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injured. Protesters also looted hospitals and aid deports. As the end of
January, 1986 approached, protests increased in size, and became almost constant. Protesters took over and destroyed government offices in some outer towns, and blocked major roadways around the country. Rumors had circulated that said Duvalier had fled, but were found untrue. State violence increased, and Duvalier suspended certain civil liberties, declaring a state of siege. Stores closed and remained shut. Graffiti carrying certain popular slogans increased on walls around the capital in early February. Activists defaced a large statue of Duvalier in front of city hall. For several consecutive days in early February, Duvalier traveled around the capital as a symbol of his continuing control. Stores and businesses stayed closed, ignoring Duvalier's demand that business should proceed as usual.
168:
287:
shot at the protesters, killing at least three students. The protests continued through
December in two main towns, but did not reach the capital. Students started to boycott classes. Church radio stations, the only independent news sources, stopped broadcasting, making it very difficult for much of the country to get any information about the strikes. It seemed that some news outlets closed voluntarily, while the government closed the more outspoken ones down itself. In December 1985, increased state violence led the U.S. to threaten to cut off aid.
291:
to swear loyalty to
Duvalier in the palace. Nevertheless, the army threatened to turn against the regime if Duvalier failed to resolve the political crisis. Duvalier declared a nationwide day of mourning for the students murdered in November, and swore to try the police officers that had killed them. He also drove around the capital throwing money from his car window, and fired some officials, but many people declared that the efforts to improve his image had not appeased them. On 13 January 1986, opposition called for a
84:
324:
27:
307:, to organize a general strike against the regime. Activists set up roadblocks separating Port-au-Prince from the rest of the country. Citizens continued expressing their unhappiness by painting slogans on walls, speaking more openly with international reporters, and occasional expressions of violence. The U.S. threatened to cut aid, and four senior officials stepped down from the government.
254:), which consequently led to police officers publicly beating a pregnant woman, who soon died. Activists' listed grievances under Duvalier's regime, including general brutality against civilians and rising food costs, while some went to an aid warehouse to demand food. Law enforcement from the capital of
290:
On 7 January, when students of most age groups returned to school from break, there were a significant number of protests. The government responded by closing schools across the country. It also responded to protests by arresting people, and forcing businessmen, civil servants, and military officials
286:
increased
Duvalier's power, angering much of the populace. In November 1985, opposition held protests in cities around the country, which led to many protesters to be arrested and killed by law enforcement. That same month, protesters held a demonstration with popular slogans and signs. The troops
314:
demanding that the schools reopen, and 111 teachers signed a similar letter. The government did not respond, although armed soldiers often watched the political processions. Campaigners set fire to a court building and threw rocks at a
Duvalier's home, although it is not known whether anyone was
378:
in
February 2004, Duvalier announced his intention to return to Haiti to run for president in the 2006 elections for the National Unity Party. His remaining supporters in the country founded the François Duvalier Foundation that year to promote positive aspects of his presidency, including the
269:
situation. Haiti was dependent on foreign aid, primarily from the United States, for 70% of its budget. Leadership in the criticism of
Duvalier included Sylvio Claude, head of one opposition party, and Gregoire Eugene, the head of the other opposition party, as well as some other opposition
390:
rejected
Duvalier's apology and, on September 28, he said that while Duvalier was constitutionally free to return to Haiti, he would face trial if he did so. Duvalier's radio broadcast address was given in French and not Haitian Creole, the language spoken by the majority of Haitians.
362:
which had abolished systematic border controls between the participating countries. However, Duvalier's lawyer
Sauveur Vaisse said that his client was still in France and denied that the exiled leader had fallen on hard times.
394:
In
February 2010, a Swiss court agreed to release more than US$ 4 million to Jean-Claude Duvalier, although the Swiss Foreign Ministry said it would continue to block the release of the money. Duvalier lived in
265:. The United States, a big source of monetary aid for Haiti, said that Duvalier should be less brutal than his father had been, and granted a large annual aid package under the condition that Haiti improve its
350:
A private citizen, Jacques Samyn, unsuccessfully sued to expel Duvalier as an illegal immigrant (the Duvaliers were never officially granted asylum in France). In 1998, a Haitian-born photographer,
274:
nation also denounced the regime. 2,000 people signed a petition saying that the regime was enslaving the masses. The protests continued in towns and villages nationwide through November 1984.
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creation of most of Haiti's state institutions and improved access to education for the country's black majority. However, Duvalier ultimately did not become a presidential candidate.
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By the end of January 1986, there had been demonstrations in over a dozen towns since the murder of the students in November. Administrators from 24 schools sent an open letter to the
382:
On 23 September 2007, Duvalier delivered an address to Haitians by radio. He said that exile had "broken" him, though what he described as the improving fortunes of the
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The protests came after the regime had loosened some of its restrictive laws. Duvalier said that state violence in prisons would no longer be allowed, and loosened
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with Véronique Roy, his longtime companion and chief public-relations representative, until his return to Haiti in late January 2011. Roy is the granddaughter of
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665:
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church officials in the predominantly Catholic nation denounced Duvalier's rule, declaring their opposition to the injustice and oppression that the
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came and quickly stopped the protests violently. The government imposed a curfew on the city. However, the protests soon spread to other cities.
550:
501:. Country Studies. Research completed December 1999 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp.
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35:
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had "reinvigorated" him; he urged readiness among his supporters, without saying whether he intended to return to Haiti. President
215:), notorious of its use of violence and intimidation. In 1970, the force was renamed the Militia of National Security Volunteers (
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to rule the country after his exile. The Duvaliers settled in France and lived comfortably, though they were denied a request of
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The 2004 Global Transparency Report listed Duvalier as one of the World's Most Corrupt Leaders. He was listed sixth, between
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231:) and the force continued throughout his regime and maintained the same violent presence. Widespread problems of
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374:, and was said to have amassed between $ 300 million to $ 800 million. Following the ousting of president
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said that it could not verify whether Duvalier still remained in the country due to the recently enacted
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by the French authorities. Jean-Claude soon lost most of his wealth in his 1993 divorce with his wife.
1218:
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666:"Duvalier Flees Haiti to End Family's 28 Years in Power: General Leads New Regime; 20 Reported Dead"
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994:
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The original flag of Haiti was readopted in 1986 (in a modified form) after the exile of Duvalier.
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in a United States-supplied plane; however, before leaving, he set up the six-member
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and Jean–Claude Duvalier en route to the airport to flee the country, 7 February 1986
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75:
354:, formed a committee in Paris to bring Duvalier to trial. At the time, the French
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began protests against Duvalier's government calling it "Operation Déchoukaj" (
202:
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1318:
791:
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536:
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exercised. In the capital city, protesters handed out leaflets calling for
300:
236:
198:
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from 23 May 1984 to 7 February 1986 that led to the overthrow of President
1293:
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989:
232:
83:
211:
528:
686:
323:
26:
332:
717:
489:"Haiti: Historical Setting § François Duvalier, 1957–71"
396:
140:
603:"Real-Life Baron Samedi: Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier"
551:"Duvalier, 64, Dies in Haiti; Son, 19, Is New President"
197:, to keep the populace subservient, Duvaller created a
463:"Youth Group Network Had Key Role in Duvalier's Fall"
625:
437:"Thousands Celebrate Ruler's Fall in Haitian City"
171:The flag of Haiti from 1964 to 1986, used by the
1433:
628:Stripping Bare the Body: Politics, Violence, War
577:"At 19, President for Life Jean‐Claude Duvalier"
221:Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale
702:
460:
434:
339:(CNG) under the leadership of Army Commander
623:
277:
709:
695:
270:politicians. Bishops in the predominantly
151:regime and the readoption of the original
82:
16:Movement to overthrow Jean-Claude Duvalier
664:Treaster, Joseph B. (February 8, 1986).
663:
461:Long, William, ed. (February 16, 1986).
435:Brooke, James, ed. (February 12, 1986).
430:
428:
403:, President of Haiti from 1950 to 1956.
322:
242:On 23 May 1984, citizens in the city of
166:
51:of all important aspects of the article.
223:). When Duvalier died in 1971, his son
1434:
486:
284:1985 Haitian constitutional referendum
229:1971 Haitian constitutional referendum
191:1964 Haitian constitutional referendum
47:Please consider expanding the lead to
690:
425:
331:On 7 February 1986, Duvalier fled to
195:July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt
928:List of revolutions and coups d'état
20:
13:
748:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
716:
139:was a series of demonstrations in
14:
1488:
1477:Riots and civil disorder in Haiti
181:was elected to presidency in the
25:
118:Duvalier family, Anti-Duvaliers
39:may be too short to adequately
864:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
657:
617:
595:
569:
543:
480:
454:
337:National Council of Government
137:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
69:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
49:provide an accessible overview
1:
418:
413:Haitian crisis (2018–present)
183:1957 Haitian general election
100:23 May 1984 – 7 February 1986
498:Dominican Republic and Haiti
227:took over (confirmed by the
7:
406:
185:, and he declared himself "
10:
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193:. In the aftermath of the
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1036:
1027:
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936:
837:Unification of Hispaniola
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632:. PublicAffairs. p.
278:Referendum and opposition
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114:
104:
96:
81:
73:
950:Administrative divisions
356:Ministry of the Interior
318:
886:2010s cholera outbreak
847:Post-imperial Republic
376:Jean-Bertrand Aristide
328:
295:and both Catholic and
251:
220:
210:
175:
896:Crisis (2018–present)
624:Danner, Mark (2009).
487:Greene, Anne (2001).
326:
170:
1309:Citadelle Laferrière
1276:Water and sanitation
1015:World Heritage Sites
760:Atlantic slave trade
384:National Unity Party
225:Jean-Claude Duvalier
145:Jean-Claude Duvalier
1100:Chamber of Deputies
1083:Commanders-in-chief
305:Operation Déchoukaj
239:soon grew rampant.
126:Dissolution of the
70:
1381:The Unknown Maroon
1195:Telecommunications
797:Haitian Revolution
780:Colonial governors
753:Colonial governors
670:The New York Times
581:The New York Times
555:The New York Times
493:Metz, Helen Chapin
441:The New York Times
368:Slobodan Milošević
360:Schengen Agreement
329:
312:Education Minister
252:Operation Uprising
187:President for life
176:
68:
1472:Protests in Haiti
1462:1980s in politics
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1428:
1389:
1388:
1366:Sans-Souci Palace
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1212:
1144:
1143:
1107:Political parties
1051:Foreign relations
1023:
1022:
923:List of massacres
913:COVID-19 pandemic
891:Hurricane Matthew
613:on June 27, 2009.
512:978-0-8444-1044-9
201:force called the
179:François Duvalier
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871:1991 coup d'état
859:Duvalier dynasty
770:Peace of Ryswick
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609:. Archived from
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583:. April 26, 1971
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557:. April 23, 1971
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372:Alberto Fujimori
352:Gérald Bloncourt
345:political asylum
263:press censorship
189:" following the
173:Duvalier dynasty
159:of the country.
149:Duvalier dynasty
128:Duvalier dynasty
89:Michèle Duvalier
86:
76:History of Haiti
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1467:1980s conflicts
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1073:Law enforcement
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955:Arrondissements
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918:2021 earthquake
881:2010 earthquake
852:U.S. occupation
743:Taíno chiefdoms
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203:Tonton Macoutes
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34:This article's
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1329:Haitian Creole
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293:general strike
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256:Port-au-Prince
248:Haitian Creole
207:Haitian Creole
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43:the key points
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1452:1986 protests
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1172:External debt
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792:Le Jeune Case
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1266:Social class
1236:Demographics
1167:Central bank
1061:Human rights
1041:Constitution
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673:. Retrieved
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115:Participants
74:Part of the
57:October 2018
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1177:Foreign aid
1162:Agriculture
1066:LGBT rights
985:Environment
980:Earthquakes
975:Departments
906:2022 crisis
675:November 3,
587:November 3,
561:November 3,
388:René Préval
1436:Categories
1376:Television
1341:Literature
1184:(currency)
1090:Parliament
1056:Government
990:Hispaniola
529:2001023524
419:References
297:Protestant
233:starvation
1356:Mythology
1324:Languages
1271:Squatting
1241:Education
1205:Transport
1112:President
1046:Elections
938:Geography
830:1820–1849
825:1806–1820
821:Republic
649:March 15,
521:1057-5294
472:March 15,
446:March 15,
41:summarize
1416:Category
1256:Religion
1078:Military
1029:Politics
1010:Wildlife
901:Gang war
738:Timeline
722:articles
537:46321054
467:LA Times
407:See also
272:Catholic
244:Gonaïves
212:Bogeymen
147:and the
105:Location
1400:Outline
1314:Cuisine
1286:Culture
1219:Society
1200:Tourism
1190:Poverty
1182:Gourde
1150:Economy
995:Islands
817:Kingdom
787:Slavery
765:Maroons
730:History
503:288–289
495:(ed.).
163:History
123:Outcome
1421:Portal
1304:Cinema
1261:People
1251:Health
1095:Senate
1005:Rivers
965:Cities
960:Border
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333:France
217:French
1407:Index
1351:Music
1346:Media
1231:Crime
812:State
718:Haiti
491:. In
397:Paris
319:Exile
141:Haiti
109:Haiti
1319:Flag
1129:List
1117:List
677:2018
651:2016
638:ISBN
607:Life
589:2018
563:2018
533:OCLC
525:LCCN
517:ISSN
507:ISBN
474:2016
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