702:
2295:
717:. The density is high as the glycans shield the underlying viral protein from neutralisation by antibodies. This is one of the most densely glycosylated molecules known and the density is sufficiently high to prevent the normal maturation process of glycans during biogenesis in the endoplasmic and Golgi apparatus. The majority of the glycans are therefore stalled as immature 'high-mannose' glycans not normally present on human glycoproteins that are secreted or present on a cell surface. The unusual processing and high density means that almost all broadly neutralising antibodies that have so far been identified (from a subset of patients that have been infected for many months to years) bind to, or are adapted to cope with, these envelope glycans.
1175:. The virions can then infect numerous cellular targets and disseminate into the whole organism. However, a selection process leads to a predominant transmission of the R5 virus through this pathway. In patients infected with subtype B HIV-1, there is often a co-receptor switch in late-stage disease and T-tropic variants that can infect a variety of T cells through CXCR4. These variants then replicate more aggressively with heightened virulence that causes rapid T cell depletion, immune system collapse, and opportunistic infections that mark the advent of AIDS. HIV-positive patients acquire an enormously broad spectrum of opportunistic infections, which was particularly problematic prior to the onset of
1545:
reverse transcriptase could generate an undamaged copy of genomic DNA from two damaged single-stranded RNA genome copies. This view of the adaptive benefit of recombination in HIV could explain why each HIV particle contains two complete genomes, rather than one. Furthermore, the view that recombination is a repair process implies that the benefit of repair can occur at each replication cycle, and that this benefit can be realized whether or not the two genomes differ genetically. On the view that recombination in HIV is a repair process, the generation of recombinational variation would be a consequence, but not the cause of, the evolution of template switching.
1526:). Upon infection and replication catalyzed by reverse transcriptase, recombination between the two genomes can occur. Recombination occurs as the single-strand, positive-sense RNA genomes are reverse transcribed to form DNA. During reverse transcription, the nascent DNA can switch multiple times between the two copies of the viral RNA. This form of recombination is known as copy-choice. Recombination events may occur throughout the genome. Anywhere from two to 20 recombination events per genome may occur at each replication cycle, and these events can rapidly shuffle the genetic information that is transmitted from parental to progeny genomes.
2313:
1478:, responsible for splicing and translation respectively, are sequestered and the DIS (dimerization initiation signal) hairpin is exposed. The formation of the gRNA dimer is mediated by a 'kissing' interaction between the DIS hairpin loops of the gRNA monomers. At the same time, certain guanosine residues in the gRNA are made available for binding of the nucleocapsid (NC) protein leading to the subsequent virion assembly. The labile gRNA dimer has been also reported to achieve a more stable conformation following the NC binding, in which both the DIS and the U5:AUG regions of the gRNA participate in extensive base pairing.
62:
2618:
of most recent common ancestor for HIV-1 groups M and O, as well as on HIV-2 groups A and B, indicates that SIV has given rise to transmissible HIV lineages throughout the twentieth century. The dispersed timing of these transmissions to humans implies that no single external factor is needed to explain the cross-species transmission of HIV. This observation is consistent with both of the two prevailing views of the origin of the HIV epidemics, namely SIV transmission to humans during the slaughter or butchering of infected primates, and the colonial expansion of sub-Saharan
African cities.
2304:
2230:(which focused on heterosexual couples). These studies involved couples where one partner was HIV-positive and one was HIV-negative, and included regular HIV testing. Across these four studies, a total of 4,097 couples participated from four continents, reporting 151,880 acts of condomless sex with zero phylogenetically-linked HIV transmissions when the positive partner had an undetectable viral load. Following these findings, the U=U consensus statement advocating the use of the term 'zero risk' was endorsed by numerous individuals and organizations, including the
1508:. As the newly produced Rev protein is produced it moves to the nucleus, where it binds to full-length, unspliced copies of virus RNAs and allows them to leave the nucleus. Some of these full-length RNAs function as mRNAs that are translated to produce the structural proteins Gag and Env. Gag proteins bind to copies of the virus RNA genome to package them into new virus particles. HIV-1 and HIV-2 appear to package their RNA differently. HIV-1 will bind to any appropriate RNA. HIV-2 will preferentially bind to the mRNA that was used to create the Gag protein itself.
1694:
1218:
87:
1205:
615:
1047:
1092:, for entry and are thus able to replicate in both macrophages and CD4 T cells. This CCR5 co-receptor is used by almost all primary HIV-1 isolates regardless of viral genetic subtype. Indeed, macrophages play a key role in several critical aspects of HIV infection. They appear to be the first cells infected by HIV and perhaps the source of HIV production when CD4 cells become depleted in the patient. Macrophages and microglial cells are the cells infected by HIV in the
1898:(ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1. Specimens with a non-reactive result from the initial ELISA are considered HIV-negative, unless new exposure to an infected partner or partner of unknown HIV status has occurred. Specimens with a reactive ELISA result are retested in duplicate. If the result of either duplicate test is reactive, the specimen is reported as repeatedly reactive and undergoes confirmatory testing with a more specific supplemental test (e.g., a
1385:
1857:
1573:
1537:. Recombination may also contribute, in principle, to overcoming the immune defenses of the host. Yet, for the adaptive advantages of genetic variation to be realized, the two viral genomes packaged in individual infecting virus particles need to have arisen from separate progenitor parental viruses of differing genetic constitution. It is unknown how often such mixed packaging occurs under natural conditions.
1910:(IFA)). Only specimens that are repeatedly reactive by ELISA and positive by IFA or PCR or reactive by western blot are considered HIV-positive and indicative of HIV infection. Specimens that are repeatedly ELISA-reactive occasionally provide an indeterminate western blot result, which may be either an incomplete antibody response to HIV in an infected person or nonspecific reactions in an uninfected person.
2532:
2644:
2630:
764:
2445:, two classic symptoms of primary HIV infection. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986 LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.
3112:
1359:
1753:(SIVsmm) are thought to have a long evolutionary history with their hosts. These hosts have adapted to the presence of the virus, which is present at high levels in the host's blood, but evokes only a mild immune response, does not cause the development of simian AIDS, and does not undergo the extensive mutation and recombination typical of HIV infection in humans.
2456:. He independently discovered the AIDS virus in 1983 and named it the AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV). This virus was very different from the virus reported by the Montagnier and Gallo groups. The ARV strains indicated, for the first time, the heterogeneity of HIV isolates and several of these remain classic examples of the AIDS virus found in the United States.
1620:. These are transported to the plasma membrane of the host cell where gp41 anchors gp120 to the membrane of the infected cell. The Gag (p55) and Gag-Pol (p160) polyproteins also associate with the inner surface of the plasma membrane along with the HIV genomic RNA as the forming virion begins to bud from the host cell. The budded virion is still immature as the
1663:(in the case of dendritic cells). Whichever pathway is used, infection by cell-to-cell transfer is reported to be much more efficient than cell-free virus spread. A number of factors contribute to this increased efficiency, including polarised virus budding towards the site of cell-to-cell contact, close apposition of cells, which minimizes fluid-phase
2437:(HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo admitted in 1987 that the virus he claimed to have discovered in 1984 was in reality a virus sent to him from France the year before. Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a patient presenting with swelling of the
1638:
8622:
with HIV had a durably suppressed viral load. Subsequently, the PARTNER and
Opposites Attract studies confirmed these findings and extended them to male-male couples. ... The success of U=U as an HIV prevention method depends on achieving and maintaining an undetectable viral load by taking ART daily as prescribed.
2563:
necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV. Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, it can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa prior to the 20th century.
579:, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system, for an indeterminate amount of time. The virus can remain dormant in the human body for up to ten years after primary infection; during this period the virus does not cause symptoms. Alternatively, the integrated viral DNA may be
10288:
Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s. ... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no
Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing
1191:
pattern of co-receptor usage (including CD4-independence) may assist the virus in its adaptation to avoid innate restriction factors present in host cells. Adaptation to use normal cellular machinery to enable transmission and productive infection has also aided the establishment of HIV-2 replication
5423:
Arthos J, Cicala C, Martinelli E, Macleod K, Van Ryk D, Wei D, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD, Conrad TP, Lempicki RA, McLaughlin S, Pascuccio M, Gopaul R, McNally J, Cruz CC, Censoplano N, Chung E, Reitano KN, Kottilil S, Goode DJ, Fauci AS (2008). "HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin
8621:
NIAID Director
Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and colleagues summarize results from large clinical trials and cohort studies validating U=U. The landmark NIH-funded HPTN 052 clinical trial showed that no linked HIV transmissions occurred among HIV serodifferent heterosexual couples when the partner living
2617:
An alternative and likely complementary hypothesis points to the widespread use of unsafe medical practices in Africa during years following World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic, and anti-malaria treatment campaigns. Research on the timing
1830:
of CRF_AE, and the remaining 5.3% were composed of other subtypes and CRFs. Most HIV-1 research is focused on subtype B; few laboratories focus on the other subtypes. The existence of a fourth group, "P", has been hypothesised based on a virus isolated in 2009. The strain is apparently derived from
1829:
with distinct subtypes gives rise to circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). In 2000, the last year in which an analysis of global subtype prevalence was made, 47.2% of infections worldwide were of subtype C, 26.7% were of subtype A/CRF02_AG, 12.3% were of subtype B, 5.3% were of subtype D, 3.2% were
1544:
suggested that template switching by reverse transcriptase acts as a repair process to deal with breaks in the single-stranded RNA genome. In addition, Hu and Temin suggested that recombination is an adaptation for repair of damage in the RNA genomes. Strand switching (copy-choice recombination) by
1179:
therapies; however, the same infections are reported among HIV-infected patients examined post-mortem following the onset of antiretroviral therapies. Thus, during the course of infection, viral adaptation to the use of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 may be a key step in the progression to AIDS. A number of
1145:
the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of HIV target cells. M-tropic HIV-1 isolates that use only the CCR5 receptor are termed R5; those that use only CXCR4 are termed X4, and those that use both, X4R5. However, the use of co-receptors alone does not explain viral tropism, as not all R5 viruses are
2562:
activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV. However, SIV is a weak virus, and it is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are
2259:
enriched CD4 T cells and inflammatory dendritic cells in the dermis of ulcerated genital skin, persisting even after ulcer healing. HIV's tropism for CCR-5 positive cells contributes to the two- to threefold increased risk of HIV acquisition in persons with genital herpes. Notably, daily antiviral
1733:
occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. This hybrid virion then infects a new cell where it undergoes replication. As this happens, the reverse transcriptase, by jumping back and forth between the two different RNA templates, will generate a
2070:
is taken into consideration. A single screening test is correct more than 99% of the time. The chance of a false-positive result in a standard two-step testing protocol is estimated to be about 1 in 250,000 in a low risk population. Testing post-exposure is recommended immediately and then at six
1772:
SIV (SIVcpz), the closest genetic relative of HIV-1, is associated with increased mortality and AIDS-like symptoms in its natural host. SIVcpz appears to have been transmitted relatively recently to chimpanzee and human populations, so their hosts have not yet adapted to the virus. This virus has
2566:
Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to
1650:
and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread, for which two pathways have been described. Firstly, an infected T cell can transmit virus directly to a target T cell via a
1310:
to CD4. Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine receptor binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor. This allows for a more stable two-pronged attachment, which allows the
2063:(e.g., viral RNA or proviral DNA amplification method) can also help diagnosis in certain situations. In addition, a few tested specimens might provide inconclusive results because of a low quantity specimen. In these situations, a second specimen is collected and tested for HIV infection.
7527:
Keele BF, Jones JH, Terio KA, Estes JD, Rudicell RS, Wilson ML, Li Y, Learn GH, Beasley TM, Schumacher-Stankey J, Wroblewski E, Mosser A, Raphael J, Kamenya S, Lonsdorf EV, Travis DA, Mlengeya T, Kinsel MJ, Else JG, Silvestri G, Goodall J, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Pusey AE, Hahn BH (2009).
595:
than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to
2058:
Although IFA can be used to confirm infection in these ambiguous cases, this assay is not widely used. In general, a second specimen should be collected more than a month later and retested for persons with indeterminate western blot results. Although much less commonly available,
10367:
Berlier W, Bourlet T, Lawrence P, Hamzeh H, Lambert C, Genin C, Verrier B, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Pozzetto B, Delézay O (2005). "Selective sequestration of X4 isolates by human genital epithelial cells: Implication for virus tropism selection process during sexual transmission of HIV".
2223:. Although initially controversial, subsequent studies have confirmed that the risk of transmitting HIV through sex is effectively zero when the HIV-positive person has a consistently undetectable viral load, a concept now widely known as U=U, or "Undetectable = Untransmittable."
1645:
The classical process of infection of a cell by a virion can be called "cell-free spread" to distinguish it from a more recently recognized process called "cell-to-cell spread". In cell-free spread (see figure), virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood or
9148:
Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L (1983). "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".
679:
taken from the membrane of a human host cell when the newly formed virus particle buds from the cell. The viral envelope contains proteins from the host cell and relatively few copies of the HIV envelope protein, which consists of a cap made of three molecules known as
8039:
Celum CL, Coombs RW, Lafferty W, Inui TS, Louie PH, Gates CA, McCreedy BJ, Egan R, Grove T, Alexander S (1991). "Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blots: seroconversion risk, specificity of supplemental tests, and an algorithm for evaluation".
1877:
Many HIV-positive people are unaware that they are infected with the virus. For example, in 2001 less than 1% of the sexually active urban population in Africa had been tested, and this proportion is even lower in rural populations. Furthermore, in 2001 only 0.5% of
1319:
in gp41, HR1, and HR2 then interact, causing the collapse of the extracellular portion of gp41 into a hairpin shape. This loop structure brings the virus and cell membranes close together, allowing fusion of the membranes and subsequent entry of the viral capsid.
755:
not only reproduce the antigenic properties of the native viral spike, but also display the same degree of immature glycans as presented on the native virus. Recombinant trimeric viral spikes are promising vaccine candidates as they display less non-neutralising
1821:), based on the whole genome, which are geographically distinct. The most prevalent are subtypes B (found mainly in North America and Europe), A and D (found mainly in Africa), and C (found mainly in Africa and Asia); these subtypes form branches in the
1728:
This complex scenario leads to the generation of many variants of HIV in a single infected patient in the course of one day. This variability is compounded when a single cell is simultaneously infected by two or more different strains of HIV. When
9393:
Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, Robert-Guroff M, Richardson E, Kalyanaraman VS, Mann D, Sidhu GD, Stahl RE, Zolla-Pazner S, Leibowitch J, Popovic M (1983). "Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)".
1841:
HIV-2's closest relative is SIVsm, a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees. Since HIV-1 is derived from SIVcpz, and HIV-2 from SIVsm, the genetic sequence of HIV-2 is only partially homologous to HIV-1 and more closely resembles that of SIVsm.
1560:, including breaks in the single-stranded RNA. For HIV, as well as for viruses in general, successful infection depends on overcoming host defense strategies that often include production of genome-damaging reactive oxygen species. Thus, Michod
8487:
Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, Grinsztejn B, Prestage GP, Zablotska-Manos IB, et al. (August 2018). "Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study".
5119:
Clevestig P, Maljkovic I, Casper C, Carlenor E, Lindgren S, Navér L, Bohlin AB, Fenyö EM, Leitner T, Ehrnst A (2005). "The X4 phenotype of HIV type 1 evolves from R5 in two children of mothers, carrying X4, and is not linked to transmission".
4783:
Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996). "Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1".
1422:
or allow the virus to evade the body's immune system. The reverse transcriptase also has ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA, as well as DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity that creates a
2793:"Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era"
1473:
form. The selectivity in the packaging is explained by the structural properties of the dimeric conformer of the gRNA. The gRNA dimer is characterized by a tandem three-way junction within the gRNA monomer, in which the SD and AUG
2875:"Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study"
586:
Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more
9755:
Keele BF, Van
Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Chen Y, Wain LV, Liegeois F, Loul S, Ngole EM, Bienvenue Y, Delaporte E, Brookfield JF, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH (2006).
1342:
can also be used. DCs are one of the first cells encountered by the virus during sexual transmission. They are currently thought to play an important role by transmitting HIV to T cells when the virus is captured in the
2090:. A negative result rules out HIV exposure, while a positive one must be followed by an HIV-1/2 antibody differentiation immunoassay to detect which antibodies are present. This gives rise to four possible scenarios:
1458:(nuclear factor kappa B), which is upregulated when T cells become activated. This means that those cells most likely to be targeted, entered and subsequently killed by HIV are those actively fighting infection.
10617:
5198:
Karlsson A, Parsmyr K, Aperia K, Sandström E, Fenyö EM, Albert J (1994). "MT-2 cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates as a marker for response to treatment and development of drug resistance".
1882:
attending urban health facilities were counselled, tested or received their test results. Again, this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities. Since donors may therefore be unaware of their infection,
7585:
Schindler M, MĂŒnch J, Kutsch O, Li H, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, MĂŒller-Trutwin MC, Novembre FJ, Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Bailes E, Roques P, Sodora DL, Silvestri G, Sharp PM, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F (2006).
2594:
resulting in genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers to the degree that as of 1928 as many as 45% of female residents of eastern
1860:
A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4 counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection; any particular individual's disease course may vary considerably.
1624:
polyproteins still need to be cleaved into the actual matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins. This cleavage is mediated by the packaged viral protease and can be inhibited by antiretroviral drugs of the
2347:
AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of
382:. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is not contagious during sexual intercourse without a condom if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable
1659:(APC), such as a macrophage or dendritic cell, can transmit HIV to T cells by a process that either involves productive infection (in the case of macrophages) or capture and transfer of virions
3520:
Gilbert PB, McKeague IW, Eisen G, Mullins C, Guéye-NDiaye A, Mboup S, Kanki PJ (February 28, 2003). "Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in
Senegal".
1070:. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4 T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells' membrane and also with
10612:
583:, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins, using host cell resources, that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that will begin the replication cycle anew.
5236:"Relation between changes in cellular load, evolution of viral phenotype, and the clonal composition of virus populations in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection"
1493:
to produce mRNAs that are shorter than the full-length genome. Which part of the RNA is removed during RNA splicing determines which of the HIV protein-coding sequences is translated.
1323:
After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell. During the
2578:
and growth of large colonial
African cities, leading to social changes, including different patterns of sexual contact (especially multiple, concurrent partnerships), the spread of
7781:
Plantier JC, Leoz M, Dickerson JE, De
Oliveira F, Cordonnier F, Lemée V, Damond F, Robertson DL, Simon F (August 2009). "A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas".
5072:"Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and genital secretions: evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission"
1180:
studies with subtype B-infected individuals have determined that between 40 and 50 percent of AIDS patients can harbour viruses of the SI and, it is presumed, the X4 phenotypes.
7313:
Sodora DL, Allan JS, Apetrei C, Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Else JG, Estes JD, Hahn BH, Hirsch VM, Kaur A, Kirchhoff F, Muller-Trutwin M, Pandrea I, Schmitz JE, Silvestri G (2009).
4524:
Schwartz O, Maréchal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard JM (March 1996). "Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein".
6316:"In vitro expression of the HIV-2 genomic RNA is controlled by three distinct internal ribosome entry segments that are regulated by the HIV protease and the Gag polyprotein"
1368:
HIV-1 entry, as well as entry of many other retroviruses, has long been believed to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane. More recently, however, productive infection by
10924:
9557:
Levy JA, Kaminsky LS, Morrow WJ, Steimer K, Luciw P, Dina D, Hoxie J, Oshiro L (1985). "Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome".
7825:
1564:
suggested that recombination by viruses is an adaptation for repair of genome damage, and that recombinational variation is a byproduct that may provide a separate benefit.
8983:
Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, Prose NS, Marcus A, Ballard H, William DC, Laubenstein LJ (September 1981). "Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men â a report of eight cases".
8729:
705:
A diagram of the HIV spike protein (green), with the fusion peptide epitope highlighted in red, and a broadly neutralizing antibody (yellow) binding to the fusion peptide
10888:
2369:(CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966.
8745:: When the statement and list of endorsements was retrieved, it had last been updated on 23 August 2018 and included "over 850 organizations from nearly 100 countries."
2388:, had been coined. The CDC, in search of a name and looking at the infected communities, coined "the 4H disease", as it seemed to single out homosexuals, heroin users,
8274:
4177:"A next-generation cleaved, soluble HIV-1 Env trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, expresses multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing but not non-neutralizing antibodies"
1240:
gp41 undergoes significant conformational change; folding in half and forming coiled-coils. This process pulls the viral and cellular membranes together, fusing them.
6735:
Hallenberger S, Bosch V, Angliker H, Shaw E, Klenk HD, Garten W (November 26, 1992). "Inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160".
2791:
Powell MK, BenkovĂĄ K, Selinger P, DogoĆĄi M, KinkorovĂĄ LuĆĂĄÄkovĂĄ I, KoutnĂkovĂĄ H, LaĆĄtĂkovĂĄ J, RoubĂÄkovĂĄ A, Ć pĆŻrkovĂĄ Z, LaclovĂĄ L, Eis V, Ć ach J, Heneberg P (2016).
2590:) in nascent colonial cities. While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are typically low, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a
879:
in the case of HIV-2), are regulatory genes for proteins that control the ability of HIV to infect cells, produce new copies of virus (replicate), or cause disease.
10607:
7700:
Osmanov S, Pattou C, Walker N, SchwardlÀnder B, Esparza J (2002). "Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000".
10979:
8533:"Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy"
8075:
7963:
Kumaranayake L, Watts C (2001). "Resource allocation and priority setting of HIV/AIDS interventions: addressing the generalized epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa".
6671:
2372:
In the beginning, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example,
2219:(<50 copies/ml) due to antiretroviral treatment. This concept was first proposed by the Swiss Federal Commission for AIDS/HIV in 2008 in what is known as the
1161:
mutation are resistant to infection by the R5 virus, as the mutation leaves HIV unable to bind to this co-receptor, reducing its ability to infect target cells.
11575:
1667:
of virions, and clustering of HIV entry receptors on the target cell towards the contact zone. Cell-to-cell spread is thought to be particularly important in
13417:
12063:
8609:
7481:
Daniel MD, King NW, Letvin NL, Hunt RD, Sehgal PK, Desrosiers RC (1984). "A new type D retrovirus isolated from macaques with an immunodeficiency syndrome".
3609:
McGovern SL, Caselli E, Grigorieff N, Shoichet BK (2002). "A common mechanism underlying promiscuous inhibitors from virtual and high-throughput screening".
3121:
1327:-based transport to the nucleus, the viral single-strand RNA genome is transcribed into double-strand DNA, which is then integrated into a host chromosome.
12641:
9641:
Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, Tatem AJ, Sousa JD, Arinaminpathy N, PĂ©pin J, Posada D, Peeters M, Pybus OG, Lemey P (2014).
2662:
6414:"Extensive recombination among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies makes an important contribution to viral diversity in individual patients"
4373:
Klase Z, Winograd R, Davis J, Carpio L, Hildreth R, Heydarian M, Fu S, McCaffrey T, Meiri E, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Gilad S, Bentwich Z, Kashanchi F (2009).
11570:
10624:
10259:
9306:
7991:
7635:
Thomson MM, PĂ©rez-Alvarez L, NĂĄjera R (2002). "Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 genetic forms and its significance for vaccine development and therapy".
5851:
1126:
Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as co-receptors for viral entry.
13013:
12132:
12080:
9911:
Kalish ML, Wolfe ND, Ndongmo CB, McNicholl J, Robbins KE, Aidoo M, Fonjungo PN, Alemnji G, Zeh C, Djoko CF, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Burke DS, Folks TM (2005).
5021:
van't Wout AB, Kootstra NA, Mulder-Kampinga GA, Albrecht-van Lent N, Scherpbier HJ, Veenstra J, Boer K, Coutinho RA, Miedema F, Schuitemaker H (1994).
2215:
While HIV is highly virulent, transmission through sexual contact does not occur when an HIV-positive individual maintains a consistently undetectable
1810:
does not inhibit T-cell activation and it has lost this function. Without this function, T cell depletion is more likely, leading to immunodeficiency.
10074:"High GUD incidence in the early 20th century created a particularly permissive time window for the origin and initial spread of epidemic HIV strains"
2976:"HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads"
993:(LTR). Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell. The
12658:
10012:
Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE, Haselkorn T, Kunstman K, Bunce M, Muyembe JJ, Kabongo JM, Kalengayi RM, Van Marck E, Gilbert MT, Wolinsky SM (2008).
2528:
HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.
989:
protein (p16) influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells. The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called a
9965:"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa"
2423:
independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal
12621:
12604:
12587:
11085:
2075:
529:
properties in common. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long
10558:
10409:
4978:
Zhu T, Mo H, Wang N, Nam DS, Cao Y, Koup RA, Ho DD (1993). "Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection".
1629:
class. The various structural components then assemble to produce a mature HIV virion. Only mature virions are then able to infect another cell.
13402:
12924:
12853:
12836:
12500:
12225:
3317:
2146:
2357:), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems. Soon thereafter, researchers at the
13364:
12802:
10959:
3827:
1303:, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV-1. The gp160 spike contains binding domains for both CD4 and chemokine receptors.
8465:
6288:
12311:
12277:
10831:
10650:
10600:
10548:
8238:
1679:. The many dissemination mechanisms available to HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication in spite of anti-retroviral therapies.
9299:
10944:
10405:
5023:"Macrophage-tropic variants initiate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection after sexual, parenteral, and vertical transmission"
2599:
were thought to have been prostitutes and as of 1933 around 15% of all residents of the same city were infected by one of the forms of
2366:
9698:
Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH (1999).
8601:
8224:
652:. The single-stranded RNA is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins, p7, and enzymes needed for the development of the virion such as
5922:
Keane SC, Heng X, Lu K, Kharytonchyk S, Ramakrishnan V, Carter G, Barton S, Hosic A, Florwick A, Santos J, Bolden NC (May 22, 2015).
3362:
3321:
3059:
2226:
Studies that established the U=U principle include
Opposites Attract, PARTNER 1, PARTNER 2 (which focused on male-male couples), and
1446:
The integrated viral DNA may then lie dormant, in the latent stage of HIV infection. To actively produce the virus, certain cellular
6463:"Contribution of recombination to the evolution of human immunodeficiency viruses expressing resistance to antiretroviral treatment"
331:
to thrive. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the
13224:
10758:
9237:
8575:
Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in MSM couples with suppressive ART: The PARTNER2 Study extended results in gay men
10275:
3433:
Smith JA, Daniel R (May 2006). "Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses".
8934:
2453:
776:
701:
8757:"Persistence of HIV-1 receptor-positive cells after HSV-2 reactivation is a potential mechanism for increased HIV-1 acquisition"
13355:
13064:
13006:
11987:
10670:
10500:
2264:, does not reduce the subclinical post-reactivation inflammation and therefore does not decrease the risk of HIV acquisition.
1196:
organism. Having achieved a low pathogenicity, over time, variants that are more successful at transmission will be selected.
421:
is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS.
11608:
10919:
9498:
9118:
9089:
8879:
6298:
5288:
3662:
3301:
3147:
Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG (August 2010). "Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses".
3034:
8278:
2610:. The virus may have been present in the United States as early as the mid- to late 1960s, as a sixteen-year-old male named
1738:
that is a recombinant between the two parental genomes. This recombination is most obvious when it occurs between subtypes.
851:
codes for a protein called gp160 that is cut in two by a cellular protease to form gp120 and gp41. The six remaining genes,
12556:
11350:
563:, that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the
244:
17:
8726:"Consensus statement: Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV from a Person Living with HIV who has an Undetectable Viral Load"
4678:
Berger EA, Doms RW, Fenyö EM, Korber BT, Littman DR, Moore JP, Sattentau QJ, Schuitemaker H, Sodroski J, Weiss RA (1998).
12975:
12454:
11038:
9336:
7315:"Toward an AIDS vaccine: lessons from natural simian immunodeficiency virus infections of African nonhuman primate hosts"
4939:"The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy"
4275:
de Taeye SW, Ozorowski G, Torrents de la Peña A, Guttman M, Julien JP, van den
Kerkhof TL, et al. (December 2015).
3904:"Glycan clustering stabilizes the mannose patch of HIV-1 and preserves vulnerability to broadly neutralizing antibodies"
2130:, as well as fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.
13407:
12199:
11475:
10715:
4902:
2294:
8079:
6787:
6710:
1418:(cDNA) molecule. The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone, and the resulting mutations may cause
12999:
12251:
10898:
10788:
10189:
1895:
1756:
In contrast, when these strains infect species that have not adapted to SIV ("heterologous" or similar hosts such as
1626:
1482:
1115:-inducing strains (SI; now called X4 viruses) replicate in primary CD4 T cells as well as in macrophages and use the
6562:
Bonhoeffer S, Chappey C, Parkin NT, Whitcomb JM, Petropoulos CJ (2004). "Evidence for positive epistasis in HIV-1".
10645:
8012:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). "Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral".
6991:"High multiplicity HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission from macrophages to CD4+ T cells limits antiretroviral efficacy"
4473:
Garcia JV, Miller AD (April 1991). "Serine phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef".
2033:
994:
13369:
12121:
12106:
9514:
Levy JA, et al. (1984). "Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS".
1795:
1142:
668:. A matrix composed of the viral protein p17 surrounds the capsid ensuring the integrity of the virion particle.
12896:
11617:
11378:
10640:
7686:
6798:
4430:
3692:
2133:
Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral
1431:
cDNA. Together, the cDNA and its complement form a double-stranded viral DNA that is then transported into the
339:
251:
9465:
6056:"Dynamic regulation of HIV-1 mRNA populations analyzed by single-molecule enrichment and long-read sequencing"
2931:(February 2019). "HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable".
413:
of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4 T cells by
13153:
12980:
12771:
12550:
12532:
12526:
12479:
11440:
10954:
10934:
10665:
10553:
9439:
8605:
5859:
3384:
3347:
3325:
2540:
2480:
2414:
2385:
2321:
1742:
1419:
1376:
of HIV-1 has also been reported and was recently suggested to constitute the only route of productive entry.
1373:
1362:
725:
622:
HIV is similar in structure to other retroviruses. It is roughly spherical with a diameter of about 120
383:
279:
258:
237:
8103:"Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation"
7671:
13281:
12736:
12422:
12417:
12363:
11686:
11553:
10826:
10814:
10695:
10655:
7995:
4567:
Stumptner-Cuvelette P, Morchoisne S, Dugast M, Le Gall S, Raposo G, Schwartz O, Benaroch P (October 2001).
2591:
2279:
69:
10216:
Chitnis A, Rawls D, Moore J (January 2000). "Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa?".
9366:
Centers for Disease Control (1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)âUnited States".
2851:
13092:
12761:
12428:
12393:
11912:
11866:
11325:
11021:
10949:
10878:
10836:
10580:
10538:
8806:"Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
6054:
Ocwieja KE, Sherrill-Mix S, Mukherjee R, Custers-Allen R, David P, Brown M, et al. (November 2012).
3572:
1523:
1192:
in humans. A survival strategy for any infectious agent is not to kill its host, but ultimately become a
609:
11965:
7588:"Nef-mediated suppression of T cell activation was lost in a lentiviral lineage that gave rise to HIV-1"
4277:"Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-neutralizing Epitopes"
3855:"Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein"
13290:
12413:
11980:
11015:
10939:
10929:
10660:
10493:
2434:
86:
8239:"Quick Reference GuideâLaboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Updated Recommendations"
4326:"Identification of functional microRNAs released through asymmetrical processing of HIV-1 TAR element"
2429:. Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in
688:
molecules that anchor the structure into the viral envelope. The envelope protein, encoded by the HIV
12791:
12731:
12388:
12116:
11954:
11601:
11489:
11457:
11445:
11398:
10974:
4324:
Ouellet DL, Plante I, Landry P, Barat C, Janelle ME, Flamand L, Tremblay MJ, Provost P (April 2008).
2162:
1899:
1424:
631:
538:
5987:
Keane SC, Van V, Frank HM, Sciandra CA, McCowin S, Santos J, Heng X, Summers MF (October 10, 2016).
5377:
Wyatt R, Sodroski J (1998). "The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens".
4837:"HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor"
13422:
13397:
13022:
12766:
12544:
11650:
11330:
11180:
11053:
10741:
10700:
8948:
Friedman-Kien AE (October 1981). "Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men".
4740:
Coakley E, Petropoulos CJ, Whitcomb JM (2005). "Assessing ch vbgemokine co-receptor usage in HIV".
3902:
Pritchard LK, Spencer DI, Royle L, Bonomelli C, Seabright GE, Behrens AJ, et al. (June 2015).
2312:
2170:
2158:
1907:
1799:
1466:
1014:
923:
847:, contain information needed to make the structural proteins for new virus particles. For example,
780:
580:
414:
5816:
Zheng YH, Lovsin N, Peterlin BM (2005). "Newly identified host factors modulate HIV replication".
3831:
2212:
in CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages is the main barrier to eradication of the virus.
709:
As the sole viral protein on the surface of the virus, the envelope protein is a major target for
13145:
13080:
12052:
11667:
11548:
11420:
11295:
11213:
11115:
10680:
10675:
8804:
Looker KJ, Elmes JA, Gottlieb SL, Schiffer JT, Vickerman P, Turner KM, Boily MC (December 2017).
7096:
4226:
Pritchard LK, Vasiljevic S, Ozorowski G, Seabright GE, Cupo A, Ringe R, et al. (June 2015).
3853:
Behrens AJ, Vasiljevic S, Pritchard LK, Harvey DJ, Andev RS, Krumm SA, et al. (March 2016).
2404:
was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started using the name AIDS.
2235:
1835:
1656:
1553:
1316:
1147:
922:
protein (p19) is involved in shuttling RNAs from the nucleus and the cytoplasm by binding to the
760:
than recombinant monomeric gp120, which act to suppress the immune response to target epitopes.
572:
324:
8457:
5989:"NMR detection of intermolecular interaction sites in the dimeric 5âČ-leader of the HIV-1 genome"
1745:(SIV) has evolved into many strains, classified by the natural host species. SIV strains of the
1146:
able to use CCR5 on macrophages for a productive infection and HIV can also infect a subtype of
13317:
13299:
13249:
12741:
12726:
12047:
11715:
11260:
11233:
11223:
11145:
11130:
11028:
10848:
10778:
10585:
10575:
8461:
8377:"HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statementâeight years later"
7682:
6512:"High frequency of genetic recombination is a common feature of primate lentivirus replication"
6238:
Soto-Rifo R, Limousin T, Rubilar PS, Ricci EP, Décimo D, Moncorgé O, et al. (March 2012).
5521:"The brain-specific factor FEZ1 is a determinant of neuronal susceptibility to HIV-1 infection"
5280:
2358:
2349:
2248:
2182:
1817:) region: M, N, and O. Group M is the most prevalent and is subdivided into eight subtypes (or
1621:
1534:
1501:
1176:
1093:
998:
418:
265:
13136:
9488:
9079:
8637:, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. (September 2016).
8531:
Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, et al. (July 2016).
8249:
7899:
Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, et al. (July 2006).
4425:
3724:
3291:
13412:
12952:
12489:
12474:
12434:
12000:
11973:
11861:
11740:
11679:
11655:
11543:
11497:
11435:
11425:
11335:
11270:
10841:
10809:
10746:
10570:
10486:
10411:
Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access
9310:
8689:
8119:
8102:
4175:
Sanders RW, Derking R, Cupo A, Julien JP, Yasmeen A, de Val N, et al. (September 2013).
1851:
1722:
1672:
1597:
1517:
1407:
1388:
1306:
The first step in fusion involves the high-affinity attachment of the CD4 binding domains of
1138:
721:
694:
gene, allows the virus to attach to target cells and fuse the viral envelope with the target
653:
560:
405:. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4 T cells through a number of mechanisms, including
44:
8170:
8153:
7530:"Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz"
6819:
Zhang C, Zhou S, Groppelli E, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Borrow P, Chain BM, Jolly C (2015).
2376:, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. They also used
2338:
The first news story on "an exotic new disease" appeared May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper
1469:
into RNA. The full-length genomic RNAs (gRNA) can be packaged into new viral particles in a
1183:
HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is restricted in its worldwide distribution to
13205:
13197:
13162:
11854:
11820:
11710:
11594:
11512:
11430:
11345:
11320:
11305:
11243:
11195:
11175:
11100:
11095:
11080:
10821:
10753:
10317:
10144:
10085:
10025:
9769:
9711:
9654:
9523:
9405:
9160:
8318:
8301:
8204:
7912:
7672:"Reference sequences representing the principal genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the pandemic"
7541:
7490:
7435:
7170:
7108:
7051:
6842:
6744:
6686:
6571:
6375:
6055:
6000:
5935:
5580:"Involvement of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry"
5532:
5386:
4987:
4848:
4793:
4691:
4580:
4482:
4131:
4118:
Lyumkis D, Julien JP, de Val N, Cupo A, Potter CS, Klasse PJ, et al. (December 2013).
4074:
4061:
Julien JP, Cupo A, Sok D, Stanfield RL, Lyumkis D, Deller MC, et al. (December 2013).
3915:
3195:
2804:
2705:
2536:
2468:
in West-central Africa, and are believed to have transferred to humans (a process known as
2195:
2166:
2134:
1549:
1447:
1058:
refers to the cell types a virus infects. HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as
990:
889:
772:
729:
728:. These advances in structural biology were made possible due to the development of stable
522:
76:. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions.
37:
3097:
2353:
pneumonia (PCP or PJP, the latter term recognizing that the causative agent is now called
8:
13240:
13216:
12294:
11662:
11646:
11639:
11527:
11502:
11470:
11388:
11360:
11310:
11228:
11218:
11170:
11160:
11150:
11125:
10736:
10710:
10424:"Beta-chemokine receptors 5 and 3 are expressed on the head region of human spermatozoon"
9206:
9113:
8573:
8154:"Screening for HIV: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
6821:"Hybrid Spreading Mechanisms and T Cell Activation Shape the Dynamics of HIV-1 Infection"
6314:
Ricci EP, Herbreteau CH, Decimo D, Schaupp A, Datta SA, Rein A, et al. (July 2008).
2873:
Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, et al. (June 2019).
2756:
2448:
Another group working contemporaneously with the Montagnier and Gallo groups was that of
2380:, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. In the general press, the term
2362:
2273:
2154:
1761:
1706:
1647:
1396:
1300:
893:
748:
359:
11586:
10321:
10264:
10148:
10089:
10029:
9773:
9715:
9658:
9527:
9409:
9164:
8101:
Chou R, Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Zakher B, Blazina I, Korthuis PT (November 2012).
7916:
7856:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
7545:
7494:
7439:
7364:"High virus loads in naturally and experimentally SIVagm-infected African green monkeys"
7174:
7112:
7055:
6846:
6748:
6690:
6639:
6614:
6575:
6379:
6004:
5939:
5678:"Visualizing fusion of pseudotyped HIV-1 particles in real time by live cell microscopy"
5536:
5390:
4991:
4852:
4797:
4695:
4584:
4486:
4135:
4078:
3919:
3199:
3182:
Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, et al. (January 2014).
2808:
2709:
1813:
Three groups of HIV-1 have been identified on the basis of differences in the envelope (
1154:
that maintains infection when CD4 T cell numbers have declined to extremely low levels.
13228:
12667:
12630:
12368:
11703:
11691:
11517:
11507:
11415:
11410:
11383:
11370:
11355:
11340:
11290:
11253:
11238:
11190:
11185:
11165:
11135:
11110:
11070:
11062:
10994:
10989:
10858:
10783:
10685:
10461:
10393:
10340:
10305:
10270:
10241:
10194:
10170:
10108:
10073:
10046:
10013:
9989:
9964:
9937:
9912:
9888:
9863:
9844:
9790:
9757:
9737:
9675:
9642:
9618:
9593:
9281:
9242:
9184:
9060:
9008:
8921:
8896:
8830:
8805:
8781:
8756:
8665:
8638:
8513:
8350:
8183:
8132:
7933:
7900:
7876:
7851:
7806:
7743:
Perrin L, Kaiser L, Yerly S (2003). "Travel and the spread of HIV-1 genetic variants".
7725:
7617:
7562:
7529:
7339:
7314:
7292:
7245:
7196:
7132:
7097:"Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy"
7072:
7039:
7015:
6990:
6971:
6917:
6892:
6865:
6832:
6820:
6768:
6652:
6595:
6536:
6511:
6487:
6462:
6438:
6413:
6340:
6315:
6264:
6239:
6215:
6188:
6080:
6031:
5988:
5964:
5753:
5728:
5704:
5677:
5653:
5628:
5555:
5520:
5501:
5472:"Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest for strategies to prevent infection"
5449:
5348:
5180:
4882:
4869:
4836:
4817:
4765:
4717:
4652:
4627:
4549:
4506:
4455:
4401:
4374:
4350:
4325:
4301:
4276:
4252:
4227:
4203:
4176:
4152:
4119:
4095:
4062:
4038:
4014:"Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design"
4013:
3985:
3960:
3936:
3903:
3879:
3854:
3803:
3776:
3757:
3545:
3497:
3472:
3267:
3240:
3216:
3183:
3084:
3002:
2975:
2974:
Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J (2012). Desrosiers RC (ed.).
2956:
2901:
2874:
2827:
2792:
2765:
2740:
2667:
2489:
1188:
1164:
752:
649:
417:
that recognize infected cells. When CD4 T cell numbers decline below a critical level,
219:
212:
81:
8996:
8961:
8821:
8501:
8434:
8417:
7756:
7648:
6164:
6139:
5899:
5874:
5604:
5579:
5335:
5318:
5234:
Koot M, van 't Wout AB, Kootstra NA, de Goede RE, Tersmette M, Schuitemaker H (1996).
5096:
5071:
5047:
5022:
5020:
3744:
3060:"Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding"
2891:
2198:. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition, with progression to
13392:
13034:
12672:
12576:
12561:
12445:
12343:
12111:
12097:
11842:
11465:
11315:
11285:
11265:
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11155:
11120:
11105:
11090:
11075:
10853:
10763:
10720:
10590:
10453:
10385:
10345:
10233:
10162:
10133:"An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic"
10113:
10051:
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9942:
9893:
9836:
9795:
9729:
9680:
9623:
9574:
9539:
9494:
9421:
9396:
9375:
9218:
9176:
9151:
9127:
9085:
9052:
9000:
8965:
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8875:
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8786:
8755:
Zhu J, Hladik F, Woodward A, Klock A, Peng T, Johnston C, et al. (August 2009).
8670:
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8505:
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8398:
8331:
8323:
8216:
8175:
8124:
8057:
8021:
7938:
7881:
7798:
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7652:
7609:
7567:
7506:
7463:
7458:
7423:
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Kurth R, Norley S (1996). "Why don't the natural hosts of SIV develop simian AIDS?".
7385:
7344:
7284:
7237:
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6963:
6922:
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6760:
6702:
6644:
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6391:
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6220:
6169:
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6018:
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5951:
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5833:
5793:
5758:
5709:
5658:
5609:
5560:
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5453:
5441:
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5284:
5257:
5216:
5172:
5137:
5101:
5052:
5003:
4960:
4955:
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4809:
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4709:
4657:
4608:
4603:
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4406:
4355:
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3808:
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2117:
2104:
2060:
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1151:
945:
in the single-stranded viral DNA and/or interferes with reverse transcription). The
530:
468:
286:
183:
12991:
10397:
10245:
9064:
9012:
8517:
8188:
8137:
7810:
7729:
7621:
7296:
7200:
6975:
6656:
6599:
6429:
6155:
5595:
5505:
5352:
5184:
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11280:
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11205:
11140:
10883:
10465:
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10404:
10377:
10335:
10325:
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10174:
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9984:
9976:
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9924:
9883:
9875:
9848:
9826:
9785:
9777:
9741:
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9670:
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Gilman SL (1987). GilmanSL (ed.). "AIDS and Syphilis: The Iconography of Disease".
9207:"Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States"
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8957:
8916:
8908:
8855:
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8817:
8776:
8768:
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8497:
8429:
8388:
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8114:
8049:
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7920:
7871:
7863:
7790:
7752:
7709:
7644:
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7557:
7549:
7498:
7453:
7443:
7375:
7334:
7326:
7276:
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7178:
7136:
7116:
7067:
7059:
7010:
7002:
6953:
6912:
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6860:
6850:
6772:
6752:
6694:
6634:
6626:
6579:
6531:
6523:
6482:
6474:
6433:
6425:
6383:
6335:
6327:
6259:
6251:
6240:"Different effects of the TAR structure on HIV-1 and HIV-2 genomic RNA translation"
6210:
6200:
6159:
6151:
6116:
6112:
6075:
6067:
6026:
6008:
5959:
5943:
5894:
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5689:
5648:
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5483:
5433:
5394:
5330:
5247:
5208:
5164:
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4864:
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4553:
4533:
4510:
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4459:
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4396:
4386:
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4296:
4288:
4247:
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4188:
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4139:
4090:
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3980:
3972:
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3798:
3788:
3761:
3739:
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3618:
3581:
3529:
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3484:
3442:
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3211:
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3156:
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3071:
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2940:
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2752:
2713:
2514:
2502:
2142:
2123:
1888:
1784:
1557:
1335:
379:
9188:
8248:. New York State Department of Health. June 27, 2014. pp. 1â2. Archived from
5398:
1157:
Some people are resistant to certain strains of HIV. For example, people with the
13171:
12538:
12465:
12404:
12354:
12038:
12005:
11798:
11033:
10773:
10543:
10330:
10098:
7006:
6855:
6698:
5676:
Koch P, Lampe M, Godinez WJ, MĂŒller B, Rohr K, KrĂ€usslich HG, Lehmann MJ (2009).
4860:
4375:"HIV-1 TAR miRNA protects against apoptosis by altering cellular gene expression"
4243:
4193:
4120:"Cryo-EM structure of a fully glycosylated soluble cleaved HIV-1 envelope trimer"
4029:
3870:
3793:
3027:
Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society
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2817:
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1831:
1688:
1668:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1134:
1067:
956:
733:
634:
534:
501:
362:. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during
332:
272:
147:
135:
123:
9609:
9570:
5829:
5212:
5168:
3828:"Crystal structure of key HIV protein reveals new prevention, treatment targets"
3586:
3567:
3488:
2188:
1592:
The final step of the viral cycle, assembly of new HIV-1 virions, begins at the
698:
releasing the viral contents into the cell and initiating the infectious cycle.
343:
13116:
12706:
12695:
12379:
12168:
12027:
11735:
10984:
10768:
9831:
9814:
8634:
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Moore JP (1997). "Coreceptors: implications for HIV pathogenesis and therapy".
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The earliest, well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the
2544:
2494:
2420:
2329:
2252:
1884:
1757:
1750:
1331:
1283:, but others are known to interact) on the target cell surface. Gp120 binds to
1267:
Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex (
1264:
with the target cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.
1261:
1172:
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402:
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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases
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4228:"Structural Constraints Determine the Glycosylation of HIV-1 Envelope Trimers"
3365:. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006
3360:
3316:
3160:
1637:
1529:
Viral recombination produces genetic variation that likely contributes to the
1141:
for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by
13386:
13088:
13056:
12266:
12179:
12016:
11808:
11803:
10964:
10873:
9864:"The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?"
9862:
Sharp PM, Bailes E, Chaudhuri RR, Rodenburg CM, Santiago MO, Hahn BH (2001).
8725:
8327:
7424:"Development of vivo of genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus"
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5923:
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Permanyer M, Ballana E, Esté JA (2010). "Endocytosis of HIV: anything goes".
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Pritchard LK, Harvey DJ, Bonomelli C, Crispin M, Doores KJ (September 2015).
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2607:
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2397:
2138:
2067:
1775:
1714:
1652:
1605:
1577:
1486:
1470:
1168:
1167:
is the major mode of HIV transmission. Both X4 and R5 HIV are present in the
1059:
1055:
1025:
952:
695:
676:
576:
390:
351:
320:
10229:
9781:
9666:
9535:
9417:
9172:
8708:
7924:
7502:
7448:
6893:"HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse"
6583:
6387:
6013:
5947:
5545:
5133:
4999:
4569:"HIV-1 Nef impairs MHC class II antigen presentation and surface expression"
4143:
4086:
2944:
2717:
1232:
Conformational change in gp120 allows for secondary interaction with CXCR4.
1217:
32:
This article is about the virus. For the infection caused by the virus, see
13340:
12870:
12752:
12484:
12157:
11926:
11892:
11828:
10999:
10690:
10457:
10389:
10349:
10237:
10117:
10055:
9998:
9980:
9946:
9928:
9897:
9879:
9840:
9815:"Retrotransposons revisited: the restraint and rehabilitation of parasites"
9799:
9684:
9627:
9056:
8930:
8839:
8790:
8674:
8558:
8549:
8532:
8509:
8443:
8402:
8393:
8376:
8335:
8220:
8179:
8128:
8025:
7942:
7885:
7867:
7802:
7764:
7721:
7656:
7613:
7571:
7389:
7380:
7363:
7348:
7288:
7241:
7128:
7081:
7024:
6967:
6926:
6874:
6706:
6591:
6545:
6496:
6447:
6349:
6273:
6224:
6173:
6089:
6040:
5973:
5908:
5852:"IV. Viruses> F. Animal Virus Life Cycles > 3. The Life Cycle of HIV"
5837:
5797:
5762:
5713:
5694:
5662:
5613:
5564:
5497:
5445:
5141:
4964:
4761:
4661:
4612:
4593:
4451:
4410:
4391:
4359:
4310:
4274:
4261:
4212:
4161:
4104:
4047:
4009:
3994:
3961:"Cell- and Protein-Directed Glycosylation of Native Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope"
3945:
3888:
3812:
3638:
3595:
3541:
3506:
3454:
3276:
3225:
3168:
3093:
3011:
2952:
2910:
2836:
2774:
2579:
2518:
2408:
2325:
1933:
1903:
1735:
1490:
1432:
1257:
1204:
972:
661:
564:
517:
159:
10440:
10423:
10166:
9733:
9578:
9543:
9425:
9379:
9222:
9180:
9131:
9047:
9030:
9004:
8969:
8912:
8655:
8578:. AIDS2018: 22nd International AIDS Conference. Amsterdam, the Netherlands
8061:
8011:
7510:
7467:
7192:
6764:
6648:
6630:
6395:
6255:
6124:
5424:
alpha(4)beta(7), the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells".
5406:
5344:
5261:
5220:
5176:
5105:
5070:
Zhu T, Wang N, Carr A, Nam DS, Moor-Jankowski R, Cooper DA, Ho DD (1996).
5056:
5007:
4923:
4878:
4813:
4713:
4566:
4545:
4502:
4443:
3753:
3419:
2725:
2107:
must be carried out to detect the acute infection of HIV-1 or its absence.
1671:, where CD4 T cells are densely packed and likely to interact frequently.
1046:
896:
acting by binding the TAR RNA element. The TAR may also be processed into
713:
efforts. Over half of the mass of the trimeric envelope spike is N-linked
13349:
13188:
13108:
12907:
12782:
12214:
12190:
11995:
11931:
11837:
11813:
10903:
10804:
10595:
10422:
Muciaccia B, Padula F, Vicini E, Gandini L, Lenzi A, Stefanini M (2005).
8712:
7095:
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6071:
6053:
4341:
3976:
3184:"Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection"
3075:
2575:
2522:
2510:
2449:
2389:
2205:
2150:
2079:
1826:
1803:
1746:
1730:
1713:, with the generation of about 10 virions every day, coupled with a high
1324:
1260:
on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the
1184:
1074:
1041:
968:
935:
710:
614:
597:
592:
443:
371:
10449:
10037:
7670:
Carr JK, Foley BT, Leitner T, Salminen M, Korber B, McCutchan F (1998).
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7120:
6958:
6941:
6461:
Nora T, Charpentier C, Tenaillon O, Hoede C, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2007).
3630:
3207:
2574:. Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of
1384:
1158:
13260:
13257:
12965:
12887:
12717:
12511:
12332:
11950:
11907:
11878:
11873:
11760:
11752:
10863:
10705:
10533:
9285:
8354:
7183:
7158:
7063:
6331:
5488:
5471:
4537:
3927:
2672:
2438:
2240:
2216:
1963:
1718:
1581:
1312:
1253:
1245:
1105:
1063:
982:
737:
689:
511:
406:
398:
367:
312:
307:
195:
171:
73:
10381:
10306:"Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2"
9643:"The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations"
5038:
3622:
3446:
2100:
3. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (+): both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies detected
1856:
720:
The molecular structure of the viral spike has now been determined by
13277:
13127:
13072:
12819:
12242:
11945:
11674:
11634:
10072:
de Sousa JD, MĂŒller V, Lemey P, Vandamme AM (2010). Martin DP (ed.).
10014:"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960"
8602:"The science is clear: with HIV, undetectable equals untransmittable"
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6756:
6205:
5890:
5858:. Community College of Baltimore County. January 2008. Archived from
4805:
4494:
4225:
3533:
3257:
2487:(HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies
2261:
1993:
1879:
1664:
1530:
1505:
1497:
1475:
1440:
1193:
1071:
1004:
917:
901:
884:
665:
623:
588:
568:
545:
438:
410:
363:
111:
13311:
9277:
8772:
8302:"The Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Remission"
7976:
7794:
7330:
7265:"Estimating drug efficacy and viral dynamic parameters: HIV and HCV"
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7232:
7215:
6189:"Coordination of Genomic RNA Packaging with Viral Assembly in HIV-1"
3398:
Levy JA (November 1993). "HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival".
1779:
gene that is present in most SIVs. For non-pathogenic SIV variants,
1572:
61:
13334:
13236:
13179:
11783:
11727:
11698:
11626:
10969:
10868:
10565:
10513:
6837:
5437:
5233:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2559:
2476:
2469:
2442:
2227:
2127:
2083:
2043:
1983:
1973:
1953:
1806:, and signals that affect T cell trafficking. In HIV-1 and SIVcpz,
1462:
1284:
1112:
1101:
1081:
938:
931:
897:
744:
657:
33:
10478:
10157:
10132:
9913:"Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus"
9724:
9699:
4704:
4679:
2464:
Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human
2194:
The management of HIV/AIDS typically involves the use of multiple
1675:
studies have supported the concept of the HIV virological synapse
1451:
567:
and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme,
11765:
10893:
8639:"Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission"
8078:. The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
5277:
Lentiviruses and Macrophages: Molecular and Cellular Interactions
3608:
3115:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2506:
2465:
2087:
1923:
1339:
1249:
1236:
The distal tips of gp41 are inserted into the cellular membrane.
942:
757:
741:
526:
10131:
Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (1998).
9440:"The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release"
9147:
9114:"Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males"
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7780:
7699:
6890:
5118:
4523:
3852:
3657:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
2361:
studied gay men developing a previously rare skin cancer called
771:
The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (
732:
forms of the viral spike by the introduction of an intersubunit
12960:
11849:
11009:
9700:"Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes"
8205:"Postexposure prophylaxis against human immunodeficiency virus"
6561:
6412:
Charpentier C, Nora T, Tenaillon O, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2006).
5627:
Miyauchi K, Kim Y, Latinovic O, Morozov V, Melikyan GB (2009).
4423:
3958:
2531:
2396:. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the
2023:
2013:
1596:
of the host cell. The Env polyprotein (gp160) goes through the
1436:
1403:
1392:
1352:
1344:
1171:, which enables the virus to be transmitted from a male to his
1104:
of HIV-infected patients, macrophages fuse into multinucleated
1097:
714:
645:
552:
328:
9392:
8874:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
8348:
6411:
6140:"Destiny of unspliced retroviral RNA: ribosome and/or virion?"
5577:
5197:
4063:"Crystal structure of a soluble cleaved HIV-1 envelope trimer"
3901:
3777:"Few and far between: how HIV may be evading antibody avidity"
3029:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 449.
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11996:
11775:
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European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
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Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. (2010). "Chapter 169".
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Chou R, Huffman LH, Fu R, Smits AK, Korthuis PT (July 2005).
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5875:"Hostile takeovers: viral appropriation of the NF-kB pathway"
5422:
2552:
2548:
2393:
2003:
1943:
1818:
1617:
1609:
1522:
Two RNA genomes are encapsidated in each HIV-1 particle (see
1414:
genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a
1348:
1307:
1296:
1280:
1268:
1120:
906:
763:
681:
507:
375:
355:
347:
98:
10421:
10366:
10011:
7362:
Holzammer S, Holznagel E, Kaul A, Kurth R, Norley S (2001).
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Rambaut A, Posada D, Crandall KA, Holmes EC (January 2004).
7037:
6818:
6615:"Oxidative stress in human immunodeficiency virus infection"
6313:
3825:
2643:
389:
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as
12970:
11043:
11004:
10190:"Boy's 1969 death suggests AIDS invaded U.S. several times"
10071:
9910:
9754:
9365:
9204:
9111:
8803:
8530:
7898:
7361:
7312:
7213:
5626:
3725:"Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein"
3519:
2872:
2790:
2493:). The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIVsmm, a virus of the
2365:(KS). Many more cases of PJP and KS emerged, alerting U.S.
2256:
2199:
1613:
1415:
1358:
1276:
1089:
912:
685:
641:
316:
7634:
5275:
Cheney K, McKnight A (2010). "HIV-2 Tropism and Disease".
4739:
4426:"Structural features of antiviral DNA cytidine deaminases"
3146:
1187:. The adoption of "accessory genes" by HIV-2 and its more
374:. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free
11616:
9758:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1"
9556:
7901:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1"
7421:
6942:"Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses"
5726:
2231:
1411:
1272:
964:
947:
637:
556:
549:
394:
43:"AIDS virus" redirects here. For the computer virus, see
10608:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
9640:
7669:
6891:
Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ (2004).
5578:
Daecke J, Fackler OT, Dittmar MT, KrÀusslich HG (2005).
4899:
4372:
4323:
4174:
2926:
2521:
are resistant to HIV-1 infection, possibly because of a
2400:, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and
1496:
Mature HIV mRNAs are exported from the nucleus into the
1435:. The integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's
1355:, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV.
1299:, the central integrin involved in the establishment of
997:
is involved in viral genome packaging and recognized by
555:
is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded
319:(AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the
9024:
9022:
8633:
8038:
6612:
5921:
5729:"Mechanisms of viral entry: sneaking in the front door"
4834:
4117:
3361:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2002).
3296:(9th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 147.
2097:
2. HIV-1 (â) & HIV-2 (+): HIV-2 antibodies detected
2094:
1. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (â): HIV-1 antibodies detected
1705:
HIV differs from many viruses in that it has very high
1369:
1084:-inducing strains (NSI; now called R5 viruses) use the
370:
by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through
11576:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
10130:
9697:
9028:
8982:
8754:
8300:
Rodari A, Darcis G, Van Lint CM (September 29, 2021).
8100:
7826:"Woman found carrying new strain of HIV from gorillas"
7584:
6988:
6669:
6103:
Pollard VW, Malim MH (1998). "The HIV-1 Rev protein".
5675:
4625:
4060:
3181:
2407:
In 1983, two separate research groups led by American
1334:(DCs) by this CD4-CCR5 route, but another route using
1080:
Macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-
13021:
8610:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
8368:
7992:"Patient information: Blood donation and transfusion"
7038:
Sewald X, Gonzalez DG, Haberman AM, Mothes W (2012).
5986:
4677:
2741:"Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS"
2157:. Other medical research areas include the topics of
626:, around 100,000 times smaller in volume than a
9019:
8299:
7526:
7480:
5775:
5518:
2663:
Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors
2625:
1764:), the animals develop AIDS and the virus generates
1315:
fusion peptide gp41 to penetrate the cell membrane.
11571:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
10960:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
10945:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
10289:
sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.
9307:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
9084:(2nd ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. p. 106.
8869:
8349:Swiss National AIDS Commission (October 15, 2016).
7094:
5815:
4782:
2066:Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate, when the
1450:need to be present, the most important of which is
1402:Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an
10265:"Precursor to H.I.V. was in monkeys for millennia"
10263:
9962:
9486:
9238:"New homosexual disorder worries health officials"
8480:
8151:
7156:
6137:
3652:
2614:presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969.
1825:representing the lineage of the M group of HIV-1.
10215:
9969:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
9868:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
8145:
7962:
7776:
7774:
7742:
7422:Baier M, Dittmar MT, Cichutek K, Kurth R (1991).
5268:
4835:Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA (1996).
4626:Arrildt KT, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R (March 2012).
3723:Chan DC, Fass D, Berger JM, Kim PS (April 1997).
3722:
2738:
2696:Weiss RA (May 1993). "How does HIV cause AIDS?".
2558:There is evidence that humans who participate in
1612:resulting in the two HIV envelope glycoproteins,
1489:(mRNAs). In most cases, this processing involves
13384:
8697:. British HIV Association Autumn Conference 2017
8691:U=U: Talking to patients about transmission risk
8202:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7522:
7520:
5872:
3328:. Archived from the original on October 14, 2006
3122:"Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV"
1768:similar to what is seen in human HIV infection.
1584:. The HIV virions have been marked with a green
1379:
10559:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
10303:
9812:
9300:"Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances"
9029:Basavapathruni A, Anderson KS (December 2007).
8374:
7852:"The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS"
7702:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
7308:
7306:
7262:
6670:Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008).
5993:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5727:Thorley JA, McKeating JA, Rappoport JZ (2010).
5525:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5519:Haedicke J, Brown C, Naghavi MH (August 2009).
3470:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2103:4. HIV-1 (â) or indeterminate & HIV-2 (â):
2078:(CDC) show that HIV testing must start with an
1641:Animation demonstrating cell-free spread of HIV
1588:and then viewed under a fluorescent microscope.
1050:Diagram of the immature and mature forms of HIV
835:), encoding 19 proteins. Three of these genes,
751:of an amino acid) in gp41. The so-called SOSIP
12501:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
9143:
9141:
8950:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
8415:
8076:"Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS - Deaths"
7771:
7216:"The causes and consequences of HIV evolution"
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
6672:"Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens"
6407:
6405:
5274:
5069:
4673:
4671:
4628:"The HIV-1 env protein: a coat of many colors"
3826:National Institute of Health (June 17, 1998).
3655:Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology
3466:
3464:
3318:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
2786:
2784:
2505:living in littoral West Africa (from southern
2147:microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases
1794:function in non-pathogenic forms of SIV is to
1439:is carried out by another viral enzyme called
1275:and a chemokine co-receptor (generally either
648:composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein
13007:
12704:
12025:
11981:
11602:
10494:
10417:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
10067:
10065:
9200:
9198:
9031:"Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic"
8947:
7949:
7517:
6785:
6557:
6555:
6186:
5924:"Structure of the HIV-1 RNA packaging signal"
5376:
4007:
3774:
3645:
3238:
2475:HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern
2378:Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections
2176:
1461:During viral replication, the integrated DNA
1410:liberates the positive-sense single-stranded
548:. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral
13418:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
10209:
10005:
9958:
9956:
9691:
8976:
8941:
7303:
7256:
7207:
6989:Duncan CJ, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ (2013).
6663:
6509:
6102:
5465:
5463:
4977:
4560:
4472:
4366:
4317:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3175:
2922:
2920:
2861:
2412:
1556:. Thus, the HIV genome may be vulnerable to
315:) that infect humans. Over time, they cause
10651:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
9904:
9598:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
9466:"GALLO ADMITS FRENCH DISCOVERED AIDS VIRUS"
9292:
9138:
8595:
8593:
8375:Vernazza P, Bernard EJ (January 29, 2016).
8275:"HIV Treatment: FDA-Approved HIV Medicines"
8007:
8005:
7817:
7677:. In Los Alamos National Laboratory (ed.).
7402:
7143:
6793:. In Los Alamos National Laboratory (ed.).
6402:
6286:
4668:
4517:
4466:
3477:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3461:
3432:
2781:
2732:
1228:Initial interaction between gp120 and CD4.
967:(the major viral receptor), as well as the
783:, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS), and nine genes (
630:. It is composed of two copies of positive-
13014:
13000:
12188:
11988:
11974:
11609:
11595:
10884:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
10501:
10487:
10406:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
10062:
9855:
9634:
9585:
9359:
9195:
9105:
8897:"Pneumocystis pneumoniaâLos Angeles. 1981"
8246:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7989:
6779:
6552:
4936:
4735:
4733:
4731:
3565:
3471:Siliciano RF, Greene WC (September 2011).
3310:
3024:
2689:
2367:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2076:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1872: HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma
1271:spike) on the HIV viral envelope and both
72:of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured
60:
10439:
10339:
10329:
10156:
10107:
10097:
10045:
9988:
9953:
9936:
9887:
9830:
9789:
9723:
9674:
9617:
9591:
9235:
9077:
9046:
8920:
8829:
8780:
8664:
8654:
8565:
8548:
8524:
8433:
8392:
8317:
8187:
8169:
8136:
8118:
7983:
7932:
7875:
7849:
7603:
7561:
7457:
7447:
7379:
7338:
7231:
7182:
7071:
7040:"In vivo imaging of virological synapses"
7014:
6957:
6939:
6933:
6916:
6864:
6854:
6836:
6638:
6535:
6486:
6437:
6339:
6263:
6214:
6204:
6163:
6079:
6030:
6012:
5963:
5898:
5752:
5703:
5693:
5652:
5603:
5554:
5544:
5487:
5469:
5460:
5418:
5416:
5334:
5251:
5112:
5095:
5046:
4954:
4868:
4703:
4651:
4602:
4592:
4400:
4390:
4349:
4300:
4251:
4202:
4192:
4151:
4094:
4037:
3984:
3935:
3878:
3802:
3792:
3743:
3694:HIV Sequence Compendium 2008 Introduction
3671:
3585:
3561:
3559:
3496:
3266:
3256:
3239:Garg H, Mohl J, Joshi A (November 2012).
3215:
3083:
3001:
2991:
2917:
2900:
2890:
2849:
2843:
2826:
2816:
2764:
2126:that attempts to prevent, treat, or cure
1894:HIV-1 testing is initially done using an
1783:suppresses T cell activation through the
1709:. This diversity is a result of its fast
1632:
9806:
9463:
8894:
8627:
8590:
8231:
8120:10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007
8002:
7693:
7628:
7263:Perelson AS, Ribeiro RM (October 2008).
7157:Robertson DL, Hahn BH, Sharp PM (1995).
6886:
6884:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6808:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5191:
3602:
2582:, and the concomitant high frequency of
2530:
1887:and blood products used in medicine and
1855:
1692:
1636:
1571:
1383:
1357:
1336:mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors
1216:
1203:
1045:
762:
700:
613:
575:. Once integrated, the virus may become
10252:
9963:Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (2001).
9513:
9487:Aldrich R, Wotherspoon G, eds. (2001).
9229:
8599:
8293:
8227:from the original on November 28, 2023.
8171:10.7326/0003-4819-143-1-200507050-00010
7736:
6613:Israël N, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA (1997).
6365:
6138:Butsch M, Boris-Lawrie K (April 2002).
6096:
6047:
5866:
5316:
5063:
4971:
4728:
3819:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3690:
3653:Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007).
3426:
3354:
3057:
2454:University of California, San Francisco
1916:HIV deaths in 2014 excluding the U.S.:
1567:
603:
14:
13385:
10299:
10297:
10258:
10187:
9748:
9594:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic"
9386:
9334:
9263:
8888:
8863:
8687:
8571:
8319:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-103029
8203:Tolle MA, Schwarzwald HL (July 2010).
8196:
8032:
7031:
6982:
5413:
4893:
4742:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
3556:
2739:Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA (2009).
1710:
1682:
13403:Discovery and invention controversies
13316:
13315:
12995:
11969:
11590:
10920:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
10482:
9368:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
9328:
9211:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
9119:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
7823:
7663:
7088:
6881:
6805:
6361:
6359:
6287:Saad JS, Muriaux DM (July 28, 2015).
5804:
5359:
5297:
5154:
5148:
3568:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2"
3289:
2695:
2082:combination test for HIV-1 and HIV-2
2074:The latest recommendations of the US
2071:weeks, three months, and six months.
1866: CD4 T cell count (cells per ”L)
1725:properties of reverse transcriptase.
930:protein (p23) prevents the action of
12557:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
10278:from the original on January 3, 2022
10218:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
10124:
9490:Who's who in gay and lesbian history
9205:Centers for Disease Control (1982).
9112:Centers for Disease Control (1982).
8937:from the original on April 22, 2009.
7965:Journal of International Development
6619:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
5227:
5122:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
5014:
4930:
4828:
4776:
3711:
3397:
3391:
2757:10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549
1212:
1199:
1108:that produce huge amounts of virus.
767:Structure of the RNA genome of HIV-1
671:This is, in turn, surrounded by the
378:particles and virus within infected
245:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
12976:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
12455:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
11039:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
10508:
10304:Wertheim JO, Worobey M (May 2009).
10294:
8643:The New England Journal of Medicine
5873:Hiscott J, Kwon H, GĂ©nin P (2001).
5856:Doc Kaiser's Microbiology Home Page
3241:"HIV-1 induced bystander apoptosis"
3051:
2479:through the evolution of SIVcpz, a
1504:to produce HIV proteins, including
24:
12200:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
10359:
9493:. London: Routledge. p. 154.
8468:from the original on April 7, 2019
8042:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
6356:
6187:Hellmund C, Lever AM (July 2016).
5240:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
5201:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4903:International Review of Immunology
3775:Klein JS, Bjorkman PJ (May 2010).
2255:is associated with an increase in
1834:SIV (SIVgor), first isolated from
533:. Lentiviruses are transmitted as
317:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
25:
13434:
12252:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
11913:Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
10625:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
10474:
8901:American Journal of Public Health
7850:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (August 2010).
6679:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
5879:Journal of Clinical Investigation
5027:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3064:Environmental Health Perspectives
3025:Hahn RA, Inhorn MC, eds. (2009).
2597:Leopoldville (currently Kinshasa)
1896:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
684:, and a stem consisting of three
495:
12523:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
11086:Democratic Republic of the Congo
10646:AIDS-defining clinical condition
10181:
9813:Goodier JL, Kazazian HH (2008).
9550:
9507:
9480:
9457:
9432:
9257:
9071:
8846:
8797:
8748:
8718:
8681:
8450:
8416:The Lancet HIV (November 2017).
8409:
8342:
8267:
8094:
8068:
8014:MMWR Recommendations and Reports
7892:
7843:
7714:10.1097/00042560-200202010-00013
7578:
7474:
7415:
7396:
6897:Journal of Experimental Medicine
6510:Chen J, Powell D, Hu WS (2006).
6290:Role of Lipids in Virus Assembly
4956:10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006
4754:10.1097/00001432-200502000-00003
4680:"A new classification for HIV-1"
3412:10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001
3110:
2642:
2628:
2311:
2302:
2293:
1891:are routinely screened for HIV.
1511:
409:of abortively infected T cells,
85:
12527:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
12122:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
12107:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
11955:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
11618:Sexually transmitted infections
9309:. July 28, 2006. Archived from
8810:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
7355:
7159:"Recombination in AIDS viruses"
6788:"Fine structure of HIV and SIV"
6728:
6606:
6503:
6454:
6430:10.1128/JVI.80.5.2472-2482.2006
6307:
6280:
6231:
6180:
6156:10.1128/JVI.76.7.3089-3094.2002
6131:
5980:
5915:
5844:
5769:
5720:
5669:
5620:
5596:10.1128/jvi.79.3.1581-1594.2005
5571:
5512:
5088:10.1128/JVI.70.5.3098-3107.1996
4619:
4417:
4268:
4219:
4168:
4111:
4054:
4001:
3952:
3895:
3846:
3830:(Press release). Archived from
3768:
3513:
3283:
3232:
3149:Current Opinion in Microbiology
3140:
3104:
2551:, and the chimpanzee source of
2525:of two viral resistance genes.
2122:HIV/AIDS research includes all
890:transcriptional transactivators
640:that codes for the virus' nine
346:by contact with or transfer of
55:Human immunodeficiency viruses
27:Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
12897:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
12545:Equine infectious anemia virus
8907:(6): 980â1, discussion 982â3.
8711:for presentation on behalf of
8688:Hodson M (November 17, 2017).
8600:Hoffman H (January 10, 2019).
7745:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
7687:Los Alamos National Laboratory
7637:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
7163:Journal of Molecular Evolution
6799:Los Alamos National Laboratory
6117:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.491
5319:"HIV entry and its inhibition"
3611:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
3018:
2967:
2592:sexually transmitted infection
2247:Additionally, reactivation of
1150:, which probably constitute a
1111:T-tropic strains of HIV-1, or
340:sexually transmitted infection
299:human immunodeficiency viruses
252:Equine infectious anemia virus
220:Human immunodeficiency virus 2
213:Human immunodeficiency virus 1
13:
1:
12981:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
12772:Strawberry vein banding virus
12551:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
12533:Feline immunodeficiency virus
12480:Abelson murine leukemia virus
10955:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
10935:International AIDS Conference
10889:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
10832:Discrimination against people
10188:Kolata G (October 28, 1987).
8997:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92740-9
8962:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2
8822:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30405-X
8606:National Institutes of Health
8502:10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30132-2
8435:10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30183-2
7990:Kleinman S (September 2004).
7757:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00484-5
7649:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00343-2
6105:Annual Review of Microbiology
5399:10.1126/science.280.5371.1884
5336:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81430-0
3745:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80205-6
3326:National Institutes of Health
2927:Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW,
2892:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0
2850:UNAIDS, WHO (December 2007).
2683:
2568:
2481:simian immunodeficiency virus
2472:) in the early 20th century.
2386:gay-related immune deficiency
1743:simian immunodeficiency virus
1734:newly synthesized retroviral
1721:per cycle of replication and
1380:Replication and transcription
1374:clathrin-mediated endocytosis
1363:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
963:protein (p27) down-regulates
726:cryogenic electron microscopy
559:by a virally encoded enzyme,
280:Simian immunodeficiency virus
259:Feline immunodeficiency virus
238:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
13356:Human immunodeficiency virus
13217:CRISPR genome-editing method
12737:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
12364:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
11687:Mycoplasma hominis infection
10815:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
10696:HIV Drug Resistance Database
10331:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000377
10099:10.1371/journal.pone.0009936
9917:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9081:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
8859:. May 18, 2020. pp. 2A.
7007:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283632ec4
6856:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004179
6699:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
4861:10.1126/science.272.5263.872
4244:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.017
4194:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003618
4030:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.002
3871:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.058
3794:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000908
2993:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739
2818:10.1371/journal.pone.0162704
2435:human T-lymphotropic viruses
2284:
2280:Category:HIV/AIDS by country
2251:(HSV-2) in individuals with
2189:HIV/AIDS § Transmission
1845:
1773:also lost a function of the
1717:of approximately 3 x 10 per
1351:, which occurs naturally in
1028:required to make functional
1009:proteins. The SLIP element (
70:Scanning electron micrograph
7:
12762:Carnation etched ring virus
12429:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
12394:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
11116:CĂŽte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
10950:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
10879:List of HIV-positive people
10370:Journal of Medical Virology
9610:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
9571:10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-694
9559:Annals of Internal Medicine
9464:Crewdson J (May 30, 1991).
8158:Annals of Internal Medicine
8107:Annals of Internal Medicine
7405:The Journal of NIH Research
6946:Nature Reviews Microbiology
5830:10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.026
5169:10.1126/science.276.5309.51
4018:Current Opinion in Virology
3651:Compared with overview in:
3587:10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253
3573:Journal of General Virology
3566:Reeves JD, Doms RW (2002).
3489:10.1101/cshperspect.a007096
2852:"2007 AIDS epidemic update"
2621:
2490:Pan troglodytes troglodytes
2111:
1524:Structure and genome of HIV
888:proteins (p16 and p14) are
610:Structure and genome of HIV
424:
10:
13439:
13291:James Webb Space Telescope
12414:Human T-lymphotropic virus
11016:Reports from the Holocaust
10940:International AIDS Society
10930:Elton John AIDS Foundation
10310:PLOS Computational Biology
9832:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022
9592:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (2011).
9236:Altman LK (May 11, 1982).
8730:Prevention Access Campaign
8277:. AIDSinfo. Archived from
7994:. Uptodate. Archived from
7824:Smith L (August 3, 2009).
7605:10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.033
6825:PLOS Computational Biology
5645:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.046
4937:Tang J, Kaslow RA (2003).
4293:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.056
2459:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2186:
2180:
2177:Treatment and transmission
2115:
1849:
1686:
1600:and is transported to the
1515:
1039:
1035:
675:, that is composed of the
607:
499:
430:Comparison of HIV species
42:
31:
13408:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
13324:
13271:developed at record speed
13032:
13026:Breakthroughs of the Year
12951:
12922:
12905:
12885:
12868:
12851:
12834:
12817:
12800:
12792:Cassava vein mosaic virus
12780:
12750:
12732:Cacao swollen shoot virus
12715:
12693:
12656:
12639:
12619:
12602:
12585:
12574:
12509:
12463:
12443:
12402:
12389:Mouse mammary tumor virus
12377:
12352:
12341:
12330:
12309:
12292:
12275:
12264:
12240:
12223:
12212:
12177:
12166:
12155:
12130:
12117:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
12095:
12078:
12061:
12036:
12014:
11889:
11774:
11751:
11726:
11625:
11566:
11536:
11488:
11456:
11406:
11397:
11369:
11204:
11061:
11052:
10975:Treatment Action Campaign
10912:
10797:
10729:
10691:Tuberculosis co-infection
10633:
10554:disease progression rates
10521:
9078:Lederberg J, ed. (2000).
8306:Annual Review of Virology
8209:American Family Physician
5790:10.1016/j.tim.2010.09.003
5745:10.1007/s00709-010-0152-6
5470:Pope M, Haase AT (2003).
5213:10.1093/infdis/170.6.1367
4916:10.3109/08830189009056627
4644:10.1007/s11904-011-0107-3
3383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3346:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3161:10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002
2745:Annual Review of Medicine
2413:
2411:and French investigators
2171:accelerated aging effects
2163:post-exposure prophylaxis
1900:polymerase chain reaction
1208:The HIV replication cycle
934:(a cellular protein that
618:Diagram of the HIV virion
521:. Lentiviruses have many
415:CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes
233:
228:
208:
203:
82:Scientific classification
80:
68:
59:
54:
12767:Cauliflower mosaic virus
11651:lymphogranuloma venereum
10701:Innate resistance to HIV
10671:Neurocognitive disorders
9374:(37): 507â508, 513â514.
9335:Kher U (July 27, 1982).
9217:(26): 353â354, 360â361.
8418:"U=U taking off in 2017"
8054:10.1093/infdis/164.4.656
5317:Chan DC, Kim PS (1998).
5253:10.1093/infdis/173.2.349
4632:Current HIV/AIDS Reports
4434:(Submitted manuscript).
2483:(SIV) that infects wild
2415:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2322:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2159:pre-exposure prophylaxis
2145:, such as research into
2137:, such as research into
1908:immunofluorescence assay
1836:western lowland gorillas
1347:by DCs. The presence of
1222:Mechanism of viral entry
819:, and sometimes a tenth
338:In most cases, HIV is a
325:opportunistic infections
323:allows life-threatening
13146:Human genetic variation
13081:Whole genome sequencing
12053:Heron hepatitis B virus
11668:Klebsiella granulomatis
11022:AIDSâHolocaust metaphor
11005:Gay Men's Health Crisis
10681:Opportunistic infection
10230:10.1089/088922200309548
9782:10.1126/science.1126531
9667:10.1126/science.1256739
9536:10.1126/science.6206563
9418:10.1126/science.6601823
9337:"A Name for the Plague"
9173:10.1126/science.6189183
8572:Rodger A( (July 2018).
7925:10.1126/science.1126531
7679:HIV sequence compendium
7503:10.1126/science.6695172
7449:10.1073/pnas.88.18.8126
7220:Nature Reviews Genetics
6795:HIV sequence compendium
6584:10.1126/science.1101786
6388:10.1126/science.1700865
6014:10.1073/pnas.1614785113
5948:10.1126/science.aaa9266
5546:10.1073/pnas.0900502106
5134:10.1089/aid.2005.21.371
5000:10.1126/science.8356453
4144:10.1126/science.1245627
4087:10.1126/science.1245625
3293:Robbins Basic Pathology
2945:10.1001/jama.2018.21167
2718:10.1126/science.8493571
2332:, co-discoverers of HIV
2236:British HIV Association
1657:antigen-presenting cell
1554:reactive oxygen species
1548:HIV-1 infection causes
1535:anti-retroviral therapy
1148:myeloid dendritic cells
823:, which is a fusion of
506:HIV is a member of the
13250:Single-cell sequencing
13154:Cellular reprogramming
12742:Rubus yellow net virus
12727:Banana streak MY virus
12048:Duck hepatitis B virus
11716:Ureaplasma urealyticum
10849:HIV-affected community
10789:HIV and homosexual men
10262:(September 16, 2010).
9981:10.1098/rstb.2001.0867
9929:10.3201/eid1112.050394
9880:10.1098/rstb.2001.0863
8550:10.1001/jama.2016.5148
8462:Terrence Higgins Trust
8394:10.4414/smw.2016.14246
7868:10.1098/rstb.2010.0031
7683:Los Alamos, New Mexico
7381:10.1006/viro.2001.0870
7269:Statistics in Medicine
6786:Gelderblom HR (1997).
6293:. Frontiers Media SA.
6244:Nucleic Acids Research
6060:Nucleic Acids Research
5778:Trends in Microbiology
5695:10.1186/1742-4690-6-84
5281:Caister Academic Press
4594:10.1073/pnas.221256498
4392:10.1186/1742-4690-6-18
4330:Nucleic Acids Research
3522:Statistics in Medicine
2555:
2359:NYU School of Medicine
2355:Pneumocystis jirovecii
2249:herpes simplex virus-2
2183:Management of HIV/AIDS
1906:or, less commonly, an
1874:
1800:inflammatory cytokines
1731:simultaneous infection
1702:
1642:
1633:Spread within the body
1589:
1576:HIV assembling on the
1399:
1365:
1244:The HIV virion enters
1241:
1209:
1094:central nervous system
1051:
951:protein (p14) arrests
768:
706:
644:enclosed by a conical
619:
419:cell-mediated immunity
266:Jembrana disease virus
36:. For other uses, see
13065:Accelerating universe
12490:Feline leukemia virus
12475:Murine leukemia virus
12435:Bovine leukemia virus
11862:Molluscum contagiosum
11741:Trichomonas vaginalis
11680:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
11656:Chlamydia trachomatis
11029:Silence=Death Project
10827:Criminal transmission
10747:Multiple sex partners
10441:10.1096/fj.05-3962fje
9048:10.1096/fj.07-8697rev
8913:10.2105/AJPH.96.6.980
8656:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693
8351:"The Swiss statement"
7044:Nature Communications
6631:10.1007/s000180050106
4444:10.1515/hsz-2013-0165
3908:Nature Communications
2534:
2278:Further information:
2155:anti-retroviral drugs
1859:
1852:Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
1696:
1687:Further information:
1640:
1598:endoplasmic reticulum
1575:
1518:Genetic recombination
1516:Further information:
1448:transcription factors
1408:reverse transcriptase
1389:Reverse transcription
1387:
1361:
1220:
1207:
1119:-chemokine receptor,
1088:-chemokine receptor,
1049:
1013:) is involved in the
766:
722:X-ray crystallography
704:
682:glycoprotein (gp) 120
654:reverse transcriptase
617:
561:reverse transcriptase
515:, part of the family
305:) are two species of
45:AIDS (computer virus)
13198:Cancer immunotherapy
13163:Ardipithecus ramidus
12001:Reverse transcribing
11822:Human papillomavirus
11711:Ureaplasma infection
11351:United Arab Emirates
10822:Circumcision and HIV
10779:City of Hope Patient
10539:structure and genome
8895:Gottlieb MS (2006).
8381:Swiss Medical Weekly
8281:on February 23, 2017
6940:Sattentau Q (2008).
6909:10.1084/jem.20030648
6528:10.1128/JVI.00936-06
6479:10.1128/JVI.00083-07
4949:(Suppl 4): S51âS60.
4431:Biological Chemistry
3977:10.1128/JVI.01190-15
3834:on February 19, 2006
3435:ACS Chemical Biology
3322:"61.0.6. Lentivirus"
3076:10.1289/ehp.116-a426
2885:(10189): 2428â2438.
2537:African green monkey
2499:Cercocebus atys atys
2260:medication, such as
2196:antiretroviral drugs
2135:health interventions
2061:nucleic acid testing
2052: Other (29.21%)
1762:cynomologus macaques
1747:African green monkey
1741:The closely related
1568:Assembly and release
1550:chronic inflammation
1301:virological synapses
991:long terminal repeat
981:also interacts with
604:Structure and genome
38:HIV (disambiguation)
18:Anti-HIV medications
13241:neutron star merger
13229:gravitational waves
13137:Poincaré conjecture
12064:Herpetohepadnavirus
11640:Haemophilus ducreyi
10899:AIDS Memorial Quilt
10711:HIV-positive people
10322:2009PLSCB...5E0377W
10149:1998Natur.391..594Z
10090:2010PLoSO...5.9936S
10038:10.1038/nature07390
10030:2008Natur.455..661W
9774:2006Sci...313..523K
9716:1999Natur.397..436G
9659:2014Sci...346...56F
9528:1984Sci...225..840L
9410:1983Sci...220..865G
9165:1983Sci...220..868B
7917:2006Sci...313..523K
7554:10.1038/nature08200
7546:2009Natur.460..515K
7495:1984Sci...223..602D
7440:1991PNAS...88.8126B
7175:1995JMolE..40..249R
7121:10.1038/nature10347
7113:2011Natur.477...95S
7056:2012NatCo...3.1320S
6959:10.1038/nrmicro1972
6847:2015PLSCB..11E4179Z
6749:1992Natur.360..358H
6691:2008InfGE...8..267M
6576:2004Sci...306.1547B
6516:Journal of Virology
6467:Journal of Virology
6418:Journal of Virology
6380:1990Sci...250.1227H
6256:10.1093/nar/gkr1093
6144:Journal of Virology
6005:2016PNAS..11313033K
5999:(46): 13033â13038.
5940:2015Sci...348..917K
5584:Journal of Virology
5537:2009PNAS..10614040H
5531:(33): 14040â14045.
5391:1998Sci...280.1884W
5076:Journal of Virology
4992:1993Sci...261.1179Z
4853:1996Sci...272..872F
4798:1996Natur.381..661D
4696:1998Natur.391..240B
4585:2001PNAS...9812144S
4487:1991Natur.350..508G
4136:2013Sci...342.1484L
4079:2013Sci...342.1477J
3965:Journal of Virology
3920:2015NatCo...6.7479P
3208:10.1038/nature12940
3200:2014Natur.505..509D
3100:on 6 November 2008.
2809:2016PLoSO..1162704P
2710:1993Sci...260.1273W
2535:Left to right: the
2274:History of HIV/AIDS
2202:increasingly rare.
1707:genetic variability
1683:Genetic variability
1653:virological synapse
1648:extracellular fluid
1397:double-stranded DNA
749:radical replacement
431:
229:Other lentiviruses
13282:protein structures
12668:Simian foamy virus
12642:Prosimiispumavirus
12631:Feline foamy virus
12369:Rous sarcoma virus
11704:Treponema pallidum
11692:Mycoplasma hominis
11476:Dominican Republic
10859:HIV/AIDS denialism
10784:Women and HIV/AIDS
10774:The London Patient
10641:Signs and symptoms
10549:CDC classification
10271:The New York Times
10195:The New York Times
9444:www.nobelprize.org
9243:The New York Times
8458:"Can't Pass It On"
7998:on April 12, 2008.
7184:10.1007/BF00163230
7064:10.1038/ncomms2338
6332:10.1261/rna.813608
6072:10.1093/nar/gks753
5818:Immunology Letters
5489:10.1038/nm0703-847
4538:10.1038/nm0396-338
4342:10.1093/nar/gkn076
3928:10.1038/ncomms8479
3363:"61. Retroviridae"
2668:HIV/AIDS denialism
2586:diseases (such as
2556:
2384:, which stood for
2208:and the resulting
1875:
1703:
1701:of the SIV and HIV
1673:Intravital imaging
1643:
1627:protease inhibitor
1590:
1552:and production of
1485:to produce mature
1400:
1366:
1242:
1210:
1165:Sexual intercourse
1052:
900:that regulate the
769:
707:
620:
429:
13380:
13379:
13318:Taxon identifiers
13309:
13308:
13269:COVID-19 vaccines
13225:First observation
13093:Molecular circuit
12989:
12988:
12947:
12946:
12943:
12942:
12939:
12938:
12689:
12688:
12685:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12673:Human foamy virus
12577:Spumaretrovirinae
12570:
12569:
12562:Visna-maedi virus
12446:Epsilonretrovirus
12344:Orthoretrovirinae
12326:
12325:
12260:
12259:
12208:
12207:
12151:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12112:Hepatitis B virus
12098:Orthohepadnavirus
11963:
11962:
11855:HSV-1 & HSV-2
11843:Hepatitis B virus
11584:
11583:
11562:
11561:
11484:
11483:
10965:The SING Campaign
10854:HIV/AIDS activism
10842:Cost of treatment
10764:Timothy Ray Brown
10759:World AIDS Museum
10428:The FASEB Journal
10408:(UNAIDS) (2011).
10382:10.1002/jmv.20478
9522:(4664): 840â842.
9500:978-0-415-22974-6
9468:. Chicago Tribune
9404:(4599): 865â867.
9159:(4599): 868â871.
9091:978-0-08-054848-7
9041:(14): 3795â3808.
9035:The FASEB Journal
8991:(8247): 598â600.
8881:978-0-443-06839-3
8856:News & Record
8816:(12): 1303â1316.
8604:(Press release).
8082:on April 30, 2017
7862:(1552): 2487â94.
7689:. pp. 10â19.
7540:(7254): 515â519.
7001:(14): 2201â2206.
6801:. pp. 31â44.
6625:(11â12): 864â70.
6570:(5701): 1547â50.
6374:(4985): 1227â33.
6300:978-2-88919-582-4
5934:(6237): 917â921.
5862:on July 26, 2010.
5426:Nature Immunology
5290:978-1-904455-60-8
5039:10.1172/JCI117560
4986:(5125): 1179â81.
4130:(6165): 1484â90.
4073:(6165): 1477â83.
3664:978-0-7817-8215-9
3623:10.1021/jm010533y
3580:(Pt 6): 1253â65.
3447:10.1021/cb600131q
3303:978-1-4557-3787-1
3036:978-0-19-537464-3
2515:New World monkeys
2443:physical weakness
2244:medical journal.
2118:HIV/AIDS research
2105:Nucleic acid test
1823:phylogenetic tree
1766:genetic diversity
1711:replication cycle
1699:phylogenetic tree
1533:of resistance to
1500:, where they are
1416:complementary DNA
1213:Entry to the cell
1200:Replication cycle
926:RNA element. The
531:incubation period
493:
492:
469:Common chimpanzee
295:
294:
287:Visna-maedi virus
185:Orthoretrovirinae
16:(Redirected from
13430:
13373:
13372:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13345:
13344:
13343:
13313:
13312:
13302:
13294:
13285:
13272:
13263:
13252:
13244:
13231:
13219:
13211:
13200:
13192:
13183:
13174:
13166:
13156:
13148:
13140:
13131:
13122:
13111:
13103:
13101:RNA interference
13095:
13083:
13075:
13067:
13059:
13051:
13016:
13009:
13002:
12993:
12992:
12713:
12712:
12702:
12701:
12696:dsDNA-RT viruses
12583:
12582:
12495:Koala retrovirus
12350:
12349:
12339:
12338:
12273:
12272:
12221:
12220:
12186:
12185:
12175:
12174:
12169:ssRNA-RT viruses
12164:
12163:
12133:Parahepadnavirus
12081:Metahepadnavirus
12034:
12033:
12023:
12022:
11990:
11983:
11976:
11967:
11966:
11942:
11923:
11904:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11588:
11587:
11554:Papua New Guinea
11404:
11403:
11059:
11058:
10503:
10496:
10489:
10480:
10479:
10469:
10443:
10418:
10416:
10401:
10354:
10353:
10343:
10333:
10301:
10292:
10291:
10285:
10283:
10267:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10213:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10160:
10128:
10122:
10121:
10111:
10101:
10069:
10060:
10059:
10049:
10009:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9975:(1410): 911â20.
9960:
9951:
9950:
9940:
9908:
9902:
9901:
9891:
9874:(1410): 867â76.
9859:
9853:
9852:
9834:
9810:
9804:
9803:
9793:
9752:
9746:
9745:
9727:
9710:(6718): 436â41.
9695:
9689:
9688:
9678:
9638:
9632:
9631:
9621:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9554:
9548:
9547:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9347:on March 7, 2008
9343:. Archived from
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9316:on June 24, 2008
9315:
9304:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9233:
9227:
9226:
9202:
9193:
9192:
9145:
9136:
9135:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9050:
9026:
9017:
9016:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8924:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8833:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8784:
8752:
8746:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8722:
8716:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8696:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8668:
8658:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8618:
8616:
8597:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8569:
8563:
8562:
8552:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8496:(8): e438âe447.
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8437:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8396:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8321:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8255:on March 2, 2017
8254:
8243:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8173:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8122:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8009:
8000:
7999:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7960:
7947:
7946:
7936:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7879:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7778:
7769:
7768:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7676:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7607:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7565:
7524:
7515:
7514:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7461:
7451:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7383:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7310:
7301:
7300:
7281:10.1002/sim.3116
7260:
7254:
7253:
7235:
7226:(52â61): 52â61.
7211:
7205:
7204:
7186:
7154:
7141:
7140:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7075:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7018:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6961:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6920:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6868:
6858:
6840:
6816:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6757:10.1038/360358a0
6743:(6402): 358â61.
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6709:. Archived from
6676:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6642:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6539:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6441:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6218:
6208:
6206:10.3390/v8070192
6184:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6083:
6066:(20): 10345â55.
6051:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6016:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5891:10.1172/JCI11918
5870:
5864:
5863:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5813:
5802:
5801:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5756:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5707:
5697:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5656:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5607:
5590:(3): 1581â1594.
5575:
5569:
5568:
5558:
5548:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5491:
5467:
5458:
5457:
5420:
5411:
5410:
5385:(5371): 1884â8.
5374:
5357:
5356:
5338:
5314:
5295:
5294:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4872:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4806:10.1038/381661a0
4780:
4774:
4773:
4737:
4726:
4725:
4707:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4596:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4495:10.1038/350508a0
4481:(6318): 508â11.
4470:
4464:
4463:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3865:(11): 2695â706.
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3747:
3729:
3720:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3691:Various (2008).
3688:
3669:
3668:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3534:10.1002/sim.1342
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3290:Kumar V (2012).
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3258:10.3390/v4113020
3236:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3194:(7484): 509â14.
3179:
3173:
3172:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3096:. Archived from
3087:
3058:Mead MN (2008).
3055:
3049:
3048:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2704:(5112): 1273â9.
2693:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2573:
2570:
2503:Old World monkey
2441:of the neck and
2418:
2417:
2363:Kaposi's sarcoma
2315:
2306:
2297:
2143:drug development
2124:medical research
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1889:medical research
1871:
1865:
1793:
1669:lymphoid tissues
1558:oxidative damage
1481:RNA can also be
1317:Repeat sequences
1068:microglial cells
1012:
451:Inferred origin
432:
428:
204:Groups included
90:
89:
64:
52:
51:
21:
13438:
13437:
13433:
13432:
13431:
13429:
13428:
13427:
13423:1983 in biology
13398:Causes of death
13383:
13382:
13381:
13376:
13368:
13363:
13354:
13353:
13348:
13339:
13338:
13333:
13320:
13310:
13305:
13297:
13288:
13275:
13266:
13255:
13247:
13234:
13222:
13214:
13203:
13195:
13186:
13177:
13172:quantum machine
13169:
13159:
13151:
13143:
13134:
13125:
13114:
13106:
13098:
13086:
13078:
13070:
13062:
13057:Dolly the sheep
13054:
13045:
13038:
13028:
13020:
12990:
12985:
12935:
12918:
12901:
12881:
12864:
12847:
12830:
12813:
12796:
12776:
12746:
12677:
12659:Simiispumavirus
12652:
12635:
12615:
12598:
12566:
12539:Puma lentivirus
12505:
12466:Gammaretrovirus
12459:
12439:
12405:Deltaretrovirus
12398:
12373:
12355:Alpharetrovirus
12322:
12305:
12288:
12256:
12236:
12204:
12143:
12126:
12091:
12074:
12057:
12039:Avihepadnavirus
12010:
12006:Revtraviricetes
11994:
11964:
11959:
11938:
11919:
11900:
11891:
11885:
11829:Genital warts (
11770:
11747:
11722:
11621:
11615:
11585:
11580:
11558:
11532:
11480:
11452:
11393:
11365:
11311:Myanmar (Burma)
11200:
11048:
11034:Day Without Art
10980:The Global Fund
10908:
10837:Economic impact
10793:
10725:
10629:
10581:pathophysiology
10517:
10507:
10477:
10472:
10434:(14): 2048â50.
10414:
10362:
10360:Further reading
10357:
10316:(5): e1000377.
10302:
10295:
10281:
10279:
10257:
10253:
10214:
10210:
10200:
10198:
10186:
10182:
10143:(6667): 594â7.
10129:
10125:
10070:
10063:
10024:(7213): 661â4.
10010:
10006:
9961:
9954:
9923:(12): 1928â30.
9909:
9905:
9860:
9856:
9811:
9807:
9768:(5786): 523â6.
9753:
9749:
9696:
9692:
9653:(6205): 56â61.
9639:
9635:
9590:
9586:
9555:
9551:
9512:
9508:
9501:
9485:
9481:
9471:
9469:
9462:
9458:
9448:
9446:
9438:
9437:
9433:
9391:
9387:
9364:
9360:
9350:
9348:
9333:
9329:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9302:
9298:
9297:
9293:
9278:10.2307/3397566
9262:
9258:
9248:
9246:
9234:
9230:
9203:
9196:
9146:
9139:
9126:(19): 249â251.
9110:
9106:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9076:
9072:
9027:
9020:
8981:
8977:
8946:
8942:
8893:
8889:
8882:
8868:
8864:
8853:"On this day".
8852:
8851:
8847:
8802:
8798:
8773:10.1038/nm.2006
8761:Nature Medicine
8753:
8749:
8735:
8733:
8732:. July 21, 2016
8724:
8723:
8719:
8700:
8698:
8694:
8686:
8682:
8632:
8628:
8614:
8612:
8598:
8591:
8581:
8579:
8570:
8566:
8529:
8525:
8490:The Lancet. HIV
8485:
8481:
8471:
8469:
8456:
8455:
8451:
8422:The Lancet. HIV
8414:
8410:
8373:
8369:
8359:
8357:
8347:
8343:
8298:
8294:
8284:
8282:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8258:
8256:
8252:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8201:
8197:
8150:
8146:
8099:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8037:
8033:
8020:(RRâ19): 1â57.
8010:
8003:
7988:
7984:
7977:10.1002/jid.797
7961:
7950:
7911:(5786): 523â6.
7897:
7893:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7830:The Independent
7822:
7818:
7795:10.1038/nm.2016
7783:Nature Medicine
7779:
7772:
7741:
7737:
7698:
7694:
7674:
7668:
7664:
7633:
7629:
7583:
7579:
7525:
7518:
7489:(4636): 602â5.
7479:
7475:
7434:(18): 8126â30.
7420:
7416:
7401:
7397:
7360:
7356:
7331:10.1038/nm.2013
7319:Nature Medicine
7311:
7304:
7275:(23): 4647â57.
7261:
7257:
7233:10.1038/nrg1246
7212:
7208:
7155:
7144:
7107:(7362): 95â98.
7093:
7089:
7036:
7032:
6987:
6983:
6952:(11): 815â826.
6938:
6934:
6889:
6882:
6831:(4): e1004179.
6817:
6806:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6716:on May 16, 2017
6713:
6674:
6668:
6664:
6611:
6607:
6560:
6553:
6508:
6504:
6459:
6455:
6410:
6403:
6364:
6357:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6285:
6281:
6236:
6232:
6185:
6181:
6136:
6132:
6101:
6097:
6052:
6048:
5985:
5981:
5920:
5916:
5871:
5867:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5814:
5805:
5784:(12): 543â551.
5774:
5770:
5725:
5721:
5674:
5670:
5625:
5621:
5576:
5572:
5517:
5513:
5476:Nature Medicine
5468:
5461:
5421:
5414:
5375:
5360:
5315:
5298:
5291:
5273:
5269:
5232:
5228:
5196:
5192:
5153:
5149:
5117:
5113:
5082:(5): 3098â107.
5068:
5064:
5019:
5015:
4976:
4972:
4935:
4931:
4910:(2â3): 163â75.
4898:
4894:
4847:(5263): 872â7.
4833:
4829:
4792:(6584): 661â6.
4781:
4777:
4738:
4729:
4676:
4669:
4624:
4620:
4579:(21): 12144â9.
4565:
4561:
4526:Nature Medicine
4522:
4518:
4471:
4467:
4438:(11): 1357â70.
4422:
4418:
4371:
4367:
4322:
4318:
4273:
4269:
4238:(10): 1604â13.
4224:
4220:
4187:(9): e1003618.
4173:
4169:
4116:
4112:
4059:
4055:
4006:
4002:
3971:(17): 8932â44.
3957:
3953:
3900:
3896:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3824:
3820:
3787:(5): e1000908.
3773:
3769:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3689:
3672:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3607:
3603:
3564:
3557:
3518:
3514:
3469:
3462:
3431:
3427:
3406:(11): 1401â10.
3396:
3392:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3251:(11): 3020â43.
3237:
3233:
3180:
3176:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3070:(10): A426â34.
3056:
3052:
3037:
3023:
3019:
2986:(6): e1002739.
2972:
2968:
2925:
2918:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2803:(9): e0162704.
2789:
2782:
2737:
2733:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2648:
2641:
2636:Medicine portal
2634:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2571:
2462:
2374:lymphadenopathy
2341:New York Native
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2221:Swiss Statement
2210:viral reservoir
2192:
2185:
2179:
2120:
2114:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1791:
1719:nucleotide base
1691:
1689:Subtypes of HIV
1685:
1655:. Secondly, an
1635:
1602:Golgi apparatus
1594:plasma membrane
1586:fluorescent tag
1580:of an infected
1570:
1520:
1514:
1420:drug resistance
1382:
1332:dendritic cells
1330:HIV can infect
1294:
1290:
1215:
1202:
1143:down-regulating
1044:
1038:
1010:
734:disulphide bond
696:cell's membrane
635:single-stranded
612:
606:
535:single-stranded
504:
502:Subtypes of HIV
498:
427:
403:dendritic cells
311:(a subgroup of
273:Puma lentivirus
149:Revtraviricetes
84:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13436:
13426:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13395:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13374:
13361:
13346:
13330:
13328:
13322:
13321:
13307:
13306:
13304:
13303:
13295:
13286:
13273:
13264:
13253:
13245:
13232:
13220:
13212:
13201:
13193:
13184:
13182:clinical trial
13175:
13167:
13157:
13149:
13141:
13132:
13123:
13112:
13104:
13096:
13084:
13076:
13068:
13060:
13052:
13042:
13040:
13030:
13029:
13019:
13018:
13011:
13004:
12996:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12957:
12955:
12949:
12948:
12945:
12944:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12899:
12893:
12891:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12866:
12865:
12863:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12849:
12848:
12846:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12832:
12831:
12829:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12794:
12788:
12786:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12758:
12756:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12723:
12721:
12710:
12707:Caulimoviridae
12699:
12691:
12690:
12687:
12686:
12683:
12682:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12675:
12670:
12664:
12662:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12633:
12627:
12625:
12622:Felispumavirus
12617:
12616:
12614:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:Equispumavirus
12600:
12599:
12597:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:Bovispumavirus
12580:
12572:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12548:
12542:
12536:
12530:
12524:
12517:
12515:
12507:
12506:
12504:
12503:
12498:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12471:
12469:
12461:
12460:
12458:
12457:
12451:
12449:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12426:
12420:
12410:
12408:
12400:
12399:
12397:
12396:
12391:
12385:
12383:
12380:Betaretrovirus
12375:
12374:
12372:
12371:
12366:
12360:
12358:
12347:
12336:
12328:
12327:
12324:
12323:
12321:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12307:
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12196:
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12138:
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12119:
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12103:
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12093:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12055:
12050:
12044:
12042:
12031:
12028:Hepadnaviridae
12020:
12012:
12011:
11993:
11992:
11985:
11978:
11970:
11961:
11960:
11958:
11957:
11948:
11943:
11935:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11916:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11897:
11895:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11871:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11850:Herpes simplex
11847:
11835:
11826:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11793:
11780:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11769:
11768:
11763:
11757:
11755:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11736:Trichomoniasis
11732:
11730:
11724:
11723:
11721:
11720:
11708:
11696:
11684:
11672:
11660:
11644:
11631:
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11606:
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11591:
11582:
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11578:
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11560:
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11546:
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11505:
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11494:
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11479:
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11473:
11468:
11462:
11460:
11454:
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11451:
11450:
11449:
11448:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11407:
11401:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11379:United Kingdom
11375:
11373:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
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11199:
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11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11056:
11050:
11049:
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11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11019:
11012:
11007:
10997:
10992:
10990:YAA/Youthforce
10987:
10985:World AIDS Day
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
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10927:
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10818:
10817:
10807:
10801:
10799:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10769:Berlin Patient
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10739:
10733:
10731:
10727:
10726:
10724:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10686:Superinfection
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10666:Cardiomyopathy
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10637:
10635:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10618:Teens / Adults
10615:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10563:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10506:
10505:
10498:
10491:
10483:
10476:
10475:External links
10473:
10471:
10470:
10419:
10402:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10293:
10251:
10208:
10180:
10123:
10061:
10004:
9952:
9903:
9854:
9805:
9747:
9690:
9633:
9604:(1): a006841.
9584:
9565:(5): 694â699.
9549:
9506:
9499:
9479:
9456:
9431:
9385:
9358:
9327:
9291:
9256:
9228:
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8626:
8589:
8564:
8523:
8479:
8449:
8408:
8367:
8341:
8312:(1): 491â514.
8292:
8266:
8230:
8195:
8144:
8113:(10): 706â18.
8093:
8067:
8048:(4): 656â664.
8031:
8001:
7982:
7971:(4): 451â466.
7948:
7891:
7842:
7816:
7770:
7735:
7708:(2): 184â190.
7692:
7662:
7643:(8): 461â471.
7627:
7598:(6): 1055â67.
7577:
7516:
7473:
7414:
7395:
7354:
7325:(8): 861â865.
7302:
7255:
7206:
7142:
7087:
7030:
6981:
6932:
6903:(2): 283â293.
6880:
6804:
6778:
6727:
6662:
6605:
6551:
6522:(19): 9651â8.
6502:
6473:(14): 7620â8.
6453:
6424:(5): 2472â82.
6401:
6355:
6326:(7): 1443â55.
6306:
6299:
6279:
6250:(6): 2653â67.
6230:
6179:
6150:(7): 3089â94.
6130:
6095:
6046:
5979:
5914:
5885:(2): 143â151.
5865:
5843:
5803:
5768:
5739:(1â4): 15â24.
5719:
5668:
5639:(3): 433â444.
5619:
5570:
5511:
5459:
5438:10.1038/ni1566
5412:
5358:
5296:
5289:
5267:
5226:
5207:(6): 1367â75.
5190:
5163:(5309): 51â2.
5147:
5111:
5062:
5013:
4970:
4929:
4892:
4827:
4775:
4727:
4667:
4618:
4559:
4516:
4465:
4416:
4365:
4336:(7): 2353â65.
4316:
4287:(7): 1702â15.
4267:
4218:
4181:PLOS Pathogens
4167:
4110:
4053:
4012:(April 2015).
4000:
3951:
3894:
3845:
3818:
3781:PLOS Pathogens
3767:
3710:
3670:
3663:
3644:
3617:(8): 1712â22.
3601:
3555:
3528:(4): 573â593.
3512:
3483:(1): a007096.
3460:
3425:
3390:
3353:
3309:
3302:
3282:
3231:
3174:
3139:
3128:. May 15, 2017
3103:
3050:
3035:
3017:
2980:PLOS Pathogens
2966:
2939:(5): 451â452.
2916:
2860:
2842:
2780:
2731:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:World AIDS Day
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Antiviral drug
2654:
2653:
2650:Viruses portal
2639:
2623:
2620:
2612:Robert Rayford
2545:sooty mangabey
2523:genomic fusion
2495:sooty mangabey
2461:
2458:
2421:Luc Montagnier
2330:Luc Montagnier
2320:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2272:Main article:
2269:
2266:
2253:genital herpes
2181:Main article:
2178:
2175:
2116:Main article:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1880:pregnant women
1868:
1862:
1850:Main article:
1847:
1844:
1798:expression of
1751:sooty mangabey
1723:recombinogenic
1684:
1681:
1634:
1631:
1569:
1566:
1513:
1510:
1487:messenger RNAs
1381:
1378:
1372:-independent,
1292:
1288:
1262:viral envelope
1214:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1173:sexual partner
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
673:viral envelope
628:red blood cell
608:Main article:
605:
602:
497:
496:Classification
494:
491:
490:
488:Sooty mangabey
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
466:
463:
460:
457:
453:
452:
449:
446:
441:
436:
426:
423:
393:(specifically
391:helper T cells
360:vaginal fluids
293:
292:
291:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
231:
230:
226:
225:
224:
223:
216:
206:
205:
201:
200:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
169:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
137:Artverviricota
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
109:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
66:
65:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13435:
13424:
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13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13396:
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13371:
13366:
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13357:
13351:
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13336:
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13213:
13210:
13209:comet mission
13208:
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13181:
13176:
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13097:
13094:
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13074:
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13061:
13058:
13053:
13050:understanding
13049:
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13017:
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12296:
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12285:
12284:
12282:
12280:
12279:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12268:
12267:Pseudoviridae
12263:
12253:
12250:
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12247:
12245:
12244:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12228:
12227:
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12216:
12211:
12201:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12181:
12180:Belpaoviridae
12176:
12173:
12170:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12140:
12139:
12137:
12135:
12134:
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12113:
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12108:
12105:
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12102:
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12099:
12094:
12088:
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12082:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12065:
12060:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12029:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12018:
12017:Blubervirales
12013:
12008:
12007:
12002:
11998:
11991:
11986:
11984:
11979:
11977:
11972:
11971:
11968:
11956:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11922:
11918:
11917:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11888:
11881:
11880:
11875:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11863:
11860:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11832:
11827:
11825:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11779:
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11773:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11750:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11734:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11725:
11718:
11717:
11712:
11709:
11706:
11705:
11700:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11676:
11673:
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11652:
11648:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11636:
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11607:
11605:
11600:
11598:
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11592:
11589:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11565:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11490:South America
11487:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11447:
11446:New York City
11444:
11443:
11442:
11441:United States
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11399:North America
11396:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11362:
11359:
11357:
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11352:
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11347:
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11339:
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11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11207:
11203:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11051:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10911:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10874:Sex education
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10732:
10728:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10656:Lipodystrophy
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10632:
10626:
10623:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10564:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10531:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10520:
10515:
10511:
10504:
10499:
10497:
10492:
10490:
10485:
10484:
10481:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10420:
10413:
10412:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10376:(4): 465â74.
10375:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10351:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10300:
10298:
10290:
10282:September 17,
10277:
10273:
10272:
10266:
10261:
10255:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10212:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10184:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10159:
10158:10.1038/35400
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10127:
10119:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10068:
10066:
10057:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10008:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9959:
9957:
9948:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9907:
9899:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9858:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9809:
9801:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9751:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9726:
9725:10.1038/17130
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9694:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9637:
9629:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9588:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9553:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9483:
9467:
9460:
9445:
9441:
9435:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9389:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9362:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9331:
9312:
9308:
9301:
9295:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9232:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9201:
9199:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9144:
9142:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9108:
9093:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9074:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9023:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8956:(4): 468â71.
8955:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8883:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8858:
8857:
8849:
8841:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8767:(8): 886â92.
8766:
8762:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8731:
8727:
8721:
8714:
8713:NAM / Aidsmap
8710:
8693:
8692:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8623:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8594:
8577:
8576:
8568:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8543:(2): 171â81.
8542:
8538:
8534:
8527:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8483:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8420:. Editorial.
8419:
8412:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8199:
8190:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8148:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8097:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8008:
8006:
7997:
7993:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7895:
7887:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7846:
7831:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7775:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7523:
7521:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7418:
7410:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7374:(2): 324â31.
7373:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7309:
7307:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7169:(3): 249â59.
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6885:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6685:(3): 267â85.
6684:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6556:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6406:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6360:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5824:(2): 225â34.
5823:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5682:Retrovirology
5679:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5482:(7): 847â52.
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5464:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5417:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5246:(2): 349â54.
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5033:(5): 2060â7.
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4705:10.1038/34571
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:(6664): 240.
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4532:(3): 338â42.
4531:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:Retrovirology
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3838:September 14,
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3738:(2): 263â73.
3737:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
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3666:
3660:
3656:
3648:
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3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
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3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:"HIV latency"
3467:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:(4): 217â26.
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3117:public domain
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2857:. p. 16.
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:Belgian Congo
2604:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:genital ulcer
2581:
2577:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:gay community
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:sex education
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:window period
2064:
2062:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1749:(SIVagm) and
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:mutation rate
1712:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1512:Recombination
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:pseudodiploid
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:DNA from the
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:glycoproteins
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:seminal fluid
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:, for entry.
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:viral tropism
1048:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:reading frame
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:cell division
950:
949:
944:
940:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
765:
761:
759:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
703:
699:
697:
693:
692:
687:
683:
678:
677:lipid bilayer
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
633:
629:
625:
616:
611:
601:
599:
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:
509:
503:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
434:
433:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:pre-ejaculate
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:immune system
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
263:
261:
260:
256:
254:
253:
249:
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:
235:
234:
232:
227:
222:
221:
217:
215:
214:
210:
209:
207:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
13413:Lentiviruses
13325:
13261:made visible
13206:
13170:2010: First
13161:
13117:
13089:Nanocircuits
13047:
13033:
13023:
12925:Vaccinivirus
12923:
12906:
12886:
12871:Solendovirus
12869:
12854:Ruflodivirus
12852:
12837:Rosadnavirus
12835:
12818:
12801:
12781:
12753:Caulimovirus
12751:
12716:
12705:
12657:
12640:
12620:
12603:
12586:
12575:
12520:
12510:
12485:Friend virus
12464:
12444:
12403:
12378:
12353:
12342:
12333:Retroviridae
12331:
12310:
12293:
12276:
12265:
12241:
12226:Errantivirus
12224:
12213:
12189:
12178:
12158:Ortervirales
12156:
12131:
12096:
12079:
12062:
12037:
12026:
12015:
12004:
11939:
11927:Epididymitis
11920:
11901:
11893:inflammation
11877:
11865:
11841:
11830:
11821:
11788:
11787:
11739:
11714:
11702:
11690:
11678:
11666:
11654:
11638:
11341:Taiwan (ROC)
11331:Saudi Arabia
11181:South Africa
11014:
11000:Larry Kramer
10742:Epidemiology
10528:
10509:
10450:11573/361629
10431:
10427:
10410:
10373:
10369:
10313:
10309:
10287:
10280:. Retrieved
10269:
10254:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10201:February 11,
10199:. Retrieved
10193:
10183:
10140:
10136:
10126:
10084:(4): e9936.
10081:
10077:
10021:
10017:
10007:
9972:
9968:
9920:
9916:
9906:
9871:
9867:
9857:
9825:(1): 23â35.
9822:
9818:
9808:
9765:
9761:
9750:
9707:
9703:
9693:
9650:
9646:
9636:
9601:
9597:
9587:
9562:
9558:
9552:
9519:
9515:
9509:
9489:
9482:
9470:. Retrieved
9459:
9447:. Retrieved
9443:
9434:
9401:
9395:
9388:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9349:. Retrieved
9345:the original
9340:
9330:
9318:. Retrieved
9311:the original
9294:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9247:. Retrieved
9241:
9231:
9214:
9210:
9156:
9150:
9123:
9117:
9107:
9095:. Retrieved
9080:
9073:
9038:
9034:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8904:
8900:
8890:
8871:
8865:
8854:
8848:
8813:
8809:
8799:
8764:
8760:
8750:
8742:
8734:. Retrieved
8720:
8699:. Retrieved
8690:
8683:
8649:(9): 830â9.
8646:
8642:
8629:
8620:
8613:. Retrieved
8580:. Retrieved
8574:
8567:
8540:
8536:
8526:
8493:
8489:
8482:
8470:. Retrieved
8452:
8428:(11): e475.
8425:
8421:
8411:
8384:
8380:
8370:
8358:. Retrieved
8344:
8309:
8305:
8295:
8283:. Retrieved
8279:the original
8269:
8257:. Retrieved
8250:the original
8245:
8233:
8215:(2): 161â6.
8212:
8208:
8198:
8164:(1): 55â73.
8161:
8157:
8147:
8110:
8106:
8096:
8086:November 22,
8084:. Retrieved
8080:the original
8070:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8017:
8013:
7996:the original
7985:
7968:
7964:
7908:
7904:
7894:
7859:
7855:
7845:
7835:November 27,
7833:. Retrieved
7829:
7819:
7789:(8): 871â2.
7786:
7782:
7751:(1): 22â27.
7748:
7744:
7738:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7678:
7665:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7595:
7591:
7580:
7537:
7533:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7322:
7318:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7166:
7162:
7104:
7100:
7090:
7047:
7043:
7033:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6900:
6896:
6828:
6824:
6794:
6781:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6718:. Retrieved
6711:the original
6682:
6678:
6665:
6622:
6618:
6608:
6567:
6563:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6421:
6417:
6371:
6367:
6323:
6319:
6309:
6289:
6282:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6196:
6192:
6182:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6063:
6059:
6049:
5996:
5992:
5982:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5860:the original
5855:
5846:
5821:
5817:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5736:
5732:
5722:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5479:
5475:
5432:(3): 301â9.
5429:
5425:
5382:
5378:
5329:(5): 681â4.
5326:
5322:
5276:
5270:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5128:(5): 371â8.
5125:
5121:
5114:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5030:
5026:
5016:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4745:
4741:
4687:
4683:
4638:(1): 52â63.
4635:
4631:
4621:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4435:
4429:
4419:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4235:
4232:Cell Reports
4231:
4221:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4021:
4017:
4003:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3862:
3859:Cell Reports
3858:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3832:the original
3821:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3735:
3731:
3701:. Retrieved
3693:
3654:
3647:
3631:11380/977912
3614:
3610:
3604:
3577:
3571:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3480:
3476:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3369:February 28,
3367:. Retrieved
3356:
3332:February 28,
3330:. Retrieved
3312:
3292:
3285:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3155:(4): 524â9.
3152:
3148:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3125:
3106:
3098:the original
3067:
3063:
3053:
3026:
3020:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2936:
2932:
2882:
2878:
2845:
2800:
2796:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2616:
2605:
2580:prostitution
2565:
2557:
2527:
2517:such as the
2498:
2488:
2474:
2463:
2447:
2424:
2409:Robert Gallo
2406:
2401:
2390:hemophiliacs
2381:
2377:
2371:
2354:
2350:Pneumocystis
2348:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2326:Robert Gallo
2246:
2239:
2225:
2214:
2204:
2193:
2167:circumcision
2151:HIV vaccines
2132:
2121:
2073:
2065:
2057:
1934:South Africa
1915:
1904:western blot
1893:
1876:
1840:
1827:Co-infection
1814:
1812:
1807:
1796:downregulate
1788:
1780:
1774:
1755:
1740:
1736:DNA sequence
1727:
1704:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1604:where it is
1591:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1528:
1521:
1495:
1491:RNA splicing
1480:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1433:cell nucleus
1428:
1401:
1367:
1329:
1322:
1305:
1266:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1182:
1163:
1156:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1085:
1079:
1075:co-receptors
1053:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1005:
999:
986:
978:
977:
960:
946:
927:
918:
911:
905:
892:for the LTR
883:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
770:
719:
708:
690:
670:
662:ribonuclease
621:
585:
565:cell nucleus
523:morphologies
518:Retroviridae
516:
510:
505:
388:
380:immune cells
337:
306:
302:
298:
296:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
218:
211:
196:
184:
173:Retroviridae
172:
161:Ortervirales
160:
148:
136:
125:Pararnavirae
124:
112:
105:
95:(unranked):
49:
29:
13350:Wikispecies
13300:GLP-1 Drugs
13189:Higgs boson
13109:Dark energy
12908:Tungrovirus
12803:Dioscovirus
12783:Cavemovirus
12431:(types 1-4)
12295:Pseudovirus
12215:Metaviridae
12191:Semotivirus
11932:Prostatitis
11838:Hepatitis B
11789:HIV-1/HIV-2
11663:Donovanosis
11549:New Zealand
11421:El Salvador
11326:Philippines
11296:North Korea
11249:China (PRC)
11214:Afghanistan
10904:Product Red
10805:AIDS orphan
10661:Nephropathy
10596:vaccination
10260:McNeil D Jr
9449:January 28,
6111:: 491â532.
5733:Protoplasma
4748:(1): 9â15.
4008:Crispin M,
3132:December 8,
2576:colonialism
2572: 1910
2509:to western
2485:chimpanzees
2450:Jay A. Levy
2439:lymph nodes
2206:HIV latency
2080:immunoassay
1885:donor blood
1540:Bonhoeffer
1467:transcribed
1391:of the HIV
1325:microtubule
1295:activating
1246:macrophages
1189:promiscuous
1185:West Africa
1133:-chemokine
1106:giant cells
1064:macrophages
1060:CD4 T cells
1042:HIV tropism
995:Psi element
983:SH3 domains
975:molecules.
969:MHC class I
730:recombinant
711:HIV vaccine
598:West Africa
581:transcribed
571:, and host
546:RNA viruses
537:, positive-
484:West Africa
444:Infectivity
399:macrophages
372:breast milk
333:HIV subtype
180:Subfamily:
13387:Categories
13258:black hole
12953:Endogenous
12888:Soymovirus
12718:Badnavirus
12512:Lentivirus
11951:Urethritis
11908:Cervicitis
11879:Zika virus
11874:Zika fever
11761:Crab louse
11261:East Timor
11234:Bangladesh
11224:Azerbaijan
11146:Mozambique
11131:Madagascar
10864:Red ribbon
10706:Serostatus
10634:Conditions
10586:prevention
10576:management
10534:Lentivirus
10224:(1): 5â8.
9272:: 87â107.
9249:August 31,
8985:The Lancet
8387:: w14246.
8355:HIV i-Base
8285:October 7,
6838:1503.08992
6199:(7): 192.
2751:: 471â84.
2684:References
2673:HIVToolbox
2547:source of
2539:source of
2519:owl monkey
2241:The Lancet
2217:viral load
2187:See also:
2084:antibodies
1964:Mozambique
1770:Chimpanzee
1582:macrophage
1502:translated
1313:N-terminal
1254:adsorption
1015:frameshift
936:deaminates
738:isoleucine
573:co-factors
527:biological
512:Lentivirus
500:See also:
448:Prevalence
407:pyroptosis
397:T cells),
384:viral load
368:childbirth
313:retrovirus
308:Lentivirus
197:Lentivirus
74:lymphocyte
13191:discovery
13130:in action
13128:Evolution
13073:Stem cell
12820:Petuvirus
12312:Sirevirus
12278:Hemivirus
12243:Metavirus
12003:viruses (
11946:Proctitis
11831:condyloma
11753:Parasitic
11728:Protozoal
11675:Gonorrhea
11647:Chlamydia
11635:Chancroid
11627:Bacterial
11544:Australia
11498:Argentina
11458:Caribbean
11436:Nicaragua
11426:Guatemala
11336:Sri Lanka
11271:Indonesia
11054:Locations
10995:"Free Me"
10721:Pregnancy
10716:Nutrition
10571:diagnosis
9472:April 25,
9351:March 10,
8328:2327-056X
8259:April 13,
6023:0027-8424
5956:0036-8075
5454:205361178
4385:(1): 18.
4010:Doores KJ
3703:March 31,
3045:192042314
2433:to other
2285:Discovery
2262:acyclovir
1994:Indonesia
1846:Diagnosis
1838:in 2006.
1665:diffusion
1531:evolution
1498:cytoplasm
1483:processed
1441:integrase
1429:antisense
1194:commensal
1152:reservoir
1096:. In the
1072:chemokine
1054:The term
902:apoptosis
898:microRNAs
666:integrase
658:proteases
593:infective
591:and more
569:integrase
543:enveloped
439:Virulence
411:apoptosis
366:, during
364:pregnancy
120:Kingdom:
113:Riboviria
13393:HIV/AIDS
13335:Wikidata
13256:2019: A
13237:GW170817
13180:HPTN 052
11799:cervical
11699:Syphilis
11513:Colombia
11431:Honduras
11346:Thailand
11321:Pakistan
11306:Malaysia
11244:Cambodia
11196:Zimbabwe
11176:Tanzania
11101:Ethiopia
11096:Eswatini
11081:Botswana
10970:Solidays
10869:Safe sex
10810:Religion
10754:Timeline
10676:Pruritus
10613:Children
10591:research
10566:HIV/AIDS
10544:subtypes
10458:16174786
10398:25762969
10390:16254974
10350:19412344
10276:Archived
10246:17783758
10238:10628811
10118:20376191
10078:PLOS ONE
10056:18833279
9999:11405938
9947:16485481
9898:11405934
9841:18854152
9800:16728595
9685:25278604
9628:22229120
9320:June 23,
9065:24960391
9057:17639073
9013:43529542
8935:Archived
8931:16714472
8840:28843576
8791:19648930
8736:April 2,
8709:abstract
8675:27424812
8635:Cohen MS
8582:April 2,
8559:27404185
8518:51702998
8510:30025681
8472:April 2,
8466:Archived
8464:. 2019.
8444:29096785
8403:26824882
8360:April 2,
8336:34586875
8225:Archived
8221:20642270
8189:24086322
8180:15998755
8138:27494096
8129:23165662
8026:11718472
7943:16728595
7886:20643738
7811:76837833
7803:19648927
7765:12505029
7730:12536801
7722:11832690
7657:12150845
7622:15132918
7614:16777597
7572:19626114
7411:: 33â37.
7390:11336557
7368:Virology
7349:19661993
7297:33662579
7289:17960579
7242:14708016
7201:19728830
7129:21849975
7082:23271654
7050:: 1320.
7025:24005480
6976:20991705
6968:18923409
6927:14734528
6875:25837979
6707:18295550
6657:22663454
6640:11147326
6600:45784964
6592:15567861
6546:16973569
6497:17494080
6448:16474154
6350:18495939
6274:22121214
6225:27428992
6174:11884533
6090:22923523
6041:27791166
5974:25999508
5909:11160127
5838:15752562
5798:20965729
5763:20446005
5714:19765276
5663:19410541
5614:15650184
5565:19667186
5506:26570505
5498:12835704
5446:18264102
5353:10544941
5185:33262844
5142:15929699
4965:15080180
4887:44455027
4822:37973935
4770:30923492
4762:15647694
4662:22237899
4613:11593029
4452:23787464
4411:19220914
4360:18299284
4311:26687358
4262:26051934
4213:24068931
4162:24179160
4105:24179159
4048:25747313
4024:: 63â9.
3995:26085151
3946:26105115
3914:: 7479.
3889:26972002
3813:20523901
3639:11931626
3596:12029140
3550:28523977
3542:12590415
3507:22229121
3455:17163676
3379:cite web
3342:cite web
3320:(2002).
3277:23202514
3226:24356306
3169:20598938
3094:18941560
3012:22719248
2961:58599661
2953:30629090
2929:Fauci AS
2911:31056293
2837:27611681
2797:PLOS ONE
2775:18947296
2622:See also
2601:syphilis
2588:syphilis
2560:bushmeat
2477:Cameroon
2470:zoonosis
2466:primates
2394:Haitians
2128:HIV/AIDS
2112:Research
2086:and p24
2044:Ethiopia
2034:DR Congo
1984:Cameroon
1974:Zimbabwe
1966:(4.061%)
1956:(4.169%)
1954:Tanzania
1946:(11.50%)
1936:(12.51%)
1926:(15.76%)
1787:marker.
1661:in trans
1476:hairpins
1463:provirus
1338:such as
1285:integrin
1248:and CD4
1159:CCR5-Î32
1113:syncytia
1102:adenoids
1082:syncytia
973:class II
939:cytidine
932:APOBEC3G
894:promoter
882:The two
758:epitopes
745:mutation
589:virulent
425:Virology
168:Family:
132:Phylum:
34:HIV/AIDS
13280:brings
13207:Rosetta
13039:journal
13035:Science
13024:Science
12425:, 3, 4)
11890:General
11795:Cancer
11766:Scabies
11537:Oceania
11528:Uruguay
11503:Bolivia
11471:Jamaica
11389:Ukraine
11361:Vietnam
11229:Bahrain
11219:Armenia
11171:Senegal
11161:Nigeria
11151:Namibia
11126:Lesotho
10913:Culture
10894:HIV.gov
10737:History
10730:History
10466:7928126
10341:2669881
10318:Bibcode
10175:4416837
10167:9468138
10145:Bibcode
10109:2848574
10086:Bibcode
10047:3682493
10026:Bibcode
9990:1088484
9938:3367631
9889:1088480
9849:3093360
9791:2442710
9770:Bibcode
9762:Science
9742:4432185
9734:9989410
9712:Bibcode
9676:4254776
9655:Bibcode
9647:Science
9619:3234451
9579:2996401
9544:6206563
9524:Bibcode
9516:Science
9426:6601823
9406:Bibcode
9397:Science
9380:6815471
9286:3397566
9266:October
9223:6811853
9181:6189183
9161:Bibcode
9152:Science
9132:6808340
9097:June 9,
9005:6116083
8970:7287964
8922:1470612
8831:5700807
8782:2723183
8666:5049503
8062:1894929
7934:2442710
7913:Bibcode
7905:Science
7877:2935100
7563:2872475
7542:Bibcode
7511:6695172
7491:Bibcode
7483:Science
7468:1896460
7436:Bibcode
7340:2782707
7250:5790569
7193:7723052
7171:Bibcode
7137:4409389
7109:Bibcode
7073:3784984
7052:Bibcode
7016:4714465
6918:2211771
6866:4383537
6843:Bibcode
6773:4306605
6765:1360148
6745:Bibcode
6720:May 10,
6687:Bibcode
6649:9447238
6572:Bibcode
6564:Science
6537:1617242
6488:1933369
6439:1395372
6396:1700865
6376:Bibcode
6368:Science
6341:2441975
6265:3315320
6216:4974527
6193:Viruses
6125:9891806
6081:3488221
6032:5135362
6001:Bibcode
5965:4492308
5936:Bibcode
5928:Science
5754:3038234
5705:2762461
5654:2696170
5556:2729016
5533:Bibcode
5407:9632381
5387:Bibcode
5379:Science
5345:9630213
5262:8568295
5221:7995974
5177:9122710
5157:Science
5106:8627789
5057:7962552
5008:8356453
4988:Bibcode
4980:Science
4924:2152500
4879:8629022
4870:3412311
4849:Bibcode
4841:Science
4814:8649511
4794:Bibcode
4722:2159146
4714:9440686
4692:Bibcode
4653:3658113
4581:Bibcode
4554:7461342
4546:8612235
4511:1628392
4503:2014052
4483:Bibcode
4460:4151961
4402:2654423
4351:2367715
4302:4732737
4253:4555872
4204:3777863
4153:3954647
4132:Bibcode
4124:Science
4096:3886632
4075:Bibcode
4067:Science
4039:4827424
3986:4524065
3937:4500839
3916:Bibcode
3880:4805854
3804:2877745
3762:4518241
3754:9108481
3498:3234450
3420:8280406
3268:3509682
3245:Viruses
3217:4047036
3196:Bibcode
3126:HIV.gov
3085:2569122
3003:3375288
2902:6584382
2828:5017746
2805:Bibcode
2766:2716400
2726:8493571
2706:Bibcode
2698:Science
2507:Senegal
2460:Origins
2452:at the
2426:Science
2268:History
2228:HPTN052
2191:, and ]
2088:antigen
2046:(2.11%)
2036:(2.17%)
2026:(2.94%)
2016:(2.97%)
2006:(2.98%)
1996:(3.04%)
1986:(3.09%)
1976:(3.49%)
1924:Nigeria
1902:(PCR),
1832:gorilla
1677:in vivo
1606:cleaved
1578:surface
1406:called
1353:neurons
1340:DC-SIGN
1252:by the
1250:T cells
1098:tonsils
1036:Tropism
1017:in the
943:uridine
753:trimers
742:proline
736:and an
715:glycans
435:Species
329:cancers
192:Genus:
156:Order:
144:Class:
13341:Q15787
13298:2023:
13289:2022:
13284:to all
13276:2021:
13267:2020:
13248:2018:
13235:2017:
13223:2016:
13215:2015:
13204:2014:
13196:2013:
13187:2012:
13178:2011:
13160:2009:
13152:2008:
13144:2007:
13135:2006:
13126:2005:
13118:Spirit
13115:2004:
13107:2003:
13099:2002:
13087:2001:
13079:2000:
13071:1999:
13063:1998:
13055:1997:
13046:1996:
12966:ERVWE1
12961:ERV-Fc
12547:(EIAV)
12497:(KoRV)
12423:HTLV-2
12418:HTLV-1
11940:either
11902:female
11809:penile
11804:vulvar
11518:Guyana
11508:Brazil
11416:Mexico
11411:Canada
11384:Russia
11371:Europe
11356:Turkey
11291:Jordan
11254:Yunnan
11239:Bhutan
11191:Zambia
11186:Uganda
11166:Rwanda
11136:Malawi
11111:Guinea
11071:Angola
11063:Africa
11010:ACT UP
10798:Social
10516:topics
10464:
10456:
10396:
10388:
10348:
10338:
10244:
10236:
10173:
10165:
10137:Nature
10116:
10106:
10054:
10044:
10018:Nature
9997:
9987:
9945:
9935:
9896:
9886:
9847:
9839:
9798:
9788:
9740:
9732:
9704:Nature
9683:
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9626:
9616:
9577:
9542:
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9424:
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9189:390173
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8968:
8929:
8919:
8878:
8838:
8828:
8789:
8779:
8701:May 3,
8673:
8663:
8615:May 3,
8557:
8516:
8508:
8442:
8401:
8334:
8326:
8219:
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8060:
8024:
7941:
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7884:
7874:
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7801:
7763:
7728:
7720:
7655:
7620:
7612:
7570:
7560:
7534:Nature
7509:
7466:
7456:
7388:
7347:
7337:
7295:
7287:
7248:
7240:
7199:
7191:
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7127:
7101:Nature
7080:
7070:
7023:
7013:
6974:
6966:
6925:
6915:
6873:
6863:
6771:
6763:
6737:Nature
6705:
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6647:
6637:
6598:
6590:
6544:
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5836:
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5688:: 84.
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5048:294642
5045:
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4877:
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4786:Nature
4768:
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4684:Nature
4660:
4650:
4611:
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4475:Nature
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3540:
3505:
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3300:
3275:
3265:
3224:
3214:
3188:Nature
3167:
3119::
3092:
3082:
3043:
3033:
3010:
3000:
2959:
2951:
2909:
2899:
2879:Lancet
2835:
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2773:
2763:
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2543:, the
2501:), an
2392:, and
2328:, and
2238:, and
2234:, the
2169:, and
2153:, and
2141:, and
2050:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2024:Malawi
2022:
2020:
2014:Uganda
2012:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1870:
1864:
1819:clades
1792:'s
1758:rhesus
1562:et al.
1542:et al.
1437:genome
1404:enzyme
1393:genome
1345:mucosa
1139:ligand
1066:, and
1011:TTTTTT
985:. The
959:. The
916:. The
904:genes
871:, and
843:, and
791:, and
646:capsid
577:latent
553:genome
475:HIV-2
465:Global
456:HIV-1
401:, and
358:, and
344:occurs
13370:12721
13293:debut
13139:proof
13120:rover
12553:(BIV)
12541:(PLV)
12535:(FIV)
12529:(SIV)
11997:Virus
11824:(HPV)
11776:Viral
11620:(STI)
11466:Haiti
11316:Nepal
11286:Japan
11266:India
11156:Niger
11121:Kenya
11106:Ghana
11091:Egypt
11076:Benin
10462:S2CID
10415:(PDF)
10394:S2CID
10242:S2CID
10171:S2CID
9845:S2CID
9738:S2CID
9314:(PDF)
9303:(PDF)
9282:JSTOR
9185:S2CID
9061:S2CID
9009:S2CID
8695:(PDF)
8514:S2CID
8253:(PDF)
8242:(PDF)
8184:S2CID
8133:S2CID
7807:S2CID
7726:S2CID
7675:(PDF)
7618:S2CID
7459:52459
7293:S2CID
7246:S2CID
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