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almost to shock belief. This M. Magendie got a lady's greyhound. First of all he nailed its front, and then its hind, paws with the bluntest spikes that he could find, giving as reason that the poor beast, in its agony, might tear away from the spikes if they were at all sharp or cutting. He then doubled up its long ears, and nailed them down with similar spikes. (Cries of `Shame!') He then made a gash down the middle of the face, and proceeded to dissect all the nerves on one side of it.... After he had finished these operations, this surgical butcher then turned to the spectators, and said: `I have now finished my operations on one side of this dog's head, and I shall reserve the other side till to-morrow. If the servant takes care of him for the night, I am of the opinion that I shall be able to continue my operations upon him to-morrow with as much satisfaction to us all as I have done to-day; but if not, ALTHOUGH HE MAY HAVE LOST THE VIVACITY HE HAS SHOWN TO-DAY, I shall have the opportunity of cutting him up alive, and showing you the motion of the heart.' Mr. Martin added that he held in his hands the written declarations of Mr. Abernethy, of Sir
Everard Home (and of other distinguished medical men), all uniting in condemnation of such excessive and protracted cruelty as had been practised by this Frenchman." {1} Hansard's Parliamentary Reports, February 24, 1825.
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experience: "When I was a very young man, studying in Paris, I went to the first of a series of lectures which
Magendie gave upon experimental physiology; and I was so utterly repelled by what I witnessed that I never went again. In the first place, they were painful (in those days there were no anaesthetics), and sometimes they were severe; and then THEY WERE WITHOUT SUFFICIENT OBJECT. For example, Magendie made incisions into the skin of rabbits and other creatures TO SHOW THAT THE SKIN IS SENSITIVE! Surely all the world knows the skin is sensitive; no experiment is wanted to prove that. Several experiments he made were of a similar character, AND HE PUT THE ANIMALS TO DEATH, FINALLY, IN A VERY PAINFUL WAY.... Some of his experiments excited a strong feeling of abhorrence, not in the public merely, but among physiologists. There was his--I was going to say `famous' experiment; it might rather have been called `INFAMOUS' experiment upon vomiting .... Besides its atrocity, it was really purposeless." Evidence before Royal Commission, 1875, Questions 444, 474.
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they believed that it was a concession to scientists for allowing vivisection to continue at all. Ferrier would continue to vex the anti-vivisection movement in
Britain with his experiments when he had a debate with his German opponent, Friedrich Goltz. They would effectively enter the vivisection arena, with Ferrier presenting a monkey, and Goltz presenting a dog, both of which had already been operated on. Ferrier won the debate, but did not have a license, leading the anti-vivisection movement to sue him in 1881. Ferrier was not found guilty, as his assistant was the one operating, and his assistant did have a license. Ferrier and his practices gained public support, leaving the anti-vivisection movement scrambling. They made the moral argument that given recent developments, scientists would venture into more extreme practices to operating on "the cripple, the mute, the idiot, the convict, the pauper, to enhance the 'interest' of experiments".
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657:. Ferrier was a pioneer in understanding the brain and used animals to show that certain locales of the brain corresponded to bodily movement elsewhere in the body in 1873. He put these animals to sleep, and caused them to move unconsciously with a probe. Ferrier was successful, but many decried his use of animals in his experiments. Some of these arguments came from a religious standpoint. Some were concerned that Ferrier's experiments would separate God from the mind of man in the name of science. Some of the anti-vivisection movement in England had its roots in Evangelicalism and Quakerism. These religions already had a distrust for science, only intensified by the recent publishing of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in 1859.
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be improved, as many of the current therapeutics were based on unproven, traditional theories that may or may not have helped the patient recover. The demand for more effective treatment shifted emphasis to research with the goal of understanding disease mechanisms and anatomy. This shift had a few effects, one of which was the rise in patient experimentation, leading to some moral questions about what was acceptable in clinical trials and what was not. An easy solution to the moral problem was to use animals in vivisection experiments, so as not to endanger human patients. This, however, had its own set of moral obstacles, leading to the anti-vivisection movement.
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599:. Bell used an unconscious rabbit because of "the protracted cruelty of the dissection", which caused him to miss that the dorsal roots were also responsible for sensory information. Magendie, on the other hand, used conscious, six-week-old puppies for his own experiments. While Magendie's approach would today be considered an abuse of animal rights, both Bell and Magendie used the same rationalization for vivisection: the cost of animal experimentation being worth it for the benefit of humanity.
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595:. Magendie was a physiologist at the Académie Royale de Médecine in France, established in the first half of the 19th century. Magendie made several groundbreaking medical discoveries, but was far more aggressive than some of his other contemporaries with his use of animal experimentation. For example, the discovery of the different functionalities of dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots was achieved by both Magendie, as well as a Scottish anatomist named
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physiologistsexpressed their disgust with how he conducted his work. One such visiting
American physiologist describes the animals as "victims" and the apparent sadism that Magendie displayed when teaching his classes. The cruelty in such experiments went so far as to lead to Magendie's role as an important figure in animal-rights legislation, such as his experiments being cited in the drafting of the British Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 and
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Neither side was pleased with how the
Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 was passed. The scientific community felt as though the government was restricting their ability to compete with the quickly advancing France and Germany with new regulations. The anti-vivisection movement was also unhappy, but because
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explicitly requires that any procedure that may cause pain use "tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics" with exceptions when "scientifically necessary". The act does not define "scientific necessity" or regulate specific scientific procedures, but approval or rejection of individual techniques in
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At the turn of the 19th century, medicine was undergoing a transformation. The emergence of hospitals and the development of more advanced medical tools such as the stethoscope are but a few of the changes in the medical field. There was also an increased recognition that medical practices needed to
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practices, equally cruel, with which he thought the legislature ought to interfere. There was a
Frenchman by the name of Magendie, whom he considered a disgrace to Society. In the course of the last year this man, at one of his anatomical theatres, exhibited a series of experiments so atrocious as
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describing
Magendie as "disgrace to Society" after one of Magendie's public vivisections, described by Martin as "anatomical theatres", which was widely commented on at the time reportedly involving a greyhound's dissection potentially over two days. Magendie faced widespread opposition in British
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Many viewed
Magendie's work as cruel and unnecessarily torturous. One note is that Magendie carried out many of his experiments before the advent of anesthesia, but even after ether was discovered it was not used in any of his experiments or classes. Even during the period before anesthesia, other
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Another witness of
Magendie's cruelty was Dr. William Sharpey, LL.D., Fellow of the Royal Society, and for more than thirty years the professor of physiology in University College, London. ... Before the Royal Commission on Vivisection, in 1876, he gave the following account of his personal
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in
Britain determined that one could only conduct vivisection on animals with the appropriate license from the state, and that the work the physiologist was doing had to be original and absolutely necessary. The stage was set for such legislation by physiologist
535:"expressly directs that, in determining whether to grant a licence for an experimental project, 'the Secretary of State shall weigh the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue.
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made up of an all-male group of physiologists was founded in 1908 to defend vivisection. In the 1920s, anti-vivisectionists exerted significant influence over the editorial decisions of medical journals.
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as living creatures, and that it is inherently immoral to inflict pain or injury on another living creature, regardless of the purpose or potential benefit to mankind.
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who described his experiments aside from cruel as "purposeless" and "without sufficient object", a feeling he claimed was shared among other physiologists.
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by organizations opposed to animal experimentation, but the term is rarely used by practicing scientists. Human vivisection, such as live
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states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 live prisoners, although the accuracy of this claim is disputed by many historians.
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Balls, M., Goldberg, A. M., Fentem, J. H., Broadhead, C. L., Burch, R. L., Festing, M. F., ... & Van Zutphen, B. F. (1995).
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919:"Operation on a living animal for experimental rather than healing purposes; more broadly, all experimentation on live animals"
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Mice are the most commonly used mammal species for live animal research. Such research is sometimes described as vivisection.
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
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Ross, Karen (2014). "Winning Women's Votes: Defending Animal Experimentation and Women's Clubs in New York, 1920–1930".
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The Research Defence Society: Mobilizing the Medical Profession for Materialist Science in the Early-Twentieth Century
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1527:"Medical science and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876: A re-examination of anti-vivisectionism in provincial Britain"
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prisoners of war were subjected to various forms of vivisection by the Japanese, in many cases without anesthesia.
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It is possible that human vivisection was practised by some Greek anatomists in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE.
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Research requiring vivisection techniques that cannot be met through other means is often subject to an external
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Nicholas D. Kristof (March 17, 1995) New York Times. A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity
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In the early 20th-century the anti-vivisection movement attracted many female supporters associated with
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Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated? Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated?
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1648:. In Anti-Vivisection and the Profession of Medicine in Britain: A Social History. Palgrave Macmillan.
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1767:"Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor – The Crime Library on trutv.com"
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The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: A Critical Analysis and Constructive Christian Proposal
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1405:"A History of Antivivisection from the 1800s to the Present: Part I (mid-1800s to 1914)"
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An ethical problem: or, Sidelights upon scientific experimentation on man and animals
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An ethical problem: or, Sidelights upon scientific experimentation on man and animals
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of Alexandria vivisected some criminals sent by the king. The early Christian writer
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1190:"US Code, Title 7: CHAPTER 54—TRANSPORTATION, SALE, AND HANDLING OF CERTAIN ANIMALS"
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In the United Kingdom, any experiment involving vivisection must be licensed by the
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Vivisection or Science? An Investigation into Testing Drugs and Safeguarding Health
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conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a
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The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11
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National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (1996).
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wanted better regulation subjected to surveillance, not full prohibition. The
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involved many medical experiments on live subjects, such as vivisections by
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1440:(2nd, revised ed.). London; New York: G. Bell and Sons; C.P. Farrell.
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review in conception and implementation, and in many jurisdictions use of
63:, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a
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society, among the general public but also his contemporaries, including
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each federally funded lab is determined on a case-by-case basis by the
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971:, book reviews, National Center for Biotechnology Information, p. 226.
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1342:"Animal Experiments in Biomedical Research: A Historical Perspective"
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advocated total abolition of vivisection whilst others such as the
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Read "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" at NAP.edu
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Anti-vivisectionists have played roles in the emergence of the
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Pensamiento. Revista de InvestigaciĂłn e InformaciĂłn FilosĂłfica
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921:. 25 March 2006. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006
607:, otherwise known as Martin's Act, with its namesake, Irish
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725:. In an extensive article on the subject, Iranian academic
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One polarizing figure in the anti-vivisection movement was
505:
1054:"CHINA: ORGAN PROCUREMENT AND JUDICIAL EXECUTION IN CHINA"
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movements, arguing that animals and humans have the same
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University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
1258:. Alternatives to laboratory animals: ATLA, 23(6), 838.
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elaborated on human vivisection in his treatise called
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Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
1525:
Finn, Michael A.; Stark, James F. (1 February 2015).
1481:. London; New York: G. Bell and Sons; C.P. Farrell.
1226:"American Association for Laboratory Animal Science"
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is legally mandated for any surgery likely to cause
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679:American Society for the Regulation of Vivisection
2101:Laboratory animal suppliers in the United Kingdom
995:, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
729:believes him to be among the early supporters of
624:David Ferrier and the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876
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2449:List of international animal welfare conventions
1669:"Concept of sciart in the Andalusian Ibn Tufail"
939:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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4741:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
1084:"Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed"
632:Prior to vivisection for educational purposes,
91:An anesthetized pig used for training a surgeon
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2199:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
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2454:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
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4360:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
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522:Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
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1292:"Some popular fallacies about vivisection"
755:during the period that comprised both the
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4500:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
2164:Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
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4621:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
2878:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
2319:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
2010:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1894:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
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1616:"The Vivisection Controversy in America"
1082:Richard Lloyd Parry (25 February 2007).
1020:, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 163.
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533:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
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31:
2469:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
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1340:Franco, Nuno Henrique (19 March 2013).
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845:, an execution method in Imperial China
763:(1937–1945). In the Filipino island of
611:and well known anti-cruelty campaigner
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14:
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2546:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
2313:Animal Experimentation Convention 1986
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1153:from the original on 10 September 2017
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4757:Political Animals and Animal Politics
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4345:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
4270:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
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2682:Concentrated animal feeding operation
2459:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
2414:Animal rights by country or territory
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1563:from the original on 23 November 2020
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1325:
1323:
960:Vivisection in Historical Perspective
947:
747:research and development unit of the
82:
4488:Animalist Party with the Environment
2775:Animal testing on non-human primates
2194:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
1854:Animal testing on non-human primates
998:
899:from the original on 2 November 2021
882:The Ethics of Animal Experimentation
849:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
689:
75:, has been perpetrated as a form of
4912:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
3122:World Day for the End of Speciesism
1985:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
1727:Brozan, Nadine (15 November 1982).
1632:from the original on 31 March 2024.
1493:from the original on 13 August 2022
1452:from the original on 13 August 2022
1308:from the original on 9 January 2012
24:
5037:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
4380:United Activists for Animal Rights
4290:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
2429:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
2184:Foundation for Biomedical Research
1823:
1789:
1769:. Crimelibrary.com. Archived from
1509:
1415:from the original on 2 August 2017
1392:
1320:
605:Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822
25:
5259:
4581:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
4541:Animal Rights National Conference
4464:Animal Protection Party of Canada
4421:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
4275:Chinese Animal Protection Network
4200:American Anti-Vivisection Society
3679:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
2434:Animal rights in Indian religions
2424:Animal rights and punk subculture
2378:
2189:National Anti-Vivisection Society
1747:from the original on 20 June 2022
1236:from the original on 2 April 2022
1206:from the original on 23 July 2009
797:American Anti-Vivisection Society
675:American Anti-Vivisection Society
5188:
5187:
4749:Animal Rights Without Liberation
4400:Voice for Animals Humane Society
3132:World Day for the End of Fishing
3127:World Day for Laboratory Animals
2557:Equal consideration of interests
1917:
1614:Recarte, Claudia Alonso (2014).
451:
121:
4470:Animal Justice Party of Finland
4355:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
3569:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
3157:(academics, writers, activists)
3050:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
1844:Animal testing on invertebrates
1729:"OUT OF DEATH, A ZEST FOR LIFE"
1686:10.14422/pen.v75.i283.y2019.031
1660:
1636:
1607:
1468:
1427:
1280:
1261:
1248:
1218:
1182:
1165:
838:Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
664:
587:Pro-vivisection cartoon in 1911
569:
69:experimentation on live animals
4693:Animals, Property, and the Law
2770:Alternatives to animal testing
2439:Christianity and animal rights
2134:Americans for Medical Progress
1839:Alternatives to animal testing
1102:
1086:. Times Online. Archived from
1046:
1023:
974:
911:
879:Donna Yarri (18 August 2005).
872:
792:Alternatives to animal testing
781:, usually without anesthesia.
13:
1:
4330:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
3040:Cambridge University primates
2572:Ethics of uncertain sentience
2239:Understanding Animal Research
2038:Cambridge University primates
865:
579:François Magendie (1783–1855)
4390:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
2540:Argument from marginal cases
1899:Testing cosmetics on animals
1475:Leffingwell, Albert (1916).
1434:Leffingwell, Albert (1916).
822:Experimentation on prisoners
650:Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876
7:
4677:Morals, Reason, and Animals
4305:Farm Animal Rights Movement
4255:Anonymous for the Voiceless
2944:International primate trade
2419:Anarchism and animal rights
2229:Stop Sequani Animal Testing
2000:International primate trade
1546:10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.10.007
1277:Avon: New York, 1990, p. 77
885:. Oxford University Press.
784:
10:
5264:
4797:Making a Stand for Animals
4669:The Case for Animal Rights
4320:Hunt Saboteurs Association
4280:Cruelty Free International
4250:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
2780:Animal testing regulations
2331:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
2308:Animal testing regulations
2169:Cruelty Free International
2129:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
2076:Charles River Laboratories
1879:History of model organisms
1869:Animal testing regulations
802:Animal testing regulations
775:Nazi human experimentation
515:In the United States, the
51: 'alive' and
5223:Animal testing techniques
5183:
5156:
5103:
5053:
4993:
4986:
4952:The Ghosts in Our Machine
4807:
4789:Animal Ethics in the Wild
4572:
4568:
4557:
4533:
4444:
4408:
4225:Animal Legal Defense Fund
4192:
4185:
4181:
4167:
4004:
3728:
3721:
3524:William Hamilton Drummond
3466:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3148:
3109:
3088:
3027:
2977:
2919:
2891:
2883:Welfare of farmed insects
2828:
2760:
2652:
2645:
2510:Animal–industrial complex
2477:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2300:
2247:
2119:
2068:
2018:
2005:Laboratory animal allergy
1967:
1926:
1915:
1889:Laboratory animal sources
1874:History of animal testing
1864:Animal testing on rodents
1859:Animal testing on rabbits
1831:
1029:Paixao, RL; Schramm, FR.
828:History of animal testing
550:Anti-vivisection movement
235:Animal–industrial complex
5030:Journal of Animal Ethics
4896:Your Mommy Kills Animals
4285:Direct Action Everywhere
3694:Johann Heinrich Winckler
3639:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
3096:Direct Action Everywhere
2800:Huntingdon Life Sciences
2785:Labcorp Drug Development
2742:Feedback (pork industry)
2707:Intensive animal farming
2444:History of animal rights
2234:Research Defence Society
2096:Labcorp Drug Development
2091:Huntingdon Life Sciences
1667:Maftouni, Nadia (2019).
1657:Tertullian, De Anima 10.
1642:Bates, A. W. H. (2017).
1161:– via www.nap.edu.
757:Second Sino-Japanese War
713:In the 12th century CE,
683:Research Defence Society
5165:Holocaust on your Plate
4936:An Apology to Elephants
4717:Do Animals Have Rights?
4653:Animals, Men and Morals
4629:Better-World Philosophy
4506:Italian Animalist Party
4385:United Poultry Concerns
4340:Last Chance for Animals
4235:Animal Liberation Front
4122:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
2612:Replaceability argument
2530:Animal-free agriculture
2325:Animal Welfare Act 1999
2204:Primate Freedom Project
2149:Animal Free Research UK
1849:Animal testing on frogs
1177:§ 2145(a)(3)(c)(v)
1129:2027/mdp.39015012532662
984:. Zed Books, 1999, and
824:, including vivisection
636:was administered as an
5233:Human subject research
5138:Salvation of Innocents
4685:Zoos and Animal Rights
4260:Beauty Without Cruelty
4220:Animal Justice Project
3559:John Zephaniah Holwell
3213:Stephen St. C. Bostock
2790:Great ape research ban
2409:Animal rights movement
1995:Great ape research ban
1679:(283 S.Esp): 543–551.
1297:The Fortnightly Review
1043:, Rio de Janeiro, 2007
833:Human subject research
749:Imperial Japanese Army
645:
588:
92:
61:central nervous system
37:
5238:Laboratory techniques
5157:Fairs and exhibitions
5044:The Animals' Defender
5016:Cahiers antispécistes
4944:Speciesism: The Movie
4765:Animal (De)liberation
4725:Striking at the Roots
4637:The Universal Kinship
4597:The Rights of Animals
4518:People Animals Nature
4512:Party for the Animals
4325:In Defense of Animals
4087:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
3479:David Renaud Boullier
3065:Silver Spring monkeys
2964:Wild animal suffering
2873:Pain in invertebrates
2712:Intensive pig farming
2602:Opposition to hunting
2567:Ethics of eating meat
2053:Silver Spring monkeys
1601:10.1353/nyh.2014.0050
962:by Nicholaas A. Rupke
753:human experimentation
631:
586:
90:
35:
4773:Sentientist Politics
4701:The Lives of Animals
4452:Animal Justice Party
4265:Born Free Foundation
4102:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
3976:Wendy Turner-Webster
3689:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
2911:Recreational fishing
2752:Ventilation shutdown
2520:Animal protectionism
2500:Animal consciousness
2337:Directive 2010/63/EU
2224:Speaking of Research
859:Speaking of Research
373:Animal protectionism
96:Regulations and laws
55: 'cutting') is
27:Experimental surgery
5228:Biology experiments
5197:( 139 )
5023:Etica & Animali
5009:Between the Species
4733:An American Trilogy
4426:Humanitarian League
4037:Frances Power Cobbe
3654:Arthur Schopenhauer
3649:Henry Stephens Salt
3529:Edward Payson Evans
3223:Stephen R. L. Clark
3080:War of the currents
2969:Wildlife management
2863:Pain in crustaceans
2858:Pain in cephalopods
2315:(Council of Europe)
1990:Biomedical Research
751:, undertook lethal
67:catch-all term for
18:Anti-vivisectionist
4960:Unlocking the Cage
4781:Wild Animal Ethics
4605:The Ethics of Diet
4482:Animalist Movement
4458:Animal Politics EU
4370:Sentience Politics
3996:That Vegan Teacher
3614:Siobhan O'Sullivan
3599:José Ferrater Mora
3408:Steve F. Sapontzis
2901:Commercial fishing
2853:Pain in amphibians
2843:Cruelty to animals
2815:Operation Backfire
2654:Animal agriculture
2562:Emotion in animals
2043:Monkey Drug Trials
1909:Toxicology testing
1733:The New York Times
1713:2022-08-13 at the
1708:"Unmasking Horror"
1623:Franklin Institute
1359:10.3390/ani3010238
1197:www.aphis.usda.gov
1041:Cad. SaĂşde PĂşblica
1036:2011-07-16 at the
1016:2022-06-20 at the
991:2013-09-21 at the
967:2015-10-18 at the
812:Cruelty to animals
646:
589:
517:Animal Welfare Act
458:Animals portal
93:
83:Animal vivisection
38:
5205:
5204:
5198:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5146:Onward to Freedom
5114:Animal Liberation
5099:
5098:
4920:Forks Over Knives
4872:Peaceable Kingdom
4832:Shores of Silence
4824:A Cow at My Table
4709:Eternal Treblinka
4661:Animal Liberation
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4440:
4439:
4375:Uncaged Campaigns
4350:Mercy for Animals
4315:Great Ape Project
4230:Animal Liberation
4176:(groups, parties)
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4062:Elizabeth Farians
3971:Christine Townend
3911:Heather Nicholson
3841:Brigitte Gothière
3831:Antoine Goetschel
3717:
3716:
3378:Charles Patterson
3283:Gary L. Francione
3258:Josephine Donovan
3248:Daniel Dombrowski
3228:Alasdair Cochrane
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3023:
3022:
2954:Predation problem
2838:Animal euthanasia
2747:Foam depopulation
2582:Insects in ethics
2346:
2345:
1273:Animal Liberation
1138:978-0-309-05377-8
733:and vivisection.
690:Human vivisection
593:François Magendie
494:
493:
338:Companion animals
16:(Redirected from
5255:
5248:Research methods
5196:
5191:
5190:
5002:Animal Sentience
4991:
4990:
4856:Legally Blonde 2
4816:The Animals Film
4570:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4365:Rise for Animals
4190:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4032:Edith Carrington
3936:Craig Rosebraugh
3901:Virginia McKenna
3891:Jo-Anne McArthur
3821:Juliet Gellatley
3726:
3725:
3684:Mary Anne Warren
3624:Humphrey Primatt
3609:Edward Nicholson
3579:Charles R. Magel
3544:Thomas G. Gentry
3403:Richard D. Ryder
3343:Thomas Lepeltier
3173:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3150:
3149:
3117:World Animal Day
3075:Unnecessary Fuss
3035:Brown Dog affair
3005:Animals in sport
2995:Animal slaughter
2990:Animal sacrifice
2929:Culling wildlife
2732:Wildlife farming
2650:
2649:
2495:Animal cognition
2464:Total liberation
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2059:Unnecessary Fuss
2033:Brown Dog affair
1921:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1773:on 10 April 2008
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1724:
1718:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1589:New York History
1584:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1531:
1522:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1411:. 10 June 2009.
1401:
1390:
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1379:
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1315:
1313:
1284:
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1222:
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1215:
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1205:
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1050:
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1027:
1021:
1005:
996:
978:
972:
954:
945:
944:
938:
930:
928:
926:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
876:
761:Second World War
745:chemical warfare
671:women's suffrage
642:common sand frog
538:
486:
479:
472:
456:
455:
416:Environmentalism
143:Around the world
125:
115:
100:
99:
73:organ harvesting
21:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5171:
5152:
5095:
5076:Muutoksen kevät
5049:
4982:
4888:Behind the Mask
4803:
4613:Animals' Rights
4564:
4545:
4529:
4436:
4404:
4177:
4151:
4012:Cleveland Amory
4000:
3966:Darren Thurston
3961:Marianne Thieme
3816:Bruce Friedrich
3781:Joey Carbstrong
3766:Brigitte Bardot
3713:
3704:Jon Wynne-Tyson
3594:J. Howard Moore
3539:John Galsworthy
3519:Wilhelm Dietler
3462:
3458:Corey Lee Wrenn
3368:Martha Nussbaum
3278:Lawrence Finsen
3218:Paola Cavalieri
3193:Kristin Andrews
3168:
3158:
3136:
3105:
3084:
3019:
2973:
2915:
2887:
2848:Pain in animals
2824:
2756:
2722:Poultry farming
2641:
2473:
2393:
2382:
2377:
2347:
2342:
2296:
2277:Neal D. Barnard
2257:Colin Blakemore
2249:
2243:
2121:
2115:
2064:
2020:
2014:
1963:
1959:Syrian hamsters
1922:
1913:
1827:
1822:
1792:
1790:Further reading
1787:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1725:
1721:
1715:Wayback Machine
1706:
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1052:
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1038:Wayback Machine
1028:
1024:
1018:Wayback Machine
1006:
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993:Wayback Machine
980:Croce, Pietro.
979:
975:
969:Wayback Machine
955:
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723:Hayy ibn Yaqzan
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618:William Sharpey
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4892:
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4868:
4860:
4852:
4848:Meet Your Meat
4844:
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4649:
4645:The New Ethics
4641:
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4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4476:Animals' Party
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
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4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:AnimaNaturalis
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:Animal Justice
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4157:
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4153:
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4150:
4149:
4147:Gretchen Wyler
4144:
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4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Lewis Gompertz
4074:
4069:
4067:Emarel Freshel
4064:
4059:
4057:Muriel Dowding
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3991:Gary Yourofsky
3988:
3983:
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3958:
3953:
3948:
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3938:
3933:
3928:
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3906:Ingrid Newkirk
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Charlotte Laws
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Yves Bonnardel
3773:
3768:
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3758:
3753:
3751:Martin Balluch
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3723:
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3715:
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3699:Steven M. Wise
3696:
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3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Bernard Rollin
3641:
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3621:
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3611:
3606:
3604:Leonard Nelson
3601:
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3509:Herman Daggett
3506:
3501:
3499:Priscilla Cohn
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Jeremy Bentham
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Jessica Pierce
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Kyle Johannsen
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:David DeGrazia
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Carol J. Adams
3179:
3177:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Pit of despair
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Abandoned pets
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2830:Animal welfare
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Model organism
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2762:Animal testing
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Working animal
2734:
2729:
2727:Slaughterhouse
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Insect farming
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Animal product
2658:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Sentiocentrism
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Animal welfare
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:Ingrid Newkirk
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2048:Pit of despair
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Animal welfare
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:Animal testing
1821:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1758:
1719:
1700:
1659:
1650:
1635:
1606:
1574:
1508:
1467:
1426:
1391:
1352:(1): 238–273.
1319:
1288:Carroll, Lewis
1279:
1260:
1247:
1217:
1181:
1164:
1137:
1101:
1090:on 23 May 2011
1071:
1045:
1022:
1007:Yarri, Donna.
997:
973:
946:
910:
891:
870:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
786:
783:
727:Nadia Maftouni
691:
688:
666:
663:
625:
622:
613:Richard Martin
580:
577:
571:
568:
564:natural rights
556:animal welfare
551:
548:
529:Home Secretary
492:
491:
489:
488:
481:
474:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
424:
423:
413:
407:
405:Related topics
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
388:Sentiocentrism
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
304:Animal testing
301:
300:
299:
294:
289:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
213:
212:
207:
196:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
173:Primate rights
170:
165:
160:
158:Animal cruelty
155:
150:
145:
140:
138:Animal welfare
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
97:
94:
84:
81:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5260:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5194:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:Tame Yourself
5119:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5083:No Compromise
5080:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:(3rd century)
4583:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4556:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4514:(Netherlands)
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Animal Rising
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Animal Ethics
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Jessie Mackay
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:James Granger
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Henry B. Amos
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Louise Wallis
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:Kim Stallwood
3949:
3947:
3946:Jasmin Singer
3944:
3942:
3941:Nathan Runkle
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:David Olivier
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:John Feldmann
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Aymeric Caron
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Carole Baskin
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Laurids Smith
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:James Rachels
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:John Lawrence
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Brigid Brophy
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Tatjana Višak
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:David Sztybel
3436:
3434:
3433:Cass Sunstein
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Mark Rowlands
3396:
3394:
3393:Evelyn Pluhar
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Andrew Linzey
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Will Kymlicka
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Dale Jamieson
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Valéry Giroux
3291:
3289:
3288:Robert Garner
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Sue Donaldson
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:J. M. Coetzee
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Tom Beauchamp
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3101:Hunt sabotage
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:Methodologies
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Hare coursing
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Chick culling
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:Vegetarianism
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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4432:Oxford Group
4300:Every Animal
4193:Contemporary
4142:Andrew Tyler
4132:Nell Shipman
4072:André Géraud
3981:Jerry Vlasak
3956:Lynda Stoner
3931:Alex Pacheco
3866:Evanna Lynch
3861:Howard Lyman
3846:Wayne Hsiung
3806:Chris DeRose
3796:Rod Coronado
3729:Contemporary
3669:Thomas Tryon
3589:Mary Midgley
3584:Jean Meslier
3564:Soame Jenyns
3554:John Hildrop
3549:Arthur Helps
3514:Richard Dean
3489:Peter Buchan
3428:Gary Steiner
3423:Peter Singer
3418:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
3383:David Pearce
3373:Clare Palmer
3363:David Nibert
3353:Clair Linzey
3263:Joan Dunayer
3188:Aysha Akhtar
3176:Contemporary
3045:McLibel case
3000:Animal trial
2959:Seal hunting
2921:Wild animals
2906:Fishing bait
2868:Pain in fish
2819:
2687:Fish farming
2667:Battery cage
2587:Meat paradox
2544:
2485:Abolitionism
2282:Jerry Vlasak
2267:Gill Langley
2057:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1761:
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1732:
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1595:(1): 26–40.
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1567:23 September
1565:. Retrieved
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1088:the original
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923:. Retrieved
913:
901:. Retrieved
881:
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773:
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712:
702:states that
699:
693:
668:
665:20th century
659:
647:
601:
597:Charles Bell
590:
573:
570:19th century
553:
541:
526:
514:
495:
428:Deep ecology
368:Abolitionism
287:Bullfighting
250:Wild animals
229:Animal abuse
52:
48:
40:
39:
29:
5218:Vivisection
4987:Periodicals
4864:The Meatrix
4840:The Witness
4454:(Australia)
4428:(1891–1919)
4310:Faunalytics
4137:Henry Spira
4127:Hans Ruesch
4117:Jill Phipps
4112:Norm Phelps
4092:Barry Horne
4052:Royal Dixon
4047:Karen Davis
4027:Ernest Bell
3921:Ric O'Barry
3916:Jack Norris
3886:Dan Mathews
3791:Jake Conroy
3761:Barbi Twins
3736:James Aspey
3674:Gary Varner
3664:John Styles
3504:Henry Crowe
3453:Paul Waldau
3443:Michael Tye
3338:Renan Larue
3323:Melanie Joy
3308:Oscar Horta
3303:John Hadley
3273:Catia Faria
3268:Mylan Engel
3238:Alice Crary
3208:Steven Best
3203:Marc Bekoff
3169:and writers
3110:Observances
3015:Live export
2949:Ivory trade
2820:Vivisection
2795:Green Scare
2692:Fur farming
2597:Open rescue
2592:Nonviolence
2301:Legislation
2248:Writers and
2021:experiments
1304:: 847–854.
1094:10 December
1058:www.hrw.org
769:Moro Muslim
700:De Medicina
348:Abandonment
343:Puppy mills
331:Oceanariums
282:Bloodsports
255:Consumption
210:Vegetarians
178:in research
41:Vivisection
5243:Physiology
5212:Categories
4976:Seaspiracy
4880:Earthlings
4520:(Portugal)
4494:DierAnimal
4409:Historical
4205:Animal Aid
4097:Marie Huot
4042:Joan Court
4022:Bob Barker
4005:Historical
3896:LuĂsa Mell
3876:Keith Mann
3871:Bill Maher
3856:Ronnie Lee
3826:Tal Gilboa
3801:Karen Dawn
3741:Greg Avery
3619:Rod Preece
3534:T. Forster
3494:Mona Caird
3467:Historical
3328:Hilda Kean
3298:Lori Gruen
2632:Vegaphobia
2622:Speciesism
2515:Animal law
2262:Carl Cohen
2159:Boyd Group
2120:Groups and
1927:Testing on
1312:13 October
986:"About Us"
958:Review of
866:References
817:Dissection
741:biological
719:Ibn Tufail
715:Andalusian
708:Tertullian
704:Herophilos
638:anesthetic
634:chloroform
510:vertebrate
502:anesthesia
393:Speciesism
245:Mutilation
65:pejorative
43:(from
5130:Manifesto
5069:Bite Back
5054:Magazines
4928:Vegucated
4526:(Germany)
4524:V-ParteiÂł
4502:(Germany)
4496:(Belgium)
4472:(Finland)
4295:Equanimal
3881:Jim Mason
3836:Mark Gold
3771:Gene Baur
3746:Matt Ball
3722:Activists
3634:Tom Regan
3413:Jeff Sebo
3358:Dan Lyons
3167:Academics
3155:Advocates
3010:Live food
2810:Nafovanny
2717:Livestock
2697:Fur trade
2672:Bile bear
2607:Personism
2402:Overviews
2292:Tipu Aziz
2250:activists
2122:campaigns
2106:Nafovanny
2069:Companies
1751:13 August
1741:0362-4331
1695:171734089
1540:: 12–23.
1497:13 August
1456:13 August
1368:2076-2615
925:13 August
544:Australia
438:Welfarism
383:Personism
316:Captivity
200:Advocates
5193:Category
5062:Arkangel
4994:Journals
4968:Dominion
4904:The Cove
4534:Activism
4478:(Sweden)
4466:(Canada)
4460:(Europe)
4174:Movement
3709:Voltaire
2627:Veganism
2577:Ethology
2478:Concepts
2209:Pro-Test
2111:Shamrock
2028:Britches
1944:Primates
1904:Three Rs
1745:Archived
1711:Archived
1627:Archived
1558:Archived
1554:25437634
1491:Archived
1450:Archived
1419:20 April
1413:Archived
1386:26487317
1306:Archived
1234:Archived
1201:Archived
1173:7 U.S.C.
1151:Archived
1147:25121211
1034:Archived
1014:Archived
989:Archived
965:Archived
935:cite web
897:Archived
854:Pro-Test
785:See also
765:Mindanao
759:and the
737:Unit 731
640:to this
433:Humanism
326:Circuses
309:Cosmetic
193:Movement
163:Veganism
153:Timeline
132:Overview
105:a series
103:Part of
4508:(Italy)
4490:(Spain)
4484:(Italy)
4445:Parties
2939:Hunting
2893:Fishing
2552:Carnism
1954:Rodents
1949:Rabbits
1777:1 March
1487:3145143
1446:3145143
1377:4495509
1346:Animals
1064:17 June
903:18 June
843:Lingchi
807:Bionics
731:autopsy
508:to any
421:Radical
378:Carnism
297:Fishing
292:Hunting
240:Killing
148:History
77:torture
57:surgery
5195:
5168:(2003)
5149:(2014)
5141:(2014)
5133:(2008)
5125:(1991)
5117:(1987)
5105:Albums
4979:(2021)
4971:(2018)
4963:(2016)
4955:(2013)
4947:(2013)
4939:(2013)
4931:(2011)
4923:(2011)
4915:(2009)
4907:(2009)
4899:(2007)
4891:(2006)
4883:(2005)
4875:(2004)
4867:(2003)
4859:(2003)
4851:(2002)
4843:(2000)
4835:(2000)
4827:(1998)
4819:(1981)
4800:(2022)
4792:(2022)
4784:(2020)
4776:(2018)
4768:(2016)
4760:(2014)
4752:(2012)
4744:(2010)
4736:(2009)
4728:(2008)
4720:(2005)
4712:(2001)
4704:(1999)
4696:(1995)
4688:(1993)
4680:(1987)
4672:(1983)
4664:(1975)
4656:(1971)
4648:(1907)
4640:(1906)
4632:(1899)
4624:(1897)
4616:(1892)
4608:(1883)
4600:(1838)
4592:(1824)
4186:Groups
2646:Issues
2490:Ahimsa
2086:Harlan
2081:Envigo
1968:Issues
1739:
1693:
1552:
1485:
1444:
1384:
1374:
1366:
1240:15 May
1210:15 May
1175:
1157:15 May
1145:
1135:
1060:. 1994
889:
696:Celsus
673:. The
531:. The
498:ethics
275:Cattle
265:Horses
217:Groups
205:Vegans
53:sectio
5090:Satya
4808:Films
4573:Books
4395:Viva!
3028:Cases
2978:Other
2219:SPEAK
2144:AALAS
1934:Frogs
1884:IACUC
1691:S2CID
1630:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1230:AALAS
1204:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
717:Arab
362:Ideas
49:vivus
47:
45:Latin
4335:L214
3060:SHAC
2339:(EU)
2333:(US)
2327:(NZ)
2321:(UK)
2214:SHAC
2174:PETA
2139:AAAS
1779:2010
1753:2022
1737:ISSN
1569:2019
1550:PMID
1499:2022
1483:OCLC
1458:2022
1442:OCLC
1421:2017
1382:PMID
1364:ISSN
1314:2016
1242:2019
1212:2019
1159:2019
1143:PMID
1133:ISBN
1096:2009
1066:2024
941:link
927:2022
905:2016
887:ISBN
743:and
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648:The
558:and
506:pain
321:Zoos
270:Cats
260:Dogs
2179:ALF
2154:ALF
1681:doi
1597:doi
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1372:PMC
1354:doi
1125:hdl
1117:doi
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