Orthodox Church 3576:Frederick II of Prussia 3345:Luther's 1543 pamphlet 3333:Luther and antisemitism 2414:Jews in the Middle Ages 2207:considered for deletion 2175:Jewish tribes of Arabia 2146:Historicity of Muhammad 1830:Agatharchides of Cnidus 1523:Political, social, and 1474:history of antisemitism 1326:Simon Wiesenthal Center 1078:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 852:The Occidental Observer 815:Europa: The Last Battle 763:Between Blacks and Jews 761:The Secret Relationship 12641:Holocaust Encyclopedia 12611:Jewish Virtual Library 10844:Stephen Roth Institute 10492:and government actions 10431:Portuguese Inquisition 10408:Religious antisemitism 10282:Double genocide theory 10168:Secondary antisemitism 10104:Religious antisemitism 9925:Voices on Antisemitism 9874:Anti-Defamation League 9631:Dinnerstein, Leonard. 9240:Iranian TV Blood Libel 9214:. 2014. 26 May 2015. 8979:The right-wing use of 8656:Martin Kitchen (2007) 8614:Martin Kitchen (2007) 8601:Martin Kitchen (2007) 8475:Steven Beller (2007). 8246:Knight, Peter (2003). 8178:commentarymagazine.com 7509:Schnettger, Matthias. 7121:Rist, Rebecca (2016). 6907:Saint Louis University 6881:Schreckenburg, Heinz, 6827:Antisemitism Explained 6739:The Forgotten Refugees 5701:(Against Apion, 1.161) 5636:. BRILL. p. 177. 5609:. BRILL. p. 289. 5538:Religious antisemitism 5467:Antisemitism in Russia 5445:Antisemitism in Europe 5078:first Arab–Israeli War 4985: 4845:rootless cosmopolitans 4824: 4730:Anti-Defamation League 4605:German-occupied Poland 4600: 4538: 4524: 4431:6 February 1934 crisis 4405:Antisemitism in France 4379:and the forces of the 4336: 4324:Antisemitism in Russia 4300:German-occupied Europe 4271: 4172: 4146:. The Tsar's minister 4069: 3951: 3914:Christian Social Party 3866:On the Jewish Question 3547: 3431: 3397:Christian antisemitism 3351: 3300:from 1536 until 1821. 3298:Portuguese Inquisition 3266:, belonging to Spain. 3236:Ferdinand II of Aragon 3223: 3164: 2995: 2889: 2821:) were held ransom by 2715: 2697:Fourth Lateran Council 2587:medieval Islamic world 2507:, starting in 1336 in 2425: 2138:Early history of Islam 2134:Criticism of the Quran 2011:First Jewish–Roman War 1916: 1884:religious antisemitism 1696:, was produced there. 1624: 1575:Industrial Revolutions 1504:Christian antisemitism 1336:Stephen Roth Institute 1299:Anti-Defamation League 18:Antisemitism in Iberia 12588:Encyclopaedia Judaica 12370:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 11555:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 11305:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 10804:Organizations working 10364:Contemporary imprints 10293:The International Jew 10163:Rootless cosmopolitan 9943:"Yiddish in the USSR" 9846:Levy, Richard S. ed. 9758:(Cambridge UP, 2022) 9747:Lipstadt, Deborah E. 9719:Levy, Richard S. ed. 9687:A History of the Jews 9607:The New Anti-Semitism 9584:Berger, David (ed.). 9184:Wistrich, Robert S. 8877:by Jennifer Rosenberg 8462:Steven Beller (2007) 8311:A History of the Jews 8277:. Wadsworth Pub. Co. 8191:Steven Beller (2007) 7850:Steven Beller (2007) 7837:Steven Beller (2007) 7811:Paul Webster (2001). 7787:Steven Beller (2007) 7771:Steven Beller (2007) 7616:Steven Beller (2007) 7473:. BRILL. p. 85. 7443:A History of the Jews 7090:, 116(2), pp. 119–21. 6241:Muhammad and the Jews 5902:Philo of Alexandria. 5758:Tcherikover, Victor, 5726:Philo of Alexandria, 5462:Antisemitism in Islam 5277:William D. Rubenstein 5258:2023 Israel–Hamas War 5246:Further information: 5242:2023 Israel–Hamas war 5201:2023 Israel–Hamas war 5187:U.S. State Department 5104:Further information: 4990:Arab–Israeli conflict 4976: 4965:Antisemitism in Islam 4822: 4778:Madison Square Garden 4652:, deputed to find a " 4581: 4504: 4457:protonotary apostolic 4331: 4267: 4162: 4064: 4028:Swiss Federal Council 3943: 3916:, founded in 1878 by 3744:counter-revolutionary 3719:and particularly his 3538: 3459:Dutch Reformed Church 3429: 3344: 3240:Isabella I of Castile 3218: 3211:Antisemitism in Spain 3158: 3115:Further information: 3107:reversed the policy. 3053:banished the Jews of 2989: 2976:Further information: 2886: 2709: 2518:expelled from Austria 2505:Arnold von Uissigheim 2477:Richard the Lionheart 2423: 2231:religious intolerance 2194:captive and enslaved. 2130:Criticism of Muhammad 2128:Further information: 2124:Antisemitism in Islam 2059:Although most of the 2040:Antisemitism in Islam 1985:in Rome, and renamed 1931:has its roots in the 1929:European antisemitism 1911: 1611: 1585:that occurred during 1525:economic antisemitism 1043:William Luther Pierce 721:The International Jew 633:Stab-in-the-back myth 616:Rootless cosmopolitan 11167:Second Temple period 10806:against antisemitism 10752:Martyrdom in Judaism 10618:Antisemitic websites 10530:Leo Frank trial (US) 10426:Catholic Inquisition 10398:Zionist antisemitism 10114:Antisemitism studies 10012:Jerusalem, June 1995 9956:on 14 September 2001 9862:Greenblatt, Jonathan 9794:Rubenstein, Joshua. 9664:Goldstein, Phyllis. 9598:Bernstein, David L. 9098:Jacob Freid (1962). 8944:New Internationalist 8588:Paul Webster (2001) 8559:Michael, R. (2008). 8542:Paul Webster (2001) 8529:Paul Webster (2001) 8506:Warrant for Genocide 8217:Paul Webster (2001) 8168:Paul Johnson, 1984. 7884:Katz, Jacob (1980). 6814:) 4.8 (2018): 26–49. 6168:The Venture of Islam 5916:The Jerusalem Talmud 5716:University of Durham 5677:Flannery, Edward H. 5291:As mentioned above, 5100:Twenty-first century 5046:130 Jews were killed 4863:, mostly to Israel. 4770:German American Bund 4648:On 20 January 1942, 4446:, who published the 4366:Bolshevik Revolution 4234:. In 1859, some 400 4099:Kuhn, Loeb & Co. 3858:Hohenzollern dynasty 3825:La Civiltà Cattolica 3594:ordered Jews out of 3552:Age of Enlightenment 3494:Khmelnytsky uprising 3359:Lutheran Augustinian 3290:popular riot in 1506 3139:Emperor Maximilian I 3057:in 1231. During the 2859:disputation of Paris 2745:German Crusade, 1096 2278:(418), Daphne (near 1420:Zionist antisemitism 1227:Martyrdom in Judaism 953:Richard Girnt Butler 706:Hitlers Zweites Buch 292:textbook controversy 12605:Jewish Encyclopedia 12350:Hekhalot literature 12161:Religious movements 11696:Judeo-Tripolitanian 10782:Spanish Inquisition 10693:Rhineland massacres 10448:Rhineland massacres 10441:Spanish Inquisition 10173:Stereotypes of Jews 10158:Racial antisemitism 10109:Persecution of Jews 9621:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. 9404:The Washington Post 9200:Chesler, Phyllis. 8933:"ZOG Ate My Brains" 8627:Ian Kershaw (2008) 8231:Perednik, Gustavo. 8174:Commentary Magazine 8170:Marxism vs the Jews 7828:. Continuum: 44–46. 7709:Jewish Encyclopedia 7692:Jewish Encyclopedia 7155:Jewish Encyclopedia 7053:Jewish Encyclopedia 6674:Jewish Encyclopedia 6619:Menocal, María Rosa 6491:Jewish Encyclopedia 6254:"Battle of Khaybar" 6095:Gold, Dore (2007). 5533:Racial antisemitism 5384:Glorious Revolution 4980:inspecting Islamic 4926:Crown Heights riots 4663:extermination camps 4573:concentration camps 3956:Franco-Prussian War 3854:Jewish emancipation 3713:racial antisemitism 3701:racial antisemitism 3690:Jewish emancipation 3662:partition of Poland 3638:Jews in Switzerland 3422:Seventeenth century 3369:for heresy, and an 3244:Spanish Inquisition 3221:Emilio Sala Francés 3200:Early modern period 3161:Strasbourg massacre 3127:Rhineland massacres 3091:Edward I of England 2936:purpose, such as a 2843:Albigensian Crusade 2823:Raymond of Toulouse 2808:. The chronicle of 2489:Rintfleisch knights 2248:Council of Laodicea 2024:Julian the Apostate 1869:Temple in Jerusalem 1865:Antiochus Epiphanes 1840:was able to invade 1790:Hecataeus of Abdera 1758:Philo of Alexandria 1743:Antiochus Epiphanes 1734:Alexander the Great 1559:racial antisemitism 1538:Racial antisemitism 1533:racial antisemitism 1518:Muslim antisemitism 1269:Spanish Inquisition 1168:Rhineland massacres 678:Culture of Critique 532:Cultural Bolshevism 12746:Judaism portal 12682:Jews and Halloween 12677:Jews and Christmas 12067:Rabbinic authority 11819:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11252:Xueta Christianity 11157:Origins of Judaism 11124:Outline of Judaism 11001:Conservative Party 10762:Pale of Settlement 10272:Christian Identity 10246:Soviet mathematics 10151:Working definition 9948:The New York Times 9941:Shneiderman, S.L. 9850:(D.C. Heath, 1991) 9780:Rosenberg, Elliot 9754:Patterson, David. 9744:(Oxford UP, 2010). 9605:Chesler, Phyllis. 9308:on 12 October 2023 9283:2009-09-19 at the 9223:Sacks, Jonathan. 9207:2015-05-03 at the 8938:2006-07-15 at the 8842:on 19 August 2008. 8490:The Nazi Holocaust 8340:The Nazi Holocaust 8206:The Nazi Holocaust 8159:. Continuum: p. 48 7646:, 26 (1963): 1177. 7516:2011-07-20 at the 7379:The Nazi Holocaust 7365:"Sicilian History" 7194:Edict of Expulsion 7182:: 113–33 (129–31). 6927:2007-10-31 at the 6848:2008-02-25 at the 6744:2007-09-28 at the 6726:2009-02-13 at the 6627:. Back Bay Books. 6532:2007-04-29 at the 6431:The New York Times 6390:2011-03-01 at the 6335:2007-03-12 at the 6295:. Continuum: 34–35 6258:www.britannica.com 5877:Jewish Antiquities 5850:, Allen Lane 2006. 5824:2 Maccabees 6:1–11 5382:(1640–60) and the 5322:anti-Catholic bend 5220:. You can help by 5169:, which they call 5155:Robert S. Wistrich 5133:. You can help by 5086:Menarsha Synagogue 5018:pogroms in Algeria 4986: 4837:a mass deportation 4825: 4675:Auschwitz-Birkenau 4658:Wannsee Conference 4601: 4525: 4337: 4173: 4136:Tsar Alexander III 4070: 4037:1866, a referendum 4022:freely within the 3952: 3863:In his 1843 essay 3846:Congress of Vienna 3792:Alphonse Toussenel 3746:Catholic royalist 3680:Nineteenth century 3666:Pale of Settlement 3548: 3531:Eighteenth century 3490:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 3436:Fettmilch uprising 3432: 3352: 3321:Cum nimis absurdum 3255:edict of expulsion 3224: 3205:Spain and Portugal 3165: 3131:Holy Roman Emperor 3059:Second Barons' War 2996: 2910:William of Norwich 2890: 2839:County of Toulouse 2716: 2650:in 1146 and 1232. 2605:Spanish Golden Age 2451:Visigothic kingdom 2436:forced conversions 2426: 2264:Codex Theodosianus 2240:Council of Antioch 1952:Jewish Antiquities 1917: 1726:Hecateus of Abdera 1625: 1237:Pale of Settlement 1143:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1063:Kevin Alfred Strom 1048:Richard B. Spencer 891:Triple parentheses 774:The Turner Diaries 747:Our Race Will Rule 716:1988 Hamas Charter 510:Antisemitic tropes 396:Christian Identity 329:Conservative Party 12778:History of racism 12755: 12754: 12721:extinct languages 12622:YIVO Encyclopedia 12397:Hebrew literature 12365:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 12205:Reconstructionist 11883:Judaeo-Portuguese 11572: 11571: 11528:Eastern Sephardim 11172:Synagogal Judaism 11075: 11074: 10718:Ghettos in Europe 10631:The Daily Stormer 10436:Roman Inquisition 10299:Jewish Bolshevism 9872:. New York City: 9643:Foxman, Abraham. 9001:"Right woos Left" 8964:"Right woos Left" 8438:The Jews of Islam 7951:978-0-19-289259-1 7738:978-3-85616-847-6 7271:Hertzberg, Arthur 7222:Wood, Christopher 6344:: The Journal of 6170:, vol. 1, p. 191. 6050:978-0-664-22328-1 6016:. Seabury Press. 5996:978-0-312-16561-1 5401:George Washington 5376:English Civil War 5238: 5237: 5151: 5150: 5050:UN Partition Plan 4857:a mass emigration 4782:Fritz Julius Kuhn 4758:Charles Lindbergh 4734:Abraham H. Foxman 4650:Reinhard Heydrich 4595:near the town of 4385:Russian Civil War 4347:global domination 4286:Twentieth century 4128:Tsar Alexander II 4086:Populist movement 3924:, as well as the 3895:Giacomo Meyerbeer 3891:Felix Mendelssohn 3820:L'Ebreo di Verona 3816:Antonio Bresciani 3752:French Revolution 3686:French Revolution 3632:Kingdom of Poland 3482:Jewish population 3440:Vincenz Fettmilch 3242:to institute the 3123:Holy Roman Empire 3087:war against Wales 3051:Simon de Montfort 2990:A miniature from 2953:false accusations 2938:divination ritual 2932:removed for some 2799:Pope Innocent III 2644:1033 Fez massacre 2561:massacres of 1391 2219:Late Roman Empire 1999:Bar Kokhba revolt 1983:Temple of Jupiter 1867:, desecrated the 1741:, promulgated by 1686:Alexandrian Jewry 1667:Clearchus of Soli 1470: 1469: 1252:Russian Civil War 1193:Ghettos in Europe 1023:Ernest G. Liebold 922:Prominent figures 803:The Daily Stormer 693:Ethnic Cleansing 673:The Barnes Review 552:Franklin Prophecy 16:(Redirected from 12785: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12729: 12728: 11861:Judeo-Golpaygani 11462:Palestinian Jews 11437:Alexandrian Jews 11393:Crimean Karaites 11310:Unterlander Jews 11263: 11262: 11177:Rabbinic Judaism 11102: 11095: 11088: 11079: 11078: 10599:Holocaust denial 10468:Host desecration 10277:Cultural Marxism 10207:Antisemitism and 10186: 10141:New antisemitism 10063: 10056: 10049: 10040: 10039: 9969:Solomon Mikhoels 9965: 9963: 9961: 9952:. Archived from 9889: 9887: 9885: 9726:Lewis, Bernard. 9558: 9557: 9549: 9540: 9539: 9531: 9522: 9521: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9465: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9373: 9367: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9334:. Archived from 9333: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9304:. Archived from 9293: 9287: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9257:The New York Sun 9248: 9242: 9237: 9231: 9221: 9215: 9198: 9192: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9120: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9037: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9014: 9008: 8977: 8971: 8960: 8947: 8926: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8838:. Archived from 8826: 8820: 8819: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8745: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8708:Dawidowicz, Lucy 8705: 8699: 8692: 8686: 8683: 8677: 8667: 8661: 8654: 8648: 8638: 8632: 8625: 8619: 8612: 8606: 8599: 8593: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8556: 8547: 8540: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8499: 8493: 8486: 8480: 8473: 8467: 8460: 8454: 8447: 8441: 8431: 8425: 8415: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8354: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8323: 8314: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8228: 8222: 8215: 8209: 8202: 8196: 8189: 8180: 8176:. Available at: 8166: 8160: 8153: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8087: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8047: 8034: 8033: 8017: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7939: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7891: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7866: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7816: 7809: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7743: 7742: 7724: 7713: 7701: 7695: 7685: 7676: 7669: 7663: 7653: 7647: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7605:Collected Papers 7597: 7591: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7546: 7540: 7527: 7521: 7507: 7501: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7464: 7458: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7309: 7303: 7296: 7285: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7242: 7236: 7219: 7213: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7164: 7158: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7118: 7112: 7097: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7071: 7063: 7057: 7050:by Israel Lévi, 7045: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7019:Michael Costen, 7017: 7011: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6981: 6966: 6960: 6942: 6936: 6933:Hoover Institute 6919: 6913: 6911:Thomas F. Madden 6901:Madden, Thomas. 6899: 6893: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6840: 6834: 6824: 6815: 6801: 6795: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6736: 6730: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6678: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6545: 6536: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6437: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6381: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362:Latin Dictionary 6359:Latin Dictionary 6355: 6349: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6233: 6227: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6151: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5941: 5935: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5872: 5866: 5857: 5851: 5846:Martin Goodman, 5844: 5838: 5833:Daniels. J. L., 5831: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5795: 5789: 5784:Daniels, J. L., 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5750: 5740: 5734: 5724: 5718: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5675: 5664: 5656:Schäfer, Peter. 5654: 5648: 5647: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5573: 5564: 5554: 5455:Holocaust denial 5358:Albert Lindemann 5330:Anti-Catholicism 5310:biblical Hebrews 5304:rather than the 5233: 5230: 5212: 5205: 5195:Holocaust denial 5171:new antisemitism 5146: 5143: 5125: 5118: 5074:Oujda and Jerada 5034:Amin al-Husseini 4984:recruits in 1943 4955:The Muslim world 4853:de-Stalinization 4798:internment camps 4643:collaborationist 4599:in Ukraine, 1941 4559:Julius Streicher 4421:. Following the 4411:Action Française 4228:used their blood 4224:Jews of Damascus 4169:Le Petit Journal 4163:Illustration by 4155:The Muslim world 4107:Grover Cleveland 4033:Ultramonte Party 4024:canton of Aargau 3968:anti-clericalism 3922:Kaiser Wilhelm I 3812:Alfred Rosenberg 3729:Social Darwinism 3725:ethnonationalism 3628:massacre of Uman 3465:, Catholics and 3451:Peter Stuyvesant 3434:During the 1614 3027:Bury St. Edmunds 2966:host desecration 2815:Dome of the Rock 2770:People's Crusade 2537:1321 leper scare 2358:Melito of Sardis 2306:in 442 and 569, 2282:, 489 and 507), 2210: 2080:8:37–39, 44–47, 1995:Jerusalem Talmud 1818:Apollonius Molon 1730:Flavius Josephus 1714:Apollonius Molon 1655:Ancient Egyptian 1630:Louis H. Feldman 1619:, depicting the 1597:Classical period 1548:new antisemitism 1462: 1455: 1448: 1434: 1433: 1113:Nichifor Crainic 1058:Julius Streicher 998:Heinrich Himmler 863:Renegade Tribune 584:Judeo-Bolshevism 563: 557:Host desecration 537:Cultural Marxism 423:Holocaust denial 63: 40: 39: 21: 12793: 12792: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12740: 12738: 12710: 12536: 12401: 12273: 12147: 12041: 11856:Judeo-Borujerdi 11831:Judeo-Malayalam 11777:Judeo-Aragonese 11748:Lishanid Noshan 11580: 11568: 11300:Oberlander Jews 11261: 11191: 11133: 11115: 11106: 11076: 11071: 10853: 10807: 10805: 10798: 10679: 10668:The Right Stuff 10625:Bible Believers 10613: 10493: 10491: 10484: 10402: 10378:Self-hating Jew 10255: 10236:Nation of Islam 10202: 10072: 10067: 10034:Wayback Machine 9959: 9957: 9883: 9881: 9857: 9843: 9841:Primary sources 9700:Julius, Anthony 9685:Johnson, Paul. 9671:Hilberg, Raul. 9567: 9565:Further reading 9562: 9561: 9550: 9543: 9532: 9525: 9514: 9510: 9499: 9495: 9481: 9477: 9466: 9453: 9443: 9441: 9431: 9427: 9417: 9415: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9341:on 14 June 2007 9338: 9331: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9302:Jewish Currents 9294: 9290: 9285:Wayback Machine 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9234: 9222: 9218: 9209:Wayback Machine 9199: 9195: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9134: 9130: 9113: 9109: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9069: 9065: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9030: 9026: 9015: 9011: 8978: 8974: 8961: 8950: 8946:, October 2004. 8940:Wayback Machine 8927: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8731: 8722: 8718: 8706: 8702: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8668: 8664: 8655: 8651: 8639: 8635: 8629:Fateful Choices 8626: 8622: 8613: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8587: 8583: 8572: 8568: 8557: 8550: 8541: 8537: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8500: 8496: 8487: 8483: 8474: 8470: 8461: 8457: 8448: 8444: 8432: 8428: 8416: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8373:Gilbert, Martin 8371: 8367: 8357:Gilbert, Martin 8355: 8346: 8337: 8333: 8324: 8317: 8308: 8304: 8289: 8285: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8229: 8225: 8216: 8212: 8203: 8199: 8190: 8183: 8167: 8163: 8154: 8150: 8146:. 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Continuum: 46 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8101: 8097: 8078: 8074: 8063: 8059: 8048: 8037: 8030: 8008: 8004: 7993: 7989: 7978: 7974: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7930: 7926: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7882: 7878: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7836: 7832: 7823: 7819: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7795: 7786: 7779: 7770: 7766: 7755: 7746: 7739: 7725: 7716: 7702: 7698: 7690:article in the 7686: 7679: 7670: 7666: 7654: 7650: 7641: 7637: 7628: 7624: 7615: 7611: 7598: 7594: 7585: 7581: 7572: 7568: 7547: 7543: 7528: 7524: 7518:Wayback Machine 7508: 7504: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7437: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7402: 7398: 7389: 7385: 7376: 7372: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7319: 7310: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7220: 7216: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7171: 7165: 7161: 7153:article in the 7149: 7142: 7135: 7119: 7115: 7098: 7094: 7085: 7081: 7064: 7060: 7046: 7042: 7031: 7027: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6968:Rausch, David. 6967: 6963: 6943: 6939: 6929:Wayback Machine 6920: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6859: 6855: 6850:Wayback Machine 6841: 6837: 6825: 6818: 6802: 6798: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6751: 6746:Wayback Machine 6737: 6733: 6728:Wayback Machine 6719: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6681: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6546: 6539: 6534:Wayback Machine 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489:article in the 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6452: 6448: 6435: 6433: 6423: 6419: 6402: 6398: 6392:Wayback Machine 6382: 6378: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6352: 6337:Wayback Machine 6330:On the passover 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6303: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6282:. Continuum: 34 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6234: 6230: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6191: 6187: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6161: 6152: 6145: 6136: 6129: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5981: 5977: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5942: 5938: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5904:Against Flaccus 5901: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5873: 5869: 5858: 5854: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5757: 5753: 5741: 5737: 5725: 5721: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5691:Edward Flannery 5676: 5667: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5574: 5567: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5528:Jewish refugees 5426: 5409: 5371: 5346: 5289: 5274: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5218:needs expansion 5203: 5159:Phyllis Chesler 5147: 5141: 5138: 5131:needs expansion 5116: 5102: 4971: 4957: 4906:New World Order 4897: 4817: 4709: 4703: 4656:", chaired the 4592:Einsatzgruppe D 4561:'s publication 4499: 4491:Main articles: 4489: 4472:Philippe Pétain 4423:Stavisky Affair 4415:Charles Maurras 4407: 4401: 4351:Kishinev pogrom 4326: 4314:Main articles: 4312: 4288: 4238:were killed in 4236:Jews in Morocco 4220:Damascus affair 4193:Christian Arabs 4165:Fortuné Méaulle 4157: 4120: 4059: 4051:Main articles: 4049: 4019: 3978:Edouard Drumont 3973:La Libre Parole 3947:La Libre Parole 3938: 3838: 3830:Edgardo Mortara 3780:Édouard Drumont 3776:Charles Maurras 3768:anti-liberalism 3748:Louis de Bonald 3709: 3682: 3556:Jewish question 3533: 3492:instigated the 3424: 3405: 3339: 3329: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3153: 3147: 3145:The Black Death 3119: 3113: 3105:Oliver Cromwell 3100:Tower of London 3018:in 1322 and by 3004:Philip Augustus 2984: 2974: 2881: 2875: 2810:Ibn al-Qalanisi 2759: 2741: 2656: 2624:Granada in 1066 2583: 2575:Main articles: 2573: 2545:Pope Clement VI 2533:poisoning wells 2428: 2427: 2416: 2408:Main articles: 2406: 2366:On the Passover 2342: 2336: 2236:Synod of Elvira 2227: 2221: 2195: 2164:Islamic prophet 2148: 2126: 2120: 2097:Amy-Jill Levine 2057: 2049:Main articles: 2047: 2042: 2034:Main articles: 2032: 1991:Syria Palestina 1979:Fiscus Judaicus 1913:Francesco Hayez 1906: 1900: 1634:communis sensus 1627: 1626: 1604: 1599: 1466: 1425: 1424: 1405:Self-hating Jew 1395: 1387: 1386: 1307: 1289: 1279: 1278: 1163: 1153: 1152: 1128:Philippe Pétain 1123:László Ferenczy 1103:Gheorghe Buzatu 1038:Eustace Mullins 1033:Kevin MacDonald 1013:Osama bin Laden 1008:Arthur J. Jones 993:Joseph Goebbels 983:Theodor Fritsch 973:Louis Farrakhan 958:Édouard Drumont 948:James von Brunn 923: 915: 914: 869:The Right Stuff 787: 779: 778: 765: 762: 751: 748: 726:La Libre Parole 701:La France juive 663: 653: 652: 547:Finance control 512: 502: 501: 443:Nation of Islam 371: 363: 362: 270:Imperial Russia 143: 133: 132: 108: 79: 78: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12791: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12735: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12688:non-Christian 12686: 12685: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12644: 12637: 12630: 12625: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12584: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12546: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12522: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12491: 12490: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12473: 12463: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12434: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12422: 12411: 12409: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12399: 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11334: 11329: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11280:Afrikaner-Jode 11271: 11269: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11248: 11247: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11105: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11082: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10996:United Kingdom 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10919: 10914: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10757:Nuremberg Laws 10754: 10749: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10713:Jewish quarter 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10689: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10627: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10609:ZOG conspiracy 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10567:Final Solution 10559: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10500:Ghetto benches 10496: 10494: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10423: 10421:Jewish deicide 10418: 10412: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10354: 10349: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10296: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10260:Related topics 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10024: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9938: 9933: 9927:Podcast Series 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9890: 9864:, ed. (2020). 9856: 9855:External links 9853: 9852: 9851: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9818:Vital, David. 9816: 9806: 9792: 9777: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9697: 9683: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9640: 9639: 9629: 9618: 9617: 9603: 9596: 9582: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9541: 9523: 9508: 9493: 9475: 9451: 9425: 9389: 9368: 9352: 9319: 9288: 9270: 9243: 9232: 9216: 9193: 9177: 9165: 9147: 9142:Jerusalem Post 9128: 9107: 9090: 9083: 9063: 9045: 9024: 9009: 8972: 8962:Berlet, Chip. 8948: 8916: 8904: 8892: 8880: 8866: 8854: 8845: 8821: 8814: 8796: 8790:978-0742501812 8789: 8771: 8765:978-0873954808 8764: 8740: 8729: 8716: 8700: 8687: 8678: 8662: 8649: 8633: 8620: 8607: 8594: 8592:. London, Pan. 8590:Petain's Crime 8581: 8566: 8548: 8544:Petain's Crime 8535: 8531:Petain's Crime 8522: 8517:Rich Tenorio, 8510: 8494: 8481: 8468: 8455: 8442: 8434:J. J. Benjamin 8426: 8405: 8393: 8391:(2002), p. 208 8381: 8365: 8344: 8331: 8315: 8309:Paul Johnson, 8302: 8283: 8265: 8258: 8238: 8223: 8219:Petain's Crime 8210: 8197: 8181: 8161: 8148: 8135: 8122: 8110: 8095: 8072: 8057: 8035: 8028: 8002: 7987: 7972: 7957: 7950: 7924: 7909: 7902: 7876: 7856: 7843: 7830: 7817: 7813:Petain's Crime 7804: 7793: 7777: 7764: 7744: 7737: 7714: 7696: 7677: 7664: 7648: 7635: 7622: 7609: 7592: 7579: 7566: 7550:Martin Gilbert 7541: 7522: 7502: 7494:Luther, Martin 7486: 7479: 7459: 7431: 7417: 7396: 7383: 7370: 7356: 7343: 7330: 7317: 7304: 7286: 7263: 7237: 7214: 7197: 7185: 7159: 7140: 7133: 7113: 7092: 7079: 7058: 7040: 7025: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6982: 6961: 6937: 6914: 6894: 6874: 6853: 6835: 6831:Steven K. Baum 6816: 6796: 6792:Martin Gilbert 6780: 6769: 6760: 6749: 6731: 6713: 6701: 6688: 6679: 6661: 6652: 6640: 6633: 6621:(April 2003). 6610: 6603: 6583: 6562: 6537: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6479: 6467: 6446: 6417: 6396: 6376: 6365: 6350: 6322: 6313: 6297: 6284: 6271: 6245: 6228: 6224:Malik ibn Anas 6211: 6198: 6196:, pp. 229–233. 6185: 6172: 6159: 6143: 6141:, pp. 125–127. 6127: 6125:, pp. 170–176. 6114: 6107: 6087: 6080: 6056: 6049: 6029: 6022: 6002: 5995: 5975: 5954: 5936: 5920: 5908: 5895: 5882: 5867: 5852: 5839: 5826: 5817: 5810: 5790: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5735: 5719: 5703: 5694: 5665: 5649: 5642: 5622: 5615: 5595: 5588: 5565: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5422: 5408: 5405: 5388:Bill of Rights 5370: 5367: 5345: 5342: 5288: 5285: 5273: 5270: 5240:Main article: 5236: 5235: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5199: 5163:Jonathan Sacks 5149: 5148: 5128: 5126: 5101: 5098: 5082:grenade attack 5016:in the 1920s, 4956: 4953: 4896: 4893: 4816: 4813: 4705:Main article: 4702: 4699: 4641:in German and 4634:Einsatzgruppen 4613:prison ghettos 4551:Nuremberg Laws 4497:Final Solution 4488: 4485: 4419:Third Republic 4403:Main article: 4400: 4397: 4355:Black Hundreds 4311: 4308: 4287: 4284: 4280:Constantinople 4232:Passover bread 4177:Martin Gilbert 4156: 4153: 4119: 4116: 4074:Ashkenazi Jews 4048: 4045: 4018: 4015: 4007:Devil's Island 4003:Alfred Dreyfus 3999:Dreyfus affair 3988:Assumptionists 3950:(1893 edition) 3937: 3934: 3918:Adolf Stoecker 3899:German culture 3875:Richard Wagner 3837: 3834: 3803:Louis Veuillot 3784:Maurice Barrès 3708: 3705: 3681: 3678: 3611:Toleranzpatent 3532: 3529: 3502:Shabbatai Zevi 3486:Ottoman Empire 3438:, mobs led by 3423: 3420: 3408:Simon of Trent 3404: 3401: 3371:ecclesiastical 3363:excommunicated 3328: 3325: 3309:Ottoman Empire 3280:crypto-Judaism 3272:New Christians 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3149:Main article: 3146: 3143: 3112: 3109: 2973: 2970: 2942:Simon of Trent 2877:Main article: 2874: 2871: 2740: 2737: 2733:sumptuary laws 2655: 2652: 2572: 2569: 2473:Second Crusade 2469:German Crusade 2434:, expulsions, 2418: 2417: 2405: 2402: 2390:Roman Catholic 2378:Pontius Pilate 2340:Jewish deicide 2338:Main article: 2335: 2332: 2304:Constantinople 2220: 2217: 2122:Main article: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2100: 2085: 2046: 2043: 2031: 2028: 1902:Main article: 1899: 1896: 1617:Antonio Ciseri 1606: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1535: 1521: 1515: 1501: 1494:Ancient Greece 1488:Pre-Christian 1468: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1394:Related topics 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1247:Russian Empire 1239: 1234: 1232:Nuremberg Laws 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1188:Jewish quarter 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1148:Richard Wagner 1145: 1140: 1138:Stepan Bandera 1135: 1133:Symon Petliura 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 968:Adolf Eichmann 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 910:Veterans Today 907: 904:The Unz Review 900: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 865: 860: 855: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 811: 806: 799: 794: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 776: 771: 766: 759: 757: 752: 745: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 664: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 648:ZOG conspiracy 645: 643:White genocide 640: 638:Well poisoning 635: 630: 629: 628: 623: 613: 608: 603: 598: 596:Judeo-Masonism 593: 592: 591: 581: 576: 571: 566: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 513: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 498: 497: 492: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 461: 460: 455: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 399: 398: 388: 383: 378: 372: 370:Manifestations 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 354: 353: 348: 338: 337: 336: 331: 324:United Kingdom 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 295: 294: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 211: 210: 205: 203:Dreyfus affair 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 144: 139: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 125: 120: 118:Nexus Document 115: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 99: 94: 89: 81: 80: 77: 76: 74:discrimination 70:Jewish history 65: 64: 56: 55: 49: 48: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12790: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12748: 12747: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12718: 12713: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12672:Protestantism 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12404: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12360:Sefer HaBahir 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12287:Sifrei Kodesh 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12150: 12144: 12143:Who is a Jew? 12141: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12072:Chosen people 12070: 12068: 12065: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12038: 12035: 12029: 12028:Scots-Yiddish 12026: 12022: 12021: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12002: 12001:Klezmer-loshn 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11871:Judeo-Shirazi 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11846:Judeo-Persian 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11836:Judeo-Marathi 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11814:Judeo-Italian 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11669:Judeo-Amazigh 11667: 11665: 11662: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11492:Hadhrami Jews 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11457:Mountain Jews 11455: 11453: 11452:Egyptian Jews 11450: 11448: 11447:Bukharan Jews 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11235:Lists of Jews 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11121: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11098: 11096: 11091: 11089: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11050:United States 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10747: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10730:The Holocaust 10728: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10594:Doctors' plot 10592: 10590: 10589:Slánský trial 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10572:The Holocaust 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10545:Farhud (Iraq) 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505:Hep-Hep riots 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10487: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:Martin Luther 10451: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10388:Weaponization 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10353: 10352:Philosemitism 10350: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10311:Khazar theory 10309: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10241:Olympic Games 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10219:New Testament 10217: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10057: 10052: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9955: 9951: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9904: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9858: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9825:Weiss, Bari. 9824: 9821: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9804:0-300-08486-2 9801: 9797: 9793: 9791: 9790:1-55972-436-6 9787: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9737: 9736:0-393-31839-7 9733: 9729: 9725: 9723:(2 vol. 2005) 9722: 9718: 9715: 9712:Lee, Albert. 9711: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:0-06-015698-8 9692: 9688: 9684: 9682: 9681:0-8419-0910-5 9678: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9653:0-06-054246-2 9650: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9615:0-7879-6851-X 9612: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9595: 9594:0-8276-0636-2 9591: 9587: 9583: 9581: 9580:0-88619-064-9 9577: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9555: 9548: 9546: 9537: 9530: 9528: 9519: 9512: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9378: 9372: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9274: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9236: 9229: 9226: 9220: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9197: 9190: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9119: 9111: 9103: 9102: 9094: 9086: 9084:9780226300924 9080: 9076: 9075: 9067: 9059: 9058:www.ushmm.org 9055: 9049: 9041: 9036: 9028: 9020: 9013: 9006: 9005:Publiceye.org 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8989:Liberty Lobby 8986: 8982: 8976: 8969: 8968:Publiceye.org 8965: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8835:Time magazine 8831: 8825: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8744: 8738: 8733: 8727:: pp. 180–82. 8726: 8720: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8691: 8682: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8653: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8617: 8611: 8604: 8598: 8591: 8585: 8577: 8570: 8562: 8555: 8553: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8485: 8478: 8472: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8446: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8418:Morris, Benny 8414: 8412: 8410: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8341: 8335: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8312: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8259:9781576078129 8255: 8251: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8214: 8207: 8201: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8158: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8106: 8099: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8076: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8031: 8029:9780300084320 8025: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8006: 7998: 7991: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7928: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7903:9780674325050 7899: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7880: 7872: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7840: 7834: 7827: 7821: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7774: 7768: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7740: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7599:Yosef Qafiḥ, 7596: 7589: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7562:0-231-10965-2 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7482: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7456: 7452: 7451:5-551-76858-9 7448: 7444: 7440: 7439:Johnson, Paul 7435: 7427: 7421: 7413: 7408: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7366: 7360: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7284: 7283:0-06-063834-6 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7210:0-300-07157-4 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7136: 7134:9780198717980 7130: 7126: 7125: 7117: 7110: 7109:0-674-39731-2 7106: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7083: 7075: 7070: 7062: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6987: 6979: 6978:0-8010-7758-3 6975: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6957:0-486-42519-3 6954: 6950: 6946: 6945:Gibb, H. A. R 6941: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6891:0-8264-0936-9 6888: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6870:0-300-06906-5 6867: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6773: 6764: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6717: 6708: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6683: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6656: 6647: 6645: 6636: 6634:0-316-16871-8 6630: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6604:9780786438174 6600: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6574: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6450: 6443: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6408: 6400: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6110: 6108:9781596980297 6104: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6023:9780965351751 6019: 6015: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5965: 5957: 5955:9781850755036 5951: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5929: 5928:Clifford Ando 5924: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5891:Roman History 5889:Cassius Dio, 5886: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5821: 5813: 5811:9780809143245 5807: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5687:0-8091-2702-4 5684: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5663: 5662:Peter Schäfer 5659: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5589:9781576072097 5585: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450:The Holocaust 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5338:Old Testament 5335: 5334:Protestantism 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5306:New Testament 5303: 5302:Old Testament 5299: 5294: 5293:Protestantism 5287:Protestantism 5284: 5282: 5281:Protestantism 5278: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5232: 5229:November 2023 5223: 5219: 5216:This section 5214: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5179:Antony Lerman 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5145: 5142:December 2018 5136: 5132: 5129:This section 5127: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5094:Jewish exodus 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4872:Kraków pogrom 4869: 4868:Kielce pogrom 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849:Joseph Stalin 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4829:Doctors' Plot 4821: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4708: 4701:United States 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617:Warsaw Ghetto 4614: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569:Kristallnacht 4566: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4522: 4521:Wandering Jew 4518: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4493:The Holocaust 4484: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4413:, founded by 4412: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294:, called the 4293: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4212:Torah scrolls 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:Algerian Jews 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4047:United States 4044: 4042: 4041:Grand Council 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3976:, founded by 3975: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3960:republicanism 3957: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850:Hep-Hep riots 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3796:Henry Hyndman 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764:Sur les juifs 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3592:Maria Theresa 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3561:According to 3559: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3540:Cossack Mamay 3537: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455:New Amsterdam 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3416:Pope Sixtus V 3413: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3390:the Holocaust 3386: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:Martin Luther 3350: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305:Sephardi Jews 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:ritual murder 2911: 2908:The story of 2906: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2806:siege of 1099 2802: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2565:Spanish Jewry 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:Third Crusade 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467:, in 1096, a 2466: 2465:First Crusade 2462: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294:(585) and in 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2255:Jerusalem on 2253: 2252:Constantine I 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2113:7:51–53, RSV) 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Saint Stephen 2101: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2061:New Testament 2056: 2052: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2020:Edward Gibbon 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:Ancient Greek 1857: 1855: 1851: 1850:ancient times 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:Ptolemy Lagus 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1728:is quoted by 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653:retelling of 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Islamic world 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529:Enlightenment 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1410:Weaponization 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1400:Philosemitism 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321:Philosemitism 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205:The Holocaust 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098:Octavian Goga 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083:Ion Antonescu 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1053:Joseph Stalin 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1028:Martin Luther 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 933:Andrew Anglin 931: 929: 926: 925: 919: 918: 911: 908: 906: 905: 901: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 870: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 853: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 816: 812: 810: 807: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 793: 792:4chan (/pol/) 790: 789: 783: 782: 775: 772: 770: 767: 764: 758: 756: 753: 750: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 696: 691: 689: 686: 684: 683:Currency Wars 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 662: 657: 656: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 627: 626:Slánský trial 624: 622: 621:Doctors' plot 619: 618: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 606:Media control 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 590: 587: 586: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562:International 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 506: 505: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 397: 394: 393: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 359: 356: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 142: 137: 136: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 104: 103: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 83: 82: 75: 71: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 34: 33: 27: 19: 12773:Anti-Judaism 12737: 12730: 12716: 12639: 12632: 12620: 12603: 12586: 12420:perspectives 12254:Samaritanism 12215:Neo-Hasidism 12195:Conservative 12109:Names of God 12018: 11999: 11809:Judaeo-Greek 11804:Judeo-Gascon 11743:Lishán Didán 11738:Lishana Deni 11706:Judeo-Yemeni 11674:Judeo-Arabic 11548:Meshuchrarim 11467:Persian Jews 11400:Kurdish Jews 11378:Kaifeng Jews 11327:Beta Abraham 11290:Galitzianers 11245:Antisemitism 11220:Israeli Jews 11205:Assimilation 11060:21st century 11040:South Africa 11006:Labour Party 10927:21st century 10870:Saudi Arabia 10794:Yellow badge 10744: 10740:Jewish quota 10667: 10629: 10604:Yellow badge 10472: 10416:Anti-Judaism 10370: 10356: 10344: 10320: 10316:Ku Klux Klan 10291: 10267:Anti-Zionism 10251:Universities 10214:Christianity 10124:Adolf Hitler 10098: 10070:Antisemitism 10027:Why the Jews 9958:. 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Full 3836:Germany 3737:Semitic 3694:ghettos 3674:shtetls 3647:Lengnau 3630:in the 3616:Yiddish 3596:Bohemia 3580:Breslau 3521:Tihamah 3511:In the 3506:Messiah 3467:Quakers 3365:by the 3083:Lincoln 3047:Newbury 3035:Wycombe 2918:Norwich 2898:puberty 2837:In the 2790:Cologne 2689:ghettos 2671:in the 2632:dhimmis 2620:pogroms 2609:Cordova 2523:As the 2386:deicide 2382:deicida 2345:Deicide 2328:Palermo 2318:in 500 2308:Antioch 2296:Orléans 2290:(495), 2288:Ravenna 2286:(500), 2280:Antioch 2276:Menorca 2274:(388), 2268:Tortona 2213:Khaybar 2160:Muslims 2093:Matthew 2074:Abraham 2015:Hadrian 1964:Sejanus 1878:Shabbat 1863:ruler, 1846:Sabbath 1826:Tacitus 1722:Tacitus 1698:Manetho 1643:Manetho 1242:Pogroms 897:TruNews 858:Red Ice 831:GoyimTV 542:Deicide 495:Zionist 470:Olympic 428:Islamic 346:History 319:Ukraine 260:Romania 225:Hungary 215:Germany 183:Chilean 178:Chinese 168:Belgium 163:Belarus 158:Austria 87:History 12525:Hazzan 12515:Prayer 12392:Siddur 12328:Talmud 12292:Tanakh 12227:Neolog 12200:Reform 12188:Modern 12171:Haredi 12094:Ethics 11960:Shassi 11928:Ladino 11893:Karaim 11876:Juhuri 11718:Targum 11632:Signed 11597:Modern 11592:Hebrew 11560:Xuetes 11356:Dönmeh 11315:Yekkes 11045:Turkey 11020:Mexico 10986:Sweden 10974:Soviet 10964:Russia 10954:Norway 10939:Greece 10922:France 10907:Europe 10887:Canada 10723:Mellah 10670:(blog) 10480:Pogrom 10119:Nazism 9836:(2023) 9829:(2021) 9814:online 9802: 9788: 9751:(2019) 9734: 9709:today. 9693: 9679: 9668:(2012) 9651: 9637:online 9627:online 9613: 9602:(2022) 9592: 9578: 9411: 9081: 8993:Mossad 8812: 8787: 8762: 8256: 8026: 7948: 7900: 7735: 7560: 7477: 7449: 7281: 7232: 7208: 7131: 7107: 6976: 6955: 6889: 6868: 6810: 6631: 6601: 6205:Meri, 6121:Watt, 6105: 6078: 6072:191–92 6047: 6020: 5993: 5952: 5808: 5685: 5640: 5613: 5586: 5417:Quebec 5378:, the 5161:, and 5112:, and 5062:Manama 5038:Farhud 5022:Turkey 4998:Shiraz 4967:, and 4683:Bełżec 4549:. 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