645:(EPA) and sold to market, showing the widespread use of these agents. It is estimated that for every single meal a person consumes, 0.3 g of pesticides is used, as 90% of all pesticide use is in agriculture. A majority of these products are used to help defend against the spread of infectious diseases, and hopefully protect public health. But out of the large amount of pesticides used, it is also estimated that less than 0.1% of those antimicrobial agents, actually reach their targets. That leaves over 99% of all pesticides used available to contaminate other resources. In soil, air, and water these antimicrobial agents are able to spread, coming in contact with more microorganisms and leading to these microbes evolving mechanisms to tolerate and further resist pesticides. The use of antifungal
405:
approximately 154 million prescriptions for antibiotics are written. Of these, up to 46 million are unnecessary or inappropriate for the condition that the patient has. Microbes may naturally develop resistance through genetic mutations that occur during cell division, and although random mutations are rare, many microbes reproduce frequently and rapidly, increasing the chances of members of the population acquiring a mutation that increases resistance. Many individuals stop taking antibiotics when they begin to feel better. When this occurs, it is possible that the microbes that are less susceptible to treatment still remain in the body. If these microbes are able to continue to reproduce, this can lead to an infection by bacteria that are less susceptible or even resistant to an antibiotic.
1120:(FDA) collect data on antibiotic use in humans and in a more limited fashion in animals. About 80% of antibiotic use in the U.S. is for agriculture purposes, and about 70% of these are medically important. This gives reason for concern about the antibiotic resistance crisis in the U.S. and more reason to monitor it. The FDA first determined in 1977 that there is evidence of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in livestock. The long-established practice of permitting OTC sales of antibiotics (including penicillin and other drugs) to lay animal owners for administration to their own animals nonetheless continued in all states. In 2000, the FDA announced their intention to revoke approval of
1025:
diminishes. The proper use of infrastructure for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) can result in a 47–72 percent decrease of diarrhea cases treated with antibiotics depending on the type of intervention and its effectiveness. A reduction of the diarrhea disease burden through improved infrastructure would result in large decreases in the number of diarrhea cases treated with antibiotics. This was estimated as ranging from 5 million in Brazil to up to 590 million in India by the year 2030. The strong link between increased consumption and resistance indicates that this will directly mitigate the accelerating spread of AMR. Sanitation and water for all by 2030 is
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900:(both usually viral in origin) were given prescriptions for antibiotics. These prescriptions accomplished nothing other than increasing the risk of further evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Using antimicrobials without prescription is another driving force leading to the overuse of antibiotics to self-treat diseases like the common cold, cough, fever, and dysentery resulting in an epidemic of antibiotic resistance in countries like Bangladesh, risking its spread around the globe. Introducing strict antibiotic stewardship in the outpatient setting to reduce inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics may reduce the emerging bacterial resistance.
1877:
80:
1545:, under simulated microgravity (LSMMG, or Low Shear Modeled Microgravity) over 1000 generations. The adapted strain acquired resistance to not only chloramphenicol, but also cross-resistance to other antibiotics; this was in contrast to the observation on the same strain, which was adapted to over 1000 generations under LSMMG, but without any antibiotic exposure; the strain in this case did not acquire any such resistance. Thus, irrespective of where they are used, the use of an antibiotic would likely result in persistent resistance to that antibiotic, as well as cross-resistance to other antimicrobials.
668:
1981:, more than "80 pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies" from around the world called for "transformational commercial models" at a global level to spur research and development on antibiotics and on the "enhanced use of diagnostic tests that can rapidly identify the infecting organism". A number of countries are considering or implementing delinked payment models for new antimicrobials whereby payment is based on value rather than volume of drug sales. This offers the opportunity to pay for valuable new drugs even if they are reserved for use in relatively rare drug resistant infections.
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bacteria to resist the mechanism to kill the microbe associated with certain antibiotics. Clinical resistance is shown through the failure of many therapeutic techniques where the bacteria that are normally susceptible to a treatment become resistant after surviving the outcome of the treatment. In both cases of acquired resistance, the bacteria can pass the genetic catalyst for resistance through horizontal gene transfer: conjugation, transduction, or transformation. This allows the resistance to spread across the same species of pathogen or even similar bacterial pathogens.
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776:
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unsuitable way of using them but a common practice in resource-constrained countries. The practice exposes individuals to the risk of bacteria that have developed antimicrobial resistance. Many people resort to this out of necessity, when access to a physician is unavailable due to lockdowns and GP surgery closures, or when the patients have a limited amount of time or money to see a prescribing doctor. This increased access makes it extremely easy to obtain antimicrobials and an example is India, where in the state of
522:
antibiotics as necessary to avoid failing to provide adequate care. This demonstrates how a majority of doctors underestimate the impact that their own prescribing habits have on antimicrobial resistance as a whole. It also confirms that some physicians may be overly cautious and prescribe antibiotics for both medical or legal reasons, even when clinical indications for use of these medications are not always confirmed. This can lead to unnecessary antimicrobial use, a pattern which may have worsened during the
2004:
414:
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of the disease burden and associated resistance. The application of molecular testing to identify genetic markers associating with resistance may improve the identification of antifungal resistance, but the diversity of mutations associated with resistance is increasing across the fungal species causing infection. In addition, a number of resistance mechanisms depend on up-regulation of selected genes (for instance reflux pumps) rather than defined mutations that are amenable to molecular detection.
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498:) and, secondly, broad microbial resistance and when to seek medical care if the infection is not clearing. In order to determine the public's knowledge and preconceived notions on antibiotic resistance, a screening of 3,537 articles published in Europe, Asia, and North America was done. Of the 55,225 total people surveyed in the articles, 70% had heard of antibiotic resistance previously, but 88% of those people thought it referred to some type of physical change in the human body.
2356:(NIHR), European Clinical Research Alliance in Infectious Diseases (ECRAID) and the recently formed ADVANCE-ID, which is a clinical research network based in Asia. The Global Antimicrobial Research and Development Partnership (GARDP) is generating new evidence for global AMR threats such as neonatal sepsis, treatment of serious bacterial infections and sexually transmitted infections as well as addressing global access to new and strategically important antibacterial drugs.
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needed won't help the user, but instead give bacteria the option to adapt and leave the user with the side effects that come with the certain type of antibiotic. The CDC recommends that you follow these behaviors so that you avoid these negative side effects and keep the community safe from spreading drug-resistant bacteria. Practicing basic bacterial infection prevention courses, such as hygiene, also helps to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
2296:(R&D) efforts have provided new drugs in time to treat bacteria that became resistant to older antibiotics, but in the 2000s there has been concern that development has slowed enough that seriously ill people may run out of treatment options. Another concern is that practitioners may become reluctant to perform routine surgeries because of the increased risk of harmful infection. Backup treatments can have serious side-effects; for example, antibiotics like
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2332:, one of the last major pharmaceutical companies developing new antibiotics, shut down its primary research effort, citing poor shareholder returns relative to drugs for chronic illnesses. However, small and medium-sized pharmaceutical companies are still active in antibiotic drug research. In particular, apart from classical synthetic chemistry methodologies, researchers have developed a combinatorial synthetic biology platform on single cell level in a
583:
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2367:(FDA). These processes are increasingly aligned although important differences remain and drug developers must prepare separate documents. New development pathways have been developed to help with the approval of new antimicrobial agents that address unmet needs such as the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs (LPAD). These new pathways are required because of difficulties in conducting large definitive
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2352:; and Replenishing and Enabling the Pipeline for Anti-infective Resistance Impact Fund (REPAIR). Later stage clinical development is supported by the AMR Action Fund, which in turn is supported by multiple investors with the aim of developing 2–4 new antimicrobial agents by 2030. The delivery of these trials is facilitated by national and international networks supported by the Clinical Research Network of the
1990:
Ensuring compliance of involved parties is a challenge. Global antimicrobial resistance policies could take lessons from the environmental sector by adopting strategies that have made international environmental agreements successful in the past such as: sanctions for non-compliance, assistance for implementation, majority vote decision-making rules, an independent scientific panel, and specific commitments.
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in agriculture increases selective pressure in fungal populations, causing antifungal resistance. As resistance to antimicrobials becomes more common there is a much greater need for alternative treatments. Calls for new antimicrobial therapies have been issued, but there is very little development of new drugs and consequently little innovation in the process of researching potential candidates for them.
1955:
era where common infections and minor injuries can kill, and where complex procedures such as surgery and chemotherapy become too risky, is a very real possibility. Antimicrobial resistance can lead to epidemics of enormous proportions if preventive actions are not taken. In this day and age current antimicrobial resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, and increased mortality.
282:
482:(LMICs) ranges from 8.1% to very high at 93%. Accessibility, affordability, and conditions of health facilities, as well as the health-seeking behavior, are factors that influence self-medication in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Two significant issues with self-medication are the lack of knowledge of the public on, firstly, the dangerous effects of certain antimicrobials (for example
18312:
38:
2526:, Poland. Bacteriophage cocktails are common drugs sold over the counter in pharmacies in eastern countries. In Belgium, four patients with severe musculoskeletal infections received bacteriophage therapy with concomitant antibiotics. After a single course of phage therapy, no recurrence of infection occurred and no severe side-effects related to the therapy were detected.
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target multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, and their use involves the added benefit of preventing the elimination of beneficial bacteria in the human body. Phages destroy bacterial cell walls and membrane through the use of lytic proteins which kill bacteria by making many holes from the inside out. Bacteriophages can even possess the ability to digest the
2115:, policymakers can help tackle resistance by strengthening resistance-tracking and laboratory capacity and by regulating and promoting the appropriate use of medicines. Policymakers and industry can help tackle resistance by: fostering innovation and research and development of new tools; and promoting cooperation and information sharing among all stakeholders.
86:: Bacteria are streaked on dishes with white disks, each impregnated with a different antibiotic. Clear rings, such as those on the left, show that bacteria have not grown—indicating that these bacteria are not resistant. The bacteria on the right are fully resistant to three of seven and partially resistant to two of seven antibiotics tested.
549:. Moreover, pandemic burdens on some healthcare systems may contribute to antibiotic-resistant infections. On the other hand, "increased hand hygiene, decreased international travel, and decreased elective hospital procedures may have reduced AMR pathogen selection and spread in the short term" during the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of
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causes of fever, clinicians presume that a non-malarial febrile illness is most likely a bacterial infection, leading to inappropriate use of antibiotics. Multiple studies have shown that the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests without reliable tools to distinguish other fever causes has resulted in increased antibiotic use.
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resistance and was guided by the advice of countries and key stakeholders. The WHO's global action plan is composed of five key objectives that can be targeted through different means, and represents countries coming together to solve a major problem that can have future health consequences. These objectives are as follows:
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levels of antimicrobial resistance. The main problem is that doctors are willing to prescribe antimicrobials to ill-informed individuals who believe that antimicrobials can cure nearly all illnesses, including viral infections like the common cold. In an analysis of drug prescriptions, 36% of individuals with a cold or an
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Health
Protection Surveillance Centre, these were published in 2009. Following their publication a public information campaign 'Action on Antibiotics' was launched to highlight the need for a change in antibiotic prescribing. Despite this, antibiotic prescribing remains high with variance in adherence to guidelines.
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idea of a global tracking system has been suggested but implementation has yet to occur. A system of this nature would provide insight to areas of high resistance as well as information necessary for evaluating programs, introducing interventions and other changes made to fight or reverse antibiotic resistance.
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because vaccines reduce the spread of the infection and target the pathogen in multiple ways in the same host and possibly in different ways between different hosts. Furthermore, if the use of vaccines increases, there is evidence that antibiotic resistant strains of pathogens will decrease; the need
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who said "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops. Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily under-dose himself and by exposing his microbes to nonlethal quantities of the drug make them resistant." Without the creation of new and stronger antibiotics an
1946:
The 1950s to 1970s represented the golden age of antibiotic discovery, where countless new classes of antibiotics were discovered to treat previously incurable diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis. However, since that time the discovery of new classes of antibiotics has been almost nonexistent,
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Due to the limited number of antifungals in clinical use and the increasing global incidence of antifungal resistance, using the existing antifungals in combination might be beneficial in some cases but further research is needed. Similarly, other approaches that might help to combat the emergence of
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cause most of these infections and antifungal resistance occurs in all of them. Multidrug resistance in fungi is increasing because of the widespread use of antifungal drugs to treat infections in immunocompromised individuals and the use of some agricultural antifungals. Antifungal resistant disease
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in an antibiotic gradient can become resistant. Any heterogeneous environment with respect to nutrient and antibiotic gradients may facilitate antibiotic resistance in small bacterial populations. Researchers hypothesize that the mechanism of resistance evolution is based on four SNP mutations in the
1139:
The increasing interconnectedness of the world and the fact that new classes of antibiotics have not been developed and approved for more than 25 years highlight the extent to which antimicrobial resistance is a global health challenge. A global action plan to tackle the growing problem of resistance
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Recent studies have shown that the prophylactic use of "non-priority" or "non-clinically relevant" antimicrobials in feeds can potentially, under certain conditions, lead to co-selection of environmental AMR bacteria with resistance to medically important antibiotics. The possibility for co-selection
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The prescriber should closely adhere to the five rights of drug administration: the right patient, the right drug, the right dose, the right route, and the right time. Microbiological samples should be taken for culture and sensitivity testing before treatment when indicated and treatment potentially
783:
There have been increasing public calls for global collective action to address the threat, including a proposal for an international treaty on antimicrobial resistance. Further detail and attention is still needed in order to recognize and measure trends in resistance on the international level; the
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in bacterial populations, killing vulnerable bacteria; this increases the percentage of resistant bacteria, which continue growing. Even very low levels of antibiotic can give resistant bacteria an advantage in growing and reproducing faster than vulnerable bacteria. Similarly, the use of antifungals
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has been shown to influence antimicrobial prescribing rates in this patient cohort, but further research is required to demonstrate an effect on rates of AMR. Clinical investigation to rule out bacterial infections are often done for patients with pediatric acute respiratory infections. Currently it
1177:
The Irish
Department of Health published a National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in October 2017. The Strategy for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in Ireland (SARI), Iaunched in 2001 developed Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Hospitals in Ireland in conjunction with the
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Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in health facilities offer significant co-benefits for combatting AMR, and investment should be increased. There is much room for improvement: WHO and UNICEF estimated in 2015 that globally 38% of health facilities did not have a source of water, nearly 19%
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Parental expectations, driven by the worry for their children's health, can influence how often children are prescribed antibiotics. Parents often rely on their clinician for advice and reassurance. However a lack of plain language information and not having adequate time for consultation negatively
607:
By mapping antimicrobial consumption in livestock globally, it was predicted that in 228 countries there would be a total 67% increase in consumption of antibiotics by livestock by 2030. In some countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa it is predicted that a 99% increase will
456:
Over time, most of the strains of bacteria and infections present will be the type resistant to the antimicrobial agent being used to treat them, making this agent now ineffective to defeat most microbes. With the increased use of antimicrobial agents, there is a speeding up of this natural process.
425:
means that organisms that are able to adapt to their environment, survive, and continue to produce offspring. As a result, the types of microorganisms that are able to survive over time with continued attack by certain antimicrobial agents will naturally become more prevalent in the environment, and
311:
WHO report released April 2014 stated, "this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance—when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in
2156:
Acute febrile illness is a common reason for seeking medical care worldwide and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In areas with decreasing malaria incidence, many febrile patients are inappropriately treated for malaria, and in the absence of a simple diagnostic test to identify alternative
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The identification of antifungal resistance is undermined by limited classical diagnosis of infection, where a culture is lacking, preventing susceptibility testing. National and international surveillance schemes for fungal disease and antifungal resistance are limited, hampering the understanding
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occurring at a rate of about 1 in 10 to 1 in 10 per chromosomal replication, the fact that bacteria reproduce at a high rate allows for the effect to be significant. Given that lifespans and production of new generations can be on a timescale of mere hours, a new (de novo) mutation in a parent cell
1024:
where the spread of infectious diseases caused by inadequate WASH standards is a major driver of antibiotic demand. Growing usage of antibiotics together with persistent infectious disease levels have led to a dangerous cycle in which reliance on antimicrobials increases while the efficacy of drugs
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infrastructure needs to be included in the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) agenda. The "Interagency
Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance" stated in 2018 that "the spread of pathogens through unsafe water results in a high burden of gastrointestinal disease, increasing even further the need
930:
teams in hospitals are encouraging optimal use of antimicrobials. The goals of antimicrobial stewardship are to help practitioners pick the right drug at the right dose and duration of therapy while preventing misuse and minimizing the development of resistance. Stewardship interventions may reduce
895:
Excessive antimicrobial use has become one of the top contributors to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Since the beginning of the antimicrobial era, antimicrobials have been used to treat a wide range of infectious diseases. Overuse of antimicrobials has become the primary cause of rising
792:
Delaying or minimizing the use of antibiotics for certain conditions may help safely reduce their use. Antimicrobial treatment duration should be based on the infection and other health problems a person may have. For many infections once a person has improved there is little evidence that stopping
536:
Important to the conversation of antibiotic use is the veterinary medical system. Veterinary oversight is required by law for all medically important antibiotics. Veterinarians use the
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model (PK/PD) approach to ensuring that the correct dose of the drug is delivered
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According to research conducted in the US that aimed to evaluate physicians' attitudes and knowledge on antimicrobial resistance in ambulatory settings, only 63% of those surveyed reported antibiotic resistance as a problem in their local practices, while 23% reported the aggressive prescription of
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by consumers is defined as "the taking of medicines on one's own initiative or on another person's suggestion, who is not a certified medical professional", and it has been identified as one of the primary reasons for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Self-medication with antibiotics is an
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when possible, for effectively and accurately targeting specific organisms is less likely to cause resistance as well as side effects. For people who take these medications at home, education about proper use is essential. Health care providers can minimize the spread of resistant infections by use
2500:
Phage therapy relies on the use of naturally occurring bacteriophages to infect and lyse bacteria at the site of infection in a host. Due to current advances in genetics and biotechnology these bacteriophages can possibly be manufactured to treat specific infections. Phages can be bioengineered to
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Alternating therapy is a proposed method in which two or three antibiotics are taken in a rotation versus taking just one antibiotic such that bacteria resistant to one antibiotic are killed when the next antibiotic is taken. Studies have found that this method reduces the rate at which antibiotic
2152:
Distinguishing infections requiring antibiotics from self-limiting ones is clinically challenging. In order to guide appropriate use of antibiotics and prevent the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance, diagnostic tests that provide clinicians with timely, actionable results are needed.
1937:
caused a reversal of much of the progress made on attenuating the effects of antibiotic resistance, resulting in more antibiotic use, more resistant infections, and less data on preventive action. Hospital-onset infections and deaths both increased by 15% in 2020, and significantly higher rates of
512:
Clinical misuse by healthcare professionals is another contributor to increased antimicrobial resistance. Studies done in the US show that the indication for treatment of antibiotics, choice of the agent used, and the duration of therapy was incorrect in up to 50% of the cases studied. In 2010 and
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that was once able to treat an infection by that microorganism. A person cannot become resistant to antibiotics. Resistance is a property of the microbe, not a person or other organism infected by a microbe. All types of microbes can develop drug resistance. Thus, there are antibiotic, antifungal,
221:
Rising drug resistance is caused mainly by use of antimicrobials in humans and other animals and the spread of AMR strains between the two. Growing resistance has also been linked to releasing inadequately treated effluents from the pharmaceutical industry, especially in countries where bulk drugs
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innovations, is defined as "being feasible within an 8-h working shift". There are several commercial Food and Drug
Administration-approved assays available which can detect AMR genes from a variety of specimen types. Progress has been slow due to a range of reasons including cost and regulation.
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Measuring the costs and benefits of strategies to combat AMR is difficult and policies may only have effects in the distant future. In other infectious diseases this problem has been addressed by using mathematical models. More research is needed to understand how AMR develops and spreads so that
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with the intent of providing a roadmap to guide the US in the antibiotic resistance challenge and with hopes of saving many lives. This plan outlines steps taken by the
Federal government over the next five years needed in order to prevent and contain outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant infections;
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and other penicillin-resistant bacteria. Another protective mechanism found among bacterial species is ribosomal protection proteins. These proteins protect the bacterial cell from antibiotics that target the cell's ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The mechanism involves the binding of the
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People can help tackle resistance by using antibiotics only when infected with a bacterial infection and prescribed by a doctor; completing the full prescription even if the user is feeling better, never sharing antibiotics with others, or using leftover prescriptions. Taking antibiotics when not
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in the United States were not necessary. Another study in an intensive care unit in a major hospital in France has shown that 30% to 60% of prescribed antibiotics were unnecessary. These inappropriate uses of antimicrobial agents promote the evolution of antimicrobial resistance by supporting the
400:
Antimicrobial resistance is mainly caused by the overuse/misuse of antimicrobials. This leads to microbes either evolving a defense against drugs used to treat them, or certain strains of microbes that have a natural resistance to antimicrobials becoming much more prevalent than the ones that are
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Antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance. This more specific resistance is linked to bacteria and thus broken down into two further subsets, microbiological and clinical. Microbiological resistance is the most common and occurs from genes, mutated or inherited, that allow the
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and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extensively studied, disrupting bacterial cell membranes and interfering with protein synthesis. Zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), copper (CuNPs), and silica (SiNPs) nanoparticles also exhibit antimicrobial properties. However, high synthesis costs, potential toxicity, and
2323:
The potential crisis at hand is the result of a marked decrease in industry research and development. Poor financial investment in antibiotic research has exacerbated the situation. The pharmaceutical industry has little incentive to invest in antibiotics because of the high risk and because the
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approach to treatment by helping clinicians to prescribe more effective and targeted antimicrobial therapy. At the same time with traditional phenotypic AST it can take 12 to 48 hours to obtain a result due to the time taken for organisms to grow on/in culture media. Rapid testing, possible from
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infections in humans. Legal challenges from the food animal and pharmaceutical industries delayed the final decision to do so until 2006. Fluroquinolones have been banned from extra-label use in food animals in the USA since 2007. However, they remain widely used in companion and exotic animals.
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protect crops against insects and plants, but in some cases antimicrobial pesticides are used to protect against various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The overuse of many pesticides in an effort to have a higher yield of crops has resulted in many of these
181:
Clinical conditions due to infections caused by microbes containing AMR cause millions of deaths each year. In 2019 there were around 1.27 million deaths globally caused by bacterial AMR. Infections caused by resistant microbes are more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses of antimicrobial
1989:
Some global health scholars have argued that a global, legal framework is needed to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. For instance, binding global policies could be used to create antimicrobial use standards, regulate antibiotic marketing, and strengthen global surveillance systems.
1222:
The World Health
Organization has promoted the first World Antibiotic Awareness Week running from 16 to 22 November 2015. The aim of the week is to increase global awareness of antibiotic resistance. It also wants to promote the correct usage of antibiotics across all fields in order to prevent
594:
Farmers typically use antibiotics in animal feed to improve growth rates and prevent infections. However, this is illogical as antibiotics are used to treat infections and not prevent infections. 80% of antibiotic use in the U.S. is for agricultural purposes and about 70% of these are medically
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of a fully resistant colony. However, chromosomal mutations also confer a cost of fitness. For example, a ribosomal mutation may protect a bacterial cell by changing the binding site of an antibiotic but may result in slower growth rate. Moreover, some adaptive mutations can propagate not only
590:
The antimicrobial resistance crisis also extends to the food industry, specifically with food producing animals. With an ever-increasing human population, there is constant pressure to intensify productivity in many agricultural sectors, including the production of meat as a source of protein.
429:
Some contemporary antimicrobial resistances have also evolved naturally before the use of antimicrobials of human clinical uses. For instance, methicillin-resistance evolved as a pathogen of hedgehogs, possibly as a co-evolutionary adaptation of the pathogen to hedgehogs that are infected by a
2279:
Studies have found that bacteria that evolve antibiotic resistance towards one group of antibiotic may become more sensitive to others. This phenomenon can be used to select against resistant bacteria using an approach termed collateral sensitivity cycling, which has recently been found to be
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convened the
Interagency Coordination Group (IACG) on Antimicrobial Resistance. The IACG worked with international organizations and experts in human, animal, and plant health to create a plan to fight antimicrobial resistance. Their report released in April 2019 highlights the seriousness of
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in May 2015. One of the key objectives of the plan is to improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication, education and training. This global action plan developed by the World Health
Organization was created to combat the issue of antimicrobial
1103:
and four additional antibiotics used to promote animal growth in 1999. In 2006 a ban on the use of antibiotics in
European feed, with the exception of two antibiotics in poultry feeds, became effective. In Scandinavia, there is evidence that the ban has led to a lower prevalence of antibiotic
796:
Delaying antibiotics for ailments such as a sore throat and otitis media may have not different in the rate of complications compared with immediate antibiotics, for example. When treating respiratory tract infections, clinical judgement is required as to the appropriate treatment (delayed or
939:
Given the volume of care provided in primary care (general practice), recent strategies have focused on reducing unnecessary antimicrobial prescribing in this setting. Simple interventions, such as written information explaining when taking antibiotics is not necessary, for example in common
800:
The study, "Shorter and Longer Antibiotic Durations for Respiratory Infections: To Fight Antimicrobial Resistance—A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in a Secondary Care Setting in the UK," highlights the urgency of reevaluating antibiotic treatment durations amidst the global challenge of
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products, it is a major issue and needs to be decreased in order to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Though the evidence linking antimicrobial usage in livestock to antimicrobial resistance is limited, the World Health Organization Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial
1377:(pumping out) of the drugs across the cell surface These pumps within the cellular membrane of certain bacterial species are used to pump antibiotics out of the cell before they are able to do any damage. They are often activated by a specific substrate associated with an antibiotic, as in
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important. Overusing antibiotics gives the bacteria time to adapt leaving higher doses or even stronger antibiotics needed to combat the infection. Though antibiotics for growth promotion were banned throughout the EU in 2006, 40 countries worldwide still use antibiotics to promote growth.
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antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It investigates the effectiveness of shorter versus longer antibiotic regimens for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in a UK secondary care setting, emphasizing the need for evidence-based prescribing practices to optimize patient outcomes and combat AMR.
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resistance in (nonhazardous) animal bacterial populations. As of 2004, several European countries established a decline of antimicrobial resistance in humans through limiting the use of antimicrobials in agriculture and food industries without jeopardizing animal health or economic cost.
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Although many microbes develop resistance to antibiotics over time though natural mutation, overprescribing and inappropriate prescription of antibiotics have accelerated the problem. It is possible that as many as 1 in 3 prescriptions written for antibiotics are unnecessary. Every year,
7209:
Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F, Carrara E, Foschi F, Döbele S, et al. (September 2017). "Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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ribosomal protection proteins to the ribosomes of the bacterial cell, which in turn changes its conformational shape. This allows the ribosomes to continue synthesizing proteins essential to the cell while preventing antibiotics from binding to the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.
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impacts this relationship. In effect parents often rely on past experiences in their expectations rather than reassurance from the clinician. Adequate time for consultation and plain language information can help parents make informed decisions and avoid unnecessary antibiotic use.
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easily defeated with medication. While antimicrobial resistance does occur naturally over time, the use of antimicrobial agents in a variety of settings both within the healthcare industry and outside of has led to antimicrobial resistance becoming increasingly more prevalent.
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measurement has been shown to reduce mortality rate, antimicrobial consumption and antimicrobial-related side-effects in patients with respiratory infections, but impact on AMR has not yet been demonstrated. Similarly, point of care serum testing of the inflammatory biomarker
604:
Resistance strongly recommended the reduction of use of medically important antimicrobials in livestock. Additionally, the Advisory Group stated that such antimicrobials should be expressly prohibited for both growth promotion and disease prevention in food producing animals.
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Merck tested V710, a vaccine targeting IsdB, in a blinded randomized trial in patients undergoing median sternotomy. The trial was terminated after a higher rate of multiorgan system failure–related deaths was found in the V710 recipients. Vaccine recipients who developed
449:. This means that once a gene for resistance to an antibiotic appears in a microbial community, it can then spread to other microbes in the community, potentially moving from a non-disease causing microbe to a disease-causing microbe. This process is heavily driven by the
1213:. The inclusion of these pathogens in the list underscores their global impact in terms of burden, as well as issues related to transmissibility, treatability, and prevention options. It also reflects the R&D pipeline of new treatments and emerging resistance trends.
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as a potential human pathogen that sometimes exhibits multi-class antifungal drug resistance is concerning and has been associated with several outbreaks globally. The WHO has released a priority fungal pathogen list, including pathogens with antifungal resistance.
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Some of the economic impediments to the development of new antimicrobial agents have been addressed by innovative reimbursement schemes that delink payment of antimicrobials from volume-based sales. In the UK, a market entry reward scheme has been pioneered by the
1916:
reported that the total number of antibiotic resistant infections in England rose by 9% from 55,812 in 2017 to 60,788 in 2018, but antibiotic consumption had fallen by 9% from 20.0 to 18.2 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day between 2014 and 2018.
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Health workers and pharmacists can help tackle antibiotic resistance by: enhancing infection prevention and control; only prescribing and dispensing antibiotics when they are truly needed; prescribing and dispensing the right antibiotic(s) to treat the illness.
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Diagram showing the difference between non-resistant bacteria and drug resistant bacteria. Non-resistant bacteria multiply, and upon drug treatment, the bacteria die. Drug resistant bacteria multiply as well, but upon drug treatment, the bacteria continue to
671:
Ancient bacteria found in the permafrost possess a remarkable range of genes which confer resistance to some of the most common antimicrobial classes (red). However, their capacity to resist is also generally lower than of modern bacteria from the same area
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infection. In a phase II trial, a bivalent vaccine of capsular proteins 5 & 8 was tested in 1804 hemodialysis patients with a primary fistula or synthetic graft vascular access. After 40 weeks following vaccination a protective effect was seen against
1181:
The United Kingdom published a 20-year vision for antimicrobial resistance that sets out the goal of containing and controlling AMR by 2040. The vision is supplemented by a 5-year action plan running from 2019 to 2024, building on the previous action plan
1074:
can give rise to AMR resistances in bacteria found in food animals to the antibiotics being administered (through injections or medicated feeds). For this reason only antimicrobials that are deemed "not-clinically relevant" are used in these practices.
391:
calculated that in 2015 there were 671,689 infections in the EU and European Economic Area caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in 33,110 deaths. Most were acquired in healthcare settings. In 2019 there were 133,000 deaths caused by AMR.
2465:". In doing so, a profile of these genes within a community or environment can be determined, providing insights into how antimicrobial resistance is spreading through a population and allowing for the identification of resistance that is of concern.
2447:
One of the key tools identified by the WHO and others for the fight against rising antimicrobial resistance is improved surveillance of the spread and movement of AMR genes through different communities and regions. Recent advances in high-throughput
2176:
Optical techniques such as phase contrast microscopy in combination with single-cell analysis are another powerful method to monitor bacterial growth. In 2017, scientists from Uppsala University in Sweden published a method that applies principles of
2438:
Similar to the situation in malaria therapy, where successful treatments based on ancient recipes have been found, there has already been some success in finding and testing ancient drugs and other treatments that are effective against AMR bacteria.
1651:; however, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is highly error prone and thus mutations conferring resistance arise rapidly. Resistant strains of the HIV virus emerge rapidly if only one antiviral drug is used. Using three or more drugs together, termed
2068:
The Action Plan was developed around five goals with focuses on strengthening health care, public health veterinary medicine, agriculture, food safety and research, and manufacturing. These goals, as listed by the White House, are as follows:
562:
Untreated effluents from pharmaceutical manufacturing industries, hospitals and clinics, and inappropriate disposal of unused or expired medication can expose microbes in the environment to antibiotics and trigger the evolution of resistance.
6388:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
2456:
have resulted in the ability to determine the individual microbial genes in a sample. Along with the availability of databases of known antimicrobial resistance genes, such as the Comprehensive Antimicrobial Resistance Database (CARD) and
1968:
Since the mid-1980s pharmaceutical companies have invested in medications for cancer or chronic disease that have greater potential to make money and have "de-emphasized or dropped development of antibiotics". On 20 January 2016 at the
598:
This can result in the transfer of resistant bacterial strains into the food that humans eat, causing potentially fatal transfer of disease. While the practice of using antibiotics as growth promoters does result in better yields and
2430:
instability pose challenges. To overcome these, biological synthesis methods and combination therapies with other antimicrobials are explored. Enhanced biocompatibility and targeting are also under investigation to improve efficacy.
2215:
for antibiotics will naturally decrease as vaccines prevent infection before it occurs. However, there are well documented cases of vaccine resistance, although these are usually much less of a problem than antimicrobial resistance.
477:
Self-medication is higher outside the hospital environment, and this is linked to higher use of antibiotics, with the majority of antibiotics being used in the community rather than hospitals. The prevalence of self-medication in
679:
is a term used to refer to any ground that remained frozen for two years or more, with the oldest known examples continuously frozen for around 700,000 years. In the recent decades, permafrost has been rapidly thawing due to
2249:
Numerous investigators have suggested that a multiple-antigen vaccine would be more effective, but a lack of biomarkers defining human protective immunity keep these proposals in the logical, but strictly hypothetical arena.
907:(Access, Watch, Reserve) guidance and antibiotic book has been introduced to guide antibiotic choice for the 30 most common infections in adults and children to reduce inappropriate prescribing in primary care and hospitals.
891:
appear useful in reducing rates of antimicrobial resistance. The antimicrobial stewardship program will also provide pharmacists with the knowledge to educate patients that antibiotics will not work for a virus for example.
918:
Various diagnostic strategies have been employed to prevent the overuse of antifungal therapy in the clinic, proving a safe alternative to empirical antifungal therapy, and thus underpinning antifungal stewardship schemes.
2258:
Antibodies are promising against antimicrobial resistance. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target bacterial virulence factors, aiding in bacterial destruction through various mechanisms. Three FDA-approved antibodies target
553:
such as alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and antiseptic hand wash may also have the potential to increase antimicrobial resistance. Extensive use of disinfectants can lead to mutations that induce antimicrobial resistance.
4206:
2343:
In the 5–10 years since 2010, there has been a significant change in the ways new antimicrobial agents are discovered and developed – principally via the formation of public-private funding initiatives. These include
852:
which displays aggregated data on antimicrobial resistance from publicly available and user submitted data. The website can display data for a 25 miles (40 km) radius from a location. Users may submit data from
11853:
11823:
2424:
have demonstrated appealing features for the development of a new family of antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm) show unique properties and promise as antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria.
1929:
reported that more than 2.8 million cases of antibiotic resistance have been reported. However, in 2019 overall deaths from antibiotic-resistant infections decreased by 18% and deaths in hospitals decreased by 30%.
11583:
4766:
Torres NF, Chibi B, Middleton LE, Solomon VP, Mashamba-Thompson TP (March 2019). "Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review".
1819:
Malarial parasites that are resistant to the drugs that are currently available to infections are common and this has led to increased efforts to develop new drugs. Resistance to recently developed drugs such as
1243:
antimicrobial resistance and the threat it poses to world health. It suggests five recommendations for member states to follow in order to tackle this increasing threat. The IACG recommendations are as follows:
238:, at least 2.8 million people become infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, at least 35,000 of them die, and US$ 55 billion is spent on all their health care costs and lost productivity. According to the
14179:
Drago L, De Vecchi E, Bortolin M, Toscano M, Mattina R, Romanò CL (August 2015). "Antimicrobial activity and resistance selection of different bioglass S53P4 formulations against multidrug resistant strains".
6453:
6423:
15386:
8047:
6067:
793:
treatment causes more resistance. Some, therefore, feel that stopping early may be reasonable in some cases. Other infections, however, do require long courses regardless of whether a person feels better.
2619:
11148:
6705:
14301:
9170:
4137:"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis"
2390:
The available classes of antifungal drugs are still limited but as of 2021 novel classes of antifungals are being developed and are undergoing various stages of clinical trials to assess performance.
315:
Global deaths attributable to AMR numbered 1.27 million in 2019. That year, AMR may have contributed to 5 million deaths and one in five people who died due to AMR were children under five years old.
2173:
Genotypic AMR characterisation methods are, however, being increasingly used in combination with machine learning algorithms in research to help better predict phenotypic AMR from organism genotype.
940:
infections of the upper respiratory tract, have been shown to reduce antibiotic prescribing. Various tools are also available to help professionals decide if prescribing antimicrobials is necessary.
8140:
Swoboda SM, Earsing K, Strauss K, Lane S, Lipsett PA (February 2004). "Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit".
1601:
are used to treat some viral infections. These drugs prevent viruses from reproducing by inhibiting essential stages of the virus's replication cycle in infected cells. Antivirals are used to treat
1161:
develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and to increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions.
11035:
3463:
2060:
released a comprehensive plan to address the increasing need for agencies to combat the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The Task Force for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria developed
8055:
5283:
1900:
provides the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) reports which summarize annual (e.g. 2020's) data on international AMR, also including an interactive dashboard.
1226:
World Antibiotic Awareness Week has been held every November since 2015. For 2017, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
6120:
Ramakrishnan B, Venkateswarlu K, Sethunathan N, Megharaj M (March 2019). "Local applications but global implications: Can pesticides drive microorganisms to develop antimicrobial resistance?".
5946:"Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3703:
608:
occur. Several countries have restricted the use of antibiotics in livestock, including Canada, China, Japan, and the US. These restrictions are sometimes associated with a reduction of the
3159:
2045:
proposed to nearly double the amount of federal funding to "combat and prevent" antibiotic resistance to more than $ 1.2 billion. Many international funding agencies like USAID, DFID,
1647:
Resistance to HIV antivirals is problematic, and even multi-drug resistant strains have evolved. One source of resistance is that many current HIV drugs, including NRTIs and NNRTIs, target
13596:
13338:
9040:"WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024: Bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance"
174:
is a subset of AMR, that specifically applies to fungi that have become resistant to antifungals. Resistance to antifungals can arise naturally, for example by genetic mutation or through
14065:
Leppäranta O, Vaahtio M, Peltola T, Zhang D, Hupa L, Hupa M, et al. (February 2008). "Antibacterial effect of bioactive glasses on clinically important anaerobic bacteria in vitro".
6727:
Sajjad W, Rafiq M, Din G, Hasan F, Iqbal A, Zada S, et al. (September 2020). "Resurrection of inactive microbes and resistome present in the natural frozen world: Reality or myth?".
4356:
727:
to survive being frozen and thawed makes this threat unlikely. Instead, there have been suggestions that when modern pathogenic bacteria interact with the ancient ones, they may, through
15048:
Superbugs and superdrugs : a history of MRSA : the transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 11 July 2006
1283:
Diagram depicting antibiotic resistance through alteration of the antibiotic's target site, modeled after MRSA's resistance to penicillin. Beta-lactam antibiotics permanently inactivate
7001:
Spurling GK, Dooley L, Clark J, Askew DA (October 2023). Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group (ed.). "Immediate versus delayed versus no antibiotics for respiratory infections".
3125:
14122:
Munukka E, Leppäranta O, Korkeamäki M, Vaahtio M, Peltola T, Zhang D, et al. (January 2008). "Bactericidal effects of bioactive glasses on clinically important aerobic bacteria".
9017:
8660:
5127:
Harris A, Chandramohan S, Awali RA, Grewal M, Tillotson G, Chopra T (August 2019). "Physicians' attitude and knowledge regarding antibiotic use and resistance in ambulatory settings".
4028:
4002:
735:
which are associated with antimicrobial resistance, exacerbating an already difficult issue. Antibiotics to which permafrost bacteria have displayed at least some resistance include
2505:
that many bacteria develop that protect them from antibiotics in order to effectively infect and kill bacteria. Bioengineering can play a role in creating successful bacteriophages.
1185:
The World Health Organization has published the 2024 Bacterial Priority Pathogens List which covers 15 families of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. Notable among these are
649:
pesticides that drive environmental azole resistance have been linked to azole resistance cases in the clinical setting. The same issues confront the novel antifungal classes (e.g.
166:, or by one species acquiring resistance from another. Resistance can appear spontaneously because of random mutations, but also arises through spreading of resistant genes through
11946:"Impact of introduction of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria on antibiotic prescribing: analysis of observational and randomised studies in public and private healthcare settings"
234:. Estimates are that 700,000 to several million deaths worldwide result annually from antibiotic resistance, so it continues to pose a major public health threat. Each year in the
7042:"Shorter and Longer Antibiotic Durations for Respiratory Infections: To Fight Antimicrobial Resistance-A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in a Secondary Care Setting in the UK"
1947:
and represents a situation that is especially problematic considering the resiliency of bacteria shown over time and the continued misuse and overuse of antibiotics in treatment.
12007:
2348:, which focuses on nonclinical and early phase development of novel antibiotics, vaccines, rapid diagnostics; Novel Gram Negative Antibiotic (GNA-NOW), which is part of the EU's
4198:
14275:
6792:
Miner KR, D'Andrilli J, Mackelprang R, Edwards A, Malaska MJ, Waldrop MP, et al. (30 September 2021). "Emergent biogeochemical risks from Arctic permafrost degradation".
1644:, while guanosine analogs inhibit viral DNA polymerase. Resistance to antivirals is thus acquired through mutations in the genes that encode the protein targets of the drugs.
8614:
2508:
Understanding the mutual interactions and evolutions of bacterial and phage populations in the environment of a human or animal body is essential for rational phage therapy.
11737:
7833:
2393:
Scientists have started using advanced computational approaches with supercomputers for the development of new antibiotic derivatives to deal with antimicrobial resistance.
11843:
11820:
5356:
1860:
is caused by protozoa and is an important public health problem worldwide, especially in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Drug resistance has "become a major concern".
1701:) exhibit intrinsic resistance to certain antifungal drugs or classes, whereas some species develop antifungal resistance to external pressures. Antifungal resistance is a
13845:
2673:"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance"
9646:
Ochiai K, Yamanaka T, Kimura K, Sawada O, O (1959). "Inheritance of drug resistance (and its transfer) between Shigella strains and Between Shigella and E.coli strains".
2401:
Using antibiotic-free alternatives in bone infection treatment may help decrease the use of antibiotics and thus antimicrobial resistance. The bone regeneration material
14470:"ResFinder – an open online resource for identification of antimicrobial resistance genes in next-generation sequencing data and prediction of phenotypes from genotypes"
13970:
12820:"Mortality among recipients of the Merck V710 Staphylococcus aureus vaccine after postoperative S. aureus infections: an analysis of possible contributing host factors"
8504:
Angulo FJ, Baker NL, Olsen SJ, Anderson A, Barrett TJ (April 2004). "Antimicrobial use in agriculture: controlling the transfer of antimicrobial resistance to humans".
7800:
3734:
915:
are only recommended for people with more severe symptoms. Some antibiotics are more likely to confer resistance, so are kept as reserve antibiotics in the AWaRe book.
442:
rapidly lost clinical effectiveness in treating humans and, furthermore, none of the other natural penicillins (F, K, N, X, O, U1 or U6) are currently in clinical use.
8987:
6445:
6415:
5840:
3191:"Association of Broad- vs Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics With Treatment Failure, Adverse Events, and Quality of Life in Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections"
15179:
Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M (2005). "Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study".
8189:
2267:
toxins. Innovative strategies include DSTA4637S, an antibody-antibiotic conjugate, and MEDI13902, a bispecific antibody targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa components.
8693:
16593:
13306:
5922:
1520:
to examine the mechanisms of gene transfer or to identify individuals that absorbed a piece of DNA that included the resistance gene and another gene of interest.
13700:
9069:
8044:
6059:
5189:
982:(DDD) per 1,000 people per day in 2011. The defined daily dose (DDD) is a statistical measure of drug consumption, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).
11516:
8715:
2284:. Despite its promise, large-scale clinical and experimental studies revealed limited evidence of susceptibility to antibiotic cycling across various pathogens.
9099:
6402:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2616:
105:(drugs used to treat infections). All classes of microbes can evolve resistance to the point that one or more drugs used to fight them are no longer effective.
11138:
7713:"Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper respiratory tract infections in primary care"
6695:
14297:
9163:
3581:
1396:, which is a homologue of HflX from other bacteria. Liberation of the ribosome from the drug allows further translation and consequent resistance to the drug.
148:. Although antimicrobial resistance is a naturally occurring process, it is often the result of improper usage of the drugs and management of the infections.
17477:
11575:
11541:
5437:
9132:
6393:
2046:
13638:
10994:
9802:"Transduction of drug resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincomycin and clindamycin with phages induced from Streptococcus pyogenes"
6098:
4403:
3455:
11178:
8017:
5275:
15527:
862:
858:
763:. However, other studies show that resistance levels in ancient bacteria to modern antibiotics remain lower than in the contemporary bacteria from the
388:
10487:
Ton Q, Frenkel L (March 2013). "HIV drug resistance in mothers and infants following use of antiretrovirals to prevent mother-to-child transmission".
2181:
and cell tracking, to monitor bacterial response to antibiotics in less than 30 minutes overall manipulation time. This invention was awarded the 8M£
2085:
Improve International Collaboration and Capacities for Antibiotic Resistance Prevention, Surveillance, Control and Antibiotic Research and Development
12689:
7894:
7455:
2376:
4113:
621:
All medically important antibiotics to be used in feed or water for food animal species require a veterinary feed directive (VFD) or a prescription.
8898:
3687:
857:
for individual hospitals or laboratories. European data is from the EARS-Net (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network), part of the
662:
13330:
11657:
Behdinan A, Hoffman SJ, Pearcey M (2015). "Some Global Policies for Antibiotic Resistance Depend on Legally Binding and Enforceable Commitments".
11327:
3167:
15572:
14958:"Bacteriophage Application for Difficult-to-treat Musculoskeletal Infections: Development of a Standardized Multidisciplinary Treatment Protocol"
13588:
8085:
2824:
2591:
2353:
14559:
12444:
Smedemark SA, Aabenhus R, Llor C, Fournaise A, Olsen O, Jørgensen KJ, et al. (Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group) (October 2022).
4928:"Fluoroquinolone-associated suspected tendonitis and tendon rupture: A pharmacovigilance analysis from 2016 to 2021 based on the FAERS database"
4310:
3539:
3013:
Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators) (February 2022).
641:
microbes evolving a tolerance against these antimicrobial agents. Currently there are over 4000 antimicrobial pesticides registered with the US
17915:
13153:"Identification of antibiotic pairs that evade concurrent resistance via a retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility test results"
2222:
species, and the limited duration of effectiveness of the antibodies produced. Development and testing of more effective vaccines is underway.
15513:
4088:
3106:
2359:
The discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents has been facilitated by regulatory advances, which have been principally led by the
2192:
Rapid diagnostic methods have also been trialled as antimicrobial stewardship interventions to influence the healthcare drivers of AMR. Serum
9009:
8811:
8637:
7161:
4634:
Ferri M, Ranucci E, Romagnoli P, Giaccone V (September 2017). "Antimicrobial resistance: A global emerging threat to public health systems".
4024:
3994:
642:
9047:
17469:
16586:
15317:
15030:
8567:"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story"
2234:
bacteremia, but not at 54 weeks following vaccination. Based on these results, a second trial was conducted which failed to show efficacy.
14377:"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database"
10120:"Colonization of intestinal microbiota with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in paediatric intensive care units in Cairo, Egypt"
8751:
3294:
2536:
1343:
1288:
810:
11802:
Andresen S, Hoffman SJ (2015). "Much Can Be Learned about Addressing Antibiotic Resistance from Multilateral Environmental Agreements".
11264:
7351:"Analysis of medication use patterns:apparent overuse of antibiotics and underuse of prescription drugs for asthma, depression, and CHF"
3327:
15250:
12381:
Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Tamm M, et al. (Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group) (October 2017).
12015:
10220:"Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study"
7949:
7550:"Lessons from an Educational Invasive Fungal Disease Conference on Hospital Antifungal Stewardship Practices across the UK and Ireland"
6301:"Functional characterization of bacteria isolated from ancient arctic soil exposes diverse resistance mechanisms to modern antibiotics"
2571:
1926:
817:
7487:"Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteremia in Young Children Hospitalized With Pneumonia in Bangladesh Is Associated With a High Mortality Rate"
4487:
1230:(OIE) are together calling for responsible use of antibiotics in humans and animals to reduce the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
242:(WHO) estimates, 350 million deaths could be caused by AMR by 2050. By then, the yearly death toll will be 10 million, according to a
55:
15722:
14267:
11230:
8201:
7104:
3664:
1523:
Recent findings show no necessity of large populations of bacteria for the appearance of antibiotic resistance. Small populations of
15163:
12446:"Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care"
4285:
2957:"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"
11759:
Rizvi Z, Hoffman SJ (2015). "Effective Global Action on Antibiotic Resistance Requires Careful Consideration of Convening Forums".
11208:
10723:
9765:
Hotchkiss RD (1951). "Transfer of penicillin resistance in pneumococci by the desoxyribonucleate derived from resistant cultures".
8606:
3261:
2218:
While theoretically promising, antistaphylococcal vaccines have shown limited efficacy, because of immunological variation between
14600:
11701:
7825:
2079:
Advance Development and use of Rapid and Innovative Diagnostic Tests for Identification and Characterization of Resistant Bacteria
2065:
maintain the efficacy of antibiotics already on the market; and to help to develop future diagnostics, antibiotics, and vaccines.
1655:, has helped to control this problem, but new drugs are needed because of the continuing emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains.
1423:. They were responsible for 929,000 deaths attributable to resistance and 3.57 million deaths associated with resistance in 2019.
591:
Antibiotics are fed to livestock to act as growth supplements, and a preventive measure to decrease the likelihood of infections.
269:, priorities changed, and action against AMR slowed because scientific and government focus moved to the more pressing problem of
16579:
7987:
7927:
5348:
2649:
2387:
are the first agents to be used in this manner and the scheme is potential blueprint for comparable programs in other countries.
2148:
have been placed on an agar plate growing bacteria. Bacteria are not able to grow around antibiotics to which they are sensitive.
1113:
13837:
5213:"Bacterial and Fungal Coinfection in Individuals With Coronavirus: A Rapid Review To Support COVID-19 Antimicrobial Prescribing"
18250:
18237:
16851:
16607:
15765:
15727:
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14424:
14165:
14108:
14051:
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13137:
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12752:
12430:
12210:
12099:
11993:
11930:
11124:
10267:
10179:"Carbapenemase genes and genetic platforms in Gram-negative bacilli: Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species"
9892:
8215:"Effects of In-Feed Chlortetracycline Prophylaxis in Beef Cattle on Animal Health and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli"
7697:
7534:
7294:
6933:
6778:
6680:
6615:
6534:
6220:
5993:
5611:
5508:
5305:
Blaser MJ, Melby MK, Lock M, Nichter M (February 2021). "Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans".
5260:
5064:
4912:
4566:
4378:
4184:
3932:
3812:
1065:
577:
47:
170:. However, extended use of antibiotics appears to encourage selection for mutations which can render antibiotics ineffective.
17522:
15081:
15055:
14594:
13960:
11463:
11294:
10717:
9261:
8870:
7761:
5530:
3726:
3255:
3119:
2541:
2497:. Phage therapy has many potential applications in human medicine as well as dentistry, veterinary science, and agriculture.
1274:
688:
inside the permafrost, and it is possible for microorganisms to resume their life functions once it thaws. While some common
16864:
8979:
6886:"Exploring Models for an International Legal Agreement on the Global Antimicrobial Commons: Lessons from Climate Agreements"
6404:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011.
3885:"Key considerations on the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance research and surveillance"
2096:
Reduction of inappropriate antibiotic prescription and use by at least 50% in outpatient settings and 20% inpatient settings
1516:
Antibiotic resistance can be introduced artificially into a microorganism through laboratory protocols, sometimes used as a
1513:, which are particles produced by the host cell that resemble bacteriophage structures and are capable of transferring DNA.
434:
that naturally produces antibiotics. Also, many soil fungi and bacteria are natural competitors and the original antibiotic
18039:
17497:
15857:
15822:
15539:
14328:"Antibiotic resistome from the One-Health perspective: understanding and controlling antimicrobial resistance transmission"
13313:
9682:
9589:
6367:
6173:"Population genomics confirms acquisition of drug-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus infection by humans from the environment"
5832:
4863:"Do fluoroquinolones increase aortic aneurysm or dissection incidence and mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3081:
2566:
1404:
A number of mechanisms used by common antibiotics to deal with bacteria and ways by which bacteria become resistant to them
1227:
17:
12937:
Singh G, Rana A (May 2024). "Decoding antimicrobial resistance: unraveling molecular mechanisms and targeted strategies".
8186:
4230:"The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO European region in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis"
17176:
15565:
14527:
8685:
1854:
are used to treat infections. These drugs are effective but infections caused by resistant parasites have been reported.
13785:
13486:
9077:
5914:
2405:
has shown to effectively inhibit the bacterial growth of up to 50 clinically relevant bacteria including MRSA and MRSE.
1452:
Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics; for example, gram-negative bacteria are resistant to most
1149:
improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication, education and training.
18242:
16551:
13815:
13661:
8543:
7187:
6239:"Dual use of antifungals in medicine and agriculture: How do we help prevent resistance developing in human pathogens?"
5171:
2581:
2050:
1557:
17246:
14854:"Safety analysis of a Russian phage cocktail: from metagenomic analysis to oral application in healthy human subjects"
9107:
8876:
8837:
8722:
5380:"The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review"
18332:
17672:
17667:
11821:
President's 2016 Budget Proposes Historic Investment to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Protect Public Health
9841:
von Wintersdorff CJ, Penders J, van Niekerk JM, Mills ND, Majumder S, van Alphen LB, et al. (19 February 2016).
9611:
Robicsek A, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC (October 2006). "The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance".
8458:
Bengtsson B, Wierup M (2006). "Antimicrobial resistance in Scandinavia after ban of antimicrobial growth promoters".
2317:
2035:
897:
832:
17277:
16105:
3972:
1716:-resistant Candida species and azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus have been highlighted as a growing threat.
1705:
concern, driven by multiple extrinsic factors, including extensive fungicidal use, overuse of clinical antifungals,
474:
73% of the population resorted to treating their minor health issues and chronic illnesses through self-medication.
18211:
17751:
17158:
16774:
16541:
12163:"Machine Learning for Antimicrobial Resistance Prediction: Current Practice, Limitations, and Clinical Perspective"
11549:
8187:
Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities – Status in low and middle income countries and way forward
7130:
3570:
2576:
1501:
uptaking of naked fragments of extracellular DNA that contain antibiotic resistance genes to streptomycin, through
1124:
use in poultry production because of substantial evidence linking it to the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant
13618:
Nordrum A (2015). "Antibiotic Resistance: Why Aren't Drug Companies Developing New Medicines to Stop Superbugs?".
9140:
8930:"Antibiotic prescribing in primary care, adherence to guidelines and unnecessary prescribing—an Irish perspective"
5429:
18347:
17345:
16481:
15974:
13994:"Rational prioritization strategy allows the design of macrolide derivatives that overcome antibiotic resistance"
12226:"Molecular diagnostics for genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance: current landscape and future directions"
10944:"Trypanosoma cruzi, the Causal Agent of Chagas Disease: Boundaries between Wild and Domestic Cycles in Venezuela"
6390:
2349:
1071:
1053:
533:
about the effectiveness and necessity of antibiotics to treat common mild illnesses contribute to their overuse.
15537:
Bracing for Superbugs: Strengthening environmental action in the One Health response to antimicrobial resistance
13747:
12542:
Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F (October 2012). "Vaccines and antibiotic resistance".
4228:
Mestrovic T, Robles Aguilar G, Swetschinski LR, Ikuta KS, Gray AP, Davis Weaver N, et al. (November 2022).
230:
Antibiotic resistance is increasing globally due to increased prescribing and dispensing of antibiotic drugs in
18086:
17684:
17403:
17381:
16812:
16536:
16232:
16143:
16009:
15691:
15558:
13634:
10571:
Xie JL, Polvi EJ, Shekhar-Guturja T, Cowen LE (2014). "Elucidating drug resistance in human fungal pathogens".
10155:
9743:
6090:
4395:
2039:
1026:
218:
and disinfecting between patients, and should encourage the same of every patient, visitor, and family member.
11170:
8009:
6237:
Verweij PE, Arendrup MC, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Gold JA, Lockhart SR, Chiller T, et al. (December 2022).
6012:"External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock"
2461:, this allows the identification of all the antimicrobial resistance genes within the sample – the so-called "
1950:
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance caused by overuse of antibiotics was predicted as early as 1945 by
1366:
in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides, instead, like mammalian cells, they turn to using preformed folic acid.
18337:
18054:
16752:
16461:
16086:
9706:"Compensatory mutations, antibiotic resistance and the population genetics of adaptive evolution in bacteria"
8540:"GAO-11-801, Antibiotic Resistance: Agencies Have Made Limited Progress Addressing Antibiotic Use in Animals"
1889:
1030:
417:
A CDC infographic on how antibiotic resistance (a major type of antimicrobial resistance) happens and spreads
15524:
15519:
15340:
15217:
13875:
9244:
Baylay AJ, Piddock LJ, Webber MA (14 March 2019). "Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance – Part I".
7762:"A systematic review to explore influences on parental attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing in children"
4685:
18352:
18081:
17234:
16997:
16712:
16014:
9475:"NorM, a putative multidrug efflux protein, of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its homolog in Escherichia coli"
8045:
Reduce unintentional exposure and the need for antimicrobials, and optimize their use IACG Discussion Paper
2955:
Ikuta KS, Swetschinski LR, Robles Aguilar G, Sharara F, Mestrovic T, Gray AP, et al. (December 2022).
2906:
Fisher MC, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Berman J, Bicanic T, Bignell EM, Bowyer P, et al. (September 2022).
2379:(NICE) whereby an annual subscription fee is paid for use of strategically valuable antimicrobial agents –
2364:
2082:
Accelerate Basic and Applied Research and Development for New Antibiotics, Other Therapeutics, and Vaccines
1117:
1082:, currently there is no regulation on the use of similar antifungal classes in agriculture and the clinic.
868:
By comparison there is a lack of national and international monitoring programs for antifungal resistance.
16906:
12685:
9957:"Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance in Brucella melitensis from a Norwegian perspective"
7463:
6884:
Rogers Van Katwyk S, Giubilini A, Kirchhelle C, Weldon I, Harrison M, McLean A, et al. (March 2023).
5461:"Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 era: Perspective from resource-limited settings"
3883:
Rodríguez-Baño J, Rossolini GM, Schultsz C, Tacconelli E, Murthy S, Ohmagari N, et al. (March 2021).
1824:
has also been reported. The problem of drug resistance in malaria has driven efforts to develop vaccines.
1155:
reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures.
18123:
17994:
17930:
17898:
17846:
17143:
17125:
16204:
15717:
7856:
7408:"Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem"
4105:
2368:
2102:
Elimination of the use of medically important antibiotics for growth promotion in food-producing animals.
1868:
1486:
11844:"FACT SHEET: Obama Administration Releases National Action Plan to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria"
8906:
8375:"The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health"
1737:
yeasts normally inhabit the skin and mucous membranes without causing infection. However, overgrowth of
809:
There are multiple national and international monitoring programs for drug-resistant threats, including
445:
Antimicrobial resistance can be acquired from other microbes through swapping genes in a process termed
178:. Extended use of antifungals leads to development of antifungal resistance through various mechanisms.
18290:
17679:
17092:
16832:
15939:
15758:
14446:
11316:
10283:"Resistance determinants and mobile genetic elements of an NDM-1-encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae strain"
8118:
4509:
Larsen J, Raisen CL, Ba X, Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Simmonds MS, et al. (February 2022).
4086:"WHO's first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health"
1339:
1284:
1190:
908:
198:
13088:
Imamovic L, Ellabaan MM, Dantas Machado AM, Citterio L, Wulff T, Molin S, et al. (January 2018).
10218:
Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, Bagaria J, Butt F, Balakrishnan R, et al. (September 2010).
8078:
4678:"Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self- Assessment Survey (TrACSS)"
4135:
Cassini A, Högberg LD, Plachouras D, Quattrocchi A, Hoxha A, Simonsen GS, et al. (January 2019).
3547:
2832:
2225:
Two registrational trials have evaluated vaccine candidates in active immunization strategies against
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18183:
18173:
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17804:
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17295:
17272:
17058:
16871:
16451:
16199:
16193:
15701:
15670:
15499:
15492:
14956:
Onsea J, Soentjens P, Djebara S, Merabishvili M, Depypere M, Spriet I, et al. (September 2019).
12495:"Rapid viral diagnosis for acute febrile respiratory illness in children in the Emergency Department"
9705:
8079:"The Impact of Water and Sanitation on Diarrhoeal Disease Burden and Over-Consumption of Anitbiotics"
6629:
Alempic JM, Lartigue A, Goncharov AE, Grosse G, Strauss J, Tikhonov AN, et al. (February 2023).
3247:
2546:
2360:
2333:
2112:
1494:
927:
912:
888:
767:
of thawed ground above them, which may mean that this risk is "no greater" than from any other soil.
704:
have failed to survive intentional attempts to revive them, more cold-adapted microorganisms such as
616:
291:
239:
202:
12628:"Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance"
12161:
Kim JI, Maguire F, Tsang KK, Gouliouris T, Peacock SJ, McAllister TA, et al. (September 2022).
11067:"Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance"
9843:"Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Ecosystems through Horizontal Gene Transfer"
5211:
Rawson TM, Moore LS, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M, et al. (December 2020).
4085:
18001:
17863:
17738:
17592:
16707:
16516:
16218:
15637:
13965:
11510:
11065:
Munk P, Brinch C, Møller FD, Petersen TN, Hendriksen RS, Seyfarth AM, et al. (December 2022).
2854:
Dabour R, Meirson T, Samson AO (December 2016). "Global antibiotic resistance is mostly periodic".
2293:
1893:
1586:
1482:
1461:
1086:
of AMR resistances in the food chain pipeline may have far-reaching implications for human health.
728:
446:
167:
141:
13307:"Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer - Infections and the rise of antimicrobial resistance"
8803:
7245:
Gallagher JC, Justo JA, Chahine EB, Bookstaver PB, Scheetz M, Suda KJ, et al. (August 2018).
7153:
5552:
Knight GM, Glover RE, McQuaid CF, Olaru ID, Gallandat K, Leclerc QJ, et al. (February 2021).
2671:
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. (March 2012).
59:
18188:
18106:
17972:
17502:
17300:
17007:
16945:
16779:
16747:
16267:
16029:
16024:
15934:
15852:
14852:
McCallin S, Alam Sarker S, Barretto C, Sultana S, Berger B, Huq S, et al. (September 2013).
13090:"Drug-Driven Phenotypic Convergence Supports Rational Treatment Strategies of Chronic Infections"
12040:
van Belkum A, Bachmann TT, Lüdke G, Lisby JG, Kahlmeter G, Mohess A, et al. (January 2019).
11503:
10797:
Visser BJ, van Vugt M, Grobusch MP (October 2014). "Malaria: an update on current chemotherapy".
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8781:
7485:
Chisti MJ, Harris JB, Carroll RW, Shahunja KM, Shahid AS, Moschovis PP, et al. (July 2021).
5025:"Prevalence of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescriptions Among US Ambulatory Care Visits, 2010–2011"
4582:"Good microbes, bad genes? The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the human microbiome"
4199:"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria responsible for over 33,000 deaths in Europe in 2015, study finds"
2551:
2519:
1876:
1831:
1679:
1502:
839:
720:
318:
In 2018, WHO considered antibiotic resistance to be one of the biggest threats to global health,
16859:
15536:
15468:
15451:
15309:
15026:
14549:
11944:
Hopkins H, Bruxvoort KJ, Cairns ME, Chandler CI, Leurent B, Ansah EK, et al. (March 2017).
6299:
Perron GG, Whyte L, Turnbaugh PJ, Goordial J, Hanage WP, Dantas G, et al. (25 March 2015).
5944:
Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, et al. (November 2017).
5459:
Lucien MA, Canarie MF, Kilgore PE, Jean-Denis G, Fénélon N, Pierre M, et al. (March 2021).
3189:
Gerber JS, Ross RK, Bryan M, Localio AR, Szymczak JE, Wasserman R, et al. (December 2017).
1505:, as in the bacteriophage-mediated transfer of tetracycline resistance genes between strains of
1445:, protecting it from the action of quinolones. Finally, mutations at key sites in DNA gyrase or
931:
the length of stay by an average of slightly over 1 day while not increasing the risk of death.
667:
465:
In 89% of countries, antibiotics can only be prescribed by a doctor and supplied by a pharmacy.
18357:
17775:
17560:
17310:
17183:
16789:
16646:
16636:
16403:
16164:
16139:
16074:
15963:
15847:
15644:
15627:
15545:
15355:
Sansom C (March 2017). "Media Watch: An intimate family story in a world without antibiotics".
14375:
Alcock BP, Huynh W, Chalil R, Smith KW, Raphenya AR, Wlodarski MA, et al. (January 2023).
9908:"Lateral transfer of genes and gene fragments in Staphylococcus extends beyond mobile elements"
8747:
6550:"In-depth study of Mollivirus sibericum, a new 30,000-y-old giant virus infecting Acanthamoeba"
6548:
Legendre M, Lartigue A, Bertaux L, Jeudy S, Bartoli J, Lescot M, et al. (September 2015).
5682:
Lobie TA, Roba AA, Booth JA, Kristiansen KI, Aseffa A, Skarstad K, et al. (October 2021).
4812:"The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies"
4309:
Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, et al. (January 2016).
3485:
Dramé O, Leclair D, Parmley EJ, Deckert A, Ouattara B, Daignault D, et al. (August 2020).
3286:
2160:
2141:
1838:(American trypanosomiasis). There are no vaccines to prevent these infections so drugs such as
1630:
1622:
1572:
1438:
1417:
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii
1370:
1355:
1206:
1186:
883:
13899:"The Antifungal Pipeline: Fosmanogepix, Ibrexafungerp, Olorofim, Opelconazole, and Rezafungin"
13897:
Hoenigl M, Sprute R, Egger M, Arastehfar A, Cornely OA, Krause R, et al. (October 2021).
12711:
Shinefield H, Black S, Fattom A, Horwith G, Rasgon S, Ordonez J, et al. (February 2002).
5023:
Fleming-Dutra KE, Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, Bartoces M, Enns EA, File TM, et al. (May 2016).
3763:
Hoffman SJ, Outterson K, Røttingen JA, Cars O, Clift C, Rizvi Z, et al. (February 2015).
1892:, finding large regional variations, providing maps, and suggesting resistance genes are also
1453:
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17728:
17597:
17105:
17012:
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16511:
16303:
15782:
15751:
15001:
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14418:
14159:
14102:
14045:
13940:
13719:
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Schmitt S, Montalbán-López M, Peterhoff D, Deng J, Wagner R, Held M, et al. (May 2019).
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13454:
13131:
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12424:
12204:
12093:
11987:
11924:
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11118:
10261:
9886:
7691:
7528:
7288:
7247:"Preventing the Post-Antibiotic Era by Training Future Pharmacists as Antimicrobial Stewards"
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1581:
1568:
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1374:
1210:
1202:
1141:
546:
545:
Increased antibiotic use during the early waves of the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate this
530:
197:, which can lead to antibiotic resistance, includes taking antibiotics only when prescribed.
16876:
14676:
Salmond GP, Fineran PC (December 2015). "A century of the phage: past, present and future".
13409:
Alene KA, Wangdi K, Colquhoun S, Chani K, Islam T, Rahevar K, et al. (September 2021).
12383:"Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections"
10071:
cells grown in simulated microgravity for an extended period is both phenotypic and genomic"
7957:
1052:
Manufacturers of antimicrobials need to improve the treatment of their wastewater (by using
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18071:
18017:
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17355:
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16408:
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15807:
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14005:
13524:
12993:
12946:
12639:
12286:
12125:
11879:
Knight GM, Davies NG, Colijn C, Coll F, Donker T, Gifford DR, et al. (November 2019).
11143:
11078:
10294:
10012:
Tirumalai MR, Karouia F, Tran Q, Stepanov VG, Bruce RJ, Ott M, et al. (January 2019).
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9535:
8226:
6848:
6801:
6736:
6561:
6488:
6312:
6129:
5638:
4522:
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3839:
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2124:
mathematical modelling can be used to anticipate the likely effects of different policies.
1970:
1706:
1489:
carrying antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria of the same or different species via
1021:
631:
421:
Antimicrobial resistance can evolve naturally due to continued exposure to antimicrobials.
250:
231:
13992:
König G, Sokkar P, Pryk N, Heinrich S, Möller D, Cimicata G, et al. (November 2021).
11234:
10709:
WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action
7648:
Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL, Charani E, McNeil K, Brown E, et al. (February 2017).
7096:
6171:
Rhodes J, Abdolrasouli A, Dunne K, Sewell TR, Zhang Y, Ballard E, et al. (May 2022).
5276:"Rutgers study finds antibiotic overuse is caused by misconceptions, financial incentives"
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8:
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Ng TF, Chen LF, Zhou Y, Shapiro B, Stiller M, Heintzman PD, et al. (November 2014).
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2494:
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2414:
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in order to isolate bacteria with altered phenotype directly from the analytical matrix.
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1510:
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Ribosome splitting and recycling: for example, drug-mediated stalling of the ribosome by
83:
15546:
CDC Guideline "Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings, 2006"
14009:
13547:
13528:
13512:
12997:
12982:"Alternating antibiotic treatments constrain evolutionary paths to multidrug resistance"
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12643:
12290:
12275:"Antibiotic susceptibility testing in less than 30 min using direct single-cell imaging"
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11082:
10707:
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9972:
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8111:"Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all"
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2017:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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antifungal resistance could rely on the development of host-directed therapies such as
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can decrease their binding affinity to quinolones, decreasing the drug's effectiveness.
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developed a resistance to penicillin in 1976. Another example is Azithromycin-resistant
1287:, which are essential for bacterial life, by permanently binding to their active sites.
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had no toilets and 35% had no water and soap or alcohol-based hand rub for handwashing.
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Tirumalai MR, Karouia F, Tran Q, Stepanov VG, Bruce RJ, Ott M, et al. (May 2017).
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exposed to long-term low-shear modeled microgravity and background antibiotic exposure"
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Morita Y, Kodama K, Shiota S, Mine T, Kataoka A, Mizushima T, et al. (July 1998).
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5867:"Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers"
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4716:"Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention"
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3166:. National Prescribing Service Limited trading, Australia. 13 June 2013. Archived from
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Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of Resistant Infections
1761:
1460:. Antibiotic resistance can also be acquired as a result of either genetic mutation or
1408:
There are several different types of germs that have developed a resistance over time.
992:
also have lower prescribing rates, with Sweden's rate having been declining since 2007.
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724:
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262:
258:
223:
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resistance. Together all of these come under the umbrella of antimicrobial resistance.
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13168:
11354:"A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future"
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5961:
5757:
5740:
4326:
4245:
4152:
3352:
Gullberg E, Cao S, Berg OG, Ilbäck C, Sandegren L, Hughes D, et al. (July 2011).
3030:
2972:
2775:"Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century"
2276:
resistant bacteria emerge in vitro relative to a single drug for the entire duration.
2185:
in 2024. Recently, this platform has been advanced by coupling microfluidic chip with
2099:
Establishment of State Antibiotic Resistance (AR) Prevention Programs in all 50 states
1171:
React based in Sweden has produced informative material on AMR for the general public.
261:
with weaker healthcare systems are more affected, with mortality being the highest in
249:
Public calls for global collective action to address the threat include proposals for
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13552:
13479:"BBC News – Antibiotics resistance 'as big a risk as terrorism' – medical chief"
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12818:
McNeely TB, Shah NA, Fridman A, Joshi A, Hartzel JS, Keshari RS, et al. (2014).
12800:
12734:
12713:"Use of a Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis"
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11881:"Mathematical modelling for antibiotic resistance control policy: do we know enough?"
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6821:
6764:
6752:
6662:
6597:
6516:
6477:"Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch"
6340:
6282:
6270:
6202:
6145:
6041:
6010:
Innes GK, Randad PR, Korinek A, Davis MF, Price LB, So AD, et al. (April 2020).
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Swedish work on containment of antibiotic resistance – Tools, methods and experiences
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1951:
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1537:
In one study, which has implications for space microbiology, a non-pathogenic strain
1517:
877:
507:
495:
450:
439:
422:
266:
194:
15208:
14797:
14768:
Parfitt T (June 2005). "Georgia: an unlikely stronghold for bacteriophage therapy".
14151:
14094:
13696:
11788:
11733:
11231:"Patients contracted 165 antibiotic resistant infections each day in 2018, says PHE"
10826:
10657:"MFS multidrug transporters in pathogenic fungi: do they have real clinical impact?"
10151:
8487:
7392:
6748:
6157:
6141:
5156:
4796:
4663:
3015:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis"
1636:
Antiviral drugs typically target key components of viral reproduction; for example,
1174:
Videos are being produced for the general public to generate interest and awareness.
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14013:
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13777:
13676:
13662:"Analysis of modular bioengineered antimicrobial lanthipeptides at nanoliter scale"
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13381:
13373:
13362:"Side effects of aminoglycosides on the kidney, ear and balance in cystic fibrosis"
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12053:
12008:"Diagnostics Are Helping Counter Antimicrobial Resistance, But More Work Is Needed"
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8169:
8149:
7876:
7868:
7796:
7776:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7650:"Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients"
7620:
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7571:
7561:
7506:
7498:
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7419:
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7362:
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2325:
2242:
infection were five times more likely to die than control recipients who developed
2186:
1938:
infections were reported for 4 out of 6 types of healthcare associated infections.
1747:
1729:
1672:
1664:
1525:
1446:
1400:
1308:
1291:, however, expresses a PBP that does not allow the antibiotic into its active site.
828:
732:
163:
14813:"Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis"
14624:"Phage therapy: An alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance"
13537:
11605:
Leonard C, Crabb N, Glover D, Cooper S, Bouvy J, Wobbe M, et al. (May 2023).
11286:
11201:"Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report: 2022"
9351:
6060:"Veterinary feed directive (VFD) basics | American Veterinary Medical Association"
5522:
4647:
4597:
3405:"A new strategy to fight antimicrobial resistance: the revival of old antibiotics"
2320:
and cystic fibrosis can cause respiratory disorders, deafness and kidney failure.
2053:
have pledged money for developing strategies to counter antimicrobial resistance.
1295:
The five main mechanisms by which bacteria exhibit resistance to antibiotics are:
1140:
to antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines was endorsed at the Sixty-eighth
312:
people who need them to treat infections—is now a major threat to public health."
18316:
18138:
18133:
17977:
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17733:
17710:
17555:
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16881:
16757:
16702:
16506:
16381:
16209:
16169:
16154:
15862:
15812:
15649:
15531:
15029:[Mutations are random]. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
11827:
11405:"Antibiotic resilience: a necessary concept to complement antibiotic resistance?"
10810:
10765:
10455:
10307:
10118:
Ghaith DM, Mohamed ZK, Farahat MG, Aboulkasem Shahin W, Mohamed HO (March 2019).
9721:
9524:"HflXr, a homolog of a ribosome-splitting factor, mediates antibiotic resistance"
9212:
8193:
8051:
6861:
6836:
6397:
6325:
4861:
Chen C, Patterson B, Simpson R, Li Y, Chen Z, Lv Q, et al. (9 August 2022).
4092:
3370:
2623:
2586:
1801:
1633:. With each virus, some strains have become resistant to the administered drugs.
1626:
1549:
1542:
1457:
1378:
1320:
1304:
1121:
736:
466:
295:
16886:
16064:
14870:
14853:
11013:
10623:
10524:"Recent developments in hiv treatment and their dissemination in poor countries"
10500:
9778:
9666:
9581:
8416:"History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds"
6359:
5798:
5396:
5095:
4063:
3073:
1040:
compliance by hospital staff results in decreased rates of resistant organisms.
848:
ResistanceOpen is an online global map of antimicrobial resistance developed by
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17705:
17697:
17622:
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17517:
17241:
17022:
17017:
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16926:
16891:
16729:
16665:
16496:
16476:
16395:
16237:
15979:
15924:
15606:
14343:
13998:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
13914:
13427:
13105:
12986:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12958:
12632:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12279:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
12138:
12113:
11848:
11622:
11091:
10357:
9980:
9818:
9801:
9528:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8517:
7366:
6901:
6813:
6554:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6481:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6255:
6188:
5699:
5476:
5140:
4780:
4731:
4534:
3571:"Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations"
2923:
2867:
2449:
2297:
1835:
1694:
1598:
1485:. The most common mechanism of horizontal gene transfer is the transferring of
1477:
1328:
1239:
824:
775:
685:
681:
491:
413:
254:
243:
187:
102:
15283:
14519:
14468:
Florensa AF, Kaas RS, Clausen PT, Aytan-Aktug D, Aarestrup FM (January 2022).
14135:
14078:
13680:
13274:
13056:
12899:
12555:
12349:
12334:"Isolating live cells after high-throughput, long-term, time-lapse microscopy"
12058:
11897:
11576:"To Fight 'Superbugs,' Drug Makers Call for Incentives to Develop Antibiotics"
10135:
10086:
9287:"Ribosomal protection proteins and their mechanism of tetracycline resistance"
9253:
8773:
8471:
5184:
4944:
4828:
4511:"Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics"
2137:
1585:, but the gene for NDM-1 can spread from one strain of bacteria to another by
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17965:
17858:
17841:
17799:
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17063:
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16501:
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15611:
15596:
15582:
15424:
15073:
13769:
13592:
13478:
13227:
12881:
Lu RM, Hwang YC, Liu IJ, Lee CC, Tsai HZ, Li HJ, et al. (January 2020).
12241:
11473:
11370:
11171:"Superbugs on the rise: WHO report signals increase in antibiotic resistance"
10960:
10858:
10673:
9859:
8291:
7423:
5882:
4879:
4446:
3900:
3699:
3421:
3317:"Impacts of Pharmaceutical Pollution on Communities and Environment in India"
2511:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2421:
2280:
relevant in developing treatment strategies for chronic infections caused by
2193:
2178:
1885:
1857:
1813:
1805:
1781:
1641:
1618:
1553:
1152:
strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research.
1126:
756:
483:
319:
235:
126:
16899:
15110:"Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century – a clinical super-challenge"
14640:
14233:
14018:
13807:
13511:
Berida T, Adekunle Y, Dada-Adegbola H, Kdimy A, Roy S, Sarker S (May 2024).
13377:
13006:
12786:
12652:
12299:
10195:
10178:
9548:
9133:"WHO | UN Interagency Coordination Group (IACG) on Antimicrobial Resistance"
8946:
8539:
7183:
6574:
6501:
6119:
5651:
5626:
3852:
3827:
3206:
3114:. Stockholm: Public Health Agency of Sweden. 2014. pp. 16–17, 121–128.
1078:
Unlike resistance to antibacterials, antifungal resistance can be driven by
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9878:
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9632:
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8479:
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7683:
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7384:
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7231:
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7026:
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6919:
6756:
6666:
6601:
6520:
6416:"Are There Zombie Viruses — Like The 1918 Flu — Thawing In The Permafrost?"
6344:
6274:
6206:
6149:
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5979:
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5113:
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5041:
5024:
5009:
4963:
4898:
4847:
4788:
4749:
4655:
4615:
4580:
Crits-Christoph A, Hallowell HA, Koutouvalis K, Suez J (31 December 2022).
4552:
4465:
4430:"The antimicrobial resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management"
4344:
4335:
4271:
4170:
3918:
3861:
3798:
3643:
3524:
3440:
3389:
3224:
3048:
2990:
2941:
2875:
2810:
2754:
2698:
2337:
2313:
2093:
Establishment of antimicrobial programs within acute care hospital settings
2042:
1847:
1757:
1668:
1575:. The most common bacteria that make this enzyme are gram-negative such as
1389:
1363:
1331:. Acetylation is the most widely used mechanism and can affect a number of
1037:
764:
752:
740:
586:
A CDC infographic on how antibiotic resistance spreads through farm animals
550:
487:
431:
14486:
14392:
13259:"Design and Synthesis of Molecular Scaffolds with Anti-infective Activity"
12579:"Why does drug resistance readily evolve but vaccine resistance does not?"
11702:"What Will It Take to Address the Global Threat of Antibiotic Resistance?"
10033:
9827:
9522:
Duval M, Dar D, Carvalho F, Rocha EP, Sorek R, Cossart P (December 2018).
9508:
9490:
8432:
8415:
7872:
7616:
6883:
6696:"Scientists revive 'zombie virus' that was frozen for nearly 50,000 years"
5228:
3959:
3780:
3506:
3456:"Calls to rein in antibiotic use after study shows 65% increase worldwide"
2735:
1299:
Drug inactivation or modification: for example, enzymatic deactivation of
18153:
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17878:
17853:
17602:
17582:
17487:
17447:
17371:
16742:
16737:
16658:
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16019:
15237:
15126:
15109:
13584:
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12178:
8391:
8374:
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8238:
3946:
3882:
2483:
2380:
2057:
1978:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1724:
1713:
1698:
1637:
1610:
1606:
1351:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1079:
971:
854:
215:
15550:
14689:
13411:"Tuberculosis related disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
12042:"Developmental roadmap for antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems"
11022:
10909:
9923:
8834:"Ireland's National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017 – 2020"
7126:
6964:
6583:
5570:
4227:
3947:"COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022"
3624:
2791:
2076:
Strengthen National One-Health Surveillance Efforts to Combat Resistance
18091:
18066:
18034:
17811:
17792:
17782:
17770:
17617:
17229:
17201:
17027:
16987:
16436:
16368:
16260:
16035:
15601:
12493:
Doan Q, Enarson P, Kissoon N, Klassen TP, Johnson DW (September 2014).
12067:
11772:
11717:
11670:
11317:"2022 SPECIAL REPORT: COVID-19 U.S. IMPACT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE"
9955:
Johansen TB, Scheffer L, Jensen VK, Bohlin J, Feruglio SL (June 2018).
9840:
7780:
7566:
7058:
6446:"Anthrax Outbreak In Russia Thought To Be Result Of Thawing Permafrost"
5554:"Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19: Intersections and implications"
4579:
4253:
3688:"'Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns"
3354:"Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations"
2908:"Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health"
2491:
2305:
2145:
1851:
1753:
1702:
1442:
1385:
1359:
1332:
1300:
1194:
1158:
optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health.
748:
676:
609:
582:
435:
281:
270:
207:
183:
175:
159:
134:
110:
15178:
14974:
14829:
14812:
14583:"The New Phage Biology: From Genomics to Applications" (introduction)"
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13202:"No collateral antibiotic sensitivity by alternating antibiotic pairs"
13087:
11961:
11607:"Can the UK 'Netflix' Payment Model Boost the Antibacterial Pipeline?"
10584:
7710:
6647:
6401:
6236:
5684:"Antimicrobial resistance: A challenge awaiting the post-COVID-19 era"
4977:
4975:
4973:
4311:"Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance"
3765:"An international legal framework to address antimicrobial resistance"
2954:
2905:
2523:
2202:
is unclear if rapid viral testing affects antibiotic use in children.
1441:, plasmid-mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to
18163:
17642:
16675:
16670:
16603:
16214:
13739:
12883:"Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases"
12835:
11139:"Antibiotika-Resistenzen verbreiten sich offenbar anders als gedacht"
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8275:"Selection of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Medicated Animal Feeds"
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The six pathogens causing most deaths associated with resistance are
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Mission Critical: Preventing Antibiotic Resistance (CDC report, 2014)
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The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
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MG1655 was exposed to trace levels of the broad spectrum antibiotic
1059:
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bacteria in developing genetic alterations that lead to resistance.
18299:
18146:
18061:
17637:
17612:
17565:
17110:
16680:
16623:
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16308:
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15984:
14554:
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Infections by fungi are a cause of high morbidity and mortality in
1565:
1473:
1465:
1198:
1056:
processes) to reduce the release of residues into the environment.
760:
697:
689:
523:
155:
130:
122:
14851:
14268:"Medieval medical books could hold the recipe for new antibiotics"
14121:
11652:
11650:
8110:
7456:"Pandemic of Antibiotic Resistance Killing Children in Bangladesh"
7039:
2182:
1338:
Alteration of target- or binding site: for example, alteration of
1279:
540:
17950:
17821:
17074:
15797:
15508:
15334:
14955:
13867:
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12331:
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6631:"An Update on Eukaryotic Viruses Revived from Ancient Permafrost"
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3068:
3066:
2502:
2324:
potential financial returns are less likely to cover the cost of
1843:
1797:
1464:. Although mutations are rare, with spontaneous mutations in the
1003:
985:
865:
and provides data on antimicrobial resistance on a global level.
705:
653:) which are again being used in both the clinic and agriculture.
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Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the
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persons, such as those with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis or receiving
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1303:
in some penicillin-resistant bacteria through the production of
1006:
have high prescribing rates for antibiotics of more than 28 DDD.
18158:
17723:
17376:
16972:
15743:
15452:"Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance"
14628:
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics
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13331:"Obama Administration Seeks To Ease Approvals For Antibiotics"
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Antimicrobial resistance : global report on surveillance
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for antibiotic treatment." This is particularly a problem in
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1556:
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656:
16840:
16189:
16082:
16078:
15880:
11865:
11053:
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Hudson CM, Bent ZW, Meagher RJ, Williams KP (7 June 2014).
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Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics – from Molecules to Man
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16529:
14718:
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10750:"Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases"
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1884:
In 2022, genomic epidemiologists reported results from a
1602:
273:
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Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called
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7547:
7348:
7000:
5551:
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1066:
Antibiotic use in livestock § Antibiotic resistance
719:
Some scientists have argued that the inability of known
578:
Antibiotic use in livestock § Antibiotic resistance
101:
evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of
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The global 'resistome' based on sewage-based monitoring
871:
453:
processes that happen during antibiotic use or misuse.
154:
is a major subset of AMR, that applies specifically to
15951:
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3658:"The biggest antibiotic-resistant threats in the U.S."
3243:
The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book
3188:
1099:
In 1997, European Union health ministers voted to ban
294:
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has the lowest rate of antibiotic prescribing in the
27:
Resistance of microbes to drugs directed against them
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1193:, and other high-burden resistant pathogens such as
1134:
716:
viruses, have successfully survived prolonged thaw.
426:
those without this resistance will become obsolete.
15913:
15310:"Alternatives to Antibiotics Reduce Animal Disease"
15066:
Stemming the Superbug Tide: Just A Few Dollars More
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14067:
Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine
13961:"Antibiotic resistance outwitted by supercomputers"
13635:"Pfizer Moves May Dim Prospect for New Antibiotics"
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Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
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11257:"National Infection & Death Estimates for AR"
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4816:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
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4636:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
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4302:
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3279:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
1369:Reduced drug accumulation: by decreasing drug
16953:
16587:
16394:
15759:
15566:
14845:
14721:"Ecological basis for rational phage therapy"
14666:
14587:Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology
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12880:
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10738:
7857:"General principles of antimicrobial therapy"
7598:
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6294:
6292:
4925:
4629:
4627:
4625:
3685:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2089:The following are goals set to meet by 2020:
1880:Gene-sharing network between bacterial genera
1548:In recent years, the emergence and spread of
1010:
787:
15406:
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1015:Infectious disease control through improved
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537:to the correct place at the correct timing.
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15469:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144020
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4700:
4390:
4388:
4299:
3568:
3276:
3236:
3234:
2997:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2642:"Antimicrobial resistance Fact sheet N°194"
2537:Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics
2287:
1392:unstalled by a heat shock protein found in
1342:—the binding target site of penicillins—in
1263:
16594:
16580:
15766:
15752:
15573:
15559:
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14574:
11611:Applied Health Economics and Health Policy
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4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3661:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3101:
3099:
2882:
2856:Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
2772:
2719:"Multidrug resistance: an emerging crisis"
2705:
2572:Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
2377:National Institute for Clinical Excellence
1927:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1863:
955:
619:went into practice in 2017 dictating that
557:
16367:
15835:
15790:
15723:Antibiotics in poultry farming in America
15580:
15467:
15449:
15432:
15291:
15236:
15225:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
15218:"The changing epidemiology of resistance"
15125:
14983:
14973:
14932:
14869:
14828:
14744:
14649:
14639:
14495:
14485:
14400:
14351:
14316:
14242:
14232:
14027:
14017:
13922:
13546:
13536:
13436:
13426:
13385:
13282:
13217:
13176:
13113:
13064:
13015:
13005:
12936:
12908:
12898:
12843:
12794:
12728:
12661:
12651:
12602:
12518:
12469:
12406:
12357:
12308:
12298:
12249:
12186:
12137:
12075:
12057:
11969:
11906:
11896:
11761:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
11706:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
11659:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
11630:
11428:
11379:
11369:
11100:
11090:
11021:
10969:
10959:
10918:
10908:
10867:
10857:
10773:
10682:
10672:
10631:
10547:
10463:
10437:
10414:
10365:
10339:
10316:
10306:
10243:
10194:
10094:
10041:
9988:
9931:
9868:
9858:
9817:
9764:
9729:
9557:
9547:
9498:
9449:
9408:
9382:
9359:
9310:
9220:
9127:
9125:
8955:
8945:
8582:
8506:Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases
8431:
8390:
8379:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
8349:
8300:
8290:
8246:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8064:
7909:
7880:
7736:
7673:
7624:
7575:
7565:
7510:
7431:
7374:
7325:
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7270:
7067:
7057:
6972:
6953:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
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6860:
6785:
6687:
6656:
6646:
6591:
6573:
6510:
6500:
6334:
6324:
6264:
6254:
6196:
6035:
5969:
5890:
5807:
5797:
5782:"Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat"
5756:
5707:
5650:
5579:
5569:
5484:
5405:
5395:
5236:
5183:
5103:
5040:
4999:
4953:
4943:
4888:
4878:
4837:
4827:
4739:
4605:
4542:
4455:
4445:
4334:
4261:
4160:
3958:
3908:
3851:
3788:
3769:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3686:Chanel S, Doherty B (10 September 2020).
3633:
3623:
3605:
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3420:
3379:
3369:
3214:
3038:
2980:
2931:
2800:
2790:
2744:
2734:
2688:
2664:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2328:than for other pharmaceuticals. In 2011,
804:
657:Gene transfer from ancient microorganisms
15381:
14265:
13626:
10388:
9194:
8413:
8039:
8037:
8035:
6028:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043954
6005:
6003:
5830:
4385:
3531:
3231:
2761:
2136:
1875:
1867:
1690:is associated with increased mortality.
1534:produced by the gradient of antibiotic.
1399:
1278:
922:
774:
666:
581:
412:
299:antiviral and antiparasitic resistance.
280:
78:
17668:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
16841:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
16294:
16002:
15265:
14767:
14585:. In McGrath S, van Sinderen D (eds.).
13617:
13472:
13470:
12824:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
11573:
11501:
10941:
10522:Ebrahim O, Mazanderani AH (June 2013).
7084:
6351:
5860:
5858:
5078:Strachan CR, Davies J (February 2017).
4981:
4761:
4759:
4070:
3749:
3562:
3403:Cassir N, Rolain JM, Brouqui P (2014).
3143:
3096:
1727:infection, the most common of which is
1114:United States Department of Agriculture
612:of antimicrobial resistance in humans.
333:Deaths per 100,000 attributable to AMR
222:are manufactured. Antibiotics increase
190:. These approaches may also cost more.
144:(MDR) and are sometimes referred to as
14:
18325:
18251:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
18143:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
16127:
16057:
15728:Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine
15354:
15216:Hawkey PM, Jones AM (September 2009).
14325:
13506:
13504:
13323:
13199:
13151:Beckley AM, Wright ES (October 2021).
11351:
11287:"COVID-19 & Antibiotic Resistance"
11002:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
10177:Diene SM, Rolain JM (September 2014).
9122:
8219:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
8121:from the original on 24 September 2020
8061:
7897:from the original on 15 September 2019
7599:Doron S, Davidson LE (November 2011).
7107:from the original on 12 September 2017
6828:
6456:from the original on 22 September 2016
6413:
6370:from the original on 27 September 2023
6088:
5833:"Big Meat just can't quit antibiotics"
5523:"COVID-19 & Antibiotic Resistance"
5172:"Don't let Covid boost another killer"
3727:"Our antibiotics are becoming useless"
3724:
3453:
2629:
2270:
2210:Microorganisms usually do not develop
1958:
16575:
15747:
15554:
15253:from the original on 17 February 2024
15046:Reynolds LA, Tansey EM, eds. (2008).
15025:Caldwell R, Lindberg D, eds. (2011).
14909:"Phage treatment of human infections"
14603:from the original on 26 November 2020
14562:from the original on 10 February 2013
14542:
14332:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
14278:from the original on 25 December 2022
13973:from the original on 13 December 2021
13641:from the original on 14 December 2013
13632:
13476:
12626:Kennedy DA, Read AF (December 2018).
12224:Banerjee R, Patel R (February 2023).
11804:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
11297:from the original on 21 February 2022
10340:Lou Z, Sun Y, Rao Z (February 2014).
10158:from the original on 27 November 2022
9479:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
9333:
9291:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
8804:"The Antibiotic Apocalypse Explained"
8784:from the original on 11 November 2021
8754:from the original on 16 November 2017
8324:Marshall BM, Levy SB (October 2011).
8076:
8032:
7190:from the original on 14 November 2017
7133:from the original on 15 November 2017
6693:
6358:McGee D, Gribkoff E (4 August 2022).
6101:from the original on 27 November 2022
6000:
5624:
5533:from the original on 21 February 2022
5440:from the original on 12 February 2022
5169:
5163:
5129:American Journal of Infection Control
3826:Kwon JH, Powderly WG (30 July 2021).
3587:from the original on 14 November 2017
2542:Antimicrobial resistance in Australia
1481:through inheritance but also through
1275:List of antibiotic resistant bacteria
1253:Collaborate for more effective action
1238:In 2016 the Secretary-General of the
1089:
408:
346:Southeast and East Asia, and Oceania
17498:Compartmental models in epidemiology
16182:
15108:Arias CA, Murray BE (January 2009).
15033:from the original on 8 February 2012
14615:
14304:from the original on 21 October 2022
13818:from the original on 23 January 2019
13770:"Novel Gram Negative Antibiotic Now"
13583:
13467:
13039:Pál C, Papp B, Lázár V (July 2015).
12692:from the original on 3 December 2013
11856:from the original on 21 January 2017
11740:from the original on 12 October 2022
11489:Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria
11211:from the original on 21 January 2023
11181:from the original on 2 February 2023
11151:from the original on 17 January 2023
11041:from the original on 12 October 2022
10726:from the original on 26 October 2022
10699:
9746:from the original on 18 January 2023
9336:"The Mode of Action of Sulfonamides"
8879:from the original on 5 December 2021
8708:
8546:from the original on 5 November 2013
8532:
8020:from the original on 14 January 2015
7836:from the original on 24 October 2015
7806:from the original on 14 October 2023
7164:from the original on 8 December 2015
6729:The Science of the Total Environment
6122:The Science of the Total Environment
6091:"What are Antimicrobial Pesticides?"
5855:
5843:from the original on 23 January 2023
5286:from the original on 6 December 2021
5192:from the original on 22 October 2021
4867:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
4756:
4720:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
4490:from the original on 30 October 2019
3706:from the original on 5 December 2022
3667:from the original on 6 November 2019
3297:from the original on 8 November 2017
2443:Computational community surveillance
2292:Since the discovery of antibiotics,
2161:Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
2142:Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
2118:
1997:
1963:
1327:are common resistance mechanisms to
1228:World Organisation for Animal Health
1017:water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
889:Antimicrobial stewardship programmes
872:Limiting antimicrobial use in humans
861:. ResistanceMap is a website by the
60:move details into the article's body
31:
15114:The New England Journal of Medicine
14550:"Silent Killers: Fantastic Phages?"
14215:Ermini ML, Voliani V (April 2021).
13501:
12775:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
12717:The New England Journal of Medicine
12114:"Progress on antibiotic resistance"
11333:from the original on 26 August 2023
10183:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
9592:from the original on 1 October 2017
8840:from the original on 10 August 2022
8607:"Extralabel Use and Antimicrobials"
8091:from the original on 1 October 2017
8010:"Indicator: Antibiotic prescribing"
7920:"Are you using antibiotics wisely?"
7412:Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety
7406:Llor C, Bjerrum L (December 2014).
3537:
3264:from the original on 13 August 2023
3084:from the original on 1 October 2017
2677:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2567:(KPC) antibacterial resistance gene
2253:
2127:
2051:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
1984:
1354:-resistant bacteria do not require
964:
296:resistance to an antimicrobial drug
24:
16552:Minimum bactericidal concentration
15525:Animation of Antibiotic Resistance
15377:
15006:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
14892:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
14530:from the original on 28 March 2023
14449:from the original on 28 March 2023
14423:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
14164:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
14107:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
14050:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
13945:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
13878:from the original on 28 March 2023
13848:from the original on 28 March 2023
13788:from the original on 28 March 2023
13750:from the original on 28 March 2023
13724:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
13706:from the original on 18 April 2023
13569:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
13489:from the original on 8 August 2018
13459:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
13341:from the original on 13 March 2015
13200:Ma Y, Chua SL (15 November 2021).
13136:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
12866:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
12769:Fowler VG, Proctor RA (May 2014).
12751:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
12577:Kennedy DA, Read AF (March 2017).
12429:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
12209:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
12098:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
12014:. 20 November 2018. Archived from
11992:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
11929:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
11586:from the original on 24 April 2018
11522:from the original on 31 March 2018
11267:from the original on 3 August 2023
11123:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
10612:Drug Discovery Today: Technologies
10608:"Overcoming antifungal resistance"
10346:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
10266:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
9891:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
9432:Aminov RI, Mackie RI (June 2007).
9176:from the original on 19 April 2023
9020:from the original on 28 March 2023
8990:from the original on 28 March 2023
8814:from the original on 20 March 2021
8696:from the original on 21 April 2018
8617:from the original on 19 April 2023
8154:10.1097/01.CCM.0000108866.48795.0F
7930:from the original on 21 March 2024
7696:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
7533:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
7293:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
7151:
6932:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
6777:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
6708:from the original on 24 April 2023
6679:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
6614:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
6533:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
6426:from the original on 24 April 2023
6219:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
6070:from the original on 24 April 2024
5992:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
5610:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
5507:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
5359:from the original on 24 April 2024
5273:
5259:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
5063:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4911:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4688:from the original on 28 March 2023
4565:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4377:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4359:from the original on 14 April 2022
4209:from the original on 28 March 2023
4183:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4031:from the original on 29 April 2015
3975:from the original on 22 March 2023
3931:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3811:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2773:Saha M, Sarkar A (December 2021).
2652:from the original on 10 March 2015
2582:New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1
2316:, etc.) used for the treatment of
1993:
1920:
1830:are parasitic protozoa that cause
1796:parasites that cause the diseases
1558:New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1
1070:It is established that the use of
566:
501:
460:
25:
18369:
15485:
15343:from the original on 9 March 2022
15166:from the original on 9 March 2022
10840:Chia WN, Goh YS, Rénia L (2014).
10799:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
9685:from the original on 8 March 2021
9665:Watford S, Warrington SJ (2018).
9100:"World Antibiotic Awareness Week"
9070:"World Antibiotic Awareness Week"
8666:from the original on 21 June 2023
5925:from the original on 3 April 2024
5871:American Journal of Public Health
4406:from the original on 9 March 2023
4005:from the original on 27 July 2015
3828:"The post-antibiotic era is here"
3466:from the original on 8 April 2018
3131:from the original on 23 July 2015
2434:Rediscovery of ancient treatments
2144:: Thin paper discs containing an
1908:
1256:Invest for a sustainable response
1135:Global action plans and awareness
253:on antimicrobial resistance. The
18310:
18298:
18247:Economics of Infectious Diseases
16542:Minimum inhibitory concentration
15773:
15507:
15491:
15333:Cooke P, Rees-Roberts D (2017).
15320:from the original on 5 June 2011
14949:
14900:
14804:
14761:
14737:10.32607/20758251-2010-2-1-60-71
14712:
14512:
14461:
14431:
14368:
14290:
14259:
14208:
14172:
14115:
14058:
13985:
13953:
13890:
13860:
13830:
13800:
13762:
13732:
13653:
13611:
13599:from the original on 18 May 2014
13402:
13353:
13299:
13250:
13193:
13144:
13081:
13032:
12973:
12874:
12811:
12704:
12678:
12619:
12583:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
12570:
12535:
12486:
12437:
12374:
12325:
12266:
12217:
12154:
12106:
12000:
11937:
11872:
11814:
11795:
11752:
11700:Hoffman SJ, Outterson K (2015).
11693:
11598:
11534:
11495:
11480:
11409:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
11396:
11345:
11309:
11279:
11249:
11223:
11193:
11163:
11131:
10986:
10935:
10884:
10833:
10790:
10648:
10599:
10564:
10515:
10480:
10431:
10382:
10333:
10274:
10170:
10124:Arab Journal of Gastroenterology
10111:
10058:
10005:
9948:
9899:
9834:
9793:
9758:
9697:
9658:
9639:
9604:
9574:
9515:
9466:
9451:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00757.x
9425:
9401:10.2165/11317030-000000000-00000
9383:Li XZ, Nikaido H (August 2009).
9376:
9327:
9303:10.1128/AAC.47.12.3675-3681.2003
9278:
9155:
9092:
9062:
9050:from the original on 20 May 2024
9032:
9002:
8972:
8921:
8891:
8852:
8826:
8796:
8766:
8740:
8678:
8638:"Fluoroquinolones: then and now"
8629:
8599:
8497:
8451:
8407:
8366:
8317:
8206:
8179:
8133:
8103:
8002:
7990:from the original on 10 May 2023
7972:
7942:
7848:
7818:
7753:
7704:
7641:
7592:
7541:
7478:
7448:
7399:
7355:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy
7327:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00289.x
7238:
7176:
7145:
4116:from the original on 21 May 2021
3737:from the original on 11 May 2021
3606:Dadgostar P (20 December 2019).
3333:from the original on 20 May 2017
3074:"About Antimicrobial Resistance"
2690:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
2577:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
2468:
2408:
2002:
1247:Accelerate progress in countries
1107:
825:extended spectrum beta-lactamase
700:or the bacteria associated with
480:low- and middle-income countries
259:low-and middle- income countries
36:
16482:WHO list of essential medicines
15975:Non-specific effect of vaccines
15187:(9459). Esac Project: 579–587.
12544:Current Opinion in Microbiology
11487:Amábile-Cuevas CF, ed. (2007).
10224:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
9613:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
7212:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
7119:
7033:
6940:
6877:
6749:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139275
6468:
6164:
6142:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.041
6113:
6082:
6052:
5937:
5907:
5824:
5773:
5745:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
5732:
5675:
5618:
5545:
5515:
5452:
5422:
5371:
5341:
5298:
5267:
5204:
5120:
5071:
5016:
4919:
4854:
4803:
4670:
4573:
4502:
4472:
4278:
4221:
4191:
4141:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
4128:
4098:
4043:
4017:
3987:
3939:
3819:
3718:
3679:
3650:
3599:
3495:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
3447:
3396:
3345:
3309:
3182:
2396:
2350:Innovative Medicines Initiative
1903:
1816:are important human pathogens.
1072:antibiotics in animal husbandry
1054:industrial wastewater treatment
1048:Industrial wastewater treatment
643:Environmental Protection Agency
18256:Infectious disease informatics
18087:Transmission-based precautions
16537:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
15692:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
15456:Annual Review of Public Health
13312:. UK NHS. 2011. Archived from
12511:10.1002/14651858.CD006452.pub4
12462:10.1002/14651858.CD010130.pub3
12399:10.1002/14651858.CD007498.pub3
11502:Fleming A (11 December 1945).
10438:Das K, Arnold E (April 2013).
7729:10.1002/14651858.CD011360.pub2
7666:10.1002/14651858.cd003543.pub4
7491:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
7462:. 18 July 2021. Archived from
7015:10.1002/14651858.CD004417.pub6
6016:Annual Review of Public Health
2948:
2847:
2817:
2610:
1741:can lead to candidiasis. Some
13:
1:
17673:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
17448:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
16809:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
16462:Functional analog (chemistry)
15407:Bancroft, EA (October 2007).
15369:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30067-1
15193:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17907-0
14782:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66759-1
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13538:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31145
13219:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00270-6
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10712:. World Health Organization.
10236:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2
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9582:"About Antibiotic Resistance"
9352:10.1128/MMBR.7.4.175-262.1943
8414:Castanon JI (November 2007).
8330:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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5831:Torrella K (8 January 2023).
5758:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30268-2
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4648:10.1080/10408398.2015.1077192
4598:10.1080/19490976.2022.2055944
4327:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00473-0
4246:10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00225-0
4153:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30605-4
3612:Infection and Drug Resistance
3487:"Antimicrobial Resistance of
3031:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
2973:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7
2604:
2133:Rapid testing and diagnostics
1890:wastewater-based epidemiology
1250:Innovate to secure the future
1031:Sustainable Development Goals
770:
625:
338:North Africa and Middle East
276:
17235:Aerosol-generating procedure
17013:Silent/Subclinical infection
16713:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
16015:Hill equation (biochemistry)
15266:Soulsby EJ (November 2005).
14678:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
14266:Connelly E (18 April 2017).
13620:International Business Times
12230:JAC-antimicrobial Resistance
12046:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
10811:10.1517/14656566.2014.944499
10766:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002
10456:10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.012
10308:10.1371/journal.pone.0099209
9213:10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.482
8571:Clinical Infectious Diseases
6862:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.03.010
6326:10.1371/journal.pone.0069533
5950:The Lancet. Planetary Health
5625:Lu J, Guo J (January 2021).
5217:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3371:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002158
2912:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2365:Food and Drug Administration
1787:
1118:Food and Drug Administration
571:
354:Latin America and Caribbean
7:
17899:Vaccine-preventable disease
17847:Monoclonal antibody therapy
15718:Antibiotic use in livestock
15100:
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13633:Gever J (4 February 2011).
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10501:10.2174/1570162x11311020005
10444:Current Opinion in Virology
9779:10.1101/SQB.1951.016.01.032
8058:at WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
8056:public consultation process
7769:Journal of Clinical Nursing
7601:"Antimicrobial stewardship"
5799:10.3390/antibiotics10101209
5397:10.3390/antibiotics12030487
5096:10.1101/cshperspect.a025171
4064:10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.07.006
2529:
2318:drug-resistant tuberculosis
2205:
2106:
1268:
909:Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
898:upper respiratory infection
797:immediate antibiotic use).
306:
199:Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
84:Antibiotic resistance tests
10:
18374:
18040:Respiratory source control
16530:Antimicrobial pharmacology
16010:Dose–response relationship
15940:Desensitization (medicine)
15401:) on antibiotic resistance
14589:. Caister Academic Press.
14344:10.1038/s12276-021-00569-z
13915:10.1007/s40265-021-01611-0
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11623:10.1007/s40258-022-00786-1
11092:10.1038/s41467-022-34312-7
10948:Frontiers in Public Health
10528:Infectious Disease Reports
10395:Infectious Disease Reports
10358:10.1016/j.tips.2013.11.006
9981:10.1038/s41598-018-26906-3
9819:10.7164/antibiotics.28.681
9806:The Journal of Antibiotics
9722:10.1093/genetics/154.3.985
9334:Henry RJ (December 1943).
8808:Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
8518:10.1053/j.spid.2004.01.010
7980:"Defined Daily Dose (DDD)"
7367:10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.3.232
6902:10.1007/s10728-019-00389-3
6814:10.1038/s41558-021-01162-y
6256:10.1016/j.drup.2022.100885
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4434:Frontiers in Public Health
4203:The Pharmaceutical Journal
3995:"What is Drug Resistance?"
3454:Sample I (26 March 2018).
2924:10.1038/s41579-022-00720-1
2868:10.1016/j.jgar.2016.09.003
2522:) and in one institute in
2472:
2336:manner to diversify novel
1941:
1592:
1272:
1191:mycobacterium tuberculosis
1063:
1011:Water, sanitation, hygiene
913:broad-spectrum antibiotics
881:
875:
788:Duration of antimicrobials
660:
629:
575:
505:
203:broad-spectrum antibiotics
18230:
18184:Global Health Initiatives
18174:Evolutionary epidemiology
18122:
17914:
17869:Post-exposure prophylaxis
17805:Antimicrobial stewardship
17763:
17750:
17655:
17546:
17528:Multiplicity of infection
17493:Basic reproduction number
17468:
17440:
17426:
17412:
17396:
17364:
17326:
17269:Percutaneous inoculation
17255:
17217:
17210:
17192:
17124:
17091:
17084:
17048:
17041:
16944:
16831:
16753:Host–pathogen interaction
16728:
16622:
16615:
16452:Coinduction (anesthetics)
16445:
16246:
16118:
15904:
15781:
15710:
15702:Production of antibiotics
15684:
15671:Antimicrobial stewardship
15663:
15620:
15589:
15530:28 September 2022 at the
15284:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1219
15027:"Understanding Evolution"
14136:10.1007/s10856-007-3143-1
14079:10.1007/s10856-007-3018-5
13681:10.1038/s41589-019-0250-5
13477:Walsh F (11 March 2013).
13275:10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.044
13057:10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.009
12900:10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z
12556:10.1016/j.mib.2012.08.002
12350:10.1038/s41592-019-0620-7
12059:10.1038/s41579-018-0098-9
11898:10.1186/s12879-019-4630-y
11358:Frontiers in Microbiology
10846:Frontiers in Microbiology
10389:Pennings PS (June 2013).
10136:10.1016/j.ajg.2019.01.002
10087:10.1038/s41526-017-0020-1
9847:Frontiers in Microbiology
9673:. StatPearls Publishing.
9667:"Bacterial DNA Mutations"
9438:FEMS Microbiology Letters
9254:10.1002/9781119593522.ch1
9074:World Health Organization
8472:10.1080/10495390600956920
8279:Frontiers in Microbiology
8192:12 September 2018 at the
7314:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
7160:. National Public Radio.
6694:Alund NN (9 March 2023).
5185:10.1146/knowable-021621-1
4982:Ventola CL (April 2015).
4945:10.3389/fphar.2022.990241
4932:Frontiers in Pharmacology
4829:10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x
4234:The Lancet. Public Health
3409:Frontiers in Microbiology
3248:World Health Organization
2547:Broad-spectrum antibiotic
2413:During the last decades,
2369:phase III clinical trials
2361:European Medicines Agency
2334:high-throughput screening
2113:World Health Organization
2036:United States 2016 budget
2011:This section needs to be
1218:Antibiotic Awareness Week
1094:
935:At the primary care level
928:Antimicrobial stewardship
684:. The cold preserves any
617:Veterinary Feed Directive
615:In the United States the
395:
240:World Health Organization
158:that become resistant to
18333:Antimicrobial resistance
18002:Protective sequestration
17864:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
17155:Generational difference
16708:Horizontal gene transfer
16698:Antimicrobial resistance
16517:Multiple drug resistance
16490:Tolerance and resistance
15858:Physiological antagonist
15633:Antimicrobial resistance
15514:Antimicrobial resistance
15425:10.1001/jama.298.15.1803
15074:10.1787/9789264307599-en
15017:
13966:University of Portsmouth
12939:Archives of Microbiology
12688:. HomesteadSchools.com.
11371:10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134
10961:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00259
10859:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00586
10674:10.3389/fphys.2014.00197
9860:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00173
9248:. Wiley. pp. 1–26.
8292:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00456
7424:10.1177/2042098614554919
5883:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302870
4880:10.3389/fcvm.2022.949538
4447:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00145
4027:. Cdc.gov. 29 May 2018.
3889:Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
3422:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00551
2294:research and development
2288:Development of new drugs
1719:More than 20 species of
1658:
1587:horizontal gene transfer
1499:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1483:horizontal gene transfer
1462:horizontal gene transfer
1426:Penicillinase-producing
1264:Mechanisms and organisms
729:horizontal gene transfer
529:Studies have shown that
447:horizontal gene transfer
168:horizontal gene transfer
91:Antimicrobial resistance
18189:Microbial phylogenetics
18107:Wastewater surveillance
17628:Geographic distribution
17503:Critical community size
17301:Surgical site infection
17149:Iatrogenic/Medical care
17068:Microbial translocation
17064:Endogenous reactivation
17059:Normal flora overgrowth
17008:Opportunistic infection
16780:Opportunistic infection
16268:Neuropsychopharmacology
16030:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
16025:Del Castillo Katz model
15952:Other effects of ligand
15935:Receptor (biochemistry)
15853:Irreversible antagonist
14641:10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.162
14234:10.1021/acsnano.0c10756
14019:10.1073/pnas.2113632118
13669:Nature Chemical Biology
13378:10.1136/thx.2009.131532
13007:10.1073/pnas.1409800111
12787:10.1111/1469-0691.12570
12653:10.1073/pnas.1717159115
12300:10.1073/pnas.1708558114
11885:BMC Infectious Diseases
11826:22 January 2017 at the
10661:Frontiers in Physiology
10196:10.1111/1469-0691.12655
9912:Journal of Bacteriology
9549:10.1073/pnas.1810555115
9340:Bacteriological Reviews
8947:10.1186/1471-2296-13-43
8493:(subscription required)
8447:(subscription required)
8175:(subscription required)
7861:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
7605:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
6575:10.1073/pnas.1510795112
6502:10.1073/pnas.1410429111
6396:24 October 2022 at the
6243:Drug Resistance Updates
5652:10.1126/science.abg4380
4106:"Antibiotic resistance"
3853:10.1126/science.abl5997
3725:Samuel S (7 May 2019).
3207:10.1001/jama.2017.18715
2552:Colonisation resistance
2520:George Eliava Institute
2163:(AST) can facilitate a
1864:Global and genomic data
1832:African trypanosomiasis
1680:Cryptococcus neoformans
1573:beta-lactam antibiotics
1456:due to the presence of
956:At the individual level
842:Acinetobacter baumannii
558:Environmental pollution
547:global health challenge
18348:Pharmaceuticals policy
18261:Microbial bioterrorism
17884:efficacy/effectiveness
17292:Surgical intervention
17184:Breakthrough infection
16806:Genetic predisposition
16790:Susceptible individual
16637:Germ theory of disease
16404:Classical pharmacology
16165:Plasma protein binding
16140:Volume of distribution
15848:Competitive antagonist
15645:Antibiotic prophylaxis
15628:Antibiotic sensitivity
15512:Quotations related to
15402:
15183:. Group Esac Project.
14925:10.4161/bact.1.2.15845
14381:Nucleic Acids Research
13045:Trends in Microbiology
12595:10.1098/rspb.2016.2562
12242:10.1093/jacamr/dlad018
11421:10.1098/rspb.2019.2408
10540:10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e2
10407:10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e5
8142:Critical Care Medicine
7127:"HealthMap Resistance"
5919:saveourantibiotics.org
5319:10.1002/bies.202000163
5042:10.1001/jama.2016.4151
4682:amrcountryprogress.org
4484:evolution.berkeley.edu
3901:10.1093/trstmh/trab048
3569:O'Neill J (May 2016).
2779:Journal of Xenobiotics
2385:ceftazidime-aviabactam
2282:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2212:resistance to vaccines
2183:Longitude Prize on AMR
2149:
2056:On 27 March 2015, the
1881:
1873:
1623:varicella zoster virus
1472:can quickly become an
1439:gram-negative bacteria
1421:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1405:
1394:Listeria monocytogenes
1356:para-aminobenzoic acid
1315:enzymes; for example,
1292:
1207:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1187:gram-negative bacteria
1166:Steps towards progress
884:Antimicrobial spectrum
811:methicillin-resistant
805:Monitoring and mapping
780:
673:
587:
418:
287:
251:international treaties
87:
18097:Universal precautions
17055:Endogenous overgrowth
16907:Poultry and livestock
16512:Antibiotic resistance
16304:Clinical pharmacology
15823:Physiological agonist
15783:Ligand (biochemistry)
15500:Medical Knowledge app
15396:
14558:. 19 September 2002.
14487:10.1099/mgen.0.000748
13874:. 27 September 2022.
11071:Nature Communications
10897:Clinical Epidemiology
10034:10.1128/mBio.02637-18
9491:10.1128/AAC.42.7.1778
8721:. WHO. Archived from
8433:10.3382/ps.2007-00249
7873:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639
7617:10.4065/mcp.2011.0358
7103:. 10 September 2018.
6794:Nature Climate Change
5915:"Farm antibiotic use"
3781:10.2471/BLT.15.152710
3507:10.1089/fpd.2019.2752
3080:. 10 September 2018.
2403:bioactive glass S53P4
2170:molecular diagnostics
2140:
1914:Public Health England
1879:
1871:
1686:Aspergillus fumigatus
1649:reverse transcriptase
1582:Klebsiella pneumoniae
1432:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1428:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1403:
1373:or increasing active
1282:
1273:Further information:
1211:Staphylococcus aureus
1203:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1142:World Health Assembly
923:At the hospital level
882:Further information:
876:Further information:
833:vancomycin-resistant
818:vancomycin-resistant
813:Staphylococcus aureus
778:
708:, or several ancient
670:
585:
531:common misconceptions
416:
284:
172:Antifungal resistance
152:Antibiotic resistance
82:
18338:Evolutionary biology
18199:Genomic reassortment
18179:Genetic epidemiology
18018:Health communication
17946:Flattening the curve
17936:Disease surveillance
17719:Systemic/Generalized
17483:Animal disease model
16963:Asymptomatic carrier
16409:Reverse pharmacology
16319:Pharmacoepidemiology
16160:Biological half-life
16040:Ligand binding assay
15914:Activity at receptor
15808:Irreversible agonist
15733:Pesticide resistance
15127:10.1056/NEJMp0804651
13337:. NPR. 4 June 2013.
13100:(1–2): 121–134.e14.
12730:10.1056/NEJMoa011297
12179:10.1128/cmr.00179-21
11665:(2 Suppl 3): 68–73.
11144:Deutschlandfunk Nova
10489:Current HIV Research
9195:Reygaert WC (2018).
8651:(7): E1-9, quiz E9.
8460:Animal Biotechnology
8342:10.1128/CMR.00002-11
8239:10.1128/AEM.01928-16
8185:WHO, UNICEF (2015).
8077:Araya P (May 2016).
7503:10.1093/ofid/ofab260
6890:Health Care Analysis
5529:. 18 November 2021.
4095:Retrieved 2 May 2014
2967:(10369): 2221–2248.
2622:26 June 2011 at the
2495:bacterial infections
2454:Human Genome Project
1971:World Economic Forum
1707:environmental change
1571:to a broad range of
1511:gene transfer agents
1454:β-lactam antibiotics
1022:developing countries
978:, at a rate of 11.4
840:multidrug-resistant
632:Pesticide resistance
232:developing countries
18:Antibiotic resistant
18353:Veterinary medicine
18266:Pandemic prevention
18222:Viral phylodynamics
18203:Re-emerging disease
18092:Travel restrictions
17296:Postoperative wound
17265:Blood-borne disease
17247:Respiratory droplet
17159:Vertical/Congenital
17144:Nosocomial/Hospital
17101:Spillover infection
16457:Combination therapy
16345:Pharmacoinformatics
16314:Medicinal chemistry
15920:Mechanism of action
15697:List of antibiotics
15278:(7527): 1219–1220.
14690:10.1038/nrmicro3564
14393:10.1093/nar/gkac920
14182:Future Microbiology
14010:2021PNAS..11813632K
14004:(46): e2113632118.
13529:2024Heliy..1031145B
13319:on 30 October 2013.
13157:The Lancet. Microbe
12998:2014PNAS..11114494K
12951:2024ArMic.206..280S
12644:2018PNAS..11512878K
12638:(51): 12878–12886.
12291:2017PNAS..114.9170B
12130:2018Natur.562Q.307.
11767:(2 Suppl 3): 74–8.
11326:. 2022. p. 7.
11083:2022NatCo..13.7251M
10910:10.2147/CLEP.S39728
10573:Future Microbiology
10299:2014PLoSO...999209H
10067:"The adaptation of
9973:2018NatSR...8.8538J
9924:10.1128/JB.01524-10
9540:2018PNAS..11513359D
9534:(52): 13359–13364.
9110:on 13 November 2017
9080:on 20 November 2015
8934:BMC Family Practice
8231:2016ApEnM..82.7197A
8050:6 July 2021 at the
7466:on 29 November 2021
6965:10.1017/jme.2021.94
6853:2022OEart...5..351W
6806:2021NatCC..11..809M
6741:2020ScTEn.73539275S
6566:2015PNAS..112E5327L
6560:(38): E5327–E5335.
6493:2014PNAS..11116842N
6487:(47): 16842–16847.
6317:2015PLoSO..1069533P
6177:Nature Microbiology
6134:2019ScTEn.654..177R
5643:2021Sci...371..474L
5571:10.7554/eLife.64139
5229:10.1093/cid/ciaa530
4527:2022Natur.602..135L
4480:"Natural selection"
4205:. 7 November 2018.
3960:10.15620/cdc:117915
3844:2021Sci...373..471K
3663:. 6 November 2019.
3625:10.2147/IDR.S234610
2792:10.3390/jox11040013
2736:10.1155/2014/541340
2626:, Jan Hudzicki, ASM
2562:Genetic engineering
2557:Drug of last resort
2452:as a result of the
2271:Alternating therapy
1959:Society and culture
1653:combination therapy
980:defined daily doses
725:contagious diseases
515:outpatient settings
378:Sub-Saharan Africa
326:
201:are preferred over
142:multidrug resistant
18212:Selection pressure
17508:Force of infection
17136:Contagious disease
17071:Endogenous seeding
16968:Chain of infection
16892:Injection drug use
16803:Vaccination status
16686:Case fatality rate
16604:infectious disease
16427:Immunopharmacology
16377:Pharmacotoxicology
16278:Psychopharmacology
16070:Intrinsic activity
15970:Pleiotropy (drugs)
15891:Agonist-antagonist
15803:Endogenous agonist
15450:Larson, E (2007).
15403:
15316:. 9 January 2006.
15238:10.1093/jac/dkp256
15231:(Suppl 1): i3–10.
14474:Microbial Genomics
13812:REPAIR Impact Fund
13206:The Lancet Microbe
12589:(1851): 20162562.
12018:on 2 December 2018
11773:10.1111/jlme.12278
11718:10.1111/jlme.12253
11671:10.1111/jlme.12277
11415:(1916): 20192408.
11352:Aminov RI (2010).
11293:. 11 August 2022.
11008:(6 Pt A): 563–81.
10942:Herrera L (2014).
9961:Scientific Reports
8728:on 31 October 2017
8392:10.1093/jac/dkg313
7926:. 3 January 2022.
7781:10.1111/jocn.14073
7567:10.3390/jof7100801
7059:10.3390/ph17030339
6364:MIT Climate Portal
4402:. 1 January 2016.
4091:2 May 2014 at the
3538:WHO (April 2014).
3025:(10325): 629–655.
2835:on 23 October 2015
2199:C-reactive protein
2165:precision medicine
2150:
1882:
1874:
1709:and host factors.
1640:targets influenza
1631:Epstein–Barr virus
1406:
1293:
781:
674:
588:
419:
409:Natural occurrence
325:
288:
263:sub-Saharan Africa
224:selective pressure
193:The prevention of
88:
18286:
18285:
18276:Tropical medicine
18217:Synthetic biology
18118:
18117:
18077:Social distancing
18030:Outbreak response
17651:
17650:
17478:Agent-based model
17464:
17463:
17460:
17459:
17456:
17455:
17003:Natural reservoir
16993:Infectious period
16983:Incubation period
16940:
16939:
16896:Natural disaster
16865:Tropical diseases
16848:Biodiversity loss
16785:Risk of infection
16775:Microbiome health
16768:Immunosuppression
16569:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16525:
16524:
16422:Photopharmacology
16417:
16416:
16390:
16389:
16363:
16362:
16327:
16326:
16290:
16289:
16283:Electrophysiology
16273:Neuropharmacology
16228:
16227:
16178:
16177:
16114:
16113:
16101:Therapeutic index
16053:
16052:
15998:
15997:
15947:
15946:
15876:
15875:
15831:
15830:
15741:
15740:
15676:Antibiotic misuse
15419:(15): 1803–1804.
15399:Leiden University
15394:
15357:Lancet Infect Dis
15083:978-92-64-30758-2
15057:978-0-85484-114-1
14975:10.3390/v11100891
14830:10.3855/jidc.3573
14596:978-1-904455-14-1
14387:(D1): D690–D699.
14194:10.2217/FMB.15.57
13909:(15): 1703–1729.
13637:. MedPage Today.
13269:(25): 3579–3592.
13163:(10): e545–e554.
12285:(34): 9170–9175.
11962:10.1136/bmj.j1054
11866:National Archives
11852:. 27 March 2015.
11465:978-92-4-156474-8
10719:978-92-4-006024-1
10585:10.2217/fmb.14.18
9648:Hihon Iji Shimpor
9588:. 13 March 2020.
9263:978-1-119-94077-7
9201:AIMS Microbiology
8872:978-0-9551236-7-2
8810:. 16 March 2016.
8613:. 29 April 2022.
8225:(24): 7197–7204.
8202:978 92 4 150847 6
6648:10.3390/v15020564
5877:(12): 2409–2410.
5176:Knowable Magazine
4642:(13): 2857–2876.
4521:(7895): 135–141.
4321:(10014): 176–87.
4240:(11): e897–e913.
3895:(10): 1122–1129.
3326:. February 2016.
3257:978-92-4-006238-2
3201:(23): 2325–2336.
3121:978-91-7603-011-0
2371:in a timely way.
2119:Policy evaluation
2032:
2031:
1964:Innovation policy
1952:Alexander Fleming
1810:cryptosporidiosis
1767:The emergence of
1754:antifungal agents
1693:Some fungi (e.g.
1665:immunocompromised
1518:selectable marker
1309:functional groups
878:Antibiotic misuse
827:(ESBL) producing
733:genetic sequences
508:Antibiotic misuse
496:aortic dissection
451:natural selection
440:Alexander Fleming
423:Natural selection
385:
384:
267:COVID-19 pandemic
195:antibiotic misuse
77:
76:
56:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
18365:
18343:Health disasters
18315:
18314:
18313:
18303:
18302:
18294:
18271:Tropical disease
18207:Reverse zoonosis
18194:One Health Model
18023:Health education
18012:Community health
17931:Cordon sanitaire
17904:Ring vaccination
17874:Repurposed drugs
17761:
17760:
17680:Gastrointestinal
17523:Machine learning
17327:Gastrointestinal
17278:Intravenous line
17215:
17214:
17129:/Cross-infection
17116:Reverse zoonosis
17089:
17088:
17046:
17045:
16951:
16950:
16932:War and conflict
16800:Nutrition status
16763:Immunodeficiency
16620:
16619:
16596:
16589:
16582:
16573:
16572:
16527:
16526:
16487:
16486:
16467:Polypharmacology
16392:
16391:
16365:
16364:
16355:Pharmacogenomics
16350:Pharmacogenetics
16329:
16328:
16292:
16291:
16253:
16252:
16180:
16179:
16150:Rate of infusion
16125:
16124:
16120:Pharmacokinetics
16055:
16054:
16000:
15999:
15949:
15948:
15911:
15910:
15906:Pharmacodynamics
15886:Neurotransmitter
15868:Enzyme inhibitor
15833:
15832:
15788:
15787:
15768:
15761:
15754:
15745:
15744:
15655:Directed therapy
15575:
15568:
15561:
15552:
15551:
15511:
15495:
15481:
15471:
15446:
15436:
15395:
15372:
15352:
15350:
15348:
15329:
15327:
15325:
15305:
15295:
15262:
15260:
15258:
15240:
15222:
15212:
15175:
15173:
15171:
15147:
15129:
15095:
15061:
15042:
15040:
15038:
15012:
15011:
15005:
14997:
14987:
14977:
14953:
14947:
14946:
14936:
14904:
14898:
14897:
14891:
14883:
14873:
14849:
14843:
14842:
14832:
14808:
14802:
14801:
14776:(9478): 2166–7.
14765:
14759:
14758:
14748:
14716:
14710:
14709:
14673:
14664:
14663:
14653:
14643:
14619:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14608:
14578:
14572:
14571:
14569:
14567:
14546:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14535:
14516:
14510:
14509:
14499:
14489:
14465:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14454:
14443:card.mcmaster.ca
14435:
14429:
14428:
14422:
14414:
14404:
14372:
14366:
14365:
14355:
14323:
14314:
14313:
14311:
14309:
14294:
14288:
14287:
14285:
14283:
14272:The Conversation
14263:
14257:
14256:
14246:
14236:
14227:(4): 6008–6029.
14212:
14206:
14205:
14176:
14170:
14169:
14163:
14155:
14119:
14113:
14112:
14106:
14098:
14062:
14056:
14055:
14049:
14041:
14031:
14021:
13989:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13957:
13951:
13950:
13944:
13936:
13926:
13894:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13834:
13828:
13827:
13825:
13823:
13804:
13798:
13797:
13795:
13793:
13766:
13760:
13759:
13757:
13755:
13736:
13730:
13729:
13723:
13715:
13713:
13711:
13705:
13666:
13657:
13651:
13650:
13648:
13646:
13630:
13624:
13623:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13581:
13575:
13574:
13568:
13560:
13550:
13540:
13508:
13499:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13474:
13465:
13464:
13458:
13450:
13440:
13430:
13406:
13400:
13399:
13389:
13357:
13351:
13350:
13348:
13346:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13318:
13311:
13303:
13297:
13296:
13286:
13254:
13248:
13247:
13221:
13197:
13191:
13190:
13180:
13148:
13142:
13141:
13135:
13127:
13117:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13068:
13036:
13030:
13029:
13019:
13009:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12934:
12923:
12922:
12912:
12902:
12878:
12872:
12871:
12865:
12857:
12847:
12836:10.4161/hv.34407
12815:
12809:
12808:
12798:
12766:
12757:
12756:
12750:
12742:
12732:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12697:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12665:
12655:
12623:
12617:
12616:
12606:
12574:
12568:
12567:
12539:
12533:
12532:
12522:
12490:
12484:
12483:
12473:
12456:(10): CD010130.
12441:
12435:
12434:
12428:
12420:
12410:
12393:(10): CD007498.
12378:
12372:
12371:
12361:
12329:
12323:
12322:
12312:
12302:
12270:
12264:
12263:
12253:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12208:
12200:
12190:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12141:
12110:
12104:
12103:
12097:
12089:
12079:
12061:
12037:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12004:
11998:
11997:
11991:
11983:
11973:
11941:
11935:
11934:
11928:
11920:
11910:
11900:
11876:
11870:
11869:
11863:
11861:
11840:
11831:
11818:
11812:
11811:
11799:
11793:
11792:
11756:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11745:
11697:
11691:
11690:
11654:
11645:
11644:
11634:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11571:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11557:
11552:on 18 April 2018
11548:. Archived from
11538:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11521:
11508:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11452:
11443:
11442:
11432:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11383:
11373:
11349:
11343:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11332:
11321:
11313:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11283:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11216:
11197:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11167:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11122:
11114:
11104:
11094:
11062:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11040:
11025:
10999:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10973:
10963:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10922:
10912:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10871:
10861:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10794:
10788:
10787:
10777:
10745:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10686:
10676:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10635:
10603:
10597:
10596:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10551:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10484:
10478:
10477:
10467:
10435:
10429:
10428:
10418:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10369:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10320:
10310:
10278:
10272:
10271:
10265:
10257:
10247:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10198:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10115:
10109:
10108:
10098:
10075:npj Microgravity
10069:Escherichia coli
10062:
10056:
10055:
10045:
10016:Escherichia coli
10009:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9952:
9946:
9945:
9935:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9890:
9882:
9872:
9862:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9821:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9733:
9701:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9662:
9656:
9655:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9608:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9561:
9551:
9519:
9513:
9512:
9502:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9453:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9412:
9395:(12): 1555–623.
9380:
9374:
9373:
9363:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9314:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9241:
9235:
9234:
9224:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9175:
9168:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9143:on 20 March 2017
9139:. Archived from
9129:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9106:. Archived from
9096:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9076:. Archived from
9066:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8959:
8949:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8905:. Archived from
8895:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8836:. October 2017.
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8780:. 6 March 2017.
8770:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8727:
8720:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8665:
8642:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8586:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8435:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8394:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8353:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8304:
8294:
8270:
8261:
8260:
8250:
8210:
8204:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8090:
8083:
8074:
8059:
8041:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7956:. Archived from
7946:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7884:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7805:
7775:(5–6): 892–905.
7766:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7723:(11): CD011360.
7708:
7702:
7701:
7695:
7687:
7677:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7628:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7579:
7569:
7554:Journal of Fungi
7545:
7539:
7538:
7532:
7524:
7514:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7378:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7329:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7292:
7284:
7274:
7263:10.5688/ajpe6770
7242:
7236:
7235:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7093:
7082:
7081:
7071:
7061:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7021: 10548498.
7009:(10): CD004417.
6998:
6987:
6986:
6976:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6931:
6923:
6913:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6864:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6776:
6768:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6678:
6670:
6660:
6650:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6613:
6605:
6595:
6577:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6524:
6514:
6504:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6411:
6405:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6338:
6328:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6268:
6258:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6210:
6200:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6039:
6007:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5983:
5973:
5956:(8): e316–e327.
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5862:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5811:
5801:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5760:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5711:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5654:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5601:
5583:
5573:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5498:
5488:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5280:The Daily Targum
5271:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5250:
5240:
5223:(9): 2459–2468.
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5187:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5054:
5044:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4979:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4841:
4831:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4763:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4711:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4631:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4546:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4338:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4174:
4164:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4083:
4068:
4067:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3962:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3922:
3912:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3855:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3792:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3575:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3546:. Archived from
3535:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3424:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3293:. 4 April 2018.
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3164:NPS Medicinewise
3156:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3042:
3010:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2903:
2880:
2879:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2831:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2638:
2627:
2614:
2254:Antibody therapy
2187:optical tweezing
2128:Further research
2027:
2024:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1985:Legal frameworks
1748:Candida glabrata
1730:Candida albicans
1526:Escherichia coli
1447:topoisomerase IV
1413:Escherichia coli
1090:Country examples
965:Country examples
829:Enterobacterales
721:causative agents
486:which can cause
327:
324:
186:which may prove
164:genetic mutation
129:resistance, and
72:
69:
63:
54:Please read the
40:
39:
32:
21:
18373:
18372:
18368:
18367:
18366:
18364:
18363:
18362:
18323:
18322:
18321:
18311:
18309:
18297:
18289:
18287:
18282:
18226:
18139:Antigenic shift
18134:Antigenic drift
18125:
18114:
17978:Barrier nursing
17926:Contact tracing
17917:
17910:
17755:
17753:
17746:
17657:
17647:
17548:
17542:
17533:Serial interval
17452:
17436:
17427:Cervico-vaginal
17422:
17413:Trans-placental
17408:
17392:
17360:
17322:
17258:Vascular system
17257:
17251:
17206:
17194:
17188:
17128:
17120:
17080:
17037:
16955:
16936:
16827:
16758:Immune response
16724:
16703:Drug resistance
16647:Infectious dose
16611:
16600:
16570:
16561:
16521:
16507:Drug resistance
16485:
16441:
16413:
16386:
16382:Neurotoxicology
16359:
16323:
16286:
16248:
16242:
16224:
16174:
16170:Bioavailability
16155:Onset of action
16110:
16049:
15994:
15943:
15900:
15872:
15863:Inverse agonist
15827:
15813:Partial agonist
15777:
15772:
15742:
15737:
15706:
15680:
15659:
15650:Empiric therapy
15616:
15585:
15579:
15532:Wayback Machine
15504:
15496:
15488:
15382:
15380:
15378:Further reading
15375:
15346:
15344:
15323:
15321:
15308:
15256:
15254:
15220:
15169:
15167:
15150:
15103:
15098:
15084:
15064:
15058:
15036:
15034:
15020:
15015:
14999:
14998:
14954:
14950:
14905:
14901:
14885:
14884:
14850:
14846:
14809:
14805:
14766:
14762:
14717:
14713:
14674:
14667:
14620:
14616:
14606:
14604:
14597:
14579:
14575:
14565:
14563:
14548:
14547:
14543:
14533:
14531:
14524:cge.food.dtu.dk
14520:"ResFinder 4.1"
14518:
14517:
14513:
14466:
14462:
14452:
14450:
14437:
14436:
14432:
14416:
14415:
14373:
14369:
14324:
14317:
14307:
14305:
14296:
14295:
14291:
14281:
14279:
14264:
14260:
14213:
14209:
14177:
14173:
14157:
14156:
14120:
14116:
14100:
14099:
14063:
14059:
14043:
14042:
13990:
13986:
13976:
13974:
13959:
13958:
13954:
13938:
13937:
13895:
13891:
13881:
13879:
13866:
13865:
13861:
13851:
13849:
13836:
13835:
13831:
13821:
13819:
13806:
13805:
13801:
13791:
13789:
13768:
13767:
13763:
13753:
13751:
13738:
13737:
13733:
13717:
13716:
13709:
13707:
13703:
13664:
13658:
13654:
13644:
13642:
13631:
13627:
13616:
13612:
13602:
13600:
13587:(18 May 2014).
13582:
13578:
13562:
13561:
13509:
13502:
13492:
13490:
13475:
13468:
13452:
13451:
13407:
13403:
13358:
13354:
13344:
13342:
13329:
13328:
13324:
13316:
13309:
13305:
13304:
13300:
13255:
13251:
13198:
13194:
13149:
13145:
13129:
13128:
13086:
13082:
13037:
13033:
12992:(40): 14494–9.
12978:
12974:
12935:
12926:
12879:
12875:
12859:
12858:
12816:
12812:
12767:
12760:
12744:
12743:
12709:
12705:
12695:
12693:
12684:
12683:
12679:
12624:
12620:
12575:
12571:
12540:
12536:
12505:(9): CD006452.
12491:
12487:
12442:
12438:
12422:
12421:
12379:
12375:
12330:
12326:
12271:
12267:
12222:
12218:
12202:
12201:
12173:(3): e0017921.
12159:
12155:
12112:
12111:
12107:
12091:
12090:
12038:
12031:
12021:
12019:
12006:
12005:
12001:
11985:
11984:
11942:
11938:
11922:
11921:
11877:
11873:
11859:
11857:
11842:
11841:
11834:
11828:Wayback Machine
11819:
11815:
11800:
11796:
11757:
11753:
11743:
11741:
11698:
11694:
11655:
11648:
11603:
11599:
11589:
11587:
11572:
11565:
11555:
11553:
11540:
11539:
11535:
11525:
11523:
11519:
11506:
11500:
11496:
11485:
11481:
11466:
11454:
11453:
11446:
11401:
11397:
11350:
11346:
11336:
11334:
11330:
11319:
11315:
11314:
11310:
11300:
11298:
11285:
11284:
11280:
11270:
11268:
11263:. 6 July 2022.
11255:
11254:
11250:
11240:
11238:
11237:on 26 July 2020
11229:
11228:
11224:
11214:
11212:
11199:
11198:
11194:
11184:
11182:
11169:
11168:
11164:
11154:
11152:
11137:
11136:
11132:
11116:
11115:
11063:
11054:
11044:
11042:
11038:
10997:
10991:
10987:
10940:
10936:
10889:
10885:
10838:
10834:
10805:(15): 2219–54.
10795:
10791:
10746:
10739:
10729:
10727:
10720:
10704:
10700:
10653:
10649:
10604:
10600:
10569:
10565:
10534:(Suppl 1): e2.
10520:
10516:
10485:
10481:
10436:
10432:
10401:(Suppl 1): e5.
10387:
10383:
10338:
10334:
10279:
10275:
10259:
10258:
10216:
10212:
10175:
10171:
10161:
10159:
10116:
10112:
10063:
10059:
10010:
10006:
9953:
9949:
9918:(15): 3964–77.
9904:
9900:
9884:
9883:
9839:
9835:
9798:
9794:
9763:
9759:
9749:
9747:
9702:
9698:
9688:
9686:
9663:
9659:
9650:(in Japanese).
9644:
9640:
9609:
9605:
9595:
9593:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9520:
9516:
9471:
9467:
9430:
9426:
9381:
9377:
9332:
9328:
9297:(12): 3675–81.
9283:
9279:
9264:
9242:
9238:
9193:
9189:
9179:
9177:
9173:
9166:
9160:
9156:
9146:
9144:
9131:
9130:
9123:
9113:
9111:
9098:
9097:
9093:
9083:
9081:
9068:
9067:
9063:
9053:
9051:
9038:
9037:
9033:
9023:
9021:
9008:
9007:
9003:
8993:
8991:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8926:
8922:
8912:
8910:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8882:
8880:
8873:
8857:
8853:
8843:
8841:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8817:
8815:
8802:
8801:
8797:
8787:
8785:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8757:
8755:
8746:
8745:
8741:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8699:
8697:
8684:
8683:
8679:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8640:
8634:
8630:
8620:
8618:
8605:
8604:
8600:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8456:
8452:
8446:
8426:(11): 2466–71.
8420:Poultry Science
8412:
8408:
8371:
8367:
8322:
8318:
8271:
8264:
8211:
8207:
8194:Wayback Machine
8184:
8180:
8174:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8122:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8075:
8062:
8052:Wayback Machine
8042:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7933:
7931:
7918:
7917:
7910:
7900:
7898:
7853:
7849:
7839:
7837:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7764:
7758:
7754:
7709:
7705:
7689:
7688:
7660:(2): CD003543.
7646:
7642:
7611:(11): 1113–23.
7597:
7593:
7546:
7542:
7526:
7525:
7483:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7404:
7400:
7347:
7343:
7306:
7302:
7286:
7285:
7243:
7239:
7218:(9): 990–1001.
7207:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7184:"ResistanceMap"
7182:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7165:
7150:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7095:
7094:
7085:
7046:Pharmaceuticals
7038:
7034:
6999:
6990:
6945:
6941:
6925:
6924:
6882:
6878:
6833:
6829:
6790:
6786:
6770:
6769:
6725:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6692:
6688:
6672:
6671:
6627:
6623:
6607:
6606:
6546:
6542:
6526:
6525:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6429:
6427:
6412:
6408:
6398:Wayback Machine
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6356:
6352:
6311:(3): e0069533.
6297:
6290:
6235:
6228:
6212:
6211:
6169:
6165:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6008:
6001:
5985:
5984:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5863:
5856:
5846:
5844:
5829:
5825:
5778:
5774:
5737:
5733:
5680:
5676:
5623:
5619:
5603:
5602:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5500:
5499:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5313:(2): e2000163.
5303:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5272:
5268:
5252:
5251:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5168:
5164:
5125:
5121:
5076:
5072:
5056:
5055:
5035:(17): 1864–73.
5021:
5017:
4980:
4971:
4924:
4920:
4904:
4903:
4859:
4855:
4808:
4804:
4764:
4757:
4712:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4632:
4623:
4578:
4574:
4558:
4557:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4426:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4307:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4176:
4175:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4093:Wayback Machine
4084:
4071:
4058:(10): 622–628.
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3924:
3923:
3881:
3877:
3824:
3820:
3804:
3803:
3761:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:amr-review.org/
3573:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3532:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3401:
3397:
3364:(7): e1002158.
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3170:on 23 July 2015
3158:
3157:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3011:
2998:
2953:
2949:
2904:
2883:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2771:
2762:
2715:
2706:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2624:Wayback Machine
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2587:Persister cells
2532:
2512:Bacteriophagics
2477:
2471:
2445:
2436:
2411:
2399:
2298:aminoglycosides
2290:
2273:
2256:
2208:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2109:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1966:
1961:
1944:
1923:
1911:
1906:
1866:
1802:trypanosomiasis
1790:
1661:
1627:cytomegalovirus
1599:antiviral drugs
1595:
1543:chloramphenicol
1379:fluoroquinolone
1329:aminoglycosides
1321:phosphorylation
1277:
1271:
1266:
1220:
1137:
1122:fluoroquinolone
1116:(USDA) and the
1110:
1097:
1092:
1068:
1062:
1050:
1036:An increase in
1013:
967:
958:
937:
925:
886:
880:
874:
807:
790:
773:
737:chloramphenicol
665:
659:
634:
628:
580:
574:
569:
567:Food production
560:
543:
510:
504:
502:Clinical misuse
467:Self-medication
463:
461:Self-medication
411:
398:
309:
279:
73:
67:
64:
53:
50:may be too long
45:This article's
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18371:
18361:
18360:
18355:
18350:
18345:
18340:
18335:
18320:
18319:
18307:
18284:
18283:
18281:
18280:
18279:
18278:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18248:
18245:
18240:
18234:
18232:
18228:
18227:
18225:
18224:
18219:
18214:
18209:
18204:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18181:
18176:
18171:
18169:Emergent virus
18166:
18161:
18156:
18151:
18150:
18149:
18141:
18136:
18130:
18128:
18120:
18119:
18116:
18115:
18113:
18112:
18109:
18104:
18102:Vector control
18099:
18094:
18089:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18069:
18064:
18059:
18058:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18045:N95 respirator
18037:
18032:
18027:
18026:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18004:
17999:
17998:
17997:
17987:
17982:
17981:
17980:
17970:
17969:
17968:
17963:
17958:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17922:
17920:
17918:pharmaceutical
17912:
17911:
17909:
17908:
17907:
17906:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17876:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17850:
17849:
17839:
17834:
17829:
17824:
17819:
17814:
17809:
17808:
17807:
17797:
17796:
17795:
17785:
17780:
17779:
17778:
17767:
17765:
17764:Pharmaceutical
17758:
17748:
17747:
17745:
17744:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17715:Cardiovascular
17713:
17708:
17703:
17700:
17695:
17694:Nervous system
17692:
17689:
17688:
17687:
17677:
17676:
17675:
17670:
17661:
17659:
17653:
17652:
17649:
17648:
17646:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17580:
17579:
17578:
17573:
17563:
17558:
17552:
17550:
17544:
17543:
17541:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17518:Infection rate
17515:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17474:
17472:
17466:
17465:
17462:
17461:
17458:
17457:
17454:
17453:
17451:
17450:
17444:
17442:
17438:
17437:
17435:
17434:
17430:
17428:
17424:
17423:
17421:
17420:
17416:
17414:
17410:
17409:
17407:
17406:
17400:
17398:
17394:
17393:
17391:
17390:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17368:
17366:
17362:
17361:
17359:
17358:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17342:
17341:
17330:
17328:
17324:
17323:
17321:
17320:
17319:
17318:
17313:
17305:
17304:
17303:
17298:
17290:
17289:
17288:
17283:
17280:
17275:
17273:Injection site
17267:
17261:
17259:
17253:
17252:
17250:
17249:
17244:
17242:Dental aerosol
17239:
17238:
17237:
17227:
17221:
17219:
17212:
17208:
17207:
17205:
17204:
17198:
17196:
17190:
17189:
17187:
17186:
17181:
17180:
17179:
17174:
17173:
17172:
17167:
17164:
17153:
17152:
17151:
17146:
17138:
17132:
17130:
17126:Human-to-human
17122:
17121:
17119:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17103:
17097:
17095:
17086:
17082:
17081:
17079:
17078:
17072:
17069:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17052:
17050:
17043:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17023:Super-spreader
17020:
17018:Superinfection
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16965:
16959:
16957:
16948:
16942:
16941:
16938:
16937:
16935:
16934:
16929:
16927:Vector control
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16903:
16902:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16869:
16868:
16867:
16862:
16856:Climate zones
16854:
16852:Climate change
16849:
16846:
16843:
16837:
16835:
16829:
16828:
16826:
16825:
16824:
16823:
16820:
16817:
16816:
16815:
16807:
16804:
16801:
16798:
16795:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16771:
16770:
16765:
16755:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16734:
16732:
16726:
16725:
16723:
16722:
16717:
16716:
16715:
16710:
16705:
16695:
16694:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16668:
16666:Quorum sensing
16663:
16662:
16661:
16651:
16650:
16649:
16639:
16634:
16628:
16626:
16617:
16613:
16612:
16599:
16598:
16591:
16584:
16576:
16567:
16566:
16563:
16562:
16560:
16559:
16554:
16549:
16547:Bacteriostatic
16544:
16539:
16533:
16531:
16523:
16522:
16520:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16497:Drug tolerance
16493:
16491:
16484:
16479:
16477:Lists of drugs
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16447:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16418:
16415:
16414:
16412:
16411:
16406:
16400:
16398:
16396:Drug discovery
16388:
16387:
16385:
16384:
16379:
16373:
16371:
16361:
16360:
16358:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16341:
16339:
16325:
16324:
16322:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16300:
16298:
16288:
16287:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16263:
16250:
16244:
16243:
16241:
16240:
16238:Bioequivalence
16235:
16229:
16226:
16225:
16223:
16222:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16186:
16184:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16147:
16137:
16131:
16129:
16122:
16116:
16115:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16072:
16067:
16061:
16059:
16051:
16050:
16048:
16047:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16006:
16004:
15996:
15995:
15993:
15992:
15982:
15980:Adverse effect
15977:
15972:
15967:
15955:
15953:
15945:
15944:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15927:
15925:Mode of action
15922:
15917:
15915:
15908:
15902:
15901:
15899:
15898:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15877:
15874:
15873:
15871:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15839:
15837:
15829:
15828:
15826:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15794:
15792:
15785:
15779:
15778:
15771:
15770:
15763:
15756:
15748:
15739:
15738:
15736:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15714:
15712:
15708:
15707:
15705:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15688:
15686:
15682:
15681:
15679:
15678:
15673:
15667:
15665:
15661:
15660:
15658:
15657:
15652:
15647:
15642:
15641:
15640:
15630:
15624:
15622:
15618:
15617:
15615:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15593:
15591:
15587:
15586:
15583:antimicrobials
15578:
15577:
15570:
15563:
15555:
15549:
15548:
15543:
15534:
15522:
15517:
15490:
15489:
15487:
15486:External links
15484:
15483:
15482:
15462:(1): 435–447.
15447:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15373:
15330:
15306:
15263:
15213:
15176:
15148:
15120:(5): 439–443.
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15096:
15082:
15062:
15056:
15043:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15013:
14948:
14899:
14844:
14803:
14760:
14711:
14684:(12): 777–86.
14665:
14634:(3): 162–173.
14614:
14595:
14573:
14541:
14511:
14460:
14430:
14367:
14338:(3): 301–309.
14315:
14289:
14258:
14207:
14171:
14114:
14057:
13984:
13952:
13889:
13859:
13842:sph.nus.edu.sg
13829:
13799:
13782:10.3030/853979
13761:
13731:
13675:(5): 437–443.
13652:
13625:
13610:
13576:
13523:(10): e31145.
13500:
13466:
13401:
13372:(7): 654–658.
13352:
13322:
13298:
13249:
13192:
13143:
13080:
13031:
12972:
12924:
12873:
12830:(12): 3513–6.
12810:
12758:
12703:
12677:
12618:
12569:
12550:(5): 596–602.
12534:
12485:
12436:
12373:
12338:Nature Methods
12324:
12265:
12236:(1): dlad018.
12216:
12153:
12105:
12029:
11999:
11936:
11871:
11849:whitehouse.gov
11832:
11813:
11794:
11751:
11692:
11646:
11617:(3): 365–372.
11597:
11580:New York Times
11563:
11533:
11494:
11479:
11464:
11444:
11395:
11344:
11308:
11278:
11248:
11222:
11192:
11162:
11130:
11052:
10985:
10934:
10883:
10832:
10789:
10737:
10718:
10698:
10647:
10598:
10563:
10514:
10479:
10430:
10381:
10332:
10273:
10230:(9): 597–602.
10210:
10169:
10110:
10057:
10004:
9947:
9898:
9833:
9792:
9757:
9696:
9657:
9638:
9619:(10): 629–40.
9603:
9573:
9514:
9485:(7): 1778–82.
9465:
9424:
9375:
9346:(4): 175–262.
9326:
9277:
9262:
9236:
9207:(3): 482–501.
9187:
9154:
9121:
9091:
9061:
9031:
9001:
8971:
8920:
8909:on 28 May 2018
8890:
8871:
8851:
8825:
8795:
8765:
8739:
8707:
8677:
8628:
8598:
8584:10.1086/512369
8557:
8531:
8496:
8450:
8406:
8365:
8316:
8262:
8205:
8178:
8132:
8102:
8060:
8031:
8001:
7971:
7960:on 30 May 2020
7941:
7908:
7847:
7832:. March 2007.
7817:
7752:
7703:
7640:
7591:
7540:
7497:(7): ofab260.
7477:
7447:
7398:
7341:
7300:
7237:
7201:
7175:
7144:
7118:
7083:
7032:
6988:
6959:(4): 688–691.
6939:
6876:
6847:(4): 351–360.
6827:
6800:(1): 809–819.
6784:
6719:
6686:
6621:
6540:
6467:
6437:
6414:Michaeleen D.
6406:
6381:
6350:
6288:
6226:
6183:(5): 663–674.
6163:
6112:
6081:
6051:
6022:(1): 141–157.
5999:
5936:
5906:
5854:
5823:
5772:
5751:(6): 578–579.
5731:
5674:
5617:
5544:
5514:
5451:
5421:
5370:
5340:
5297:
5266:
5203:
5162:
5135:(8): 864–868.
5119:
5090:(2): a025171.
5070:
5015:
4969:
4918:
4853:
4802:
4755:
4726:(4): 808–812.
4699:
4669:
4621:
4592:(1): 2055944.
4572:
4501:
4471:
4417:
4396:"CDC Newsroom"
4384:
4298:
4277:
4220:
4190:
4127:
4097:
4069:
4042:
4016:
3986:
3938:
3875:
3818:
3748:
3717:
3678:
3649:
3598:
3561:
3550:on 15 May 2015
3530:
3501:(8): 512–520.
3477:
3446:
3395:
3358:PLOS Pathogens
3344:
3308:
3275:
3256:
3230:
3181:
3142:
3120:
3095:
3062:
2996:
2947:
2918:(9): 557–571.
2881:
2846:
2816:
2785:(4): 197–214.
2760:
2704:
2683:(3): 268–281.
2663:
2648:. April 2014.
2628:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2488:bacteriophages
2473:Main article:
2470:
2467:
2450:DNA sequencing
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2427:Silver (AgNPs)
2410:
2407:
2398:
2395:
2363:(EMA) and the
2338:lanthipeptides
2289:
2286:
2272:
2269:
2255:
2252:
2220:Staphylococcus
2207:
2204:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2040:U.S. president
2030:
2029:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1943:
1940:
1935:COVID pandemic
1922:
1919:
1910:
1909:United Kingdom
1907:
1905:
1902:
1865:
1862:
1836:Chagas disease
1789:
1786:
1745:species (e.g.
1695:Candida krusei
1660:
1657:
1619:herpes viruses
1594:
1591:
1554:carbapenemases
1495:transformation
1478:microevolution
1398:
1397:
1382:
1367:
1348:
1336:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1240:United Nations
1234:United Nations
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1136:
1133:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1080:arable farming
1064:Main article:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
993:
983:
966:
963:
957:
954:
936:
933:
924:
921:
873:
870:
806:
803:
789:
786:
772:
769:
686:organic matter
682:climate change
661:Main article:
658:
655:
630:Main article:
627:
624:
576:Main article:
573:
570:
568:
565:
559:
556:
542:
539:
503:
500:
492:tendon rupture
462:
459:
438:discovered by
410:
407:
397:
394:
383:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
367:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
308:
305:
278:
275:
244:United Nations
103:antimicrobials
97:) occurs when
75:
74:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18370:
18359:
18358:Global issues
18356:
18354:
18351:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18334:
18331:
18330:
18328:
18318:
18308:
18306:
18301:
18296:
18295:
18292:
18277:
18274:
18273:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18246:
18244:
18241:
18239:
18236:
18235:
18233:
18229:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18208:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18157:
18155:
18152:
18148:
18145:
18144:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18129:
18127:
18121:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18103:
18100:
18098:
18095:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18082:Sterilization
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18050:Surgical mask
18048:
18046:
18043:
18042:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18013:
18010:
18009:
18008:
18007:Public health
18005:
18003:
18000:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17979:
17976:
17975:
17974:
17971:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17957:
17954:
17953:
17952:
17949:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17923:
17921:
17919:
17913:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17859:Phage therapy
17857:
17855:
17852:
17848:
17845:
17844:
17843:
17842:Immunotherapy
17840:
17838:
17835:
17833:
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17806:
17803:
17802:
17801:
17800:Antimicrobial
17798:
17794:
17791:
17790:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17772:
17769:
17768:
17766:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17749:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17693:
17691:Genitourinary
17690:
17686:
17683:
17682:
17681:
17678:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17665:
17663:
17662:
17660:
17654:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17568:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17553:
17551:
17549:in population
17545:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17513:Herd immunity
17511:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17475:
17473:
17471:
17467:
17449:
17446:
17445:
17443:
17439:
17432:
17431:
17429:
17425:
17418:
17417:
17415:
17411:
17405:
17402:
17401:
17399:
17397:Genitourinary
17395:
17389:
17385:
17383:
17380:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17369:
17367:
17363:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17340:
17339:Contamination
17337:
17336:
17335:
17332:
17331:
17329:
17325:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17308:
17307:Vector-borne
17306:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17293:
17291:
17287:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17270:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17262:
17260:
17254:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17236:
17233:
17232:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17222:
17220:
17216:
17213:
17209:
17203:
17200:
17199:
17197:
17191:
17185:
17182:
17178:
17175:
17171:
17168:
17165:
17162:
17161:
17160:
17157:
17156:
17154:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17141:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17133:
17131:
17127:
17123:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17094:
17093:Cross-species
17090:
17087:
17083:
17076:
17073:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17054:
17053:
17051:
17047:
17044:
17040:
17034:
17033:Window period
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16998:Latent period
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16960:
16958:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16943:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16901:
16898:
16897:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16877:Deforestation
16875:
16873:
16870:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16838:
16836:
16834:
16830:
16822:Stress levels
16821:
16818:
16814:
16811:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16802:
16799:
16796:
16793:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16760:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16735:
16733:
16731:
16727:
16721:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16700:
16699:
16696:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16673:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16660:
16657:
16656:
16655:
16654:Pathogenicity
16652:
16648:
16645:
16644:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16627:
16625:
16621:
16618:
16614:
16609:
16605:
16597:
16592:
16590:
16585:
16583:
16578:
16577:
16574:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16534:
16532:
16528:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16502:Tachyphylaxis
16500:
16498:
16495:
16494:
16492:
16488:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16444:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16419:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16401:
16399:
16397:
16393:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16374:
16372:
16370:
16366:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16338:
16334:
16330:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16301:
16299:
16297:
16293:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16262:
16258:
16254:
16251:
16245:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16230:
16220:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16195:
16191:
16188:
16187:
16185:
16181:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16145:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16132:
16130:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16117:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16096:
16092:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16062:
16060:
16056:
16045:
16041:
16037:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16007:
16005:
16001:
15990:
15989:Neurotoxicity
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15965:
15961:
15958:Selectivity (
15957:
15956:
15954:
15950:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15903:
15897:
15896:Pharmacophore
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15878:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15840:
15838:
15834:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15795:
15793:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15776:
15769:
15764:
15762:
15757:
15755:
15750:
15749:
15746:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15715:
15713:
15709:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15689:
15687:
15683:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15668:
15666:
15664:Social issues
15662:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15646:
15643:
15639:
15636:
15635:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15623:
15619:
15613:
15612:Antiparasitic
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15597:Antibacterial
15595:
15594:
15592:
15588:
15584:
15576:
15571:
15569:
15564:
15562:
15557:
15556:
15553:
15547:
15544:
15541:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15529:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15515:
15510:
15506:
15505:
15502:
15501:
15494:
15479:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15461:
15457:
15453:
15448:
15444:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15426:
15422:
15418:
15414:
15410:
15405:
15404:
15400:
15370:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15342:
15338:
15337:
15331:
15319:
15315:
15311:
15307:
15303:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15285:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15264:
15252:
15248:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15230:
15226:
15219:
15214:
15210:
15206:
15202:
15198:
15194:
15190:
15186:
15182:
15177:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15137:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15119:
15115:
15111:
15106:
15105:
15093:
15089:
15085:
15079:
15075:
15071:
15067:
15063:
15059:
15053:
15049:
15044:
15032:
15028:
15023:
15022:
15009:
15003:
14995:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14967:
14963:
14959:
14952:
14944:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14926:
14922:
14918:
14914:
14913:Bacteriophage
14910:
14903:
14895:
14889:
14881:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14864:(2): 187–96.
14863:
14859:
14855:
14848:
14840:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14823:(2): 129–36.
14822:
14818:
14814:
14807:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14764:
14756:
14752:
14747:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14726:
14722:
14715:
14707:
14703:
14699:
14695:
14691:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14672:
14670:
14661:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14618:
14602:
14598:
14592:
14588:
14584:
14577:
14561:
14557:
14556:
14551:
14545:
14529:
14525:
14521:
14515:
14507:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14479:
14475:
14471:
14464:
14448:
14444:
14440:
14434:
14426:
14420:
14412:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14394:
14390:
14386:
14382:
14378:
14371:
14363:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14345:
14341:
14337:
14333:
14329:
14322:
14320:
14303:
14299:
14293:
14277:
14273:
14269:
14262:
14254:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14226:
14222:
14218:
14211:
14203:
14199:
14195:
14191:
14188:(8): 1293–9.
14187:
14183:
14175:
14167:
14161:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14141:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14125:
14118:
14110:
14104:
14096:
14092:
14088:
14084:
14080:
14076:
14073:(2): 547–51.
14072:
14068:
14061:
14053:
14047:
14039:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13988:
13972:
13968:
13967:
13962:
13956:
13948:
13942:
13934:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13916:
13912:
13908:
13904:
13900:
13893:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13868:"About GARDP"
13863:
13847:
13843:
13839:
13833:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13803:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13765:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13735:
13727:
13721:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13682:
13678:
13674:
13670:
13663:
13656:
13640:
13636:
13629:
13621:
13614:
13598:
13594:
13593:The Real News
13590:
13586:
13580:
13572:
13566:
13558:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13530:
13526:
13522:
13518:
13514:
13507:
13505:
13488:
13485:. Bbc.co.uk.
13484:
13480:
13473:
13471:
13462:
13456:
13448:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13420:
13416:
13412:
13405:
13397:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13356:
13340:
13336:
13332:
13326:
13315:
13308:
13302:
13294:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13276:
13272:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13253:
13245:
13241:
13237:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13211:
13207:
13203:
13196:
13188:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13170:
13166:
13162:
13158:
13154:
13147:
13139:
13133:
13125:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13084:
13076:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13035:
13027:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12999:
12995:
12991:
12987:
12983:
12976:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12933:
12931:
12929:
12920:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12877:
12869:
12863:
12855:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12814:
12806:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12776:
12772:
12765:
12763:
12754:
12748:
12740:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12707:
12691:
12687:
12681:
12673:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12645:
12641:
12637:
12633:
12629:
12622:
12614:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12573:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12553:
12549:
12545:
12538:
12530:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12504:
12500:
12496:
12489:
12481:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12440:
12432:
12426:
12418:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12392:
12388:
12384:
12377:
12369:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12344:(1): 93–100.
12343:
12339:
12335:
12328:
12320:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12292:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12269:
12261:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12231:
12227:
12220:
12212:
12206:
12198:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12157:
12149:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12115:
12109:
12101:
12095:
12087:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12036:
12034:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12003:
11995:
11989:
11981:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11940:
11932:
11926:
11918:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11875:
11867:
11855:
11851:
11850:
11845:
11839:
11837:
11829:
11825:
11822:
11817:
11809:
11805:
11798:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11755:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11653:
11651:
11642:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11601:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11570:
11568:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11537:
11518:
11514:
11513:
11512:Nobel Lecture
11505:
11498:
11490:
11483:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11461:
11457:
11451:
11449:
11440:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11391:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11348:
11329:
11325:
11318:
11312:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11282:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11252:
11236:
11232:
11226:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11196:
11180:
11176:
11172:
11166:
11150:
11147:(in German).
11146:
11145:
11140:
11134:
11126:
11120:
11112:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10996:
10989:
10981:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10938:
10930:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10887:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10836:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10808:
10804:
10800:
10793:
10785:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10760:(2): 95–111.
10759:
10755:
10751:
10744:
10742:
10725:
10721:
10715:
10711:
10710:
10702:
10694:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10643:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10602:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10579:(4): 523–42.
10578:
10574:
10567:
10559:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10518:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10495:(2): 126–36.
10494:
10490:
10483:
10475:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10434:
10426:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10385:
10377:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10352:(2): 86–102.
10351:
10347:
10343:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10293:(6): e99209.
10292:
10288:
10284:
10277:
10269:
10263:
10255:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10214:
10206:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10173:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10114:
10106:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10070:
10061:
10053:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10028:(e02637-18).
10027:
10023:
10019:
10017:
10008:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9951:
9943:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9902:
9894:
9888:
9880:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9837:
9829:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9761:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9716:(3): 985–97.
9715:
9711:
9707:
9700:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9661:
9653:
9649:
9642:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9607:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9569:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9518:
9510:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9461:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9444:(2): 147–61.
9443:
9439:
9435:
9428:
9420:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9379:
9371:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9322:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9240:
9232:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9191:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9126:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9095:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9035:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9005:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8975:
8967:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8924:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8878:
8874:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8855:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8769:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8724:
8717:
8711:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8577:(7): 977–80.
8576:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8466:(2): 147–56.
8465:
8461:
8454:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8402:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8385:(2): 159–61.
8384:
8380:
8376:
8369:
8361:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8336:(4): 718–33.
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8267:
8258:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8182:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8148:(2): 358–63.
8147:
8143:
8136:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8005:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7867:(2): 156–67.
7866:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7699:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7544:
7536:
7530:
7522:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7465:
7461:
7460:Science Trend
7457:
7451:
7443:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7418:(6): 229–41.
7417:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7320:(5): 901–11.
7319:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7205:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6984:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6935:
6929:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6780:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6617:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6536:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6385:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6293:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6231:
6222:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6006:
6004:
5995:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5637:(6528): 474.
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5066:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4994:(4): 277–83.
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4769:Public Health
4762:
4760:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4422:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4336:10044/1/32225
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4186:
4180:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3999:niaid.nih.gov
3996:
3990:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3618:: 3903–3910.
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:Campylobacter
3481:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:(WHO). 2022.
3249:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:Phage therapy
2476:
2475:Phage therapy
2469:Phage therapy
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2440:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:nanomaterials
2420:
2416:
2409:Nanomaterials
2406:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2194:procalcitonin
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:microfluidics
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2111:According to
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2026:
2014:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1994:United States
1991:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1921:United States
1918:
1915:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1858:Leishmaniasis
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1814:leishmaniasis
1811:
1807:
1806:toxoplasmosis
1803:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1784:or vaccines.
1783:
1782:immunotherapy
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:Candida auris
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:echinocandins
1755:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:neuraminidase
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1509:, or through
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:nucleic acids
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:Campylobacter
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:United States
1105:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:Goal Number 6
1023:
1018:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
987:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:
962:
953:
949:
945:
941:
932:
929:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
893:
890:
885:
879:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
846:
844:
843:
837:
836:
830:
826:
822:
821:
815:
814:
802:
798:
794:
785:
777:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:spectinomycin
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
669:
664:
654:
652:
648:
644:
639:
633:
623:
622:
618:
613:
611:
605:
602:
596:
592:
584:
579:
564:
555:
552:
551:disinfectants
548:
538:
534:
532:
527:
525:
519:
516:
509:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:ciprofloxacin
481:
475:
473:
468:
458:
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
427:
424:
415:
406:
402:
393:
390:
380:
377:
376:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
328:
323:
321:
320:food security
316:
313:
304:
300:
297:
293:
283:
274:
272:
268:
265:. During the
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:United States
233:
228:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
127:antiprotozoal
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
85:
81:
71:
61:
57:
51:
49:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
17990:Notification
17961:Hand washing
17956:Food hygiene
17941:Disinfection
17837:Immunization
17788:Anthelmintic
17776:prophylactic
17664:Respiratory
17588:Hyperendemic
17538:WAIFW matrix
17193:Environment-
16946:Transmission
16922:Urbanization
16720:Host tropism
16697:
16616:Determinants
16602:Concepts in
16472:Chemotherapy
16432:Cell biology
16333:Biochemistry
16257:Neuroscience
16205:Distribution
16135:Loading dose
15818:Superagonist
15775:Pharmacology
15685:Pharmacology
15632:
15516:at Wikiquote
15498:
15459:
15455:
15416:
15412:
15360:
15356:
15345:. Retrieved
15335:
15322:. Retrieved
15313:
15275:
15271:
15255:. Retrieved
15228:
15224:
15184:
15180:
15168:. Retrieved
15162:(33). 2019.
15159:
15155:
15117:
15113:
15065:
15047:
15035:. Retrieved
15002:cite journal
14965:
14961:
14951:
14919:(2): 66–85.
14916:
14912:
14902:
14888:cite journal
14861:
14857:
14847:
14820:
14816:
14806:
14773:
14769:
14763:
14731:(1): 60–72.
14728:
14725:Acta Naturae
14724:
14714:
14681:
14677:
14631:
14627:
14617:
14605:. Retrieved
14586:
14576:
14564:. Retrieved
14553:
14544:
14532:. Retrieved
14523:
14514:
14477:
14473:
14463:
14451:. Retrieved
14442:
14433:
14419:cite journal
14384:
14380:
14370:
14335:
14331:
14306:. Retrieved
14292:
14280:. Retrieved
14271:
14261:
14224:
14220:
14210:
14185:
14181:
14174:
14160:cite journal
14130:(1): 27–32.
14127:
14123:
14117:
14103:cite journal
14070:
14066:
14060:
14046:cite journal
14001:
13997:
13987:
13975:. Retrieved
13964:
13955:
13941:cite journal
13906:
13902:
13892:
13880:. Retrieved
13871:
13862:
13850:. Retrieved
13841:
13832:
13820:. Retrieved
13811:
13802:
13790:. Retrieved
13773:
13764:
13752:. Retrieved
13743:
13734:
13720:cite journal
13708:. Retrieved
13672:
13668:
13655:
13643:. Retrieved
13628:
13619:
13613:
13601:. Retrieved
13579:
13565:cite journal
13520:
13516:
13491:. Retrieved
13482:
13455:cite journal
13418:
13415:BMC Medicine
13414:
13404:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13343:. Retrieved
13334:
13325:
13314:the original
13301:
13266:
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13252:
13209:
13205:
13195:
13160:
13156:
13146:
13132:cite journal
13097:
13093:
13083:
13051:(7): 401–7.
13048:
13044:
13034:
12989:
12985:
12975:
12942:
12938:
12890:
12886:
12876:
12862:cite journal
12827:
12823:
12813:
12781:(5): 66–75.
12778:
12774:
12747:cite journal
12723:(7): 491–6.
12720:
12716:
12706:
12694:. Retrieved
12680:
12635:
12631:
12621:
12586:
12582:
12572:
12547:
12543:
12537:
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12233:
12229:
12219:
12205:cite journal
12170:
12166:
12156:
12121:
12117:
12108:
12094:cite journal
12052:(1): 51–62.
12049:
12045:
12020:. Retrieved
12016:the original
12011:
12002:
11988:cite journal
11953:
11949:
11939:
11925:cite journal
11888:
11884:
11874:
11864:– via
11858:. Retrieved
11847:
11816:
11807:
11803:
11797:
11764:
11760:
11754:
11742:. Retrieved
11712:(2): 363–8.
11709:
11705:
11695:
11662:
11658:
11614:
11610:
11600:
11588:. Retrieved
11579:
11554:. Retrieved
11550:the original
11545:
11536:
11524:. Retrieved
11511:
11504:"Penicillin"
11497:
11488:
11482:
11455:
11412:
11408:
11398:
11361:
11357:
11347:
11335:. Retrieved
11323:
11311:
11299:. Retrieved
11290:
11281:
11269:. Retrieved
11260:
11251:
11239:. Retrieved
11235:the original
11225:
11213:. Retrieved
11204:
11195:
11183:. Retrieved
11174:
11165:
11153:. Retrieved
11142:
11133:
11119:cite journal
11074:
11070:
11043:. Retrieved
11023:10447/101959
11005:
11001:
10988:
10951:
10947:
10937:
10900:
10896:
10886:
10849:
10845:
10835:
10802:
10798:
10792:
10757:
10753:
10728:. Retrieved
10708:
10701:
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10660:
10650:
10615:
10611:
10601:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10531:
10527:
10517:
10492:
10488:
10482:
10450:(2): 111–8.
10447:
10443:
10433:
10398:
10394:
10384:
10349:
10345:
10335:
10290:
10286:
10276:
10262:cite journal
10227:
10223:
10213:
10189:(9): 831–8.
10186:
10182:
10172:
10160:. Retrieved
10130:(1): 19–22.
10127:
10123:
10113:
10078:
10074:
10068:
10060:
10025:
10021:
10015:
10007:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9915:
9911:
9901:
9887:cite journal
9850:
9846:
9836:
9812:(9): 681–8.
9809:
9805:
9795:
9770:
9766:
9760:
9748:. Retrieved
9713:
9709:
9699:
9687:. Retrieved
9670:
9660:
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9647:
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9616:
9612:
9606:
9594:. Retrieved
9585:
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9294:
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9280:
9245:
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9204:
9200:
9190:
9178:. Retrieved
9157:
9145:. Retrieved
9141:the original
9136:
9112:. Retrieved
9108:the original
9103:
9094:
9082:. Retrieved
9078:the original
9073:
9064:
9052:. Retrieved
9043:
9034:
9022:. Retrieved
9013:
9004:
8992:. Retrieved
8983:
8974:
8937:
8933:
8923:
8911:. Retrieved
8907:the original
8902:
8893:
8881:. Retrieved
8861:
8854:
8842:. Retrieved
8828:
8816:. Retrieved
8807:
8798:
8786:. Retrieved
8777:
8768:
8756:. Retrieved
8742:
8730:. Retrieved
8723:the original
8710:
8698:. Retrieved
8689:
8680:
8668:. Retrieved
8648:
8644:
8631:
8619:. Retrieved
8610:
8601:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8548:. Retrieved
8534:
8512:(2): 78–85.
8509:
8505:
8499:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8382:
8378:
8368:
8333:
8329:
8319:
8282:
8278:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8181:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8123:. Retrieved
8114:
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8043:IACG (2018)
8022:. Retrieved
8014:QualityWatch
8013:
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7983:
7974:
7962:. Retrieved
7958:the original
7954:Cedars-Sinai
7953:
7944:
7932:. Retrieved
7923:
7899:. Retrieved
7864:
7860:
7850:
7838:. Retrieved
7829:
7820:
7808:. Retrieved
7772:
7768:
7755:
7720:
7716:
7706:
7692:cite journal
7657:
7653:
7643:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7529:cite journal
7494:
7490:
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7464:the original
7459:
7450:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7361:(3): 232–7.
7358:
7354:
7344:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7289:cite journal
7254:
7250:
7240:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7192:. Retrieved
7178:
7166:. Retrieved
7157:
7147:
7135:. Retrieved
7121:
7109:. Retrieved
7100:
7049:
7045:
7035:
7006:
7002:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6928:cite journal
6896:(1): 25–46.
6893:
6889:
6879:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6773:cite journal
6732:
6728:
6722:
6710:. Retrieved
6699:
6689:
6675:cite journal
6638:
6634:
6624:
6610:cite journal
6557:
6553:
6543:
6529:cite journal
6484:
6480:
6470:
6460:24 September
6458:. Retrieved
6449:
6440:
6428:. Retrieved
6419:
6409:
6384:
6374:27 September
6372:. Retrieved
6363:
6360:"Permafrost"
6353:
6308:
6304:
6246:
6242:
6215:cite journal
6180:
6176:
6166:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6103:. Retrieved
6094:
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6063:
6054:
6019:
6015:
5988:cite journal
5953:
5949:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5874:
5870:
5845:. Retrieved
5836:
5826:
5792:(10): 1209.
5789:
5785:
5775:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5606:cite journal
5561:
5557:
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5526:
5517:
5503:cite journal
5468:
5464:
5454:
5442:. Retrieved
5433:
5424:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5361:. Retrieved
5352:
5343:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5288:. Retrieved
5279:
5269:
5255:cite journal
5220:
5216:
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5175:
5165:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5059:cite journal
5032:
5028:
5018:
4991:
4987:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4907:cite journal
4870:
4866:
4856:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4772:
4768:
4723:
4719:
4690:. Retrieved
4681:
4672:
4639:
4635:
4589:
4586:Gut Microbes
4585:
4575:
4561:cite journal
4518:
4514:
4504:
4492:. Retrieved
4483:
4474:
4437:
4433:
4408:. Retrieved
4399:
4373:cite journal
4361:. Retrieved
4318:
4314:
4289:. Retrieved
4280:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4202:
4193:
4179:cite journal
4147:(1): 56–66.
4144:
4140:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
3998:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3950:
3941:
3927:cite journal
3892:
3888:
3878:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3807:cite journal
3772:
3768:
3739:. Retrieved
3730:
3720:
3710:14 September
3708:. Retrieved
3692:The Guardian
3691:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3660:
3652:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3577:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:the original
3543:
3533:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3460:The Guardian
3459:
3449:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3323:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3290:
3266:. Retrieved
3242:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3168:the original
3163:
3133:. Retrieved
3107:
3086:. Retrieved
3077:
3022:
3018:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2915:
2911:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:the original
2828:
2819:
2782:
2778:
2726:
2722:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2645:
2612:
2510:
2507:
2499:
2478:
2446:
2437:
2412:
2400:
2397:Biomaterials
2392:
2389:
2373:
2358:
2342:
2322:
2314:streptomycin
2291:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2265:C. difficile
2264:
2261:B. anthracis
2260:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2191:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2122:
2110:
2088:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2043:Barack Obama
2033:
2023:October 2023
2020:
2012:
1988:
1967:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1924:
1912:
1904:Epidemiology
1883:
1856:
1848:benznidazole
1828:Trypanosomes
1826:
1818:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1671:. The fungi
1669:chemotherapy
1662:
1646:
1635:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1560:(NDM-1), an
1550:β-lactamases
1547:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1503:transduction
1498:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1393:
1390:erythromycin
1371:permeability
1333:drug classes
1305:β-lactamases
1301:penicillin G
1294:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1182:(2013–2018).
1165:
1164:
1138:
1125:
1111:
1098:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1051:
1042:
1038:hand washing
1035:
1014:
959:
950:
946:
942:
938:
926:
917:
902:
894:
887:
867:
855:antibiograms
847:
841:
835:Enterococcus
834:
819:
812:
808:
799:
795:
791:
782:
765:active layer
753:tetracycline
741:streptomycin
718:
675:
635:
620:
614:
606:
597:
593:
589:
561:
544:
535:
528:
520:
511:
476:
464:
455:
444:
432:dermatophyte
428:
420:
403:
399:
386:
317:
314:
310:
301:
289:
248:
229:
220:
214:, including
192:
180:
171:
151:
150:
145:
139:
121:resistance,
113:resistance,
94:
90:
89:
65:
48:lead section
46:
29:
18243:Eradication
18154:Biosecurity
17879:Vaccination
17854:Inoculation
17832:Drug safety
17827:Combination
17754:and Control
17702:Soft tissue
17656:Anatomical
17623:Seasonality
17603:Mesoendemic
17583:Holoendemic
17576:Farr's laws
17488:Attack rate
17286:Animal bite
17282:Insect bite
17218:Respiratory
16845:Air quality
16833:Environment
16743:Comorbidity
16659:Attack rate
16642:Infectivity
16557:Bactericide
16233:Compartment
16044:Patch clamp
16020:Schild plot
15711:Agriculture
15347:23 February
14968:(10): 891.
14566:14 November
14282:20 December
13977:13 December
13263:Tetrahedron
12068:2445/132505
12012:MDDI Online
11891:(1): 1011.
11810:(2): 46–52.
11744:11 November
11241:11 December
11077:(1): 7251.
9967:(1): 8538.
9596:8 September
9114:14 November
9084:20 November
8818:17 November
8788:17 November
8758:16 November
8732:14 November
8542:. gao.gov.
8095:12 November
7560:(10): 801.
7257:(6): 6770.
7194:14 November
7137:15 November
6128:: 177–189.
6105:28 February
5786:Antibiotics
5694:: 322–325.
5537:21 February
5471:: 250–254.
5444:12 February
5434:Global News
5384:Antibiotics
5290:16 February
4410:28 February
4291:27 February
4254:10023/26218
3671:15 November
3591:10 November
2862:: 132–134.
2484:therapeutic
2381:cefiderocol
2326:development
2246:infection.
2058:White House
1979:Switzerland
1840:pentamidine
1822:artemisinin
1725:candidiasis
1714:fluconazole
1712:In the USA
1699:fluconazole
1638:oseltamivir
1611:hepatitis C
1607:hepatitis B
1564:that makes
1507:S. pyogenes
1491:conjugation
1458:β-lactamase
1381:resistance.
1352:sulfonamide
1325:adenylation
1317:acetylation
1313:transferase
1285:PBP enzymes
972:Netherlands
838:(VRE), and
370:South Asia
216:handwashing
184:medications
160:antibiotics
18327:Categories
18126:infections
18067:Sanitation
18035:Quarantine
17894:resistance
17812:Antiseptic
17793:Ascaricide
17783:Antifungal
17771:Antibiotic
17752:Prevention
17685:Intestinal
17618:Prevalence
17598:Inequality
17547:Occurrence
17346:Breastmilk
17230:Bioaerosol
17202:Sapronosis
17177:Horizontal
17049:Endogenous
17028:Viral load
16988:Index case
16437:Physiology
16369:Toxicology
16261:psychology
16210:Metabolism
16200:Absorption
16194:Liberation
16036:Organ bath
15964:Functional
15843:Antagonist
15836:Inhibitory
15791:Excitatory
15602:Antifungal
15363:(3): 274.
15170:22 January
13740:"Overview"
13421:(1): 203.
12945:(6): 280.
12022:2 December
11860:30 October
11590:24 January
11215:18 January
11185:18 January
11155:17 January
11045:23 October
10903:: 257–75.
10730:27 October
10081:(15): 15.
9773:: 457–61.
9689:21 January
9671:StatPearls
9169:(Report).
8913:11 January
8883:11 January
8844:11 January
8645:Compendium
8550:25 January
7950:"Articles"
7840:30 October
7168:8 December
7152:Scales D.
7052:(3): 339.
6735:: 139275.
6641:(2): 564.
6249:: 100885.
5847:23 January
5390:(3): 487.
5274:Barnes S.
4938:: 990241.
4873:: 949538.
4775:: 92–101.
4363:5 December
3741:28 January
3246:. Geneva:
3088:30 October
2839:30 October
2729:: 541340.
2605:References
2492:pathogenic
2306:gentamicin
2146:antibiotic
1852:nifurtimox
1723:can cause
1703:One Health
1621:including
1530:genome of
1443:DNA gyrase
1386:lincomycin
1360:folic acid
1195:Salmonella
771:Prevention
749:gentamicin
731:, pick up
677:Permafrost
651:orotomides
638:pesticides
626:Pesticides
610:prevalence
526:pandemic.
506:See also:
488:tendonitis
436:penicillin
277:Definition
271:SARS-CoV-2
208:sanitation
206:of proper
188:more toxic
176:aneuploidy
135:antibiotic
111:antifungal
18238:Discovery
18164:Disease X
18124:Emerging
18072:Screening
17973:Isolation
17817:Antiviral
17643:Twindemic
17593:Incidence
17470:Modelling
17433:Perinatal
17365:Cutaneous
17256:Linked to
17166:Perinatal
17085:Exogenous
17077:formation
16819:Pregnancy
16676:Endotoxin
16671:Virulence
16219:Clearance
16215:Excretion
16034:Methods (
15638:multidrug
15607:Antiviral
15156:Bioethics
15144:205104375
15092:239804815
15037:15 August
14607:11 August
14308:13 August
13244:244147577
13228:2666-5247
13212:(1): e7.
11956:: j1054.
11474:880847527
10618:: 65–71.
9272:202806156
8940:(1): 43.
8778:ReActTube
7470:15 August
6871:248208195
6841:One Earth
6822:238234156
6765:219169932
6701:USA Today
6283:253052170
5726:237444117
5669:231730007
5598:231936902
5335:230811912
5307:BioEssays
5196:10 August
4988:P & T
4822:(1): 47.
3969:249320411
3870:236501941
3775:(2): 66.
3700:0261-3077
3057:246077406
2829:tufts.edu
2598:Resistome
2490:to treat
2463:resistome
2459:ResFinder
2310:kanamycin
2300:(such as
2244:S. aureus
2240:S. aureus
2232:S. aureus
2227:S. aureus
1894:passed on
1794:protozoan
1788:Parasites
1615:influenza
1597:Specific
1569:resistant
1474:inherited
1101:avoparcin
905:WHO AWaRe
850:HealthMap
820:S. aureus
745:kanamycin
702:pneumonia
694:influenza
690:pathogens
572:Livestock
146:superbugs
119:antiviral
68:June 2024
58:and help
18317:Medicine
18147:EARS-Net
18062:Safe sex
18014:services
17985:Lockdown
17756:measures
17658:location
17638:Syndemic
17633:Sporadic
17613:Pandemic
17608:Outbreak
17566:Epidemic
17419:Prenatal
17311:Mosquito
17195:to-human
17170:Neonatal
17163:Prenatal
17111:Zoonosis
16956:concepts
16887:Humidity
16872:Commerce
16748:Diabetes
16681:Exotoxin
16337:genetics
16309:Pharmacy
16296:Medicine
16106:Affinity
16065:Efficacy
16003:Analysis
15985:Toxicity
15621:Concepts
15528:Archived
15478:17094768
15443:17940239
15341:Archived
15324:26 April
15318:Archived
15302:16308360
15257:20 April
15251:Archived
15247:19675017
15209:23782228
15201:15708101
15164:Archived
15136:19179312
15101:Journals
15031:Archived
14994:31548497
14943:22334863
14880:23755967
14858:Virology
14839:24518621
14798:28089251
14790:15986542
14755:22649629
14698:26548913
14660:28828194
14601:Archived
14560:Archived
14555:CBS News
14534:28 March
14528:Archived
14506:35072601
14453:28 March
14447:Archived
14411:36263822
14362:33642573
14302:Archived
14276:Archived
14253:33792292
14221:ACS Nano
14202:26228640
14152:39643380
14144:17569007
14095:21444777
14087:17619981
14038:34750269
13971:Archived
13933:34626339
13882:28 March
13876:Archived
13852:28 March
13846:Archived
13822:28 March
13816:Archived
13792:28 March
13786:Archived
13754:28 March
13748:Archived
13710:12 April
13701:Archived
13697:91188986
13689:30936500
13645:12 March
13639:Archived
13597:Archived
13557:38803958
13548:11128932
13493:12 March
13487:Archived
13483:BBC News
13447:34496845
13396:20627927
13345:7 August
13339:Archived
13293:27284210
13236:35544116
13187:34632433
13124:29307490
13075:25818802
13026:25246554
12967:38805035
12919:31894001
12893:(1): 1.
12854:25483690
12805:24476315
12739:11844850
12690:Archived
12672:30559199
12613:28356449
12564:22981392
12529:25222468
12480:36250577
12417:29025194
12368:31768062
12319:28790187
12260:36816746
12197:35612324
12148:30333595
12086:30333569
11980:28356302
11917:31783803
11854:Archived
11824:Archived
11789:24223063
11781:26243247
11738:Archived
11734:41987305
11726:26242959
11679:26243246
11641:36646872
11584:Archived
11556:23 April
11526:9 August
11517:Archived
11439:31795866
11390:21687759
11337:3 August
11328:Archived
11301:3 August
11295:Archived
11271:3 August
11265:Archived
11209:Archived
11179:Archived
11149:Archived
11111:36456547
11036:Archived
11032:25287721
10980:25506587
10929:25125985
10878:25452745
10827:34991324
10819:25110058
10784:25057459
10724:Archived
10693:24904431
10642:24847655
10593:24810351
10558:24470966
10509:23432488
10474:23602471
10425:24470969
10376:24439476
10327:24905728
10287:PLOS ONE
10254:20705517
10205:24766097
10156:Archived
10152:73444389
10144:30733176
10105:28649637
10052:30647159
9999:29867163
9942:21622749
9879:26925045
9787:14942755
9744:Archived
9740:10757748
9710:Genetics
9683:Archived
9679:29083710
9633:17008172
9590:Archived
9568:30545912
9460:17490428
9419:19678712
9370:16350088
9321:14638464
9231:31294229
9180:19 April
9171:Archived
9147:7 August
9048:Archived
9024:28 March
9018:Archived
8994:28 March
8988:Archived
8966:22640399
8877:Archived
8838:Archived
8812:Archived
8782:Archived
8752:Archived
8700:23 April
8694:Archived
8690:rand.org
8670:19 April
8661:Archived
8657:20957609
8621:19 April
8615:Archived
8593:17342653
8544:Archived
8526:15185190
8488:34602891
8480:17127526
8442:17954599
8401:12837737
8360:21976606
8311:30894847
8257:27736789
8190:Archived
8162:14758148
8125:17 April
8119:Archived
8086:Archived
8048:Archived
8018:Archived
7994:28 March
7988:Archived
7964:23 March
7934:21 March
7928:Archived
7895:Archived
7891:21282489
7834:Archived
7801:Archived
7789:28906047
7747:27886368
7684:28178770
7635:22033257
7586:34682223
7521:34277885
7442:25436105
7393:25457069
7385:14613466
7376:10437266
7336:21707669
7281:30181677
7232:28629876
7188:Archived
7162:Archived
7131:Archived
7105:Archived
7078:38543125
7069:10975983
7027:37791590
6983:35006051
6920:31965398
6911:10042908
6757:32480145
6712:23 April
6706:Archived
6667:36851778
6602:26351664
6584:26465169
6521:25349412
6454:Archived
6424:Archived
6394:Archived
6368:Archived
6345:25807523
6305:PLOS ONE
6275:36283187
6266:10693676
6207:35469019
6158:53568193
6150:30445319
6099:Archived
6074:24 April
6068:Archived
6064:avma.org
6046:31910712
5980:29387833
5929:21 March
5923:Archived
5901:26469675
5841:Archived
5818:34680790
5767:28555576
5718:34508864
5661:33510019
5590:33588991
5531:Archived
5495:33434666
5438:Archived
5416:36978354
5407:10044628
5363:24 April
5357:Archived
5353:avma.org
5327:33410142
5284:Archived
5247:32358954
5190:Archived
5157:88482220
5149:30926215
5114:27793964
5051:27139059
5010:25859123
4964:36147351
4899:36017083
4848:28515903
4797:73434085
4789:30716570
4750:28490950
4692:28 March
4686:Archived
4664:24549694
4656:26464037
4616:35332832
4553:34987223
4494:10 March
4488:Archived
4466:25279369
4404:Archived
4357:Archived
4345:26603922
4272:36244350
4213:28 March
4207:Archived
4171:30409683
4120:16 March
4114:Archived
4089:Archived
4052:Medicine
4029:Archived
4003:Archived
3979:28 March
3973:Archived
3953:. 2022.
3919:33772597
3862:34326211
3799:25883395
3735:Archived
3704:Archived
3665:Archived
3644:31908502
3582:Archived
3525:32130036
3470:28 March
3464:Archived
3441:25368610
3390:21811410
3328:Archived
3295:Archived
3268:28 March
3262:Archived
3225:29260224
3126:Archived
3082:Archived
3049:35065702
2991:36423648
2942:35352028
2876:27788414
2811:34940513
2755:25140175
2699:21793988
2650:Archived
2620:Archived
2530:See also
2302:amikacin
2206:Vaccines
2107:Policies
2034:For the
1756:such as
1566:bacteria
1497:, as in
1487:plasmids
1466:pathogen
1269:Bacteria
1199:Shigella
845:(MRAB).
823:(VRSA),
816:(MRSA),
761:neomycin
698:smallpox
692:such as
672:(black).
524:COVID-19
307:Overview
246:report.
156:bacteria
131:bacteria
123:protozoa
99:microbes
18305:Biology
18291:Portals
17951:Hygiene
17889:booster
17822:Asepsis
17561:Endemic
17556:Cluster
17140:Source
17075:Biofilm
16912:Poverty
16882:Ecology
16860:El Niño
16813:Smoking
16691:factors
16632:Biofilm
16608:Outline
16247:Related
16190:(L)ADME
16144:Initial
16128:Metrics
16075:Potency
16058:Metrics
15960:Binding
15930:Binding
15798:Agonist
15581:Use of
15542:, 2023.
15434:2536104
15293:1289307
14985:6832313
14962:Viruses
14934:3278644
14746:3347537
14706:8635034
14651:5547374
14497:8914360
14402:9825576
14353:8080597
14244:8155324
14029:8609559
14006:Bibcode
13924:8501344
13808:"About"
13525:Bibcode
13517:Heliyon
13438:8426113
13387:2921289
13335:NPR.org
13284:4894353
13178:8496867
13115:5766827
13066:5958998
13017:4210010
12994:Bibcode
12947:Bibcode
12910:6939334
12845:4514053
12796:4067250
12696:12 June
12663:6304978
12640:Bibcode
12604:5378080
12520:6718218
12471:9575154
12408:6485408
12359:7525750
12310:5576829
12287:Bibcode
12251:9937039
12188:9491192
12126:Bibcode
12077:7138758
11971:5370398
11908:6884858
11687:7415203
11632:9842493
11430:6939251
11381:3109405
11364:: 134.
11205:who.int
11102:9715550
11079:Bibcode
10971:4246568
10954:: 259.
10920:4130665
10869:4233905
10852:: 586.
10775:4095053
10684:4035561
10667:: 197.
10633:4031462
10549:3892621
10465:4097814
10416:3892620
10367:7112804
10318:4048246
10295:Bibcode
10245:2933358
10096:5460176
10043:6336426
9990:5986768
9969:Bibcode
9933:3147504
9870:4759269
9853:: 173.
9828:1102514
9750:4 March
9731:1460977
9654:: 1861.
9559:6310831
9536:Bibcode
9509:9661020
9410:2847397
9222:6604941
9044:who.int
8957:3430589
8748:"React"
8351:3194830
8302:6414793
8285:: 456.
8248:5118930
8227:Bibcode
8170:9817602
8024:16 July
7901:22 July
7882:3031442
7830:ihi.org
7797:4336064
7738:6464519
7675:6464541
7626:3203003
7577:8538376
7512:8280371
7433:4232501
7272:6116871
7101:cdc.gov
6974:8749967
6849:Bibcode
6802:Bibcode
6737:Bibcode
6658:9958942
6635:Viruses
6593:4586845
6562:Bibcode
6512:4250163
6489:Bibcode
6450:NPR.org
6430:4 April
6420:NPR.org
6336:4373940
6313:Bibcode
6198:9064804
6130:Bibcode
6037:7199423
5971:5785333
5892:4638249
5809:8532907
5709:8425743
5639:Bibcode
5631:Science
5581:7886324
5486:7796801
5238:7197596
5105:5287056
5001:4378521
4955:9486157
4890:9396038
4839:5433038
4741:5415144
4607:8959533
4544:8810379
4523:Bibcode
4457:4165128
4440:: 145.
4353:1944665
4263:9630253
4162:6300481
4110:who.int
4035:12 June
4009:26 July
3910:8083707
3840:Bibcode
3832:Science
3790:4339972
3635:6929930
3516:7415884
3432:4202707
3415:: 551.
3381:3141051
3301:22 July
3291:cdc.gov
3216:5820700
3174:22 July
3135:23 July
3078:cdc.gov
3040:8841637
2982:9763654
2933:8962932
2802:8708150
2746:4124702
2656:7 March
2646:who.int
2524:Wrocław
2516:Georgia
2503:biofilm
2486:use of
2482:is the
2013:updated
1942:History
1844:suramin
1798:malaria
1743:Candida
1739:Candida
1735:Candida
1721:Candida
1674:Candida
1593:Viruses
1577:E. coli
1552:called
1539:E. coli
1532:E. coli
1029:of the
1004:Belgium
986:Germany
706:anthrax
286:spread.
212:hygiene
133:evolve
125:evolve
117:evolve
115:viruses
109:evolve
18159:CRISPR
18111:Zoning
17966:Gloves
17377:Fomite
17211:Routes
17106:Vector
16973:Fomite
16954:Basic
16917:Travel
16797:Gender
16249:fields
15476:
15441:
15431:
15300:
15290:
15245:
15207:
15199:
15181:Lancet
15142:
15134:
15090:
15080:
15054:
14992:
14982:
14941:
14931:
14878:
14837:
14796:
14788:
14770:Lancet
14753:
14743:
14704:
14696:
14658:
14648:
14593:
14504:
14494:
14409:
14399:
14360:
14350:
14251:
14241:
14200:
14150:
14142:
14093:
14085:
14036:
14026:
13931:
13921:
13774:CORDIS
13744:Carb-X
13695:
13687:
13603:18 May
13585:Khor M
13555:
13545:
13445:
13435:
13394:
13384:
13366:Thorax
13291:
13281:
13242:
13234:
13226:
13185:
13175:
13122:
13112:
13073:
13063:
13024:
13014:
12965:
12917:
12907:
12852:
12842:
12803:
12793:
12737:
12670:
12660:
12611:
12601:
12562:
12527:
12517:
12478:
12468:
12415:
12405:
12366:
12356:
12317:
12307:
12258:
12248:
12195:
12185:
12146:
12118:Nature
12084:
12074:
11978:
11968:
11915:
11905:
11787:
11779:
11732:
11724:
11685:
11677:
11639:
11629:
11472:
11462:
11437:
11427:
11388:
11378:
11109:
11099:
11030:
10978:
10968:
10927:
10917:
10876:
10866:
10825:
10817:
10782:
10772:
10716:
10691:
10681:
10640:
10630:
10591:
10556:
10546:
10507:
10472:
10462:
10423:
10413:
10374:
10364:
10325:
10315:
10252:
10242:
10203:
10162:30 May
10150:
10142:
10103:
10093:
10050:
10040:
9997:
9987:
9940:
9930:
9877:
9867:
9826:
9785:
9738:
9728:
9677:
9631:
9566:
9556:
9507:
9500:105682
9497:
9458:
9417:
9407:
9368:
9361:440870
9358:
9319:
9312:296194
9309:
9270:
9260:
9229:
9219:
9054:20 May
9014:GOV.UK
8984:GOV.UK
8964:
8954:
8903:HSE.ie
8869:
8655:
8591:
8524:
8486:
8478:
8440:
8399:
8358:
8348:
8309:
8299:
8255:
8245:
8200:
8168:
8160:
7889:
7879:
7795:
7787:
7745:
7735:
7682:
7672:
7633:
7623:
7584:
7574:
7519:
7509:
7440:
7430:
7391:
7383:
7373:
7334:
7279:
7269:
7230:
7076:
7066:
7025:
6981:
6971:
6918:
6908:
6869:
6820:
6763:
6755:
6665:
6655:
6600:
6590:
6582:
6519:
6509:
6343:
6333:
6281:
6273:
6263:
6205:
6195:
6156:
6148:
6095:US EPA
6044:
6034:
5978:
5968:
5899:
5889:
5816:
5806:
5765:
5724:
5716:
5706:
5667:
5659:
5596:
5588:
5578:
5493:
5483:
5414:
5404:
5333:
5325:
5245:
5235:
5155:
5147:
5112:
5102:
5049:
5008:
4998:
4962:
4952:
4897:
4887:
4846:
4836:
4795:
4787:
4748:
4738:
4662:
4654:
4614:
4604:
4551:
4541:
4515:Nature
4464:
4454:
4351:
4343:
4315:Lancet
4270:
4260:
4169:
4159:
3967:
3917:
3907:
3868:
3860:
3797:
3787:
3698:
3642:
3632:
3523:
3513:
3439:
3429:
3388:
3378:
3324:Nordea
3254:
3223:
3213:
3118:
3055:
3047:
3037:
3019:Lancet
2989:
2979:
2961:Lancet
2940:
2930:
2874:
2809:
2799:
2753:
2743:
2697:
2419:silver
2415:copper
2346:CARB-X
2330:Pfizer
1886:global
1762:azoles
1562:enzyme
1469:genome
1419:, and
1375:efflux
1209:, and
1095:Europe
1000:France
996:Greece
990:Sweden
714:amoeba
472:Punjab
396:Causes
330:Place
255:burden
18231:Other
17739:Fetus
17734:Mouth
17729:Tooth
17724:Blood
17711:Joint
17571:Curve
17441:Other
17388:wound
17386:Open
17356:Feces
17351:Water
17042:Modes
16900:Flood
16624:Agent
16446:Other
16183:LADME
15590:Types
15336:CATCH
15221:(PDF)
15205:S2CID
15140:S2CID
15088:S2CID
15018:Books
14794:S2CID
14702:S2CID
14480:(1).
14148:S2CID
14091:S2CID
13903:Drugs
13872:GARDP
13704:(PDF)
13693:S2CID
13665:(PDF)
13317:(PDF)
13310:(PDF)
13240:S2CID
11785:S2CID
11730:S2CID
11683:S2CID
11520:(PDF)
11507:(PDF)
11331:(PDF)
11320:(PDF)
11039:(PDF)
10998:(PDF)
10823:S2CID
10148:S2CID
9389:Drugs
9268:S2CID
9174:(PDF)
9167:(PDF)
8726:(PDF)
8719:(PDF)
8664:(PDF)
8641:(PDF)
8484:S2CID
8166:S2CID
8089:(PDF)
8082:(PDF)
7810:6 May
7804:(PDF)
7793:S2CID
7765:(PDF)
7389:S2CID
7111:5 May
6867:S2CID
6818:S2CID
6761:S2CID
6580:JSTOR
6400:. In
6279:S2CID
6154:S2CID
5722:S2CID
5665:S2CID
5594:S2CID
5558:eLife
5331:S2CID
5153:S2CID
4793:S2CID
4660:S2CID
4349:S2CID
3965:S2CID
3866:S2CID
3585:(PDF)
3574:(PDF)
3554:9 May
3337:1 May
3331:(PDF)
3320:(PDF)
3129:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
3053:S2CID
2594:(RND)
1975:Davos
1659:Fungi
1323:, or
710:plant
647:azole
636:Most
381:23.7
373:21.5
365:17.6
357:14.4
349:11.7
341:11.2
107:Fungi
17995:list
17916:Non-
17706:Bone
17698:Skin
17382:Soil
17372:Burn
17334:Food
17316:Tick
16978:Host
16738:Burn
16730:Host
16335:and
16259:and
16095:TD50
16091:LD50
16087:ED50
16083:IC50
16079:EC50
15881:Drug
15540:UNEP
15474:PMID
15439:PMID
15413:JAMA
15349:2017
15326:2009
15298:PMID
15259:2018
15243:PMID
15197:PMID
15172:2020
15132:PMID
15078:ISBN
15052:ISBN
15039:2011
15008:link
14990:PMID
14939:PMID
14894:link
14876:PMID
14835:PMID
14786:PMID
14751:PMID
14694:PMID
14656:PMID
14609:2021
14591:ISBN
14568:2017
14536:2023
14502:PMID
14455:2023
14425:link
14407:PMID
14358:PMID
14310:2019
14284:2019
14249:PMID
14198:PMID
14166:link
14140:PMID
14109:link
14083:PMID
14052:link
14034:PMID
13979:2021
13947:link
13929:PMID
13884:2023
13854:2023
13824:2023
13794:2023
13756:2023
13726:link
13712:2023
13685:PMID
13647:2013
13605:2014
13571:link
13553:PMID
13495:2013
13461:link
13443:PMID
13392:PMID
13347:2016
13289:PMID
13232:PMID
13224:ISSN
13183:PMID
13138:link
13120:PMID
13094:Cell
13071:PMID
13022:PMID
12963:PMID
12915:PMID
12868:link
12850:PMID
12801:PMID
12753:link
12735:PMID
12698:2013
12668:PMID
12609:PMID
12560:PMID
12525:PMID
12503:2014
12476:PMID
12454:2022
12431:link
12413:PMID
12364:PMID
12315:PMID
12256:PMID
12211:link
12193:PMID
12144:PMID
12100:link
12082:PMID
12024:2018
11994:link
11976:PMID
11931:link
11913:PMID
11862:2015
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