399:
stopping the medication and a clot forming versus the risk of bleeding during or after the surgery if medication is continued. A 2018 Cochrane Review that included five randomized controlled trials found low-certainty evidence to suggest that continuing or discontinuing antiplatelet therapy for a non-cardiac surgery does not make a difference in mortality, major bleeds that require surgery, or ischaemic events. The same review found moderate certainty evidence that continuing or discontinuing therapy also did not have a big difference on the incidence of bleeds requiring a blood transfusion.
3182:
3203:
325:
stroke with or without atrial fibrillation, any heart surgery (especially prosthetic replacement heart valve), Coronary Heart
Disease such as stable angina, unstable angina and heart attack, patients with coronary stent, Peripheral Vascular Disease/Peripheral Arterial Disease and apical/ventricular/mural thrombus.
943:
Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE, Ettinger SM, et al. (American
College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography
574:
Use of NSAIDs as part of dental management of patients with vascular disease should be discouraged as NSAIDs have antiplatelet effect. Instead, simple analgesics such as paracetamol or co-codamol should be of first choice. If NSAIDs are required, the risk of bleeding increases with duration of dental
412:
In patients with truly time-sensitive disease (defined in the 2014 ACC/AHA guidelines as needing to proceed in 2â6 weeks), DAPT can be stopped 3 (three) months (90 days) after a coronary stent is placed if postponing surgery any longer would result in significant morbidity. Examples of these types of
526:
Antiplatelet drugs effect may be affected by patient's medications, current medical conditions, food and supplements taken. Antiplatelet drugs effect may be increased or decreased. An increase in antiplatelet effect would increase the risk of bleeding and could cause prolonged or excessive bleeding.
398:
Antiplatelet therapy may increase the risk of a bleed during surgery, however, stopping therapy may increase the risk of other thrombotic problems including myocardial infarction. When considering these medications and the risk-benefit ratio in the perioperative period, one must consider the risk of
324:
Prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis is essential in patients with certain medical conditions whereby the risk of thrombosis or thromboembolism may result in disastrous consequences such as heart attack, pulmonary embolism or stroke. Patients who require the use of antiplatelet drugs are:
896:
Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, et al. (American
College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses
422:
Dentists should be aware of the risk of prolonged bleeding time in patients taking antiplatelet drugs when planning dental treatments that are likely to cause bleeding. Therefore, it is important for dentists to know how to assess patient's bleeding risk and how to manage them.
527:
A decrease in antiplatelet effect would reduce the risk of bleeding, but increase the thromboembolic risk. Drug toxicity may increase when multiple antiplatelet drugs are used. Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common adverse event seen in many patients.
75:. Antiplatelet drugs can reversibly or irreversibly inhibit the process involved in platelet activation resulting in decreased tendency of platelets to adhere to one another and to damaged blood vessels' endothelium.
413:
surgeries include some cancer surgery and possibly some orthopedic surgery (non-urgent/emergent fracture management). Preferably 6 to 12 months of DAPT should be continued in patients having elective surgery.
539:
Cytotoxic drugs or drugs associated with bone marrow suppression (e.g.: leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, sulfasalazine, penicillamine, gold, methotrexate, azathioprine,
1071:"Long-term dual antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in the subgroup of patients with previous myocardial infarction: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials"
268:
103:, ADP/P2Y inhibitors may be used as single-drug therapy instead. More severe and complicated cases are treated with dual antiplatelet therapy, or in some cases triple therapy that includes
796:
GarcĂa-Ropero Ă, Vargas-Delgado AP, Santos-Gallego CG, Badimon JJ (April 2020). "Direct Oral
Anticoagulants and Coronary Artery Disease: The Debacle of the Aspirin Era?".
946:"2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (updating the 2007 guideline)"
409:
CABG: Patients may proceed with surgery as soon as they are healed from the coronary artery bypass procedure and they do not need any specific amount of time on DAPT
862:
372:
is a prostacyclin that is used to inhibit platelet aggregation during renal dialysis (with or without heparin) and is also used in primary pulmonary hypertension.
3134:
2214:
139:
myocardial infarctions, and other high-risk thrombotic conditions. Dual antiplatelet therapy has been found to significantly reduce rates of heart attacks,
1166:"Surgeon's guide to anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications part two: antiplatelet agents and perioperative management of long-term anticoagulation"
2182:
3191:
159:
71:
with one or more of these drugs decreases the ability of blood clots to form by interfering with the platelet activation process in primary
2204:
1935:
1338:
1333:
1215:"National estimates of emergency department visits for hemorrhage-related adverse events from clopidogrel plus aspirin and from warfarin"
1117:"Continuation versus discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy for bleeding and ischaemic events in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery"
2985:
2945:
2034:
1272:
332:. Antiplatelet drugs alter the platelet activation at the site of vascular damage crucial to the development of arterial thrombosis.
131:, or another) is used to obtain greater effectiveness than with either agent alone. This is known as "dual antiplatelet therapy" (or
107:. Clinicians must make a choice that balances patient risk with the increased risks of bleeding associated with combination therapy.
1364:
899:"2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart diseasem"
1250:
544:
2558:
2148:
674:
Persantin, Persantin Retard, Attia
Modified Release, Ofcram PR. Dual with aspirin: Asasantin Retard, Molita Modified Release
2845:
2838:
897:
Association, Society for
Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons) (December 2012).
607:
143:, and overall cardiovascular death, but is not used in low-risk patients because it significantly increases the risks of
2588:
2451:
869:
2212:
1519:
2165:
1315:
2741:
2197:
2129:
1537:
1510:
987:"Combination Antiplatelet and Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients With Coronary and Peripheral Artery Disease"
306:
294:
209:
1921:
1464:
1895:
403:
Balloon angioplasty in the preoperative periodââpatients can proceed to surgery two weeks after the procedure.
1265:
359:
inhibits platelet phosphodiesterase, causing an increase in cyclic AMP with potentiation of the action of PGI
272:
347:(thromboxane â powerful vasoconstrictor that lowers cyclic AMP and initiates the platelet release reaction).
2440:
2222:
1748:
196:
83:
Antiplatelet medications are one of the primary recommendations for treatment of both stable and unstable
3228:
3051:
1839:
1559:
603:
255:
57:
Antiplatelet drugs are widely used in primary and secondary prevention of thrombotic disease, especially
2701:
2190:
104:
1887:
1258:
2756:
2434:
2285:
2153:
84:
1280:
2793:
2548:
1502:
1426:
1069:
Udell JA, Bonaca MP, Collet JP, Lincoff AM, Kereiakes DJ, Costa F, et al. (January 2016).
648:
Nu-Seals, Microprin, caprin Dual with dipyridamole: Asasantin Retard, Molita
Modified Release
100:
2478:
2414:
2259:
2030:
289:
58:
2553:
2533:
2402:
2092:
1671:
1626:
329:
48:
36:
135:). DAPT is used in patients who have, or are at high risk of developing, unstable angina,
8:
3162:
2898:
2684:
2463:
2290:
1482:
328:
Treatment of established arterial thrombosis includes the use of antiplatelet drugs and
3196:
3061:
2920:
2374:
1773:
1190:
1165:
1141:
1116:
1016:
821:
773:
752:
718:
1003:
986:
378:
block a receptor on the platelet for fibrinogen and von
Willebrand factor. 3 classes:
3202:
3157:
2940:
2930:
2833:
2663:
2619:
2603:
2407:
2397:
2340:
2017:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1733:
1285:
1236:
1195:
1146:
1092:
1051:
1020:
1008:
967:
920:
825:
813:
778:
728:
431:
Identify the likelihood and risk of dental treatment causing bleeding complications.
343:
irreversibly inhibits the enzyme COX, resulting in reduced platelet production of TXA
3167:
2990:
2915:
2903:
2828:
2694:
2573:
2362:
1991:
1822:
1783:
1753:
1231:
1226:
1214:
1185:
1177:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1082:
1043:
998:
957:
910:
805:
768:
760:
2634:
3207:
3152:
3021:
3016:
2855:
2788:
2783:
2669:
2615:
2456:
2347:
2300:
1795:
1115:
Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Alderson P, Smith AF (July 2018).
915:
898:
809:
96:
795:
3186:
3086:
3081:
2935:
2925:
2875:
2860:
2850:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2674:
2646:
2598:
2593:
2325:
2280:
2276:
2159:
1686:
1372:
1281:
1087:
1070:
962:
945:
587:
236:
1181:
1034:
Lange, RA; Hillis, LD (2013), "The duel between dual antiplatelet therapies",
3222:
3118:
3091:
2950:
2768:
2679:
2659:
2655:
2518:
2446:
2335:
2250:
2116:
2086:
1676:
1661:
1656:
1617:
1289:
591:
92:
51:
3076:
2995:
2731:
2689:
2523:
2513:
2429:
2424:
2106:
2076:
2054:
2049:
2022:
1971:
1950:
1800:
1739:
1695:
1572:
1515:
1454:
1449:
1430:
1328:
1297:
1240:
1199:
1150:
1096:
1055:
1012:
971:
924:
817:
782:
764:
598:, advanced heart failure, mild forms of inherited bleeding disorders (e.g.
595:
221:
201:
116:
32:
443:
Dental procedures with high risk of post-operative bleeding complications
2960:
2870:
2610:
2563:
2508:
2391:
2357:
1976:
1904:
1873:
1805:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1593:
1387:
1377:
1047:
723:
599:
583:
Medical conditions that may increase antiplatelet drugs' effect include:
440:
Dental procedures with low risk of post-operative bleeding complications
188:
170:
120:
1114:
454:
Extractions involving surgery, large wound or more than 3 teeth at once
3138:
3109:
3067:
3036:
3031:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2893:
2879:
2819:
2774:
2722:
2642:
2638:
2579:
2539:
2494:
2490:
2380:
2316:
2266:
2231:
2227:
2081:
1998:
1981:
1966:
1945:
1930:
1925:
1868:
1853:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1666:
1635:
1567:
1547:
1525:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1343:
299:
260:
182:
128:
72:
417:
3046:
3026:
3000:
2975:
2910:
2888:
2716:
2629:
2503:
2069:
2064:
2044:
2039:
1986:
1940:
1914:
1909:
1858:
1716:
1639:
1603:
1577:
1542:
1530:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1439:
1409:
1404:
1382:
1348:
1323:
281:
247:
227:
215:
176:
164:
124:
3147:
3011:
3007:
2980:
2419:
2352:
2271:
1863:
1848:
1681:
1652:
1643:
1631:
1598:
1444:
618:
Food and supplements that may increase antiplatelet drugs' effect:
144:
40:
651:
acetylsalicylic acid - There are numerous brand names for
Aspirin
319:
3123:
3041:
2706:
2473:
2295:
2245:
2134:
2124:
2101:
1899:
1728:
1472:
985:
Gurbel PA, Fox KA, Tantry US, Ten Cate H, Weitz JI (April 2019).
944:
242:
88:
2805:
2468:
2096:
448:
Local anaesthesia using aspirating syringe and vasoconstrictor
140:
136:
62:
44:
1213:
Shehab N, Sperling LS, Kegler SR, Budnitz DS (November 2010).
624:
3105:
2815:
2310:
1358:
451:
Simple extractions up to 3 teeth with restricted wound size
2809:
2003:
1212:
1164:
Yeung LY, Sarani B, Weinberg JA, McBeth PB, May AK (2016).
942:
481:
Direct or indirect restoration with supragingival margins
1163:
495:
Direct or indirect restorations with subgingival margins
393:
91:
is used as a single medication in cases of uncomplicated
1068:
557:
Medications that may decrease antiplatelet drug effect:
535:
Medications that may increase antiplatelet drug effect:
353:
affects the ADP-dependent activation of IIb/IIIa complex
984:
550:
NSAIDS (e.g.: aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen)
2215:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
895:
406:
Bare metal stents required at least one month of DAPT
418:
Dental management of patients on antiplatelet drugs
511:Fitting and adjustment of orthodontic appliances.
381:Murine-human chimeric antibodies (e.g., abciximab)
484:Root surface debridement and subgingival scaling
3220:
594:, haematological malignancy, recent or current
320:Prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis
160:Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors
470:Supragingival plaque, calculus, stain removal
462:Incision and drainage of intra-oral swellings
2198:
1266:
950:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
437:Dental procedures unlikely to cause bleeding
2213:Major chemical drug groups â based upon the
1027:
110:
1121:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1033:
750:
625:Oral antiplatelet drugs available in the UK
2205:
2191:
1273:
1259:
553:Other anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs
543:Drugs affecting the nervous system (e.g.:
376:Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists
1230:
1189:
1140:
1086:
1002:
961:
914:
772:
269:Protease-activated receptor-1 antagonists
863:"SDCEP Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets"
621:St. John's wort, ginkgo biloba, garlic.
384:Synthetic non-peptides (e.g., tirofiban)
613:
545:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
473:Six point full periodontal examination
426:
387:Synthetic peptides (e.g., eptifibatide)
155:Classes of antiplatelet drugs include:
115:Often a combination of aspirin plus an
3221:
3192:Pharmacological classification systems
2559:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
798:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
394:Management in the perioperative period
2839:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2186:
1254:
857:
855:
578:
275:
43:formation. They are effective in the
1170:Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open
1110:
1108:
1106:
938:
936:
934:
891:
889:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
759:. 147 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S241âS251.
746:
744:
459:Basic Periodontal examination (BPE)
2452:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
608:idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
13:
751:Born G, Patrono C (January 2006).
14:
3240:
1103:
1004:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033580
931:
886:
832:
741:
150:
23:(antiaggregant), also known as a
3201:
3181:
3180:
1888:Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors
1316:Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
521:
295:Thromboxane receptor antagonists
210:Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors
25:platelet agglutination inhibitor
2589:Hypothalamicâpituitary hormones
1511:Thromboxane synthase inhibitors
1206:
1157:
757:British Journal of Pharmacology
307:Thromboxane synthase inhibitors
1232:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.407
1133:10.1002/14651858.CD012584.pub2
1062:
978:
789:
530:
29:platelet aggregation inhibitor
1:
2341:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
1219:Archives of Internal Medicine
734:
273:protease-activated receptor 1
197:Adenosine reuptake inhibitors
3052:Wakefulness-promoting agents
1749:Low-molecular-weight heparin
1560:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
1473:Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin
916:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0
810:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000795
256:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
47:circulation where classical
31:, is a member of a class of
7:
712:
10:
3245:
2702:Intravenous immunoglobulin
963:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.009
105:direct oral anticoagulants
3176:
3132:
3104:
3060:
2869:
2804:
2767:
2715:
2628:
2572:
2532:
2489:
2373:
2309:
2221:
2143:
2115:
2016:
1959:
1886:
1838:
1727:
1721:(with some II inhibition)
1715:
1625:
1616:
1586:
1558:
1501:
1463:
1425:
1357:
1314:
1305:
1182:10.1136/tsaco-2016-000022
111:Dual antiplatelet therapy
101:does not tolerate aspirin
78:
2757:Topoisomerase inhibitors
2441:reninâangiotensin system
2435:Calcium channel blockers
1088:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv443
632:Oral Antiplatelet Drugs
604:Von Willebrand's disease
465:Flap raising procedures
363:â opposes actions of TXA
314:
16:Class of pharmaceuticals
492:Orthograde endodontics
212:(intravenous use only)
95:, and in some cases of
2549:Hormonal contraception
2479:Bile acid sequestrants
2260:Proton-pump inhibitors
2223:gastrointestinal tract
2031:Plasminogen activators
1503:Thromboxane inhibitors
1427:Prostaglandin analogue
1075:European Heart Journal
765:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706401
502:Prosthetic procedures
476:Gingival recontouring
290:Thromboxane inhibitors
85:ischemic heart disease
2093:serine endopeptidases
1627:Vitamin K antagonists
638:Other Names (Non-UK)
59:myocardial infarction
54:have minimal effect.
3158:Radiopharmaceuticals
2946:Antiparkinson agents
1840:Direct Xa inhibitors
1672:Ethyl biscoumacetate
1538:Receptor antagonists
1048:10.1056/NEJMe1302504
753:"Antiplatelet drugs"
614:Food and supplements
427:Assess bleeding risk
330:thrombolytic therapy
69:Antiplatelet therapy
49:Vitamin K antagonist
37:platelet aggregation
2941:Antimigraine agents
2931:Antidementia agents
2834:Anti-inflammatories
2524:Medicated dressings
2464:Antihyperlipidemics
2291:Diabetes medication
1483:Carbasalate calcium
271:(which inhibit the
119:inhibitor (such as
3229:Antiplatelet drugs
2794:Immunosuppressants
2664:Antimycobacterials
2620:Antithyroid agents
2604:Mineralocorticoids
2408:Cardiac stimulants
2398:Cardiac glycosides
2390:cardiac therapy /
2286:Anti-obesity drugs
2170:Never to phase III
2018:Thrombolytic drugs
1734:glycosaminoglycans
1307:Antiplatelet drugs
1294:antiplatelet drugs
719:Anticoagulant drug
579:Medical conditions
3216:
3215:
3119:Ophthalmologicals
2829:Anabolic steroids
2732:Anticancer agents
2695:Ectoparasiticides
2415:Antihypertensives
2363:Antifibrinolytics
2180:
2179:
2012:
2011:
1882:
1881:
1612:
1611:
1225:(21): 1926â1933.
1042:(14): 1356â1357,
997:(18): 2170â2185.
956:(19): 1920â1959.
909:(25): e354âe471.
729:Thrombolytic drug
708:
707:
704:Brilinta, Possia
691:Effient, Prasita
519:
518:
87:. Most commonly,
21:antiplatelet drug
3236:
3205:
3184:
3183:
3168:Senotherapeutics
3022:Neuroprotectives
3017:Mood stabilizers
2916:Anti-ADHD agents
2856:Muscle relaxants
2789:Immunostimulants
2784:Immunomodulators
2616:Thyroid hormones
2554:Fertility agents
2457:Renin inhibitors
2348:Antihemorrhagics
2315:forming organs (
2301:Dietary minerals
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2183:
1992:Drotrecogin alfa
1972:Antithrombin III
1823:Dermatan sulfate
1796:Oligosaccharides
1725:
1724:
1623:
1622:
1359:ADP receptor/P2Y
1312:
1311:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
982:
976:
975:
965:
940:
929:
928:
918:
893:
884:
883:
881:
880:
874:
868:. Archived from
867:
859:
830:
829:
793:
787:
786:
776:
748:
629:
628:
434:
433:
277:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:Medicine portal
3172:
3128:
3100:
3095:
3087:Cough medicines
3082:Bronchodilators
3063:
3056:
2936:Antidepressants
2926:Anticonvulsants
2874:
2865:
2861:Bisphosphonates
2851:Corticosteroids
2813:
2800:
2772:
2763:
2747:Spindle poisons
2737:Antimetabolites
2720:
2711:
2633:
2624:
2599:Glucocorticoids
2594:Corticosteroids
2575:
2568:
2535:
2528:
2485:
2403:Antiarrhythmics
2376:
2369:
2326:Antithrombotics
2314:
2305:
2281:Antipropulsives
2277:Antidiarrhoeals
2254:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2160:Clinical trials
2139:
2111:
2021:
2008:
1955:
1878:
1834:
1737:
1732:
1720:
1711:
1687:1,3-Indandiones
1629:
1608:
1582:
1554:
1497:
1459:
1421:
1373:Thienopyridines
1362:
1353:
1301:
1282:Antithrombotics
1279:
1249:
1248:
1211:
1207:
1162:
1158:
1127:(7): CD012584.
1113:
1104:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1028:
983:
979:
941:
932:
894:
887:
878:
876:
872:
865:
861:
860:
833:
794:
790:
749:
742:
737:
715:
661:Plavix, Grepid
627:
616:
581:
533:
524:
429:
420:
396:
366:
362:
346:
322:
317:
153:
113:
99:. If a patient
97:unstable angina
81:
63:ischemic stroke
33:pharmaceuticals
17:
12:
11:
5:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Contrast media
3150:
3144:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3106:sensory organs
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Antipsychotics
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Antiaddictives
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2876:nervous system
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Antirheumatics
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:Antineoplastic
2749:
2744:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Antiprotozoals
2680:Antiparasitics
2677:
2672:
2667:
2660:Antibacterials
2656:Antimicrobials
2652:
2650:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2519:Antipsoriatics
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:ACE inhibitors
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2386:
2384:
2375:cardiovascular
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:Anticoagulants
2333:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1745:
1743:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1620:
1618:Anticoagulants
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1465:COX inhibitors
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1290:anticoagulants
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1205:
1176:(1): e000022.
1156:
1102:
1081:(4): 390â399.
1061:
1026:
977:
930:
885:
831:
804:(4): 269â275.
788:
739:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
714:
711:
706:
705:
702:
699:
693:
692:
689:
686:
680:
679:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:UK Trade Name
633:
626:
623:
615:
612:
588:kidney failure
580:
577:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
555:
554:
551:
548:
541:
540:mycophenolate)
532:
529:
523:
520:
517:
516:
514:
512:
508:
507:
505:
503:
499:
498:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
428:
425:
419:
416:
415:
414:
410:
407:
404:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
385:
382:
373:
367:
364:
360:
354:
348:
344:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
303:
302:
287:
286:
285:
266:
265:
264:
253:
252:
251:
245:
237:cyclooxygenase
233:
232:
231:
225:
219:
207:
206:
205:
194:
193:
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:
152:
151:Classification
149:
145:major bleeding
112:
109:
80:
77:
52:anticoagulants
35:that decrease
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3241:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Decongestants
3075:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Dissociatives
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:Hallucinogens
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Anthelmintics
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:genitourinary
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Antipruritics
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Beta blockers
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Antiplatelets
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2117:Non-medicinal
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:Streptokinase
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2023:fibrinolytics
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Phenprocoumon
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Coumatetralyl
1660:
1658:
1657:Acenocoumarol
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:thrombolytics
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
937:
935:
926:
922:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
890:
875:on 2017-03-28
871:
864:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
740:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
630:
622:
619:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:liver disease
589:
584:
576:
569:
566:
563:
561:Carbamazepine
560:
559:
558:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
537:
536:
528:
522:Drug toxicity
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
436:
435:
432:
424:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
400:
386:
383:
380:
379:
377:
374:
371:
368:
358:
355:
352:
349:
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
331:
326:
308:
305:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
283:
280:
279:
274:
270:
267:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
235:Irreversible
234:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:stable angina
90:
86:
76:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
55:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2991:Psychedelics
2961:Aphrodisiacs
2635:infestations
2611:Sex hormones
2564:Sex hormones
2509:Cicatrizants
2439:
2425:Vasodilators
2392:antianginals
2389:
2330:
2241:stomach acid
2240:
2107:Fibrinolysin
2077:Anistreplase
2055:Desmoteplase
2050:Tenecteplase
1951:Ximelagatran
1801:Fondaparinux
1740:antithrombin
1696:Diphenadione
1573:Dipyridamole
1516:Dipyridamole
1455:Treprostinil
1450:Prostacyclin
1329:Eptifibatide
1306:
1293:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1124:
1120:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1039:
1036:N Engl J Med
1035:
1029:
994:
990:
980:
953:
949:
906:
902:
877:. Retrieved
870:the original
801:
797:
791:
756:
709:
696:
683:
677:
670:Dipyridamole
669:
656:
643:
620:
617:
596:chemotherapy
585:
582:
573:
564:Erythromycin
556:
534:
525:
430:
421:
397:
375:
370:Epoprostenol
369:
357:Dipyridamole
356:
350:
340:
336:
327:
323:
224:(Integrilin)
222:Eptifibatide
204:(Persantine)
202:Dipyridamole
154:
132:
114:
82:
68:
67:
56:
39:and inhibit
28:
24:
20:
18:
3124:Otologicals
3096:antagonists
3062:respiratory
3037:Orexigenics
3032:Neurotoxins
2981:Euphoriants
2971:Entactogens
2966:Depressants
2956:Anxiolytics
2894:Anesthetics
2670:Antifungals
2267:Antiemetics
2255:antagonists
2156:from market
1977:Defibrotide
1905:Bivalirudin
1874:Rivaroxaban
1813:Heparinoids
1806:Idraparinux
1707:Tioclomarol
1701:Phenindione
1691:Clorindione
1594:Cloricromen
1388:Ticlopidine
1378:Clopidogrel
991:Circulation
903:Circulation
724:Nitrophorin
657:Clopidogrel
600:haemophilia
575:treatment.
567:Fluconazole
531:Medications
351:Clopidogrel
284:(Zontivity)
239:inhibitors
230:(Aggrastat)
189:Ticlopidine
171:Clopidogrel
121:clopidogrel
3047:Stimulants
3027:Nootropics
3001:Deliriants
2976:Entheogens
2911:Anorectics
2889:Analgesics
2742:Alkylating
2675:Antivirals
2630:infections
2504:Emollients
2358:Coagulants
2228:metabolism
2082:Monteplase
1999:Ramatroban
1982:Nafamostat
1967:Abelacimab
1946:Melagatran
1931:Dabigatran
1926:Argatroban
1869:Otamixaban
1854:Betrixaban
1842:("xabans")
1828:Sulodexide
1818:Danaparoid
1789:Tinzaparin
1779:Parnaparin
1774:Nadroparin
1769:Enoxaparin
1764:Dalteparin
1759:Certoparin
1719:inhibitors
1667:Dicoumarol
1568:Cilostazol
1548:Terutroban
1526:Picotamide
1415:Ticagrelor
1399:nucleoside
1395:Nucleotide
1365:inhibitors
1344:Sibrafiban
879:2016-03-09
735:References
697:Ticagrelor
570:Omeprazole
300:Terutroban
261:Cilostazol
185:(Brilinta)
183:Ticagrelor
167:(Kengreal)
129:ticagrelor
73:hemostasis
3197:ATC codes
3163:Dressings
3148:Antidotes
3012:Sedatives
3008:Hypnotics
2717:malignant
2574:endocrine
2420:Diuretics
2353:Platelets
2313:and blood
2272:Laxatives
2166:Phase III
2154:Withdrawn
2070:Urokinase
2065:Saruplase
2045:Reteplase
2040:Alteplase
1987:Protein C
1941:Inogatran
1936:Efegatran
1922:Univalent
1915:Lepirudin
1910:Desirudin
1859:Darexaban
1784:Reviparin
1754:Bemiparin
1717:Factor Xa
1653:Coumarins
1630:(inhibit
1604:Vorapaxar
1578:Triflusal
1543:Terbogrel
1531:Terbogrel
1520:+ aspirin
1493:Triflusal
1488:Indobufen
1478:Aloxiprin
1440:Beraprost
1410:Elinogrel
1405:Cangrelor
1383:Prasugrel
1349:Tirofiban
1339:Roxifiban
1334:Orbofiban
1324:Abciximab
1021:207592252
826:210149420
701:Brilique
684:Prasugrel
487:Biopsies
341:Triflusal
282:Vorapaxar
263:(Pletaal)
250:(Disgren)
248:Triflusal
228:Tirofiban
216:Abciximab
179:(Effient)
177:Prasugrel
165:Cangrelor
125:prasugrel
3223:Category
3042:Serenics
2707:Vaccines
2474:Fibrates
2296:Vitamins
2246:Antacids
1896:Bivalent
1864:Edoxaban
1849:Apixaban
1682:Warfarin
1599:Ditazole
1445:Iloprost
1401:analogs
1241:21098354
1200:29767644
1151:30019463
1097:26324537
1056:23473370
1013:31034291
972:21450428
925:23166211
818:31923049
783:16402110
713:See also
664:Iscover
586:Chronic
547:(SSRIs))
218:(ReoPro)
191:(Ticlid)
173:(Plavix)
45:arterial
41:thrombus
2899:General
2806:muscles
2775:L03âL04
2771:disease
2723:L01âL02
2719:disease
2469:Statins
2135:Oxalate
2125:Citrate
2102:Brinase
1900:Hirudin
1729:Heparin
1705:Other:
1191:5891708
1142:6513221
774:1760725
688:Efient
644:Aspirin
337:Aspirin
278:PAR-1)
243:Aspirin
141:strokes
117:ADP/P2Y
89:aspirin
3206:
3185:
3133:other
3064:system
2816:joints
2769:immune
2576:system
2536:system
2377:system
2149:WHO-EM
2097:Ancrod
2091:Other
1738:(bind
1731:group/
1239:
1198:
1188:
1149:
1139:
1095:
1054:
1019:
1011:
970:
923:
824:
816:
781:
771:
606:) and
276:a.k.a.
137:NSTEMI
79:Choice
3187:Drugs
2904:Local
2871:brain
2810:bones
2311:blood
2035:r-tPA
1960:Other
1587:Other
1017:S2CID
873:(PDF)
866:(PDF)
822:S2CID
315:Usage
2814:and
2491:skin
2130:EDTA
2061:UPA
2004:REG1
1431:PGI2
1292:and
1237:PMID
1196:PMID
1147:PMID
1093:PMID
1052:PMID
1009:PMID
968:PMID
921:PMID
814:PMID
779:PMID
339:and
133:DAPT
61:and
3135:ATC
2873:and
2632:and
1636:VII
1298:B01
1296:) (
1227:doi
1223:170
1186:PMC
1178:doi
1137:PMC
1129:doi
1083:doi
1044:doi
1040:368
999:doi
995:139
958:doi
911:doi
907:126
806:doi
769:PMC
761:doi
27:or
19:An
3225::
3010:/
2808:,
2658::
2647:QI
2645:,
2641:,
2618:/
2279:/
2226:/
2162::
2095::
2033::
1924::
1898::
1689::
1655::
1642:,
1640:IX
1638:,
1634:,
1632:II
1361:12
1288:,
1235:.
1221:.
1217:.
1194:.
1184:.
1172:.
1168:.
1145:.
1135:.
1123:.
1119:.
1105:^
1091:.
1079:37
1077:.
1073:.
1050:,
1038:,
1015:.
1007:.
993:.
989:.
966:.
954:57
952:.
948:.
933:^
919:.
905:.
901:.
888:^
834:^
820:.
812:.
802:75
800:.
777:.
767:.
755:.
743:^
610:.
602:,
590:,
147:.
127:,
123:,
65:.
3141:)
3139:V
3137:(
3112:)
3110:S
3108:(
3094:1
3092:H
3070:)
3068:R
3066:(
2882:)
2880:N
2878:(
2822:)
2820:M
2818:(
2812:,
2777:)
2773:(
2725:)
2721:(
2666:)
2662:(
2649:)
2643:P
2639:J
2637:(
2582:)
2580:H
2578:(
2542:)
2540:G
2538:(
2497:)
2495:D
2493:(
2383:)
2381:C
2379:(
2319:)
2317:B
2253:2
2251:H
2234:)
2232:A
2230:(
2206:e
2199:t
2192:v
2020:/
1742:)
1736:/
1646:)
1644:X
1522:)
1518:(
1433:)
1429:(
1397:/
1300:)
1284:(
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1243:.
1229::
1202:.
1180::
1174:1
1153:.
1131::
1125:7
1099:.
1085::
1058:.
1046::
1023:.
1001::
974:.
960::
927:.
913::
882:.
828:.
808::
785:.
763::
365:2
361:2
345:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.