Anthropomorphism - Knowledge

166: 64: 1788: 2068:. In the first part of this experiment, the researchers showed a 2-and-a-half-minute long animation of several shapes moving around on the screen in varying directions at various speeds. When subjects were asked to describe what they saw, they gave detailed accounts of the intentions and personalities of the shapes. For instance, the large triangle was characterized as a bully, chasing the other two shapes until they could trick the large triangle and escape. The researchers concluded that when people see objects making motions for which there is no obvious cause, they view these objects as intentional agents (individuals that deliberately make choices to achieve goals). 40: 2260: 1567:. Reproducing these objects, often at a greater size than the original, Oldenburg created his sculptures out of soft materials. The anthropomorphic qualities of the sculptures were mainly in their sagging and malleable exterior which mirrored the not-so-idealistic forms of the human body. In "Soft Light Switches" Oldenburg creates a household light switch out of vinyl. The two identical switches, in a dulled orange, insinuate nipples. The soft vinyl references the aging process as the sculpture wrinkles and sinks with time. 2283: 478: 2215: 2230: 2245: 1455: 1649: 614: 1541: 155: 639: 256:

love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons, and rode horses and chariots. They feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific human concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty, or the seasons. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as

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perceive minds in other animals predicts the moral concern afforded to them. It is possible that anthropomorphism leads humans to like non-humans more when they have apparent human qualities, since perceived similarity has been shown to increase prosocial behavior toward other humans. A study of how animal behaviors were discussed on the television series

1632:, who speaks of the "spacial lure of the subject, the way in which the subject could inhabit their surroundings." Caillous uses the example of an insect who "through camouflage does so in order to become invisible... and loses its distinctness." For Fer, the anthropomorphic qualities of imitation found in the erotic, organic sculptures of artists 445:. The latter, for instance, embedded his arguments in his wider criticism of human religions and specifically demonstrated in what he cited as their "inconsistence" where, on one hand, the Deity is painted in the most sublime colors but, on the other, is degraded to nearly human levels by giving him human infirmities, passions, and prejudices. In 1996:

actions will affect the computer, how to compare computers with humans, and conceivably how to design computer programs. However, inappropriate use of anthropomorphic metaphors can result in false beliefs about the behavior of computers, for example by causing people to overestimate how "flexible" computers are. According to Paul R. Cohen and

1833:(1987) advised that "one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion". Some scientists, like William M Wheeler (writing apologetically of his use of anthropomorphism in 1911), have used anthropomorphic language in metaphor to make subjects more humanly comprehensible or memorable. 2012:

can "read", "write", or "catch a virus". Information technology presents no clear correspondence with any other entities in the world besides humans; the options are either to leverage an emotional, imprecise human metaphor, or to reject imprecise metaphor and make use of more precise, domain-specific technical terms.

1458: 1628:'s writing of a post-minimalist anthropomorphism. Reacting to Fried's interpretation of minimalist art's "looming presence of objects which appear as actors might on a stage", Fer interprets the artists in Eccentric Abstraction to a new form of anthropomorphism. She puts forth the thoughts of Surrealist writer 1457: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1463: 2079:

about other humans as a basis for inferring the properties of non-human entities in order to make efficient judgements about the environment, even if those inferences are not always accurate. Schemas about humans are used as the basis because this knowledge is acquired early in life, is more detailed

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Other examples of anthropomorphism include the attribution of human traits to animals, especially domesticated pets such as dogs and cats. Examples of this include thinking a dog is smiling simply because it is showing his teeth, or a cat mourns for a dead owner. Anthropomorphism may be beneficial to

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that are sometimes taken literally. Aesop, "by announcing a story which everyone knows not to be true, told the truth by the very fact that he did not claim to be relating real events". The same consciousness of the fable as fiction is to be found in other examples across the world, one example being

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Computers overturn the childhood hierarchical taxonomy of "stones (non-living) → plants (living) → animals (conscious) → humans (rational)", by introducing a non-human "actor" that appears to regularly behave rationally. Much of computing terminology derives from anthropomorphic metaphors: computers

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particular prediction about an artificial intelligence's behavior is logical, or whether the prediction constitutes illogical anthropomorphism. An example that might initially be considered anthropomorphism, but is in fact a logical statement about an artificial intelligence's behavior, would be the

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One example of anthropomorphism would be to believe that one's computer is angry at them because they insulted it; another would be to believe that an intelligent robot would naturally find a woman attractive and be driven to mate with her. Scholars sometimes disagree with each other about whether a

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The minimalist decision of "hollowness" in much of their work was also considered by Fried to be "blatantly anthropomorphic". This "hollowness" contributes to the idea of a separate inside; an idea mirrored in the human form. Fried considers the Literalist art's "hollowness" to be "biomorphic" as it

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found that utilizing anthropomorphic language when describing dogs created a greater willingness to help them in situations of distress. Previous studies have shown that individuals who attribute human characteristics to animals are less willing to eat them, and that the degree to which individuals

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And there is another charm about him, namely, that he puts animals in a pleasing light and makes them interesting to mankind. For after being brought up from childhood with these stories, and after being as it were nursed by them from babyhood, we acquire certain opinions of the several animals and

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wrote: "A thoroughgoing attempt to avoid anthropomorphic description in the study of temperament was made over a two-year period at the Yerkes laboratories. All that resulted was an almost endless series of specific acts in which no order or meaning could be found. On the other hand, by the use of

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Since making inferences requires cognitive effort, anthropomorphism is likely to be triggered only when certain aspects about a person and their environment are true. Psychologist Adam Waytz and his colleagues created a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism to describe these aspects and predict

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Ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality; they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain natural phenomena, creation, and historical events. The deities fell in

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frankly anthropomorphic concepts of emotion and attitude one could quickly and easily describe the peculiarities of individual animals... Whatever the anthropomorphic terminology may seem to imply about conscious states in chimpanzee, it provides an intelligible and practical guide to behavior."

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propose that humans are emotionally, intellectually and physiologically biased toward social activity, and so when presented with even tiny social cues, deeply infused social responses are triggered automatically. This may allow incorporation of anthropomorphic features into computers/robots to

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is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces, such as seasons and weather. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as

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The conscious use of anthropomorphic metaphor is not intrinsically unwise; ascribing mental processes to the computer, under the proper circumstances, may serve the same purpose as it does when humans do it to other people: it may help persons to understand what the computer will do, how their

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centers on an anthropomorphic female Moon who speaks, sings, and dances. She comes down out of the sky to serve as a tutor of international culture to the three main characters: a boy frog and wombat and a girl butterfly, who are supposed to be preschool children traveling a world populated by

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as the main protagonist. This series' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes, cats, and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans. As with most anthropomorphisms of animals, clothing is of little or no importance, where some

437:, which declared that everything behaves as it does in order to achieve some end, in order to fulfill itself. Bacon pointed out that achieving ends is a human activity and to attribute it to nature misconstrues it as humanlike. Modern criticisms followed Bacon's ideas such as critiques of 1460: 1294:, is a dog. Brian shows many human characteristics – he walks upright, talks, smokes, and drinks Martinis – but also acts like a normal dog in other ways; for example, he cannot resist chasing a ball and barks at the mailman, believing him to be a threat. In a similar case, 1974:

was influenced by a "disgust" toward humanity. This is an example of anthropomorphism: in reality, while an artificial intelligence could perhaps be deliberately programmed with human emotions or could develop something similar to an emotion as a means to an ultimate goal

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wrote: "Beatrix Potter is still one of the world's best-selling and best-loved children's authors. Potter wrote and illustrated a total of 28 books, including the 23 Tales, the 'little books' that have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million

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Anthropomorphism of inanimate objects can affect product buying behavior. When products seem to resemble a human schema, such as the front of a car resembling a face, potential buyers evaluate that product more positively than if they do not anthropomorphize the object.

2503:) in the heavens above and in the earth below" and a body cannot be in both places. And it was said 'Since you have not seen any image' and it was said 'To who would you compare me, and I would be equal to them?' and if he was a body, he would be like the other bodies." 1987:

experiments where certain robots spontaneously evolved a crude capacity for "deception", and tricked other robots into eating "poison" and dying: here, a trait, "deception", ordinarily associated with people rather than with machines, spontaneously evolves in a type of

1020: 923:, which promotes and creates stories and artwork involving anthropomorphic animals, and the examination and interpretation of humanity through anthropomorphism. This can often be shortened in searches as "anthro", used by some as an alternative term to "furry". 2202:

People also tend to trust robots to do more complex tasks such as driving a car or childcare if the robot resembles humans in ways such as having a face, voice, and name; mimicking human motions; expressing emotion; and displaying some variability in behavior.

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from an early age and use it more frequently than adults. Examples of this are describing a storm cloud as "angry" or drawing flowers with faces. This penchant for anthropomorphism is likely because children have acquired vast amounts of

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When elicited agent knowledge is low and effectance and sociality are high, people are more likely to anthropomorphize. Various dispositional, situational, developmental, and cultural variables can affect these three factors, such as

1022: 5369: 2259: 531:, also employ anthropomorphized animals to illustrate principles of life. Many of the stereotypes of animals that are recognized today, such as the wily fox and the proud lion, can be found in these collections. 1967:

In science fiction, an artificially intelligent computer or robot, even though it has not been programmed with human emotions, often spontaneously experiences those emotions anyway: for example, Agent Smith in

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wrote: "The larval insect is, if I may be permitted to lapse for a moment into anthropomorphism, a sluggish, greedy, self-centred creature, while the adult is industrious, abstemious and highly altruistic..."

1459: 4776: 845:: "...The first men to talk of 'trees and stars' saw things very differently. To them, the world was alive with mythological beings... To them the whole of creation was 'myth-woven and elf-patterned'." 2833: 4646:

Marakas, George M.; Johnson, Richard D.; Palmer, Jonathan W. (April 2000). "A theoretical model of differential social attributions toward computing technology: when the metaphor becomes the model".

2646: 1587:) becomes theatrical by means of anthropomorphism. The viewer engages the minimalist work, not as an autonomous art object, but as a theatrical interaction. Fried references a conversation in which 208:, Ariège, France: the figure's significance is unknown, but it is usually interpreted as some kind of great spirit or master of the animals. In either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. 4681:

Moon, Youngme, and Clifford Nass. "How 'real' are computer personalities? Psychological responses to personality types in human-computer interaction." Communication research 23.6 (1996): 651–674.

1924:, were all accused of "that worst of ethological sins – anthropomorphism". The charge was brought about by their descriptions of the great apes in the field; it is now more widely accepted that 449:, anthropologist Stewart Guthrie proposes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate in the brain's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in natural phenomena. 3670: 1825:

have been warned to avoid assumptions that animals share any of the same mental, social, and emotional capacities of humans, and to rely instead on strictly observable evidence. In 1927

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Anthropomorphism can be used to assist learning. Specifically, anthropomorphized words and describing scientific concepts with intentionality can improve later recall of these concepts.

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Castelli, Fulvia; Frith, Chris; Happé, Francesca; Frith, Uta (1 August 2002). "Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes".

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suggested the method of double negation; for example: "God is not existent" followed by "God is not non-existent". This glorifies God from any understanding or human comprehension.

3580: 3558: 3132: 418:) both qualify as anthropomorphism and are rejected, as God cannot be understood by either assigning attributes to Him or taking them away. The 10th-century Ismaili philosopher 7178: 552:

Apollonius noted that the fable was created to teach wisdom through fictions that are meant to be taken as fictions, contrasting them favorably with the poets' stories of the

2838: 1640:, are not necessarily for strictly "mimetic" purposes. Instead, like the insect, the work must come into being in the "scopic field... which we cannot view from outside." 2000:, in order to differentiate between anthropomorphization and logical prediction of AI behavior, "the trick is to know enough about how humans and computers think to say 687:, all employing anthropomorphic elements. This continued in the twentieth century with many of the most popular titles having anthropomorphic characters, examples being 389:

Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension. Judaism's rejection of an anthropomorphic deity began with the

2897: 1215:, first aired in 1987, features four pizza-loving anthropomorphic turtles with a great knowledge of ninjutsu, led by their anthropomorphic rat sensei, Master Splinter. 30:

This article is about the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. For the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person, see

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wrote that animals should be considered "without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states". More recently,

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social differences based on conflict and contradiction are naturalized and made less 'contestable' through the classificatory matrix of human and nonhuman relations

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In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism is the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, or the recognition of human qualities in these beings.

869:. Despite this, Adams attempted to ensure his characters' behavior mirrored that of wild rabbits, engaging in fighting, copulating and defecating, drawing on 4390: 3269: 1817:

In science, the use of anthropomorphic language that suggests animals have intentions and emotions has traditionally been deprecated as indicating a lack of

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Aggarwal, Pankaj; McGill, Ann L. (1 December 2007). "Is That Car Smiling at Me? Schema Congruity as a Basis for Evaluating Anthropomorphized Products".

2142:, but not as much experience with specific non-human entities, so thus they have less developed alternative schemas for their environment. In contrast, 573:

Anthropomorphic motifs have been common in fairy tales from the earliest ancient examples set in a mythological context to the great collections of the

358:(570–480 BCE) who observed that people model their gods after themselves. He argued against the conception of deities as fundamentally anthropomorphic: 4619: 2956: 4136:

Burger, J. M.; Messian, N.; Patel, S.; del Prado, A.; Anderson, C. (2004). "What a coincidence! The effects of incidental similarity on compliance".

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may tend to describe anthropomorphized objects in purely mechanical terms (that is, in terms of what they do) because they have difficulties with

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is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.

6295: 6218: 3662: 2150:(ToM) according to past research. A 2018 study has shown that autistic people are more prone to object personification, suggesting that autistic 2080:

than knowledge about non-human entities, and is more readily accessible in memory. Anthropomorphism can also function as a strategy to cope with

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Some scholars argue that anthropomorphism overestimates the similarity of humans and nonhumans and therefore could not yield accurate accounts.

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often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is, more specifically,

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Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. The earliest known criticism was that of the Greek philosopher

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opined that "I find most convincing Mithen's claim that human intelligence lies in the capacity to make connections: through using metaphors".

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are a useful component of treatment partially because anthropomorphism of these animals can satisfy the patients' need for social connection.

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and regions in the brain responsible for emotion" as evidence that "it is not anthropomorphic to credit cats with emotions such as jealousy".

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with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. He proposes that these are the product of a change in the

5538: 1938:. But if we do not, we risk missing something fundamental, about both animals and us." Alongside this has come increasing awareness of the 3401: 3032: 1159:

features anthropomorphic sea animals as well (like sea sponges, starfish, octopus, crabs, whales, puffer fish, lobsters, and zooplankton).

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Bastian, B.; Loughnan, S.; Haslam, N.; Radke, H. R. (2012). "Don't mind meat? The denial of mind to animals used for human consumption".

1563:'s soft sculptures are commonly described as anthropomorphic. Depicting common household objects, Oldenburg's sculptures were considered 5454: 3746: 2526:

150 million sold, a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold, whether published as one volume, three, or some other configuration.

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Alleged examples of anthropomorphism toward AI have included: Google engineer Blake Lemoine's widely derided 2022 claim that the Google

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in third-century Syria, but also fourth-century Egypt and tenth-century Italy. This often was based on a literal interpretation of the

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From the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered

6223: 5115: 4255: 3588: 3548: 3186: 247: 4887: 3116: 2749: 185:(animal-shaped) works of art occur that may represent the earliest known evidence of anthropomorphism. One of the oldest known is an 5520: 1713: 5570: 4806: 896:

market had expanded massively. Perhaps a majority of picture books have some kind of anthropomorphism, with popular examples being

565:: "We do not really mean, we do not really mean that what we are about to say is true. A story, a story; let it come, let it go." 3418: 5398: 3525: 94:

characters. People have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioral traits to wild as well as domesticated animals.

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The practice is particularly widespread in Japan, where cities, regions, and companies all have mascots, collectively known as

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Butterfield, M. E.; Hill, S. E.; Lord, C. G. (2012). "Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare".

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it is useful to do so, it would not spontaneously develop human emotions for no purpose whatsoever, as portrayed in fiction.

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Cohen, Paul R., and Edward A. Feigenbaum, eds. The handbook of artificial intelligence. Vol. 3. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.

2709: 165: 3960: 535:'s anthropomorphisms were so familiar by the first century CE that they colored the thinking of at least one philosopher: 7044: 6891: 3991: 3285: 2244: 1608:

Fried implies an anthropomorphic connection by means of "a surrogate person – that is, a kind of statue."

1249: 659: 630: 5220:"A Learner's Tactic: How Secondary Students' Anthropomorphic Language may Support Learning of Abstract Science Concepts" 6563: 6465: 3074: 2891: 2864: 2496:: "It is stated in the Torah and books of the prophets that God has no body, as stated 'Since G-d your God is the god ( 1896:

in their own environment and in captivity has changed attitudes to anthropomorphism. In the 1960s the three so-called "

1529: 762:, "The world of the jungle is in fact both itself and our world as well". A notable work aimed at an adult audience is 4833:

Epley, Nicholas; Waytz, Adam; Cacioppo, John T. (2007). "On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism".

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People often grant an unnecessary social role to computers during interactions. The underlying causes are debated;

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takes place in a world inhabited by Mushables, which are anthropomorphic fungi, along with other critters such as

6965: 3811: 3603: 2288: 2100:, or the amount of prior knowledge held about an object and the extent to which that knowledge is called to mind. 1205: 1177: 318:: "So God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them". 265: 7319: 3780: 2229: 1487: 742:

In many of these stories the animals can be seen as representing facets of human personality and character. As

139:, "form"). It is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the 5314: 2214: 1119:

features anthropomorphic sea animals (like fish, sharks, and whales). Discussing anthropomorphic animals from

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Since the 1960s, anthropomorphism has also been represented in various animated television shows such as

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Blanchard, Jay; Mcnincth, George (1 November 1984). "The Effects of Anthropomorphism on Word Learning".

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think of some of them as royal animals, of others as silly, of others as witty, and others as innocent.

52: 5433: 1277:-like world full of centaurs who possess the bottom half of any animal, as opposed to the traditional 7314: 7153: 7022: 5394: 4180: 2373: 1047: 5530: 5282: 4847: 3244: 1942:

of the great apes and the recognition that they are tool-makers and have individuality and culture.

330:, Chapter 12, Verse 5, states that it is much more difficult for people to focus on a deity that is 324:

do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems. The

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and Tolkien saw this anthropomorphism as closely linked to the emergence of human language and

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Many other translations of this passage have Xenophanes state that the Thracians were "blond".

1243:(2011–2019) are about anthropomorphic animals and inanimate objects. All of the characters in 200:

It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent. A more recent example is

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Anthropomorphism, among divines, the error of those who ascribe a human figure to the deity.

772:, in which all the main characters are anthropomorphic animals. Non-animal examples include 6920: 6652: 6387: 5492: 5071: 4498: 4181:"Anthropomorphic grammar? Some linguistic patterns in the wildlife documentary series Life" 4094: 3714: 2802: 2363: 2348: 2323: 1989: 1792: 1660: 1483: 1308:

where humans and anthropomorphic animals live side by side, and centers around the life of

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which had a huge impact on how characters that are physical embodiments are written in the

583: 174: 2743: 8: 7280: 7017: 7007: 6930: 6905: 6228: 5962: 5938: 3059: 2353: 2308: 1750: 1549: 1305: 1148: 963: 545: 5531:"Anthropomorphism" entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight 5496: 4798: 4502: 4098: 7143: 7086: 6850: 6530: 6323: 6205: 5885: 5859: 5735: 5626: 5166: 5107: 5040: 4868: 4718: 4521: 4486: 4360: 4327: 4161: 4118: 4065: 3424: 3024: 2612:

The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking: How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy, Healthy, and Sane

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developed a distinctive take on anthropomorphic writing in the 1970s: his debut novel,

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what they have in common, and, when we lack this knowledge, to use the comparison to

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Xenophanes said that "the greatest god" resembles man "neither in form nor in mind".

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Q: Then why didn't you make it smaller so that the observer could see over the top?

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The Prehistory Of The Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science

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as research. Adams returned to anthropomorphic storytelling in his later novels

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The Child's Conception of the World: A 20th-Century Classic of Child Psychology

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The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends

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Gray, H. M.; Gray, K.; Wegner, D. M. (2007). "Dimensions of Mind Perception".

3983: 3743:"Great Fables Crossover: Fables goes even more meta, stays just as rollicking" 3012: 1934:

has written: "To endow animals with human emotions has long been a scientific

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Even insects play together, as has been described by that excellent observer,

857:(1972), featured rabbits that could talk—with their own distinctive language ( 7308: 7002: 6910: 6829: 6718: 6699: 6684: 6589: 6552: 6435: 6402: 6382: 6305: 6280: 6275: 6262: 6233: 6190: 6127: 6034: 6019: 5990: 5903: 5697: 5579: 5484: 5449: 5365: 5326: 5299: 5205: 5162: 5095: 5087: 5028: 4981: 4351: 4204: 4149: 4053: 3871: 3450: 3020: 2139: 2075:. That is, anthropomorphism is a cognitive process by which people use their 2020: 1931: 1847: 1758: 1681: 1576: 1291: 1186: 919:

Anthropomorphism in literature and other media led to a sub-culture known as

848: 773: 763: 674: 664: 625: 489:

Anthropomorphism, also referred to as personification, is a well-established

426: 405: 401:

codified in the twelfth century, in his thirteen principles of Jewish faith.

326: 212: 197:

with the head of a lioness or lion, determined to be about 32,000 years old.

68: 4511: 4231: 4218:

Shapiro, Kenneth J. (1993). "Editor's Introduction to Society and Animals".

4106: 7268: 7256: 7206: 7200: 7195: 7054: 6748: 6694: 6689: 6642: 6576: 6502: 6492: 6471: 6415: 6349: 6300: 6162: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6112: 6087: 6077: 5984: 5765: 5583: 5103: 4989: 4973: 4864: 4659: 4590:"Artificial intelligence as a positive and negative factor in global risk." 4530: 4436: 4369: 4196: 4157: 4114: 4061: 2641: 2389: 2343: 2318: 2061: 2016: 1901: 1897: 1851: 1725: 1697: 1621: 1511: 1506:, of which main antagonist includes a fictional species of anthropomorphic 1388: 1384: 1266: 1253:(2010–2019) are anthropomorphic fantasy creatures, with most of them being 1067: 1051: 920: 908: 893: 862: 621: 617: 527: 521: 482: 412:, assigning attributes to God as well as negating any attributes from God ( 300: 289: 140: 5036: 1595:

Q: Why didn't you make it larger so that it would loom over the observer?

425:

In secular thought, one of the most notable criticisms began in 1600 with

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and ToM may be not only more complex but also more all-encompassing. The

2134: 1950: 1909: 1826: 1693: 1496: 1216: 1181:

by 20th Century Fox centers around anthropomorphic talkative and singing

1055: 1043: 978:

have used anthropomorphism as the basis of their story. Examples include

931: 768: 736: 720: 182: 44: 2093:

when people are most likely to anthropomorphize. The three factors are:

1708:. These personifications may be simple human or animal figures, such as 1648: 7234: 7217: 7158: 7138: 6795: 6723: 6670: 6666: 6594: 6410: 6377: 6310: 6213: 6157: 5979: 5933: 5890: 5845: 5796: 5729: 5709: 5672: 5646: 5602: 5597: 5458:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 120. 5443: 4691:

Duffy, Brian R. (March 2003). "Anthropomorphism and the social robot".

3549:"Watership Down by Richard Adams: A tale of courage, loyalty, language" 3194:, 5.14. Translated by F.C. Conybeare. the Loeb Classical Library (1912) 2801: 2394: 2378: 2235: 2158:

challenges the notion that autistic people have difficulties with ToM.

2081: 2035:; the 2017 granting of honorary Saudi Arabian citizenship to the robot 2024:

enable more familiar "social" interactions, making them easier to use.

1893: 1741: 1625: 1584: 1545: 1491:

characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves.

1376: 1372: 1336: 1286: 1075: 1071: 980: 946: 927: 903: 807: 787: 613: 442: 398: 390: 355: 243: 7246: 7133: 7109: 6871: 6763: 6523: 6238: 5921: 5855: 5801: 5748: 5743: 5616: 4487:"Culture extends the scope of evolutionary biology in the great apes" 4428: 2297: 1921: 1822: 1633: 1400: 1274: 1258: 1079: 558: 467:

personification in both the Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testaments

434: 430: 379: 311: 3772: 2637:"What you see in this picture says more about you than the kangaroo" 638: 557:

a traditional Ashanti way of beginning tales of the anthropomorphic

7263: 7251: 7212: 7190: 7081: 6970: 6915: 6738: 6537: 5997: 5950: 5909: 5880: 5868: 5811: 5791: 5753: 5714: 5291: 5139:"On the ontological status of autism: the 'double empathy problem'" 2358: 1859: 1855: 1754: 1473:, anthropomorphic animals battle for control of the animal kingdom. 1411: 1396: 1313: 1270: 1182: 1168: 1004: 992: 759: 594: 277: 194: 190: 159: 5003:

Baron-Cohen, Simon; Leslie, Alan M.; Frith, Uta (1 October 1985).

2535:

It is estimated that the UK market for children's books was worth

2071:

Modern psychologists generally characterize anthropomorphism as a

1540: 1387:, and has a successful career in television—however also exhibits 1331:

in present time. Multiple main characters of the series are other

7104: 7076: 6544: 6172: 5927: 5833: 5682: 5656: 5607: 2404: 2303: 2151: 2106:, or the drive to interact with and understand one's environment. 1925: 1913: 1746: 1721: 1564: 1469: 1392: 1332: 1301: 1262: 941: 826: 801:

motifs sometimes have anthropomorphic animals as characters. The

331: 231: 154: 5874: 3804:"Watch: Disney's 'Zootopia' Trailer Introduces Animal-Run World" 1514:. Other games in the series, as well as of other of its greater 962:, which was unique for having anthropomorphic representation of 364:

or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,

7273: 7148: 6258: 5704: 3926: 2220: 2143: 1689: 1667: 1507: 1429: 1230: 866: 751: 587:(Egypt, 13th century BCE) features several talking cows and in 562: 516: 498: 321: 273: 261: 257: 3885: 1153:

features anthropomorphic extinct animals. Other characters in

485:: Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the reflection of the moon. 7223: 6952: 6938: 6934: 5536:"Anthropomorphism" in mid-century American print advertising. 2490: 2040: 2028: 1953:

points to the fact that "both humans and cats have identical

1935: 1766: 1521: 1433: 1360: 1316: 1278: 1107:, they are anthropomorphic toys. Other Pixar franchises like 1086: 1059: 975: 971: 967: 830: 822: 755: 657:

began to emerge in the nineteenth century with works such as

532: 508: 409: 343: 281: 269: 186: 134: 118: 48: 4305:(November 1911), "Insect parasitism and its peculiarities", 1728:". Most often, they are anthropomorphic animals such as the 1421:

anthropomorphic animals with a circus run by their parents.

1101:, all the characters are anthropomorphic vehicles, while in 4135: 3094:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 172. 2839:

Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

1946: 1437: 1254: 842: 339: 285: 169:

Anthropomorphic "pebble" figures from the 7th millennium BC

4039: 926:

Anthropomorphic characters have also been a staple of the

211:

This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist

3065:. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 3057:

Mitchell, Robert; Thompson, Nicholas; Miles, Lyn (1997).

2536: 1809:

found that the script very often used anthropomorphisms.

1364: 1348: 602: 5005:"Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind" ?" 4584: 4582: 4278:

Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism

2997:"The Right Path: A Post-Mongol Persian Ismaili Treatise" 1720:. Other times, they are anthropomorphic items, such as " 1082:; and an array of others from the 1920s to present day. 368:

also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies

234:

with hunted animals and better predict their movements.

4959: 4888:"Social Connection and Seeing Human – Oxford Handbooks" 3319: 3108: 5002: 1304:

adult animated black comedy series, takes place in an

650:

Building on the popularity of fables and fairy tales,

4579: 3710:"Hellblazer's past weighs in on Constantine's future" 3686:"By Crom! The 10 Greatest Fantasy Comics of All-Time" 3056: 230:, where anthropomorphism allowed hunters to identify 4645: 2925: 2278: 1800:

the welfare of animals. A 2012 study by Butterfield

1189:

are also centered in some of the franchise's films.

1038:

animated short featuring anthropomorphic characters.

5578: 4241:

Social Creatures: A Human and Animal Studies Reader

4012: 797:genre developed from mythological, fairy tale, and 469:, as well as in the texts of some other religions. 59:

North Wind tries to strip the cloak off a traveler.

4832: 3984:"Anthropomorphism: when we love our pets too much" 3475: 2614:. New York: Hudson Street Press. pp. 165–81. 2008:theories of human thinking or computer thinking." 1591:answers questions about his six-foot cube, "Die". 5183: 4641: 4639: 4637: 3858:Fer, Briony (1999). "Objects Beyond Objecthood". 3583:"The Value of the Children's Picture Book Market" 3408:: Tolkien's memorabilia go on sale. 18 March 2008 3089: 2812:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2720: 1843:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 346:) that adherents can perceive with their senses. 27:Attribution of human traits to non-human entities 7306: 3153: 3092:Hume's Critique of Religion: 'Sick Men's Dreams' 2084:when other human connections are not available. 1624:'s Eccentric Abstraction show, in 1966, sets up 1048:the Magic Carpet from Disney's Aladdin franchise 605:feels sorry for her and helps her in her quest. 370:of such a sort as the form they themselves have. 5400:When Elephants Weep: Emotional Lives of Animals 4648:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 4491:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3638:Furry! The World's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction 303:, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. 5393: 5267: 5069: 4634: 4610:"Real-Life Decepticons: Robots Learn to Cheat" 4448: 4289: 4082: 3766: 3764: 3740: 3707: 3283: 2842:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 2816: 1520:franchise, spawned similar characters such as 1494:Another popular example in video games is the 1403:with the mailman and is once forced to wear a 944:genre. Other examples also include the mature 5564: 3953:"Do Dogs Really Smile? The Science Explained" 3667:: The Essential Horror Comic of the Nineties" 3206:"The Akan Trickster Cycle: Myth or Folktale?" 3177: 3175: 3118:Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion 2742:(9 October 1997), "Thinking About Thinking", 2121:, social disconnection, cultural ideologies, 2060:of anthropomorphism was conducted in 1944 by 377:say that their gods are snub–nosed and black 5545:Collection at The Gallery of Graphic Design. 4178: 3447:The History of the Hobbit: Return to Bag-end 3203: 2434: 2133:Children appear to anthropomorphize and use 2128: 362:But if cattle and horses and lions had hands 338:, remarking on the usage of anthropomorphic 237: 4179:Sealey, Alison; Oakley, Lee (24 May 2013). 3761: 3350: 3154:Armstrong, Susan; Botzler, Richard (2016). 2949:"ANTHROPOMORPHISM - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 2112:, the need to establish social connections. 1928:has an important part to play in research. 1371:(in this series, as animals and humans are 5571: 5557: 5525:Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships 5441: 5070:White, Rebekah C; Remington, Anna (2018). 4553:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 11. 4236:Later re-published as an introduction to: 4138:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4042:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 3211:. Trinidad University of the West Indies. 3172: 2701: 2675: 1375:, relationships like this are not seen as 1042:Some of the most notable examples are the 248:Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam 5281: 4846: 4704: 4520: 4510: 4359: 4321: 4319: 4015:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3601: 3473: 3346: 3344: 2859:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 42–43. 2597:" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885. 950:(personified political and moral ideas), 366:horses like horses and cattle like cattle 268:, and sometimes human weaknesses such as 149: 4332:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4325: 3837:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3506: 3444: 3256: 3254: 3061:Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes, and Animals 2828: 2051: 1831:The Oxford companion to animal behaviour 1786: 1647: 1539: 1453: 1369:romantic relationship with a human woman 1015: 637: 612: 476: 164: 153: 62: 38: 5462: 5312: 5231:Electronic Journal of Science Education 4900:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398700.013.0023 4892:The Oxford Handbook of Social Exclusion 4301: 4217: 3114: 2981:, "Fundamentals of Torah, Ch. 1, § 8", 2879: 2738: 225:between the natural history and social 14: 7307: 5483: 5424: 5242: 5137:Milton, Damian E.M. (1 October 2012). 5136: 4934: 4484: 4382: 4316: 3981: 3801: 3773:"Becoming-Animal Is A Trap For Humans" 3770: 3701: 3683: 3660: 3632: 3341: 3121:. Oxford University Press. p. 7. 2994: 2977: 2852: 2726: 2707: 2649:from the original on 18 September 2019 2609: 2087: 1219:'s longest running animated TV series 1185:. The female singing chipmunks called 1113:features anthropomorphic monsters and 754:must rely on his new friends the bear 204:, an enigmatic cave painting from the 181:, about 40,000 years ago, examples of 5552: 5372:from the original on 17 November 2015 5351: 5333:from the original on 14 November 2015 5315:"How to Make Robots Seem Less Creepy" 4916:from the original on 17 November 2015 4885: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809:from the original on 10 December 2015 4766: 4690: 4543: 4237: 3950: 3832: 3734: 3673:from the original on 3 November 2013. 3507:Pallardy, Richard (14 January 2016). 3330:from the original on 23 February 2011 3251: 3218:from the original on 10 December 2008 3156:The Animal Ethics Reader, 3rd edition 3052: 3050: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2161: 1290:, one of the show's main characters, 1257:living in the pony-inhabited land of 726:The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe 624:was featured in the first chapter of 306:Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a 4735: 4622:from the original on 7 February 2016 4411: 3677: 3654: 3614:from the original on 18 January 2017 3546: 3482:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 3351:Gamble, Nikki; Yates, Sally (2008). 3296:from the original on 6 December 2019 3272:from the original on 6 December 2019 2634: 2605: 2603: 1858:) ethology has generally focused on 1716:that represents the United States's 1692:are now often employed to personify 1351:lives a mostly human life—he speaks 1139:features fairy tale characters, and 1133:". Other DreamWorks franchises like 892:By the 21st century, the children's 608: 515:by centuries. Collections of linked 5186:The Journal of Educational Research 5051:from the original on 8 January 2019 4779:from the original on 5 January 2023 4567:from the original on 13 August 2021 3857: 3783:from the original on 13 August 2021 3722:from the original on 8 October 2014 3561:from the original on 20 August 2016 3286:"Narnia triumphs over Harry Potter" 3284:Sophie Borland (22 February 2008). 3181:Philostratus, Flavius (c. 210 CE). 3135:from the original on 13 August 2021 3090:Bailey, Alan; O'Brien, Dan (2014). 3035:from the original on 13 August 2021 2900:from the original on 13 August 2021 2799: 2628: 2169: 2039:; and the reactions to the chatbot 1575:In the essay "Art and Objecthood", 1424:The French-Belgian animated series 1407:after he gets stitches in his arm. 1284:In the American animated TV series 1250:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic 1175:The live-action/animated franchise 833:. John D. Rateliff calls this the " 825:and a multitude of anthropomorphic 729:(1950) and the subsequent books in 24: 5418: 4821: 3982:Filion, Daniel (22 January 2020). 3963:from the original on 11 April 2021 3896:from the original on 20 April 2021 3696:from the original on 9 April 2014. 3528:from the original on 22 April 2016 3047: 2959:from the original on 8 August 2022 2752:from the original on 29 March 2010 2579: 2381:– seeing faces in everyday objects 1615: 1555: 930:genre. The most prominent one was 493:from ancient times. The story of " 460: 382:that they are pale and red-haired. 25: 7331: 5514: 4767:Smith, Gary N. (2 January 2023). 4748:from the original on 15 June 2022 4738:"No, Google's AI is not sentient" 4599:Global catastrophic risks (2008). 4393:from the original on 12 July 2011 4328:"Darwin in the world of emotions" 3994:from the original on 4 March 2021 3951:Woods, John (28 September 2018). 3749:from the original on 2 March 2016 3587:, 9 November 2005, archived from 2669:Chambers's Cyclopædia, Supplement 2635:Moss, Stephen (15 January 2016). 2600: 2497: 1443: 125: 6219:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5118:from the original on 14 May 2023 4258:from the original on 18 May 2019 3792:eds. Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe. 3741:Doctorow, Cory (25 March 2010). 3684:Buxton, Marc (26 January 2014). 3661:Buxton, Marc (30 October 2013). 3547:Levy, Keren (19 December 2013). 2822: 2806:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2781:from the original on 6 June 2011 2689:from the original on 11 May 2011 2281: 2258: 2243: 2228: 2213: 2206: 1598:A: I was not making a monument. 1225:(1999–present), revolves around 1192: 1129:, Timothy Laurie suggests that " 660:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 631:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 455: 310:, particularly prominently with 5345: 5306: 5261: 5236: 5212: 5177: 5130: 5063: 4996: 4953: 4928: 4879: 4791: 4760: 4729: 4693:Robotics and Autonomous Systems 4684: 4675: 4666: 4602: 4537: 4485:Whiten, Andrew (25 July 2017). 4478: 4454: 4442: 4405: 4376: 4295: 4283: 4270: 4211: 4172: 4129: 4076: 4033: 4006: 3975: 3944: 3911: 3878: 3851: 3826: 3795: 3708:Josie Campbell (22 July 2014). 3626: 3595: 3573: 3540: 3500: 3467: 3438: 3423:, 16 April 2007, archived from 3411: 3391: 3369: 3353:Exploring Children's Literature 3308: 3197: 3158:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 91. 3147: 3083: 2988: 2971: 2941: 2920:Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker 2912: 2873: 2856:Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices 2846: 2793: 2763: 2732: 2555: 2542: 2529: 2520: 2506: 2480: 2471: 2452: 2193: 1960: 1700:, and major events such as the 1206:SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron 861:) and mythology—and included a 5469:. Cambridge University Press. 5313:Waytz, Adam; Norton, Michael. 5198:10.1080/00220671.1984.10885582 3514:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3326:, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2661: 2443: 2423: 1745:. Two of the most popular are 1612:references a living organism. 1604:A: I was not making an object. 1535: 1500:series, debuting in 1985 with 1341:human-like traits and identity 875:The Private Life of the Rabbit 568: 465:There are various examples of 217:architecture of the human mind 158:The 35,000 to 40,000 year-old 13: 1: 5247:. Binghamton, NY: Routledge. 4736:Metz, Rachel (13 June 2022). 4715:10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00374-3 3802:McNary, Dave (11 June 2015). 3604:"Why we're all animal lovers" 3523:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3262:"The top 50 children's books" 2777:. The Gale Group, Inc. 2008. 2593:, 1st ed. "anthropomorphism, 2573: 2046: 1812: 1570: 1486:debuting in 1991, features a 1426:Mush-Mush & the Mushables 1164:Walt Disney Animation Studios 173:From the beginnings of human 77: 5270:Journal of Consumer Research 5155:10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 5021:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 4389:(1st ed.). p. 39. 3640:. ibooks. pp. 427–436. 3474:Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). 3115:Guthrie, Stewart E. (1995). 2995:Virani, Shafique N. (2010). 2289:Children's literature portal 1240:The Amazing World of Gumball 1212:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 495:The Hawk and the Nightingale 397:in the tenth century, which 349: 97: 7: 5442:Mackintosh, Robert (1911). 5425:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). 5352:Waytz, Adam (13 May 2014). 4939:. New York, NY: Routledge. 4857:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 4462:"Are We in Anthropodenial?" 3698:Archive requires scrolldown 3378:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 3375:John Grant and John Clute, 2883:Flipside of Hindu Symbolism 2712:. VNN World. Archived from 2710:"Löwenmensch Oldest Statue" 2274: 1661:commercial official mascots 1659:created as a parody of the 1657:Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics 1391:—he sleeps in a human-size 984:(anthropomorphized squid), 899:The Very Hungry Caterpillar 670:The Adventures of Pinocchio 622:this anthropomorphic rabbit 10: 7336: 6882:Imperial, royal, and noble 5397:; McCarthy, Susan (1996). 5395:Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff 5387: 4449:Masson & McCarthy 1996 4344:10.1177/014107680209500617 4290:Masson & McCarthy 1996 4027:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.010 3602:Ben Myers (10 June 2008). 3445:Rateliff, John D. (2007). 2953:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 2886:. Fultus. pp. 84–85. 2880:Narayan, M. K. V. (2007). 2853:Fowler, Jeanne D. (1997). 2800:Fox, James Joseph (1907). 2514:Victoria and Albert Museum 2400:Talking animals in fiction 2253:1st-ever World Expo Mascot 1783:Talking animals in fiction 1776: 1772: 1665: 1655:, a popular symbol of the 1653:Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat 1643: 1447: 1323:on a popular 1990s sitcom 1273:who gets transported to a 1011: 805:examples of the genre are 786:and other anthropomorphic 693:(1901) and later books by 241: 193:, Germany, a human-shaped 135: 119: 110:, itself derived from the 106:derive from the verb form 53:The North Wind and the Sun 29: 7289: 7097: 7069: 6966:Imperial, royal and noble 6951: 6862: 6843: 6776: 6665: 6575: 6483: 6401: 6363: 6340: 6257: 6204: 6171: 6086: 6053: 5970: 5959: 5854: 5784: 5665: 5639: 5590: 5463:Kennedy, John S. (1992). 4460:Frans de Waal (1997-07). 3777:Deleuze and the Non-Human 3397:100 million copies sold: 3355:. Sage Publications Ltd. 3013:10.1080/00210860903541988 2708:Dalton (1 January 2004). 2591:Oxford English Dictionary 2374:Nature fakers controversy 2188:emotional support animals 2129:Developmental perspective 2056:In psychology, the first 1510:-like creatures known as 1162:All of the characters in 990:(personified countries), 839:The History of the Hobbit 597:, the west wind, carries 472: 238:In religion and mythology 5807:Maiden and married names 5521:"Anthropomorphism" entry 5491:. Phoenix. p. 480. 5466:The New Anthropomorphism 5445:"Anthropomorphism" 5428:"Anthropomorphism" 5403:. Vintage. p. 272. 5143:Disability & Society 5088:10.1177/1362361318793408 4383:Darwin, Charles (1871). 4150:10.1177/0146167203258838 4054:10.1177/0146167211424291 3771:Laurie, Timothy (2015), 2922:, Xenophanes frr. 15–16. 2803:"Anthropomorphism" 2745:New York Review of Books 2610:Hutson, Matthew (2012). 2461:New York Review of Books 2416: 2369:National personification 2267:Danish electrical socket 2098:Elicited agent knowledge 1327:, living off the show's 956:and its spin-off series 732:The Chronicles of Narnia 716:The House at Pooh Corner 690:The Tale of Peter Rabbit 284:. Greek deities such as 69:Personification of Music 43:In this illustration by 7294:Category:Lists of names 5541:1 December 2021 at the 5455:Encyclopædia Britannica 5434:Encyclopædia Britannica 4512:10.1073/pnas.1620733114 4467:2 December 2019 at the 4303:Wheeler, William Morton 4232:10.1163/156853093X00091 4107:10.1126/science.1134475 3833:Fried, Michael (1998). 1749:(a bear who represents 1178:Alvin and the Chipmunks 1064:Oswald the Lucky Rabbit 880:The Plague Dogs (novel) 700:The Wind in the Willows 593:(Rome, 2nd century CE) 6224:Eritrean and Ethiopian 5245:Pets and Mental Health 5243:Cusack, Odean (2013). 4660:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0348 4550:If Your Cat Could Talk 4326:Black, J (June 2002). 4197:10.1515/text-2013-0017 3872:10.1093/oxartj/22.2.25 3239:Cite journal requires 3184:The Life of Apollonius 2435: 2334:Anthropomorphized food 2156:double empathy problem 1949:in 1992, veterinarian 1890: 1850:in 1965 called him a " 1836:Despite the impact of 1796: 1663: 1606: 1552: 1474: 1450:Animals in video games 1039: 999:Arpeggio of Blue Steel 784:Thomas the Tank Engine 758:and the black panther 647: 635: 550: 486: 420:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 384: 170: 162: 150:Examples in prehistory 83: 60: 7320:Descriptive technique 7154:Galton–Watson process 6759:Ancient Tamil country 6181:Australian Aboriginal 4935:Piaget, Jean (1929). 4238:Flynn, Cliff (2008). 4220:Society & Animals 3204:Kwesi Yankah (1983). 2932:Clement of Alexandria 2809:Catholic Encyclopedia 2683:"Lionheaded Figurine" 2223:tram in smiley livery 2123:uncertainty avoidance 2052:Foundational research 1868: 1790: 1651: 1593: 1579:makes the case that " 1543: 1466: 1222:SpongeBob SquarePants 1156:SpongeBob SquarePants 1028: 1008:(personified ships). 817:(1954–1955), both by 814:The Lord of the Rings 641: 616: 537: 480: 429:, who argued against 360: 316:Genesis creation myth 168: 157: 102:Anthropomorphism and 66: 42: 6921:Post-nominal letters 6040:Indigenous Taiwanese 5225:18 June 2020 at the 4974:10.1093/brain/awf189 4886:Waytz, Adam (2013). 4835:Psychological Review 4595:2 March 2013 at the 4588:Yudkowsky, Eliezer. 4417:Psychological Review 3715:Comic Book Resources 3690:Comic Book Resources 3268:. 22 February 2008. 3189:3 March 2016 at the 2364:Moe anthropomorphism 2349:Great Chain of Being 2324:Anthropomorphic maps 2300:– antithetic concept 2135:egocentric reasoning 1990:convergent evolution 1940:linguistic abilities 1793:Caress of the Sphinx 1488:speedy blue hedgehog 1484:video game franchise 1379:but seen as regular 1200:Biker Mice From Mars 996:(personified guns), 987:Hetalia: Axis Powers 746:remarks, discussing 584:Tale of Two Brothers 282:uncontrollable anger 191:Löwenmensch figurine 175:behavioral modernity 160:Löwenmensch figurine 104:anthropomorphization 7281:Surnames by country 6906:Pre-nominal letters 5963:Surnames by country 5527:(Horowitz A., 2007) 5497:1996pmso.book.....M 5319:Wall Street Journal 4503:2017PNAS..114.7790W 4280:. Berg, 2000, p. 6. 4099:2007Sci...315..619G 3404:12 May 2011 at the 2775:Ologies & -Isms 2354:Human-animal hybrid 2309:Anthropic principle 2238:of a face in a rock 2088:Three-factor theory 1751:Kumamoto Prefecture 1688:, figures known as 1550:Giuseppe Arcimboldo 1237:'s animated series 970:. Various Japanese 964:literary techniques 837:Theme" in his book 546:Apollonius of Tyana 447:Faces in the Clouds 7144:Endonym and exonym 7087:Calendar of saints 7070:Related traditions 6844:Manners of address 6206:Sub-Saharan Africa 5627:Nobiliary particle 5218:Dorion, K. (2011) 4618:. 18 August 2009. 4386:The Descent of Man 3860:Oxford Art Journal 3835:Art and Objecthood 2834:"Anthropomorphite" 2162:Effect on learning 2119:need for cognition 1885:The Descent of Man 1864:emotion in animals 1797: 1664: 1553: 1479:Sonic the Hedgehog 1475: 1040: 782:stories featuring 744:John Rowe Townsend 648: 644:The Emperor's Rout 636: 487: 408:interpretation of 395:Islamic Golden Age 171: 163: 84: 61: 7302: 7301: 7230:Personal identity 7065: 7064: 6772: 6771: 6713: 6661: 6660: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6566: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6474: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6326: 6319: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5785:By life situation 5738: 5506:978-0-7538-0204-5 5476:978-0-521-42267-3 5410:978-0-09-947891-1 5254:978-0-86656-652-0 5233:. Vol. 12, No. 2. 4946:978-0-415-16887-8 4909:978-0-19-539870-0 4497:(30): 7790–7797. 4307:Popular Science, 4251:978-1-59056-123-2 4244:. Lantern Books. 3929:on 7 January 2014 3844:978-0-226-26319-9 3647:978-1-59687-319-3 3493:978-0-395-27628-0 3460:978-0-00-723555-1 3362:978-1-4129-3013-0 3128:978-0-19-509891-4 2979:Maimonides, Moses 2830:Chambers, Ephraim 2716:on 25 March 2010. 2621:978-1-101-55832-4 2494:Abraham Ben David 2436:anthropomorphisme 2144:autistic children 1998:Edward Feigenbaum 1734:San Diego Chicken 1503:Super Mario Bros. 1464: 1026: 750:in which the boy 609:Modern literature 206:Trois-Frères Cave 179:Upper Paleolithic 128: 18:Anthropomorphosis 16:(Redirected from 7327: 7315:Anthropomorphism 7115:Anthropomorphism 6860: 6859: 6808:Buddhist surname 6709: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6564:Hispanic America 6562: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6470: 6441: 6434: 6429:African-American 6427: 6420: 6338: 6337: 6322: 6315: 6286:Ashkenazi Jewish 6091:and Western Asia 6056:and Central Asia 6010: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5968: 5967: 5829:Placeholder name 5734: 5678:Double-barrelled 5573: 5566: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5510: 5480: 5459: 5447: 5438: 5430: 5414: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5285: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5240: 5234: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5082:(4): 1042–1045. 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4968:(8): 1839–1849. 4957: 4951: 4950: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4850: 4830: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4708: 4699:(3–4): 177–190. 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4643: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4606: 4600: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4514: 4482: 4476: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4429:10.1037/h0063033 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4299: 4293: 4292:, p. xviii. 4287: 4281: 4276:Ryder, Richard. 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4235: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3925:, archived from 3921:Official website 3915: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3888:Official website 3882: 3876: 3875: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3810:. 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Tolkien 590:Cupid and Psyche 548: 519:from India, the 308:Christian heresy 229: 138: 137: 127: 124: 122: 121: 108:anthropomorphize 87:Anthropomorphism 82: 79: 21: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7285: 7120:Personification 7093: 7061: 6947: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6835:Theophoric name 6768: 6673: 6657: 6571: 6479: 6397: 6359: 6336: 6265: 6253: 6200: 6167: 6090: 6082: 6055: 6049: 5961: 5955: 5850: 5817:Posthumous name 5780: 5661: 5635: 5586: 5577: 5543:Wayback Machine 5517: 5507: 5477: 5421: 5419:Further reading 5411: 5390: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5311: 5307: 5283:10.1.1.330.9068 5266: 5262: 5255: 5241: 5237: 5227:Wayback Machine 5217: 5213: 5182: 5178: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5001: 4997: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4910: 4884: 4880: 4848:10.1.1.457.4031 4831: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4644: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4597:Wayback Machine 4587: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4542: 4538: 4483: 4479: 4469:Wayback Machine 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4413:Hebb, Donald O. 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4324: 4317: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4252: 4216: 4212: 4185:Text & Talk 4177: 4173: 4134: 4130: 4081: 4077: 4038: 4034: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3814:on 5 March 2016 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3769: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3706: 3702: 3682: 3678: 3669:. 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(1728). 2815: 2792: 2762: 2731: 2719: 2700: 2674: 2660: 2627: 2620: 2599: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2554: 2541: 2528: 2519: 2505: 2479: 2470: 2451: 2442: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2195: 2192: 2180:social anxiety 2171: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2148:theory of mind 2130: 2127: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2089: 2086: 2073:cognitive bias 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043:in the 1960s. 1985:Dario Floreano 1962: 1959: 1955:neurochemicals 1880:Charles Darwin 1876: 1838:Charles Darwin 1814: 1811: 1779:Talking animal 1774: 1771: 1765:, a suburb of 1686:representation 1645: 1642: 1630:Roger Caillois 1617: 1614: 1581:literalist art 1572: 1569: 1557: 1554: 1537: 1534: 1445: 1444:In video games 1442: 1417:Let's Go Luna! 1325:Horsin' Around 1321:one hit wonder 1300:, an American 1245:Hasbro Studios 1209:(1993–1995). 1194: 1191: 1031:Big Buck Bunny 1013: 1010: 959:Jack of Fables 871:Ronald Lockley 854:Watership Down 779:Railway Series 695:Beatrix Potter 618:John Tenniel's 610: 607: 575:Brothers Grimm 570: 567: 542: 504:Works and Days 474: 471: 462: 459: 457: 454: 439:Baruch Spinoza 351: 348: 334:than one with 294:anthropotheism 239: 236: 232:empathetically 221:an increasing 151: 148: 99: 96: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7332: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:Mandaean name 6828: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:Biblical name 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6317:Ancient Greek 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6264: 6263:North America 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054:Northern Asia 6052: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5904:Nom de guerre 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591:Personal name 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4566: 4562: 4560:9781405319867 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423:(2): 88–106, 4422: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4312:, p. 443 4311: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093:(5812): 619. 4092: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3957:AllThingsDogs 3954: 3947: 3940:(in Japanese) 3928: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3907:(in Japanese) 3895: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3451:HarperCollins 3448: 3441: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3387:0-312-19869-8 3384: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3290:The Telegraph 3287: 3271: 3267: 3266:The Telegraph 3263: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3233: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3165:9781138918009 3161: 3157: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3103: 3101:9789400766143 3097: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2938:V xiv 109.1–3 2937: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2918:Diels-Kranz, 2915: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2819: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2539:672m in 2004. 2538: 2532: 2523: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2429:Possibly via 2426: 2422: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2279: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2207:Image gallery 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140:socialization 2136: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2021:Clifford Nass 2018: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892:The study of 1887: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Konrad Lorenz 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:merchandising 1679: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Michael Fried 1568: 1566: 1562: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1399:for having a 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:seen as equal 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:walks upright 1354: 1350: 1347:, a humanoid 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269:focuses on a 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1193:In television 1190: 1188: 1187:The Chipettes 1184: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1110:Monsters, Inc 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 1000: 995: 994: 989: 988: 983: 982: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 948: 943: 939: 938: 933: 929: 924: 922: 917: 915: 911: 910: 905: 901: 900: 895: 890: 888: 887: 882: 881: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855: 850: 849:Richard Adams 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815: 810: 809: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780: 775: 774:Rev. W. Awdry 771: 770: 765: 764:George Orwell 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 733: 728: 727: 722: 718: 717: 712: 711: 706: 702: 701: 696: 692: 691: 686: 682: 681: 676: 675:Carlo Collodi 672: 671: 666: 665:Lewis Carroll 662: 661: 656: 654: 645: 640: 633: 632: 627: 626:Lewis Carroll 623: 620:depiction of 619: 615: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 585: 580: 576: 566: 564: 560: 555: 547: 541: 536: 534: 530: 529: 524: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505: 500: 496: 492: 484: 479: 470: 468: 456:In literature 453: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:Francis Bacon 423: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 381: 376: 359: 357: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 328: 327:Bhagavad Gita 323: 319: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 253: 249: 245: 235: 233: 228: 227:intelligences 224: 218: 214: 213:Steven Mithen 209: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 167: 161: 156: 147: 145: 142: 132: 129:"human") and 116: 113: 109: 105: 95: 92: 88: 75: 71: 70: 65: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7269:Signum manus 7257:Royal cypher 7222: 7207:Nomen nescio 7205: 7201:Nomenclature 7196:Naming taboo 7114: 7008:Professional 6851:of authority 6801:Saint's name 6466:Scandinavian 6088:Muslim world 5926: 5902: 5873: 5725:Occupational 5584:anthroponymy 5524: 5488: 5465: 5453: 5432: 5399: 5374:. Retrieved 5357: 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5318: 5308: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5214: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5079: 5075: 5065: 5053:. Retrieved 5015:(1): 37–46. 5012: 5008: 4998: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4936: 4930: 4918:. Retrieved 4891: 4881: 4838: 4834: 4811:. Retrieved 4802: 4793: 4781:. Retrieved 4772: 4762: 4750:. Retrieved 4741: 4731: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4651: 4647: 4624:. Retrieved 4613: 4604: 4569:. Retrieved 4549: 4545:Fogle, Bruce 4539: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4475:. pp. 50–53. 4472: 4456: 4444: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4395:. Retrieved 4385: 4378: 4338:(6): 311–3. 4335: 4331: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4285: 4277: 4272: 4260:. Retrieved 4240: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4144:(1): 35–43. 4141: 4137: 4131: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3987: 3977: 3965:. Retrieved 3956: 3946: 3931:, retrieved 3927:the original 3922: 3919: 3913: 3898:, retrieved 3889: 3886: 3880: 3866:(2): 25–36. 3863: 3859: 3853: 3834: 3828: 3816:. Retrieved 3812:the original 3807: 3797: 3785:, retrieved 3776: 3751:. Retrieved 3736: 3724:. Retrieved 3713: 3703: 3689: 3679: 3664: 3656: 3637: 3634:Patten, Fred 3628: 3616:. Retrieved 3608:The Guardian 3607: 3597: 3589:the original 3584: 3581: 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3552: 3542: 3530:. Retrieved 3512: 3502: 3477: 3469: 3446: 3440: 3429:, retrieved 3425:the original 3419: 3413: 3393: 3376: 3371: 3352: 3332:, retrieved 3323: 3320: 3310: 3298:. Retrieved 3289: 3274:. Retrieved 3265: 3232:cite journal 3220:. Retrieved 3199: 3182: 3155: 3149: 3137:. Retrieved 3117: 3110: 3091: 3085: 3060: 3037:. Retrieved 3004: 3000: 2990: 2982: 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2952: 2943: 2936:Miscellanies 2935: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2902:. Retrieved 2882: 2875: 2855: 2848: 2837: 2818: 2807: 2795: 2783:. 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