Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury

1463: 2787:, of involvement in the Popish Plot, leading the House of Commons to pass a resolution calling for the queen and her retinue to be removed from court; when the House of Lords rejected this resolution, Shaftesbury entered a formal protest. Shaftesbury was now gaining a great reputation amongst the common people as a Protestant hero. On 9 November 1678, Charles promised that he would sign any bill that would make them safe during the reign of his successor, so long as they did not impeach the right of his successor; this speech was widely misreported as Charles' having agreed to name the Duke of Monmouth as his successor, leading to celebratory bonfires throughout London, with crowds drinking the health of "the King, the Duke of Monmouth, and Earl of Shaftesbury, as the only three pillars of all safety". The citizens of London, fearing a Catholic plot on Shaftesbury's life, paid for a special guard to protect him. 1065: 6435: 2135: 1768: 1752: 1227:, commander of the forces in Scotland, as the best hope to restore the Rump, and Cooper and Haselrig met with Monck's commissioners, urging them to restore the Rump. Cooper was involved in several plots to launch pro-Rump uprisings. This proved unnecessary as, on 23 December 1659, troops resolved to stand by the Rump and the Council of State and disobey the Committee of Safety. The Rump Parliament reassembled on 26 December 1659, and on 2 January 1660, Cooper was elected to the Council of State. On 7 January 1659, a special committee reported back on the disputed 1640 Downton election and Cooper was finally allowed to take his seat as member for Downton. 3032:

viable alternative to exclusion was calling on the king to remarry. On 23 December 1680, Shaftesbury gave another fiery pro-Exclusion speech in the Lords, in the course of which he attacked the Duke of York, expressed mistrust of Charles II, and urged the parliament to not approve any taxes until "the King shall satisfie the People, that what we give is not to make us Slaves and Papists". With parliament pursuing the Irish investigation vigorously, and threatening to impeach some of Charles II's judges, Charles prorogued parliament on 10 January 1681, and then dissolved it on 18 January, calling for fresh elections for a new parliament, to meet at

2941: 57: 4880: 1338: 3059:, Charles insisted he would listen to any reasonable expedient short of changing the line of succession that would assuage the nation's concerns about a Catholic successor. On 24 March 1681, Shaftesbury announced in the House of Lords that he had received an anonymous letter suggesting that the king's condition could be met if he were to declare the Duke of Monmouth legitimate. Charles was furious. On 26 March 1681, an Exclusion Bill was introduced in the Oxford Parliament and Charles dissolved parliament. The only issue the Oxford Parliament had resolved had been the case of 1714: 2633:. This motion, which was supported by the Duke of York and the Catholic peers, was defeated by a vote of 50–48, prompting Shaftesbury and 21 other peers to enter a protest on the grounds that "according to the ancient Lawes and Statutes of this Realm ... there should be frequent and new Parliaments" and that the House of Commons was being unnecessarily obstructionist. Parliament was prorogued on 22 November 1675, with the prorogation saying that parliament would not sit again until 15 February 1677. Shortly thereafter, there appeared a pamphlet entitled 1733: 2517: 2719:. The court, however, determined that it lacked jurisdiction because Parliament, a superior court, was currently in session. Charles ordered Buckingham, Salisbury, and Wharton released from the Tower shortly thereafter, but Shaftesbury continued to refuse to apologise. Shaftesbury had grown increasingly suspicious of Charles II. Charles had begun raising an army, ostensibly for war with France, but Shaftesbury worried that Charles was really preparing to abolish parliament and rule the country with a 2873: 2166:. Under the terms of the Secret Treaty of Dover, Charles would receive an annual subsidy from France (to enable him to govern without calling a parliament) in exchange for a promise that he would convert to Catholicism and re-Catholicize England at an unspecified future date. Of the members of the Cabal, only Arlington and Clifford were aware of the Catholic Clauses contained in the Secret Treaty of Dover. For the benefit of Ashley, Buckingham, and Lauderdale, Charles II arranged a mock treaty ( 1695: 870: 2808:. In preparation for this parliament, Shaftesbury drew up a list of members of the House of Commons in which he estimated that 32% of the members were friends of the court, 61% favoured the opposition, and 7% could go either way. He also drafted a pamphlet that was never published, entitled "The Present State of the Kingdom": in this pamphlet, Shaftesbury expressed concern about the power of France, the Popish Plot, and the bad influence exerted on the king by Danby, the 3182: 6566: 1813: 660: 4265: 6552: 2422:). On 24 January, the Earl of Salisbury introduced a bill requiring that any children of the Duke of York should be raised as Protestants. His proposed legislation further provided that neither the king nor any prince of the blood could marry a Catholic without parliamentary consent, on pain of being excluded from the royal succession. Shaftesbury spoke forcefully in favour of Salisbury's proposal; he was opposed by the bishops and 4280: 1231: 2276: 779: 526: 1162: 2450: 2486:

Test Oath by which all holding office or seats in either House of Parliament were to declare resistance to the royal power a crime, and promise to abstain from all attempts to alter the government of either church or state. Shaftesbury led the parliamentary opposition to Danby's Test Bill, arguing that, under certain circumstances, it was lawful to resist the king's ministers, and that, as in the case of the

2359: 2739: 2981:

king might be intending to not meet this new parliament, so he launched a massive petitioning campaign to pressure the king to meet parliament. He wrote to the Duke of Monmouth, telling him that he should return from exile, and on 27 November 1679 Monmouth rode back into London amidst scenes of widespread celebration. On 7 December 1679, a petition signed by Shaftesbury and fifteen other

1667:) never formed a coherent ministerial team. In the period immediately after the fall of Clarendon, the government was dominated by Arlington and Buckingham, and Ashley was out of royal favour and not admitted to the most powerful group of royal advisors, the Privy Council's committee on foreign affairs. Nevertheless, Ashley joined Arlington and Buckingham, as well as 2767:

discredited and the Popish Plot was the major topic of concern. Shaftesbury was a member of all the important committees of the House of Lords designed to combat the Popish Plot. On 2 November 1678, he introduced a motion demanding that the Duke of York be removed from the king's presence, although this motion was never voted on. He supported the

2127:. In March 1670, Lord Roos asked Parliament to allow him to remarry. The debate on the Roos divorce bill became politically charged because it impacted on whether Parliament could legally allow Charles to remarry. During the debate, Ashley spoke out strongly in favour of the Roos divorce bill, arguing that marriage was a civil contract, not a 3088:

handpicked by the Whig Sheriff of London, meant the government had little chance of securing a conviction and on 13 February 1682, the case against Shaftesbury was dropped. The announcement prompted great celebrations in London, with crowds yelling "No Popish Successor, No York, A Monmouth" and "God bless the Earl of Shaftesbury".

2618:

experiences, in which he believed that Cromwell's reliance upon the army to assert his authority had been tyrannical. Moreover, the use of the army during that period had engendered a "mechanic tyranny" that enabled popular elements (within the army) to pull England towards democratic power: something to be feared and avoided.

2579:. Religion was the overwhelming concern of the Letter, especially the attack upon Protestant freedoms occurring in England. By allying with the monarchy the old Cavaliers would achieve 'the aims of the high church through the Act of Uniformity (1662)', threatening dissenters with the Declaration of Indulgence. 814:, soon to rise to prominence as a leader of the opposition to the King and a personal rival of Sir Anthony, blocked Cooper's admission to the Parliament. It was probably feared that Sir Anthony, as a result of his recent marriage to the daughter of the king's Lord Keeper, would be too sympathetic to the king. 2594:, a jurisdictional dispute about whether the House of Lords could hear appeals from lower courts when the case involved members of the House of Commons, Shaftesbury gave a celebrated speech on 20 October 1675. He argued that Danby and the bishops were attempting to neuter the power of the House of Lords. 2749:

to murder the king and massacre English Protestants, set off a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria. Shaftesbury would play a prominent part in prosecuting the individuals whom Oates (falsely) accused of manufacturing this plot. The wave of anti-Catholic sentiment set off by Oates would be at the centre of

1249:

Upon General Monck's march into London, Monck was displeased that the Rump Parliament was not prepared to confirm him as commander-in-chief of the army. At Cooper's urging, Monck's troops marched into London, and Monck sent parliament a letter insisting that the vacant seats in the Rump Parliament be

1116:

but chose to sit for Wiltshire. Although Cooper was generally supportive of Cromwell during the First Protectorate Parliament (he voted in favour of making Cromwell king in December 1654), he grew worried that Cromwell was growing inclined to rule through the Army rather than through Parliament. This

2985:

peers calling on Charles to meet parliament, followed up with a 20,000-name petition on 13 January 1680. However, instead of meeting parliament, Charles further prorogued parliament and recalled his brother from Scotland. Shaftesbury now urged his friends on the Privy Council to resign, and four did

2980:

Elections for a new parliament, which ultimately came to be known as the Exclusion Bill Parliament, were held in summer 1679, but they went badly for the court, so, with parliament scheduled to meet in October 1679, Charles prorogued the parliament until 26 January 1680. Shaftesbury worried that the

2336:

parliament before it could vote on a motion condemning his marriage to Mary of Modena, but Shaftesbury used procedural techniques in the House of Lords to ensure that parliament continued sitting long enough to allow the House of Commons to pass a motion condemning the match. Shaftesbury, Arlington,

2180:

In September 1671, Ashley and Clifford oversaw a massive reform of England's customs system, whereby customs farmers were replaced with royal commissioners responsible for collecting customs. This change was ultimately to the benefit of the crown, but it caused a short-term loss of revenues that led

947:

gave Cooper permission to leave London, and he soon joined parliamentary forces in Dorset. After he participated in a campaign in August, parliament appointed him to the committee governing the army in Dorset. Cooper participated in fighting throughout 1644. However, in 1645, with the passing of the

3031:

again came before the House of Lords, Shaftesbury gave an impassioned pro-Exclusion speech on 15 November. The Lords, however, rejected the Exclusion Bill by a vote of 63–30. The Lords now explored alternative ways of limiting the powers of a Catholic successor, but Shaftesbury argued that the only

2493:

In spite of Shaftesbury's eloquence, his view remained the minority view in the parliament, forcing the king to prorogue parliament on 9 June 1675 to avoid the passage of the bill. The Duke of York, grateful for Shaftesbury's assistance in the debate against Danby's bill, now attempted to reconcile

1195:

When Richard Cromwell dissolved parliament on 22 April 1659 and recalled the Rump Parliament (dissolved by Oliver Cromwell in 1653), Cooper attempted to revive his claim to sit as member for Downton. He was also re-appointed to the Council of State at this time. Throughout this period, many accused

497:. In 1673, it became widely known that Charles' heir James had secretly converted to Catholicism. Like many English Protestants of the period, Shaftesbury saw Catholicism as closely linked to "arbitrary government", and thus the prospect of a Catholic monarch as a threat to the rule of Parliament. 2856:

on 21 April 1679, with a salary of £4,000 a year. Soon, however, Shaftesbury made it clear that he could not be bought off. During meetings of the now-reconstituted Privy Council, Shaftesbury repeatedly argued that the Duke of York must be excluded from the line of succession. He also continued to

2734:

With war with France looming, in March 1678, Shaftesbury, Buckingham, Holles, and Halifax spoke out in favour of immediately declaring war on France. Charles delayed declaring war, however, leading Shaftesbury to support a resolution of the House of Commons providing for immediately disbanding the

2485:

The Duke of York was opposed to Danby's strict enforcement of the penal laws against Catholics, and by April 1675, he had reached out to Shaftesbury to make a truce between them whereby they would be united in opposition to Danby's brand of Anglican royalism. In late April 1675, Danby introduced a

2927:

in late 1678, to return to England. Charles soon recovered and then ordered both York and Monmouth into exile. When Charles agreed to allow his brother to move from Flanders to Scotland in October 1679, Shaftesbury summoned an extraordinary meeting of the Privy Council to discuss the Duke's move,

2582:

Danby's Test Oath proposal was merely the latest, most nefarious attempt to introduce divine right monarchy and episcopacy on the country. The Letter went on to describe the debates of the House of Lords during the last session, setting forth the arguments that Shaftesbury and other lords used in

3111:

candidates prevailed. Shaftesbury was worried that these Sheriffs would be able to fill juries with Tory supporters and he was desperately afraid of another prosecution for high treason. Shaftesbury, therefore began discussions with Monmouth, Russell, and Grey to launch coordinated rebellions in

2911:

For the time being Shaftesbury retained his position on the Privy Council, and he and the Duke of Monmouth formed an alliance on the Council that was designed to be obstructionist. There were some disagreements between Shaftesbury and Monmouth: for example, Shaftesbury was critical of Monmouth's

1442:

in urging Charles to dispense peaceable Protestant Nonconformists and loyal Catholics from the Act of Uniformity. This led to Charles issuing his first Declaration of Indulgence on 26 December 1662. The Cavalier Parliament forced Charles to withdraw this declaration in February 1663. Ashley then

2843:

against Danby, and voted in favour of the bill in the House of Lords on 14 April 1679. Shaftesbury attempted to neutralise the influence of the episcopal bench in favour of Danby by introducing a bill moving that the bishops should not be able to sit in the House of Lords during capital trials.

1309:

should be exempt from the general pardon. This view prevailed. After the Indemnity and Oblivion Act became law on 29 August 1660, Cooper sat on the special commission that tried the regicides, and in this capacity took part in sentencing to death several colleagues with whom he had collaborated

2766:

to assassinate the king, overthrow the government, and massacre English Protestants. It was later revealed that Oates had simply made up most of the details of the plot, and that there was no elaborate Popish Plot. However, when Parliament re-convened on 21 October 1678, Oates had not yet been

2690:

required that parliament sit every year, and that by proroguing the Cavalier Parliament until 15 February 1677 (meaning no session would be held in 1676 at all), the king had inadvertently dissolved parliament and that the Cavalier Parliament was now legally dissolved. Although Buckingham, not

2369:

Following Shaftesbury's fall from royal favour, Arlington attempted to effect a reconciliation, in November 1673 convincing the French ambassador to offer Shaftesbury a bribe in exchange for supporting the French party at court. Shaftesbury refused this offer, saying he could never support "an

4172:

Robert Sandford, "A Relation of a Voyage on the Coast of the Province of Carolina, 1666," in Salley, AS, ed , 1967, "Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708, Vol. 4 of "Original Narratives of Early American History," Edited by J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Barnes and Noble) p. 108, found in

3087:

The government's case against Shaftesbury was particularly weak – most of the witnesses brought forth against Shaftesbury were witnesses whom the government admitted had already perjured themselves, and the documentary evidence was inconclusive. This, combined with the fact that the jury was

2695:

argued that parliament had the authority to restrict the royal prerogative and could even "bind, limit, restrain and govern the Descent and Inheritance of the Crown it self." The Duke of York was furious at the inclusion of this argument; Buckingham told York that Shaftesbury had drafted the

2617:

is of no force, our Laws are but Rules amongst our selves during the Kings pleasure" and "All the Properties and Liberties of the People, are to give away, not onley to the interest, but the will and pleasure of the Crown". Shaftesbury's concerns were rooted in his Civil War and Commonwealth

2314:

Following the failure of the Declaration of Indulgence and the passage of the Test Act, it was obvious to all that the Cabal Ministry's days were numbered. Shaftesbury moved closer to the parliamentary opposition during this period, and became a supporter of ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War.

2271:

could issue writs to fill the vacant seats. The House of Commons agreed with Strangways and declared the elections void and the seats vacant. Furthermore, the Commons attacked the Declaration of Indulgence and demanded its withdrawal. Charles ultimately withdrew the address and cancelled the

2409:

warning that the 16,000 Catholics living in London were on the verge of rebellion, which caused the Lords to pass an address expelling all Catholics from within 10 miles of London. On 12 January, he introduced a measure that would require every peer, including the Duke of York, to take the

1574: 640:

The Court of Wards ordered the sale of the best of Sir John's lands to pay his debts, with several sales commissioners picking up choice properties at £20,000 less than their market value, a circumstance which led Cooper to hate the Court of Wards as a corrupt institution.

2475:. Danby proceeded to freeze out peers who had collaborated during the Cromwellian regime and promoted former royalists. Danby was a champion of the Church of England who favoured strict interpretation of the penal laws against both Catholics and Protestant Nonconformists. 1546:

proposed that the use of funds voted to the crown should be restricted to the sole purpose of carrying on the war. Ashley opposed this proposal on the grounds that crown ministers should have flexibility in deciding how to use money received from parliamentary taxation.

2703:, introduced a motion declaring that, because of the 15-month prorogation, on the basis of the statutes from the reign of Edward III, no parliament was legally in existence. Parliament not only rejected this argument, but also resolved that the four peers had committed 2583:

opposition to Danby and the bishops. This letter was published anonymously in November 1675, and quickly became a best-seller, in no small part because it was one of the first books ever to inform the public about the debates that occurred within the House of Lords.

2899:

on 21 May 1679. To stop the Exclusion Bill and the Bill of Attainder directed at Danby, Charles II prorogued the parliament on 27 May 1679 and dissolved it on 3 July 1679, both of which moves infuriated Shaftesbury. As its name implies, the only achievement of the

2345:

all urged Charles II to divorce Catherine of Braganza and remarry a Protestant princess. York began denouncing Shaftesbury to Charles II, and Charles II decided to remove Shaftesbury from his post as Lord Chancellor. On 9 November 1673, Henry Coventry travelled to

2203:

According to the terms of the Treaty of Dover, England declared war on the Dutch Republic on 7 April 1672, thus launching the Third Anglo-Dutch War. To accompany the commencement of the war, Charles issued a new round of honours, as part of which Ashley was named

1117:

led Cooper to break with Cromwell: in early January 1655, he stopped attending Council and introduced a resolution in parliament making it illegal to collect or pay revenue not authorised by parliament. Cromwell dissolved this parliament on 22 January 1655.

805:

In October 1640, with opinion in the country swinging against the king's supporters (including Coventry), Cooper was not asked to stand for election for Tewkesbury in the Long Parliament. He contested, and by some accounts, won a by-election to the seat of

2691:

Shaftesbury, was behind Jenks' speech, many suspected Shaftesbury's involvement; after Jenks' speech, Shaftesbury decided to take full advantage of the argument, arranging with his allies for a number of pamphlets arguing the case. One of these pamphlets,

2790:

In December 1678, discussion turned to impeaching the Earl of Danby, and, to protect his minister, Charles II prorogued parliament on 30 December 1678. On 24 January 1679, Charles II finally dissolved the Cavalier Parliament, which had sat for 18 years.

1146:, although when the parliament met on 17 September 1656, Cooper was one of 100 members whom the Council of State excluded from the parliament. Cooper was one of 65 excluded members to sign a petition protesting their exclusion that was delivered by 1124:, hearing of Cooper's break with Cromwell, wrote to Cooper saying that he would pardon Cooper for fighting against the Crown if he would now help to bring about a restoration of the monarchy. Cooper did not respond, nor did he participate in the 935:

rebels) and that he believed Charles had no intention of "promoting or preserving ... the Protestant religion and the liberties of the kingdom" and that he, therefore, believed the parliamentary cause was just, and he offered to take the

2251:

on 4 February 1673, calling on parliament to vote funds sufficient to carry out the war, arguing that the Dutch were the enemy of the monarchy and England's only major trade rival, and therefore had to be destroyed (at one point he exclaimed

1057:, where he was a member of the Committee for the Business of the Law, which was intended to continue the reform work of the Hale Commission. Cooper aligned himself with the moderates in Barebone's Parliament, voting against the abolition of 3075:

The end of the Oxford Parliament marked the beginning of the so-called Tory Reaction. On 2 July 1681, Shaftesbury was arrested on suspicion of high treason and committed to the Tower of London. He immediately petitioned the Old Bailey on a

2267:, led an attack on writs of election that Lord Chancellor Shaftesbury had issued to fill 36 vacant seats in the House of Commons; Strangways argued that Shaftesbury was attempting to pack the Commons with his supporters and that only the 2318:

The Duke of York failed to take the Anglican sacrament at Easter 1673, further heightening Shaftesbury's concern that he was secretly a Catholic. Shaftesbury was initially mollified by the fact that both of the Duke of York's daughters,

4811: 2482:, which had been elected in early 1661, and call fresh elections. He argued that frequent parliamentary elections were in the best interest of both the crown and the people of England. This letter circulated widely in manuscript form. 3024:. Before the grand jury could act, they were dismissed for interfering in matters of state. The next week, Shaftesbury again tried to indict the Duke of York, but again the grand jury was dismissed before it could take any action. 1604:

When Southampton died in May 1667, Ashley, as under-treasurer, was expected to succeed Southampton as Lord High Treasurer. King Charles, however, decided to replace Southampton with a nine-man Commission of the Treasury, headed by

2311:, with John Locke serving as the legal witness for each man's conformity with the Test Act. In March 1673, Shaftesbury supported a bill for easing the plight of the Protestant dissenters in England, but nothing came of this bill. 1793:, and after the operation, the physician left the tube in the body, and installed a copper tap to allow for possible future drainage. In later years, this would be the occasion for his Tory enemies to dub him "Tapski", with the 2818:

The new parliament met on 6 March 1679, and on 25 March, Shaftesbury delivered a dramatic address in the House of Lords in which he warned of the threat of popery and arbitrary government; denounced the royal administration in

2370:

interest that was so apparently destructive to religion and trade". Instead, he allied himself with the Spanish party at court, and urged peace with the Netherlands. He also continued to urge the king to divorce and remarry.

1789:. His secretary, John Locke, recommended an operation that almost certainly saved Ashley's life and Ashley was grateful to Locke for the rest of his life. As part of the operation, a tube was inserted to drain fluid from the 1443:

supported Lord Robartes' Dispensing Bill, which would have dispensed Protestant Nonconformists, but not Catholics, from the Act of Uniformity. During the debate on the Dispensing Bill in the House of Lords, Ashley criticised

2494:

Shaftesbury with the king, and Shaftesbury was admitted to kiss the king's hand on 13 June 1675. This, however, angered Danby, who intervened with the king, and on 24 June, the king again ordered Shaftesbury to leave court.

1514:

Throughout late 1664 and 1665, Ashley was increasingly in the royal favour. For example, in August 1665, the king paid a surprise visit to Ashley at Wimborne St Giles, and, during a later visit, introduced Ashley to his

4241: 931:, on 6 March 1644, he explained that he believed that Charles I was now being influenced by Roman Catholic influences (Catholics were increasingly prominent at Charles' court, and he had recently signed a truce with 1344:(1630–1685) in his coronation robes, 1661. Cooper was one of twelve members of Parliament who travelled to the Dutch Republic to invite Charles to return to England, and in 1661, Charles created Cooper Lord Ashley. 1250:

filled by by-elections. When the Rump insisted on placing restrictions on who could stand in these by-elections, Cooper urged Monck to insist instead on the return of the members of the Long Parliamen] excluded by

637:, purchased Cooper's wardship from the king, but they remained unable to sell Cooper's land without permission of the Court of Wards because, on his death, Sir John Cooper had left some £35,000 in gambling debts. 903:; Hyde arranged a compromise whereby Cooper would be appointed as governor but resign as soon as it was possible to do so without losing face. Cooper was promised that upon resigning as governor, he would be made 4173:

Lockhart, Matthew A. "Quitting More Than Port Royal: A Political Interpretation of the Siting and Development of Charles Town, South Carolina, 1660-1680", Southeastern Geographer, Vol 43, N 2, Nov 2003, UNC Press

5118: 1005:

Cooper's first wife, Margaret, died on 10 July 1649; the couple had had no children. Less than a year later, on 15 April 1650, Cooper remarried, to seventeen-year-old Lady Frances Cecil (1633–1652), daughter of

1254:, and Monck obliged on 21 February 1660. Two days later, the restored Long Parliament again elected Cooper to the Council of State. On 16 March 1660, the Long Parliament finally voted for its own dissolution. 2622: 2145:

in May 1670; Ashley was not told about the Catholic clauses contained in the Secret Treaty of Dover, and, to fool Ashley, Buckingham, and Lauderdale, a second, public Treaty of Dover was signed in December

1257:

Beginning in spring 1660, Cooper drew closer to the royalist cause. As late as mid-April, he appears to have favoured only a conditional restoration. In April 1660 he was re-elected MP for Wiltshire in the

2102:

heir to the throne, which worried Ashley because he suspected that James was a Roman Catholic. Ashley and Buckingham urged Charles to declare his illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, legitimate, as did

2989:

On 24 March 1680, Shaftesbury told the Privy Council of information he had received that the Irish Catholics were about to launch a rebellion, backed by the French. Several privy councillors, especially

2331:

by proxy, thus raising the possibility that James might have a son who would succeed to the throne ahead of Mary and Anne and thus give rise to a succession of Catholic monarchs. York urged the king to

2170:) concluding an alliance with France. Although he was suspicious of France, Ashley was also wary of Dutch commercial competition, and he, therefore, signed the mock Treaty of Dover on 21 December 1670. 1612:

The failures of the English during the Second Anglo-Dutch War led Charles II to lose faith in the Earl of Clarendon, who was dismissed as Lord Chancellor on 31 August 1667. The court then moved to

3104:

to determine what to do if the king died. They determined they would launch a rebellion demanding a parliament to settle the succession. The king recovered, however, and this was not necessary.

1176:

in early 1659 as member for Wiltshire. During the debates in this parliament, Cooper sided with the republicans who opposed the Humble Petition and Advice and insisted that the bill recognising

6681: 4818: 1679:. Nothing came of these bills, however. In January 1668, the Privy Council's committees were reorganised, but Ashley retained a prominent position on the committee for trade and plantations. 6731: 4284: 2605:; thus, this attempt to restrict the power of the nobility was part of a plot to rule the country through a standing army. He argued that the bishops believed that the king was king by 633:

whom his father had appointed to administer his estate, his brother-in-law (Anthony Ashley Cooper's uncle by marriage) Edward Tooker and his colleague from the House of Commons, Sir

4242:

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/first-earl-of-shaftesburys-resolute-conscience-and-aristocratic-constitutionalism/EDDBC2502B9EC274D7B697E7B44BF6C6

2869:

argued that the powers of a Catholic successor could be limited, but Shaftesbury argued that that would change "the whole government, and set up a democracy instead of a monarchy".

2727:. It was not until 25 February 1678 that Shaftesbury finally apologised to the king and to parliament for his support of the motion in the House of Lords and for bringing a writ of 3142:

Shaftesbury's health had deteriorated markedly during this voyage. In Amsterdam, he fell ill, and by the end of December, he found it difficult to keep down any food. He drew up a

2994:, thought that Shaftesbury was making the entire story up to inflame public opinion, but an investigation was launched. This investigation ultimately resulted in the execution of 1751: 1589:

infection. There he was impressed with Locke, and persuaded him to become part of his retinue. Locke had been looking for a career, and in spring 1667 moved into Ashley's home at

3115:

Following the installation of the new Tory sheriffs on 28 September 1682, Shaftesbury grew desperate. He continued to urge an immediate uprising and also opened discussions with

826:

began in 1642, Cooper initially supported the King (somewhat echoing Holles' concerns). After a period of vacillating, he in summer 1643 at his own expense raised a regiment of

17: 3112:

different parts of the country. Shaftesbury was much more eager for a rebellion than the other three, and the uprising was postponed several times, to Shaftesbury's chagrin.

2641:

for the Nonconformists, and deliver Catholics from the penal laws in an exchange for Catholics being deprived of access to court, holding office, and the right to bear arms.

1223:

and six other members of the Council of State continued to meet in secret, referring to themselves as the rightful Council of State. This secret Council of State came to see

6771: 3036:

on 21 March 1681. On 25 January 1681, Shaftesbury, Essex, and Salisbury presented the king with a petition signed by sixteen peers asking that parliament should be held at

1462: 598:

Cooper's mother died in 1628. In the following year his father remarried, this time to the widowed Mary Moryson, one of the daughters of wealthy London textile merchant

2185:. Ashley was widely blamed for the Great Stop of the Exchequer, although Clifford was the chief advocate of stopping the exchequer and Ashley in fact opposed the move. 1188:

and eliminate the protector's ability to veto legislation. Cooper again spoke out against the Other House (consisting of new lords), and in favour of restoring the old

5719: 5125: 4526: 5909: 2923:

On 21 August 1679, the king fell ill, leading Essex and Halifax (who feared Monmouth was about to launch a coup) to ask the Duke of York, whom Charles had sent to

2437:

Shaftesbury's actions in the 1674 session further angered Charles II; on 19 May 1674, Shaftesbury was expelled from the Privy Council, and subsequently sacked as

6466: 2852:

Charles II thought that Shaftesbury was mainly angry because he had been out of royal favour for long, and hoped that he could rein Shaftesbury in by naming him

2509:

in the county. This led to Shaftesbury making an enemy of both Digby and Bristol, who accused him of supporting sedition and faction and wanting a return of the

1767: 2350:

to inform Shaftesbury that he was relieved of his post as Lord Chancellor, but also issuing him a royal pardon for all crimes committed before 5 November 1673.

2107:. When it became clear that the king would not do so, they urged him to divorce Catherine and remarry. This was the background to the famous Roos divorce case: 1297:, Cooper urged leniency for those who had sided with Parliament during the English Civil Wars or collaborated with the Cromwellian regime. He argued that only 2815:(a Catholic), and the Duke of York, who according to Shaftesbury was now attempting "to introduce a military and arbitrary government in his brother's time". 6014: 4804: 4470: 2707:

and should apologise. When the four refused, they were committed to the Tower of London. Shaftesbury petitioned for his release, and in June 1677, brought a

1262:. On 25 April he voted in favour of an unconditional restoration. On 8 May, the Convention Parliament appointed Cooper as one of twelve members to travel to 564:, and in 1622, two years after the death of his first wife, Sir Anthony Ashley married the 19-year-old Philippa Sheldon (51 years his junior), a relative of 3027:

The parliament finally met on 21 October 1680, and on 23 October, Shaftesbury called for a committee to be set up to investigate the Popish Plot. When the

2895:, introduced an Exclusion Bill in the House of Commons, which would have excluded the Duke of York from the succession. This bill passed first and second 2381:. He coordinated his efforts with a group of other peers who were displeased with the possibility of a Catholic succession; this group met at the home of 2064:, although this proposal foundered when the Scottish insisted on equal representation with the English in parliament. Ashley probably did not support the 718:

with vehemently anti-Arminian tendencies. While there he fomented a minor riot and left without taking a degree. In February 1638, Cooper was admitted to

6726: 5079: 2268: 1002:

for 1647. Furthermore, in February 1650, he not only took the oath of loyalty to the new regime but was a member of a commission that tendered the oath.

911:

for Dorset, both of which were offices more prestigious than the governorship. Cooper spent the remainder of 1643 as governor of Weymouth and Portland.

6761: 6512: 5470: 4332: 2637:, that argued that the king should call a new parliament because a new parliament would vote the king money, preserve the Church of England, introduce 1132: 1108:. Cooper's slate of candidates prevailed, although Ludlow alleged his party was in the majority. At the same election, Cooper was also elected MP for 6144: 6104: 3080:, but the Old Bailey said it did not have jurisdiction over prisoners in the Tower of London, so Shaftesbury had to wait for the next session of the 1286:

and was formally pardoned for his support of the English Commonwealth on 27 June 1660. During this period, he helped reorganise the Privy Council's

533:

in England. Anthony Ashley Cooper was born in Dorset in 1621, and he would maintain important links with the county throughout his political career.

6671: 6626: 5989: 5774: 4634: 1700: 1652: 1302: 3285:

and arbitrary power... but lay popery flat, and there's an end of arbitrary government and power. It is a mere chimera, or notion, without popery.

3052:, with the grand jury this time finding the bill true, although York's counsel was able to pursue procedural delays until the prosecution lapsed. 6079: 2196:

and support their Dutch co-religionists against England. In an attempt to conciliate the Nonconformists, on 15 March 1672, Charles II issued his

956:) to preserve his claim to be the rightful member for Downton. He nevertheless continued to be active in the Dorset committee as a civil member. 1403:. Ashley was opposed to a policy that moved England into the French orbit. During this debate, Ashley opposed the policy engineered by Charles' 858:, at which he negotiated a deal whereby the town agreed to surrender in exchange for being spared plunder and punishment. However, troops under 5712: 4788: 4739: 3166: 2645: 1430:

to allow for late subscription, giving moderate dissenters an additional opportunity to conform. In the latter half of 1662, Ashley joined Sir

1279: 1011: 315: 3923:'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500–1714: Colericke-Coverley', Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714: Abannan-Kyte (1891), pp. 304–337. Date accessed: 14 June 2011 2812: 1237:(1608–1670). In the complicated politics of 1659, Cooper was in contact with Monck, encouraging him to march on London and then to recall the 1061:. He was one of the members who voted to dissolve Barebone's Parliament on 12 December 1653 rather than acquiesce to the abolition of tithes. 6505: 6119: 5979: 5954: 500:

His sponsorship of the Exclusion Bill in 1679 led to two years of political struggle, but ultimately ended in defeat. During the subsequent

6069: 4904: 1713: 1651:, in which he formed the second "A". Although the term "Cabal Ministry" is used by historians, in reality, the five members of the Cabal ( 1473:

from 1658 to 1667. Ashley clashed with Clarendon throughout the 1660s, but Ashley refused to support the impeachment of Clarendon in 1667.

6459: 6329: 6139: 6129: 6034: 6004: 5934: 5924: 4269: 1275: 1860: 1694: 895:, but Prince Maurice intervened to block the appointment, on grounds of Cooper's youth and alleged inexperience. Cooper appealed to the 6716: 6214: 5999: 3084:. Shaftesbury moved for a writ of habeas corpus on 24 October 1681, and his case finally came before a grand jury on 24 November 1681. 1064: 6766: 6751: 6721: 6621: 5705: 5111: 5103: 3957: 3193: 2365:(1599–1680), whose London home was used by opposition peers to plan a strategy to counter the growth of Catholic influence in England 606:

of his fortune. Through his stepmother, Cooper thus gained an important political connection in the form of her grandson, the future

4163:

McCrady, Edward, The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government, 1670-1719, Volume 1. Heritage Books, 1897, page 126

2200:, suspending the penal laws that punished non-attendance at Church of England services. Ashley strongly supported this Declaration. 952:, Cooper chose to resign his commissions in the parliamentary army (which was, at any rate, being supplanted by the creation of the 6776: 5869: 5799: 5073: 5040: 4910: 2735:

army that Charles was raising. Charles prorogued parliament on 25 June, but the army was not disbanded, which worried Shaftesbury.

1732: 1594: 1554:, which sought to prevent the importation of Irish cattle into England. During the course of this debate, Ashley attacked Charles' 1490: 1037:

for his time as a Royalist, opening the way for his return to public office. Following the dissolution of the Rump in April 1653,

6746: 6656: 6249: 6054: 3902: 2656:

from opposition MPs and other discontented elements. Danby argued that Charles should order Shaftesbury arrested and sent to the

2398: 1919: 1738: 1660: 1617: 1551: 1109: 795: 565: 4796: 1570:. The debate over the Irish Cattle Bill marks the first time that Ashley began to break with the court over an issue of policy. 6666: 6606: 6569: 6452: 6179: 6159: 5974: 5959: 5854: 5849: 5442: 4617: 4461: 2866: 2649: 2590:

on the floor of the House of Lords during the parliamentary session of October–November 1675. During the debate on the case of

2402: 1093: 1073: 1050: 207: 6691: 6636: 6049: 5944: 5929: 5894: 5889: 5864: 5839: 5829: 5819: 5789: 5764: 5744: 5674: 5482: 5235: 5186: 5164: 4653: 4397: 4359: 3243: 2824: 2423: 2134: 2084: 1900: 1773: 1664: 1598: 1501: 1494: 1154:

that stipulated that the excluded members could return to parliament. Upon his return to the house, Cooper spoke out against

1136: 888: 652:). Norton had joined in Sir John Cooper's denunciation of Arminianism in the 1628–29 parliament, and Norton chose a man with 444: 6676: 1334:

imposed by the Long Parliament to compensate the crown for the loss of revenues associated with the abolition of the court.

6756: 6646: 6379: 6324: 5844: 5824: 5814: 5784: 5754: 5034: 4898: 4868: 2390: 2386: 2104: 2043: 1088:

gave England a new constitution 4 days later, Cooper was again named to the Council of State. During the elections for the

807: 2431: 2333: 1812: 1150:. Cooper eventually took his seat in the parliament on 20 January 1658, after Cromwell accepted an amended version of the 6651: 6641: 6491: 6434: 6169: 6074: 5964: 5939: 5859: 5509: 5223: 5196: 5191: 5007: 4916: 4697: 2411: 1937: 1719: 1656: 1628:). Ashley, however, refused to join in the fight against Clarendon, opposing a motion to have Clarendon committed to the 1625: 1606: 1481:(Lord Clarendon was one of the others) given title to a huge tract of land in North America, which eventually became the 1431: 1274:

Cooper returned to England with Charles in late May. On the recommendation of General Monck and of Cooper's wife's uncle

1234: 1224: 783: 758: 734: 1196:

Cooper of harbouring royalist sympathies, but Cooper denied this. In August 1659, Cooper was arrested for complicity in

6701: 6696: 6498: 6109: 6024: 6019: 5874: 5464: 5202: 5181: 4949: 4922: 4412: 4322: 4305: 4196: 3097: 3081: 2716: 2497:

In 1675, following the death of Sir Giles Strangways, MP for Dorset, Shaftesbury initially endorsed Lord Digby, son of

2427: 2394: 2295:, which became law on 20 March 1673. The Test Act required all holders of civil and military office in England to take 2232: 1928: 1802: 1466: 1444: 1408: 1113: 900: 576: 486: 6686: 6299: 6244: 6204: 6114: 5919: 5884: 5779: 5769: 5759: 5749: 5488: 4638: 4432: 4043: 4005: 3220:

which merge in Charleston, South Carolina are named in his honour. The Ashley was given its current name by explorer

2932:

at the time. Angered by this insubordination, Charles removed Shaftesbury from the Privy Council on 14 October 1679.

2858: 2836: 2832: 2700: 2498: 2472: 2453: 2338: 2304: 2263:

Shaftesbury was not, however, well received by the House of Commons. One of Shaftesbury's old Dorset rivals, Colonel

2108: 1675:, in introducing government-backed bills in October 1667 and February 1668 to include moderate dissenters within the 1621: 1559: 1520: 1439: 1435: 1349: 2696:

controversial passage, but Shaftesbury claimed that the passage was inserted in the pamphlet without his knowledge.

1511:

in May 1664, Ashley proposed mitigating the harshness of the penalties initially suggested by the House of Commons.

407:(22 July 1621 – 21 January 1683), was an English statesman and peer. He held senior political office under both the 6616: 6611: 6284: 6239: 5904: 5879: 5561: 5547: 5091: 5085: 4862: 4484: 2982: 2965: 2862: 2478:

On 3 February 1675, Shaftesbury wrote a letter to Carlisle in which he argued that the king needed to dissolve the

2197: 1293:

Cooper thus became a spokesman for the government in the Convention Parliament. However, during the debates on the

607: 2131:. Parliament ultimately gave Lord Roos permission to remarry, but Charles II never attempted to divorce his wife. 6661: 6551: 6344: 6064: 5804: 5728: 5655: 5648: 5067: 5046: 4850: 4670: 4575: 4387: 2382: 2362: 1593:

in London, ostensibly as the household physician. Beginning in 1667, Shaftesbury and Locke worked closely on the

1543: 1197: 1147: 1007: 811: 546: 110: 2972:

engaged in anti-Catholic propaganda, such as mock processions, the climax of which involved burning the pope in

6533: 6094: 5834: 5602: 4224: 2672: 1908: 1298: 1143: 501: 436: 2920:

in June 1679, arguing that the rebellion should have been drawn out to force Charles II to recall parliament.

6631: 6134: 5794: 5595: 5574: 4706: 4547: 4422: 4367: 4340: 3217: 3213: 2892: 2876: 2853: 2693:

Some considerations upon the question, whether the parliament is dissolved, by its prorogation for 15 months?

2138: 1427: 1173: 1089: 787: 738: 508:, a prosecution dropped several months later. Fearing re-arrest and execution, in 1682 he went into exile in 74: 4236:

Andrew Mansfield, 'The First Earl of Shaftesbury's Resolute Conscience and Aristocratic Constitutionalism',

2299:

in the Church of England at least once a year and to make a declaration renouncing the Catholic doctrine of

5632: 5535: 5057: 4767: 4029: 3048:

In February 1681, Shaftesbury and his supporters brought another indictment against York, this time at the

3005:

On 26 June 1680, Shaftesbury led a group of fifteen peers and commoners who presented an indictment to the

2324: 1259: 707: 538: 6526: 6164: 6154: 5229: 5145: 4827: 4312: 2257: 2236: 2182: 1913: 1875: 1377: 1212: 944: 896: 626: 416: 404: 146: 47: 1609:

as First Lord of the Treasury. Ashley was named as one of the nine Treasury Commissioners at this time.

1181: 683:(1630–1685) when he perceived they were subverting the rule of law and introducing arbitrary government. 6741: 5541: 4758: 3221: 3147: 2575:

and divine right episcopacy, meaning that neither the king nor the bishops could be constrained by the

1555: 1527: 1327: 1294: 1151: 937: 932: 928: 553:, Dorset. He was named Anthony Ashley Cooper because of a promise the couple had made to Sir Anthony. 471: 451: 5133: 2771:, which required that all peers and members of the House of Commons should make a declaration against 6711: 6706: 6591: 4687: 4660: 4498: 2630: 2501:, for the seat but, upon learning that Digby was a strong supporter of the court, he decided to back 2438: 2419: 2189: 1585:, who would in time become his personal secretary. Ashley had gone to Oxford seeking treatment for a 1319: 1306: 1155: 999: 983: 873: 859: 225: 92: 3127:

With his plots having proved unsuccessful, Shaftesbury determined to flee the country. He landed at

974:

Little is known of Cooper's activities in the late 1640s. It is often assumed that he supported the

891:, the commander of the Royalist forces in the west, had recommended Cooper be appointed governor of 5567: 5367: 5252: 5241: 3056: 2901: 2805: 2699:

When parliament finally met on 15 February 1677, Buckingham, backed by Shaftesbury, Salisbury, and

2502: 2036: 1865: 1085: 1054: 1046: 463: 400: 186: 44: 5949: 5687: 4826: 2917: 2610: 2177:

on sugar imports, arguing that the duty would have an adverse effect on colonial sugar planters.

1550:

During the 1666–1667 parliamentary session Ashley supported the Irish Cattle Bill, introduced by

1166: 851: 408: 356: 56: 3096:

In May 1682, Charles II fell ill, and Shaftesbury convened a group including Monmouth, Russell,

2940: 1616:

Clarendon, and was supported in this by many of Ashley's former political allies (including the

1459:

in religion". The king looked favourably on Ashley's remarks and was displeased by Clarendon's.

5585: 5520: 5024: 4987: 2949: 2905: 2776: 2704: 2487: 2151: 2142: 1423: 1220: 979: 949: 904: 854:

on 13 July 1643, Cooper was one of three commissioners appointed to negotiate the surrender of

794:

In March 1640, while still a minor, Cooper was elected Member of Parliament for the borough of

703: 561: 328: 4033: 1017: 5642: 5621: 5555: 5454: 5398: 5176: 4933: 4856: 4440: 3922: 3077: 2896: 2784: 2687: 2606: 2572: 2327:, were committed Protestants. However, in autumn 1673, the Duke of York married the Catholic 2155: 2065: 1976: 1641: 1388: 1341: 1121: 1100:. On the day of the election, so many voters turned up that the poll had to be switched from 1027: 892: 881: 750: 696: 692: 680: 549:. He was born on 22 July 1621, at the home of his maternal grandfather Sir Anthony Ashley in 412: 4879: 4151: 1337: 1131:

On 30 August 1655, Cooper married his third wife, Margaret Spencer (1627–1693), daughter of

6601: 6596: 6479: 6414: 5994: 5914: 5661: 5608: 5390: 5309: 5293: 5262: 5213: 4888: 3233: 3101: 2999: 2638: 2510: 2253: 2120: 2076: 2012: 1638:

The Several Declarations of The Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa

1508: 1482: 1283: 987: 742: 645: 584: 36: 4290: 4264: 4257: 3969: 2652:

to tell Shaftesbury to leave town. Shaftesbury refused and continued to receive visits at

2192:

looming, many in the government feared that Protestant dissenters in England would form a

8: 6736: 5614: 5499: 4966: 4774: 4729: 3253: 3021: 2820: 2724: 2556: 2479: 2374: 2248: 2159: 2099: 2061: 2029: 1821: 1411:, thus beginning what would prove to be a long-running political rivalry with Clarendon. 1392: 1381: 1369: 1311: 1242: 1125: 1042: 877: 490: 432: 4109:"The First Earl of Shaftesbury's Resolute Conscience and Aristocratic Constitutionalism" 4068:"The First Earl of Shaftesbury's Resolute Conscience and Aristocratic Constitutionalism" 6199: 6084: 6029: 5524: 5424: 5319: 5134: 4991: 4716: 4554: 2929: 2828: 2772: 2320: 2300: 2091: 1843: 1647:

After the fall of Lord Clarendon in 1667, Lord Ashley became a prominent member of the

1563: 1356:, Charles II announced his coronation honours, and in those honours, he created Cooper 855: 479: 475: 986:. Nevertheless, he was willing to work with the new regime, accepting a commission as 687:

Sir Daniel died in 1636, and Cooper was sent to live with his father's other trustee,

545:

in Hampshire, and his mother was the former Anne Ashley, daughter and sole heiress of

6424: 6339: 6209: 6194: 6089: 5899: 5809: 5378: 5351: 5325: 4220: 4192: 4130: 4089: 4039: 4011: 4001: 3228: 3162: 3060: 2969: 2928:

acting on his own authority as Lord President of the Council because the king was at

2840: 2676: 2564: 2465: 1798: 1676: 1672: 1478: 1452: 1396: 1353: 1101: 1077: 1030:(the so-called Hale Commission, none of whose moderate proposals were ever enacted). 823: 550: 380: 268: 2804:

In February 1679, elections were held for a new parliament, known to history as the

2783:, effectively excluding all Catholics from Parliament. Oates had accused the queen, 2686:

Francis Jenks gave a sensational speech arguing that two statutes from the reign of

2613:

and that, if the bishops' propositions were taken to their logical conclusion, "our

1455:

to dispense with laws. Clarendon remarked that in his opinion, the declaration was "

6374: 6349: 6229: 5697: 5667: 5418: 5341: 4680: 4568: 4533: 4505: 4477: 4120: 4079: 3907: 3037: 3013: 2961: 2880: 2751: 2377:

that began on 7 January 1674, Shaftesbury led the charge to keep England free from

2308: 2264: 2174: 2112: 2072: 1991: 1299:

those individuals who had personal involvement in the decision to execute Charles I

1251: 1177: 863: 799: 719: 667:. Cooper attended Lincoln's Inn, beginning in 1638, to receive an education in the 664: 557: 424: 3067:, although Shaftesbury and 19 other peers signed a formal protest of this result. 2794: 2426:. By February, the opposition lords were considering accusing the Duke of York of 6519: 6475: 6384: 6364: 6354: 6304: 6184: 6124: 6039: 5283: 5141: 5137: 5013: 4831: 4601: 4349: 2995: 2657: 2415: 2353: 2280: 2228: 2057: 2017: 1870: 1855: 1838: 1629: 1470: 1448: 1404: 1238: 1216: 1038: 1023: 919:

In early 1644, Cooper resigned all of his posts under the king, and travelled to

723: 676: 668: 467: 428: 420: 362: 128: 6444: 3157:

According to the provisions of his will, Shaftesbury's body was shipped back to

2664:. In this period, Shaftesbury relocated from Exeter House to the less expensive 2090:

By this point, it had become obvious that the queen, Catherine of Braganza, was

2068:, but he did not sign the formal protest against the passage of the act either. 790:

from 1625 to 1640. Cooper first entered politics under Lord Coventry's tutelage.

6269: 6149: 6059: 6044: 5436: 5430: 5410: 5404: 5154: 4840: 4561: 4540: 4512: 4212: 3238: 3028: 2991: 2884: 2872: 2809: 2780: 2665: 2516: 2457: 2406: 2342: 2328: 2291:

in England. To shore up the Protestantism of the nation, Parliament passed the

2247:

in 2016). As Lord Chancellor, he addressed the opening of a new session of the

2163: 1687: 1648: 1539: 1415: 1400: 1373: 1287: 1208: 1189: 964: 953: 908: 843: 754: 622: 494: 293: 62: 4125: 4108: 4084: 4067: 3911: 1380:

and under-treasurer (Southampton, Ashley's uncle by marriage, was at the time

959:

It was during this period that Cooper first expressed an interest in overseas

6585: 6419: 6359: 6309: 6189: 5303: 5272: 5170: 4608: 4586: 4449: 4134: 4093: 3282: 3248: 2768: 2720: 2712: 2661: 2602: 2292: 1986: 1961: 1956: 1211:

dissolved the Rump Parliament and replaced the Council of State with its own

1097: 711: 688: 634: 599: 580: 168: 4245: 4015: 2839:

in England. Shaftesbury supported the House of Commons when it introduced a

2456:(1631–1712), who became Charles II's main adviser following the fall of the 869: 733:

On 25 February 1639, aged 19, Cooper married Margaret Coventry, daughter of

6369: 6334: 6319: 6314: 6264: 6219: 5984: 5969: 4748: 4519: 3116: 2653: 2614: 2506: 2347: 2193: 2124: 1786: 1668: 1535: 1516: 1018:

Statesman under the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate, 1652–1660

975: 920: 727: 505: 6394: 6389: 6294: 6279: 6274: 6259: 6224: 6174: 6009: 3995: 3274: 2913: 2879:(1639–1683) was one of Shaftesbury's closest political allies during the 2763: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2576: 2548: 2531:

In the summer of 1675, Shaftesbury wrote a 15,000-word pamphlet entitled

2158:

and signed on 22 May 1670, whereby Charles II concluded an alliance with

1849: 1794: 1590: 1323: 1315: 827: 746: 672: 374: 3181: 1577:

A rough picture of a young Shaftesbury, when he was known as Lord Ashley

1204:, but in September the Council found him not guilty of any involvement. 1161: 880:. Prince Maurice attempted to block Cooper's appointment as governor of 556:

Although Sir Anthony Ashley was of minor gentry stock, he had served as

6399: 6099: 5384: 5356: 5330: 5314: 5298: 5267: 5001: 4976: 4955: 4626: 4491: 4273: 3143: 3064: 3049: 3009: 2945: 2857:

argue that Charles should remarry a Protestant princess, or legitimise

2544: 2536: 2520: 2240: 2080: 2007: 1981: 1971: 1829: 1582: 1531: 1486: 1456: 1419: 1105: 1069: 960: 659: 649: 644:

Cooper was sent to live with his father's trustee Sir Daniel Norton in

542: 440: 368: 323: 3119:

about the possibility of assassinating the king and the Duke of York.

2597:

Shaftesbury argued that every king could only rule either through the

2490:, it was sometimes necessary to alter the church so as to restore it. 1014:, lived to adulthood. Frances died on 31 December 1652, aged only 19. 435:, from the royal succession, which is often seen as the origin of the 6409: 6289: 6254: 6234: 3136: 3132: 3006: 2960:, Etc. Through the City of London, 17 November 1679." Throughout the 2461: 2296: 2244: 2128: 1567: 1326:. As a long-time foe of the Court of Wards, during the debate on the 1263: 1092:

in summer 1654, Cooper headed a slate of ten candidates who stood in

991: 924: 762: 715: 615: 509: 459: 289: 2358: 2056:

In 1669, Ashley supported Arlington and Buckingham's proposal for a

706:, on 24 March 1637, aged 15, where he studied under its master, the 671:. Throughout his political career Cooper posed as a defender of the 6404: 3151: 3017: 2924: 2598: 2560: 2116: 1230: 1201: 968: 866:

anyway, leading to heated words between Cooper and Prince Maurice.

847: 630: 588: 455: 164: 2275: 2087:, which were adopted by the eight Lords Proprietor in March 1669. 778: 4279: 3128: 2953: 2449: 2260:; and arguing in support of the Royal Declaration of Indulgence. 2216: 1790: 1633: 1613: 1185: 914: 839: 835: 653: 592: 572: 568:, thus cementing relations with the most powerful man at court. 343: 3150:, who had accompanied him to Amsterdam, he professed himself an 2215:

In autumn 1672, Shaftesbury played a key role in setting up the

1640:, a document published in 1667 which led to the creation of the 525: 3278: 3158: 3040:

rather than Oxford, but the king remained committed to Oxford.

3033: 2973: 2957: 2795:

The Exclusion Crisis and the birth of the Whig Party, 1679–1683

2745:(1649–1705), whose accusations in autumn 1678 that there was a 2683: 2378: 2288: 1422:

dissenters. In July 1662, Ashley sponsored an amendment to the

1331: 1072:

in the Atlas van Loon (1649). So many voters turned up for the

1058: 1034: 1026:

appointed Cooper to the committee on law reform chaired by Sir

995: 611: 530: 272: 4038:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117. 3993: 3970:"Cooper, Anthony Ashley (First Earl of Shaftesbury) | NCpedia" 2738: 2533:

A Letter from a Person of Quality to his Friend in the Country

2525:

A Letter from a Person of Quality to his Friend in the Country

2354:

Opposition to Catholicism and break with Charles II, 1673–1674

2239:. Shaftesbury was the last person without any training in the 2115:

from his wife in 1663, after he discovered she was committing

1372:

met beginning on 8 May 1661. Lord Ashley took his seat in the

625:, so Cooper's inheritance now came under the authority of the 579:

in the parliaments of 1625 and 1628, supporting the attack on

470:'s attempt to rule without Parliament during the 1655-to-1657 6682:

Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Wiltshire

2680: 1586: 1573: 831: 722:, where he was exposed to the Puritan preaching of chaplains 3107:

At the election of the Sheriffs of London in July 1682, the

2287:

The Commons then passed an address condemning the growth of

1624:, and Sir Henry Bennett, who by this point had been created 1485:, named in honour of King Charles. Ashley and his assistant 749:, the young couple moved into Lord Coventry's residences of 595:

leanings, Aaron Guerdon, be chosen as Cooper's first tutor.

27:

English politician and founder of the Whig party (1621-1683)

6732:

Parliamentarian military personnel of the English Civil War

3122: 3108: 2935: 2708: 2635:

Two Seasonable Discourses Concerning the Present Parliament

2563:" (now led by Danby) had conspired to make "the Government 2444: 2243:

to be appointed to that position (until the appointment of

2095: 695:, near Salisbury. Here his tutor was a man with an MA from 603: 520: 3146:

on 17 January 1683. On 20 January, in a conversation with

3070: 1142:

Cooper was again elected as a member for Wiltshire in the

3958:

History of Parliament Online – Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley

2173:

Throughout 1671, Ashley argued in favour of reducing the

1797:

because Tories accused him of wanting to make England an

1504:, who ranged themselves in opposition to Lord Clarendon. 1363: 443:, with whom Shaftesbury collaborated with in writing the 2535:

denouncing Danby's Test Bill. (Shaftesbury's secretary,

1542:. During the parliamentary session of October 1665, Sir 1076:

election in 1654, that the poll had to be switched from

591:

tendencies. Sir Anthony Ashley insisted that a man with

1566:

such as Ormonde should have no precedence over English

1376:

on 11 May. On 11 May, the king appointed Ashley as his

2883:; a leader in the House of Commons, he introduced the 2847: 2621:

On 20 November 1675, Shaftesbury seconded a motion by

2405:. On 8 January 1674, Shaftesbury gave a speech in the 610:. Cooper's father died in 1630, leaving him a wealthy 2799: 2303:. Shaftesbury supported the Test Act, and, alongside 675:, at various points in his career breaking with both 614:. Upon his father's death, he inherited his father's 6772:

Royalist military personnel of the English Civil War

5727: 4152:

Trial of Anthony Shaftsbury (supplementary material)

3299: 2891:

On 11 May 1679, Shaftesbury's close political ally,

2141:(1644–1670), sister of Charles II, who arranged the 1500:

By early 1664, Ashley was a member of the circle of

1414:

When the Cavalier Parliament set about enacting the

1269: 768: 439:. He was also a patron of the political philosopher 1165:Portrait miniature of Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper by 3131:sometime between 20 and 26 November 1682, reached 2571:, this (Church) party was attempting to establish 2523:(1632–1704), who probably participated in writing 2434:parliament on 24 February to protect his brother. 2418:in the church (the oath was first required by the 1785:In May 1668, Ashley became ill, apparently with a 1418:, Ashley supported a policy of moderation towards 1391:because the marriage would involve supporting the 1387:In 1661–1662, Ashley opposed Charles' marriage to 1133:William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton 6474: 3273:During a Parliamentary debate in April 1679, Sir 6583: 3091: 3016:, charging the Duke of York with being a popish 2660:, but Sir Joseph Williamson refused to sign the 2539:, appears to have played a role in drafting the 2227:On 17 November 1672, the king named Shaftesbury 1497:and a framework for settlement and development. 493:and became one of five members of the so-called 2119:, and he had also been granted a divorce by an 1053:. On 14 July, Cromwell appointed Cooper to the 504:reaction in 1681, Shaftesbury was arrested for 4285:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 4270:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 4258:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 3043: 2646:Secretary of State for the Southern Department 915:Parliamentarian and second marriage, 1644–1652 398:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 316:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury 18:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 6460: 5713: 5119: 4812: 4229:J.H. Plumb, 'The First Earl of Shaftesbury', 4022: 3900:Tim Harris. "Cooper, Anthony Ashley", in the 2222: 2037: 1282:on 27 May 1660. Cooper took advantage of the 427:, Shaftesbury headed the movement to bar the 3227:Shaftesbury has been portrayed on screen by 3154:. He died the next day, on 21 January 1683. 2671:On 24 June 1676, during the election of the 2623:Charles Mohun, 3rd Baron Mohun of Okehampton 2586:Shaftesbury repeated the accusations of the 1010:. The couple had two children, one of whom, 466:under the Commonwealth, although he opposed 2813:Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth 2750:Shaftesbury's political program during the 1489:drafted a plan for the colony known as the 1276:Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton 1266:to invite Charles II to return to England. 656:leanings named Fletcher as Cooper's tutor. 537:Cooper was the eldest son and successor of 6727:Whig (British political party) politicians 6467: 6453: 5720: 5706: 5126: 5112: 4819: 4805: 3277:summarised this viewpoint by saying "From 3161:on 13 February 1683, and he was buried at 2912:decision to crush a rebellion by Scottish 2625:calling on the king to end the dispute of 2547:or in a more active role, perhaps even as 2044: 2030: 862:soon arrived and plundered Dorchester and 55: 6762:British expatriates in the Dutch Republic 4246:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X21000662 4219:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968). 4124: 4106: 4083: 4065: 4035:An Introduction to English Legal History 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3169:, succeeded him as Earl of Shaftesbury. 3165:on 26 February 1683. Shaftesbury's son, 3135:on 28 November, and finally, arrived in 3123:Flight from England and death, 1682–1683 2939: 2936:The Exclusion Bill Parliament, 1679–1680 2871: 2737: 2515: 2448: 2445:Leader of Opposition to Danby, 1674–1678 2414:renouncing the pope and recognising the 2391:Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Viscount Fauconberg 2357: 2274: 2133: 2071:Ashley, in his role as one of the eight 1595:Grand Model for the Province of Carolina 1572: 1461: 1348:On 20 April 1661, three days before his 1336: 1229: 1160: 1063: 868: 802:through the influence of Lord Coventry. 777: 773: 658: 524: 521:Early life and first marriage, 1621–1640 303:Margaret Coventry (1639–1649, her death) 87:21 April 1679 – 15 October 1679 6672:Members of the Privy Council of England 6627:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England 3994:Davies, K. G. (Kenneth Gordon) (1999). 3903:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3071:Prosecution for high treason, 1681–1682 2835:; and loudly denounced the policies of 2644:In mid-February 1676, Charles sent his 2559:, "the High Episcopal Man, and the Old 2399:George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 1761:shley of Wimborne St Giles (1621–1683). 1080:to Stonehenge. Cooper won the election. 618:and was now Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper. 566:George Villiers, Marquess of Buckingham 307:Margaret Spencer (1655–1683, his death) 159:13 May 1661 – 22 November 1672 14: 6584: 4186: 4107:Mansfield, Andrew (3 September 2021). 4066:Mansfield, Andrew (3 September 2021). 3906:. Oxford University Press, 2004–2007. 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3305: 2464:and the supporters of the established 1364:Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1661–1672 1033:In March 1653, the Rump issued a full 817: 621:Cooper's father had held his lands in 454:, Shaftesbury initially supported the 6448: 5701: 5107: 4800: 4028: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3244:Charles II: The Power and The Passion 2825:John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale 2123:and had Lady Roos' children declared 2085:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 1636:. In 1667, Ashley was a signatory to 1599:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 1502:John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale 1495:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 1477:In May 1663, Ashley was one of eight 1200:'s Presbyterian royalist uprising in 1137:Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland 889:William Seymour, Marquess of Hertford 445:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 4000:. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press. 3176: 2387:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle 2105:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle 1096:against 10 republican MPs headed by 485:After the political fall in 1672 of 305:Frances Cecil (1650–1654, her death) 3311: 2848:Lord President of the Council, 1679 2460:, and who drew support from former 2403:George Savile, 1st Viscount Halifax 1626:Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington 1426:that would have allowed Protestant 963:, investing in a plantation in the 784:Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry 735:Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry 478:in May 1660, and was raised to the 220:April 1653 – December 1660 24: 5686:Italics indicate service when the 4206: 4154:. (o16811124-1, 24 November 1681). 3936: 3098:Ford Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Werke 2867:George Savile, 1st Earl of Halifax 2800:The Habeas Corpus Parliament, 1679 2762:made accusations that there was a 2395:James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury 2154:, arranged by Charles II's sister 1467:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon 1445:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon 1330:, Cooper supported continuing the 1288:committee on trade and plantations 1278:, Charles appointed Cooper to his 1184:should limit his control over the 487:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon 199:July 1653 – December 1654 25: 6788: 6717:Post-Reformation Arian Christians 4251: 2859:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 2833:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 2701:Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton 2567:and arbitrary." According to the 2505:, who was the chief supporter of 2499:George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol 2339:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 2305:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 1757:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Baron 1560:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 1521:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 1399:, in Portugal's struggle against 1270:Restoration politician, 1660–1683 769:Early political career, 1640–1660 512:, where he died in January 1683. 123:16 September 1672 – 1676 6767:British political party founders 6752:Prisoners in the Tower of London 6722:Presidents of the Board of Trade 6622:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford 6565: 6564: 6550: 6433: 5729:Presidents of the Board of Trade 4878: 4278: 4263: 4191:(2000 ed.). Phoenix Press. 3180: 2863:Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex 2279:Shaftesbury in the robes of the 1811: 1766: 1750: 1731: 1712: 1693: 6777:17th-century English memoirists 4166: 4157: 4141: 4100: 4059: 2588:Letter from a Person of Quality 2383:Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles 2363:Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles 2198:Royal Declaration of Indulgence 1008:David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter 998:in February 1649 and acting as 838:for the King, serving as their 547:Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet 482:as Lord Ashley by Charles II. 111:President of the Board of Trade 6747:Critics of the Catholic Church 6657:Lord Presidents of the Council 3987: 3962: 3927: 3916: 3267: 2758:In August and September 1678, 2673:Sheriffs of the City of London 2555:argued that since the time of 2150:Ashley did not know about the 1909:A Letter Concerning Toleration 1803:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1530:began on 4 March 1665 after a 1368:Following the coronation, the 1144:Second Protectorate Parliament 571:Cooper's father was created a 423:from 1672 to 1673. During the 13: 1: 6667:Lords Proprietors of Carolina 6607:17th-century English nobility 4863:5th Baron Willoughby de Broke 4707:Governor of the Isle of Wight 4423:Lord President of the Council 4368:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 4341:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 4217:The First Earl of Shaftesbury 4150: (accessed 2019-01-26), 4148:Old Bailey Proceedings Online 3292: 3092:Attempts at an uprising, 1682 2893:William Russell, Lord Russell 2877:William Russell, Lord Russell 2854:Lord President of the Council 2837:Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby 2543:, although whether solely as 2473:Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby 2454:Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby 2441:and ordered to leave London. 2430:, which resulted in the king 2139:Princess Henrietta of England 2113:separation from bed and board 2098:, making the king's brother, 1739:George Villiers, 2nd Duke of 1174:Third Protectorate Parliament 1090:First Protectorate Parliament 1045:nominated Cooper to serve in 788:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 739:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 75:Lord President of the Council 6692:English MPs 1653 (Barebones) 6637:Fellows of the Royal Society 4905:1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh 4828:Chancellors of the Exchequer 3063:, who was to be left to the 2307:, received the sacrament at 2079:, along with his secretary, 1581:In October 1666, Ashley met 982:, and, as such, opposed the 846:respectively. Following the 708:Regius Professor of Divinity 575:in 1622, and he represented 539:Sir John Cooper, 1st Baronet 515: 7: 6757:People acquitted of treason 6647:Lord chancellors of England 4313:Chancellor of the Exchequer 3044:The Oxford Parliament, 1681 2779:, and the sacrifice of the 2272:Declaration of Indulgence. 2258:Great Stop of the Exchequer 2237:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2183:Great Stop of the Exchequer 2094:and would never produce an 1914:Two Treatises of Government 1876:Argument from consciousness 1774:John Maitland, 1st Duke of 1701:Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron 1378:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1295:Indemnity and Oblivion Bill 897:Chancellor of the Exchequer 786:(1578–1640), who served as 417:Chancellor of the Exchequer 147:Chancellor of the Exchequer 10: 6793: 6652:Lord-lieutenants of Dorset 6642:High sheriffs of Wiltshire 6506:Baron Berkeley of Stratton 4233:(Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 266-270. 4180: 2223:Lord Chancellor, 1672–1673 1720:Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of 1556:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1469:(1609–1674), Charles II's 1172:Cooper was elected to the 1152:Humble Petition and Advice 938:Solemn League and Covenant 929:Committee of Both Kingdoms 923:, the headquarters of the 798:, Gloucestershire, in the 737:, who was then serving as 489:, Lord Ashley was created 472:Rule of the Major-Generals 462:in 1644. He served on the 458:, before switching to the 452:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 6559: 6548: 6486: 6431: 5735: 5684: 5631: 5584: 5519: 5498: 5453: 5366: 5340: 5282: 5251: 5212: 5153: 5056: 5023: 4986: 4965: 4932: 4887: 4876: 4839: 4785: 4772: 4764: 4757: 4746: 4736: 4727: 4722: 4715: 4704: 4694: 4688:Vice-Admiral of Hampshire 4685: 4677: 4667: 4661:Lord Lieutenant of Dorset 4658: 4650: 4645: 4631: 4616:Member of Parliament for 4614: 4583: 4460:Member of Parliament for 4458: 4446: 4439: 4429: 4420: 4404: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4356: 4347: 4329: 4319: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4126:10.1017/s0018246x21000662 4085:10.1017/s0018246x21000662 3997:The Royal African Company 3172: 3002:, on trumped-up charges. 2906:Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 2861:. During these meetings, 2471:Charles II now turned to 2439:Lord Lieutenant of Dorset 2420:Popish Recusants Act 1605 2235:replacing Shaftesbury as 1901:Fundamental Constitutions 1597:and its centrepiece, the 1507:During the debate on the 1000:High Sheriff of Wiltshire 876:(1620–1652), depicted as 874:Maurice of the Palatinate 391: 349: 339: 334: 322: 311: 299: 279: 251: 246: 242: 231: 226:High Sheriff of Wiltshire 224: 213: 203: 192: 185: 174: 163: 152: 145: 134: 127: 116: 109: 98: 93:Lord Lieutenant of Dorset 91: 80: 73: 69: 54: 34: 6687:English MPs 1640 (April) 6677:Members of Lincoln's Inn 4527:Alexander Thistlethwaite 4409:Last known title holder: 4260:on Spartacus Educational 3260: 2902:Habeas Corpus Parliament 2806:Habeas Corpus Parliament 2551:, remains unclear.) The 2188:In early 1672, with the 1889:(listed chronologically) 1866:Labor theory of property 1360:, of Wimborne St Giles. 1310:during the years of the 1086:Instrument of Government 1055:English Council of State 1022:On 17 January 1652, the 745:. As Cooper was still a 464:English Council of State 187:English Council of State 6617:Politicians from Dorset 6612:17th-century Christians 5477:1st Earl of Shaftesbury 5182:1st Earl of Marlborough 5092:Sir William Wyndham, Bt 4851:Sir George Home of Spot 4398:The Earl of Bridgewater 2918:Battle of Bothwell Brig 2904:was the passage of the 2109:John Manners, Lord Roos 1967:1st Earl of Shaftesbury 852:Battle of Roundway Down 782:Cooper's father-in-law 702:Cooper matriculated at 409:Commonwealth of England 357:First English Civil War 41:The Earl of Shaftesbury 6662:Lords of the Admiralty 5690:was held in Commission 5483:1st Earl of Nottingham 5443:2nd Earl of Manchester 5187:1st Earl of Manchester 4834:(1603–1649; 1660–1714) 4283:Quotations related to 4238:The Historical Journal 4113:The Historical Journal 4072:The Historical Journal 3212:In North America, the 2977: 2888: 2755: 2705:Contempt of Parliament 2528: 2488:Protestant Reformation 2468: 2373:In the session of the 2366: 2284: 2219:Adventurers' Company. 2152:Secret Treaty of Dover 2147: 2143:Secret Treaty of Dover 1578: 1552:the Duke of Buckingham 1528:Second Anglo–Dutch War 1474: 1395:, and Portugal's ally 1345: 1328:Tenures Abolition Bill 1246: 1215:. Cooper, republicans 1169: 1156:Cromwell's Other House 1081: 950:Self-denying Ordinance 905:High Sheriff of Dorset 885: 791: 704:Exeter College, Oxford 684: 560:in the reign of Queen 534: 419:from 1661 to 1672 and 329:Exeter College, Oxford 6702:English MPs 1656–1658 6697:English MPs 1654–1655 5675:1st Viscount Harcourt 5471:Sir Orlando Bridgeman 5465:1st Earl of Clarendon 5165:1st Viscount Brackley 4789:Anthony Ashley-Cooper 4759:Baronetage of England 4740:Anthony Ashley-Cooper 4441:Parliament of England 4187:Kenyon, John (1972). 3912:10.1093/ref:odnb/6208 3281:came the notion of a 3082:Court of King's Bench 3078:writ of habeas corpus 2943: 2875: 2785:Catherine of Braganza 2741: 2717:Court of King's Bench 2650:Sir Joseph Williamson 2631:dissolving parliament 2573:divine right monarchy 2519: 2452: 2361: 2278: 2190:Third Anglo–Dutch War 2156:Henrietta Anne Stuart 2137: 2066:Conventicles Act 1670 1977:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1607:the Duke of Albemarle 1576: 1493:, which included the 1465: 1389:Catherine of Braganza 1340: 1260:Convention Parliament 1245:the English monarchy. 1233: 1207:In October 1659, the 1164: 1067: 1047:Barebone's Parliament 984:regicide of Charles I 907:and president of the 893:Weymouth and Portland 882:Weymouth and Portland 872: 781: 774:Parliament, 1640–1642 697:Oriel College, Oxford 662: 528: 256:Anthony Ashley Cooper 6632:Earls of Shaftesbury 6527:Sir William Berkeley 5391:Bulstrode Whitelocke 5310:Bulstrode Whitelocke 5294:Bulstrode Whitelocke 5263:Bulstrode Whitelocke 5197:21st Earl of Arundel 4911:1st Baron Cottington 4698:The Earl of Portland 4654:The Duke of Richmond 4635:Lord Charles Seymour 3234:The First Churchills 3139:on 2 December 1682. 3102:Sir Thomas Armstrong 3020:in violation of the 3000:Archbishop of Armagh 2777:invocation of saints 2731:against Parliament. 2639:religious toleration 2511:English Commonwealth 2269:Speaker of the House 2254:Delenda est Carthago 2121:ecclesiastical court 2077:Province of Carolina 2060:of England with the 2013:Classical liberalism 1931:Concerning Education 1705:lifford of Chudleigh 1642:Royal Africa Company 1562:. He suggested that 1534:squadron seized the 1483:Province of Carolina 1301:by participating in 1284:Declaration of Breda 988:justice of the peace 927:. Called before the 646:Southwick, Hampshire 585:Bishop of Winchester 204:Member of Parliament 37:The Right Honourable 6541:Earl of Shaftesbury 6520:Sir George Carteret 6015:Parkinson-Fortescue 5394:(January–June 1659) 5236:1st Baron Lyttelton 5035:Sir Charles Montagu 4730:Earl of Shaftesbury 4611:and one vacant seat 4413:The Viscount Conway 4388:First Lord of Trade 3254:England, My England 2725:Louis XIV of France 2480:Cavalier Parliament 2375:Cavalier Parliament 2249:Cavalier Parliament 2206:Earl of Shaftesbury 2160:Louis XIV of France 2100:James, Duke of York 2062:Kingdom of Scotland 1922:Human Understanding 1920:An Essay Concerning 1451:, for opposing the 1436:the Earl of Bristol 1382:Lord High Treasurer 1370:Cavalier Parliament 1312:English Interregnum 1217:Sir Arthur Haselrig 1213:Committee of Safety 1126:Penruddock uprising 818:Royalist, 1642–1644 491:Earl of Shaftesbury 5510:1st Baron Jeffreys 5489:1st Baron Guilford 5425:Thomas Widdrington 5320:Thomas Widdrington 5224:1st Baron Coventry 5192:2nd Duke of Lennox 5068:1st Baron Carleton 4917:Sir John Colepeper 4869:Sir Richard Weston 4717:Peerage of England 4599:Not represented in 4591:Second seat vacant 4576:Sir Walter St John 4454:Second seat vacant 4433:The Earl of Radnor 4298:Political offices 4268:Works by or about 3192:. You can help by 2978: 2889: 2773:transubstantiation 2756: 2529: 2469: 2412:Oath of Allegiance 2367: 2301:transubstantiation 2285: 2256:"); defending the 2212:on 23 April 1672. 2148: 1844:Limited government 1618:Duke of Buckingham 1579: 1475: 1346: 1247: 1170: 1082: 943:In July 1644, the 886: 810:in Wiltshire, but 792: 685: 535: 480:peerage of England 476:Stuart Restoration 6742:British defectors 6579: 6578: 6534:Sir John Colleton 6499:Earl of Clarendon 6492:Duke of Albemarle 6476:Lords Proprietors 6442: 6441: 5695: 5694: 5562:William Rawlinson 5548:William Rawlinson 5379:Nathaniel Fiennes 5352:Nathaniel Fiennes 5326:Nathaniel Fiennes 5101: 5100: 5008:2nd Baron Delamer 4857:Sir Julius Caesar 4795: 4794: 4786:Succeeded by 4737:Succeeded by 4695:Succeeded by 4668:Succeeded by 4632:Succeeded by 4622:1660–1661 4584:Succeeded by 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4466:1653–1659 4430:Succeeded by 4417: 4395:Succeeded by 4372: 4360:Sir Heneage Finch 4357:Succeeded by 4345: 4333:Orlando Bridgeman 4323:Sir John Duncombe 4320:Succeeded by 3229:Frederick Peisley 3210: 3209: 3163:Wimborne St Giles 3061:Edward Fitzharris 3057:Oxford Parliament 2970:Green Ribbon Club 2944:"The Solemn Mock 2841:Bill of Attainder 2466:Church of England 2233:Sir John Duncombe 2231:of England, with 2054: 2053: 1940:the Understanding 1938:Of the Conduct of 1861:Right to property 1799:elective monarchy 1677:Church of England 1673:Bishop of Chester 1479:Lords Proprietors 1453:royal prerogative 1424:Act of Uniformity 1409:Earl of Clarendon 1354:Westminster Abbey 1241:, and ultimately 608:1st Earl of Essex 551:Wimborne St Giles 395: 394: 269:Wimborne St Giles 16:(Redirected from 6784: 6712:English MPs 1660 6707:English MPs 1659 6592:Lord chancellors 6572: 6568: 6567: 6554: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6437: 5910:Vesey-Fitzgerald 5722: 5715: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5656:1st Baron Trevor 5596:1st Baron Somers 5575:1st Baron Somers 5419:William Lenthall 5414:(June 1659–1660) 5368:Council of State 5342:Richard Cromwell 5253:Council of State 5138:Lord Chancellors 5128: 5121: 5114: 5105: 5104: 4944:1st Baron Ashley 4899:1st Baron Weston 4882: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4765:Preceded by 4681:William Sydenham 4678:Preceded by 4671:The Lord Poulett 4651:Preceded by 4646:Honorary titles 4592: 4578: 4571: 4569:Henry Hungerford 4564: 4557: 4550: 4548:Richard Howe, Bt 4543: 4536: 4534:Alexander Popham 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4455: 4447:Preceded by 4415: 4363: 4336: 4330:Preceded by 4303:Preceded by 4295: 4294: 4282: 4267: 4202: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4128: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3966: 3960: 3955: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3898: 3309: 3303: 3286: 3271: 3205: 3202: 3184: 3177: 3038:Westminster Hall 3014:Westminster Hall 2964:, Shaftesbury's 2962:Exclusion Crisis 2881:Exclusion Crisis 2752:Exclusion Crisis 2723:on the model of 2309:St Clement Danes 2265:Giles Strangways 2073:Lords Proprietor 2046: 2039: 2032: 1992:Thomas Jefferson 1891: 1890: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1770: 1754: 1735: 1716: 1697: 1509:Conventicle Bill 1235:Sir George Monck 1225:Sir George Monck 1198:Sir George Booth 1178:Richard Cromwell 1148:Sir George Booth 1135:, and sister of 945:House of Commons 925:Parliamentarians 800:Short Parliament 679:(1599–1658) and 558:Secretary at War 474:. He backed the 460:Parliamentarians 425:Exclusion Crisis 335:Military service 286: 265: 263: 247:Personal details 236: 218: 197: 179: 157: 139: 121: 103: 85: 59: 32: 31: 21: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6563: 6555: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6473: 6443: 6438: 6429: 6140:Cunliffe-Lister 6130:Cunliffe-Lister 5731: 5726: 5696: 5691: 5680: 5649:1st Earl Cowper 5635: 5627: 5588: 5580: 5568:George Hutchins 5527: 5515: 5502: 5494: 5457: 5449: 5370: 5362: 5344: 5336: 5286: 5284:Oliver Cromwell 5278: 5255: 5247: 5230:1st Baron Finch 5216: 5208: 5157: 5149: 5142:House of Stuart 5132: 5102: 5097: 5060: 5052: 5027: 5019: 5014:Richard Hampden 4994: 4982: 4969: 4961: 4936: 4928: 4923:Sir Edward Hyde 4891: 4883: 4874: 4843: 4835: 4832:House of Stuart 4825: 4791: 4782: 4779:(of Rockbourne) 4777: 4770: 4752: 4742: 4733: 4710: 4700: 4691: 4683: 4673: 4664: 4656: 4641: 4637: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4435: 4426: 4410: 4400: 4391: 4383: 4380: 4362: 4353: 4350:Lord Chancellor 4335: 4325: 4316: 4308: 4254: 4209: 4207:Further reading 4199: 4189:The Popish Plot 4183: 4178: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4146: 4142: 4105: 4101: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4027: 4023: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3974:www.ncpedia.org 3968: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3899: 3312: 3308:, pp. 2–3. 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3222:Robert Sandford 3206: 3200: 3197: 3190:needs expansion 3175: 3148:Robert Ferguson 3125: 3094: 3073: 3046: 2996:Oliver Plunkett 2938: 2916:quickly at the 2850: 2802: 2797: 2658:Tower of London 2627:Shirley v. Fagg 2592:Shirley v. Fagg 2557:the Restoration 2447: 2416:royal supremacy 2385:, and included 2356: 2283:, ca. 1672–1673 2281:Lord Chancellor 2229:Lord Chancellor 2225: 2111:had obtained a 2058:political union 2050: 2018:Polish Brethren 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1905: 1902: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1871:Lockean proviso 1856:State of nature 1839:Social contract 1781: 1771: 1762: 1755: 1746: 1736: 1727: 1717: 1708: 1698: 1686:Members of the 1682: 1632:on a charge of 1630:Tower of London 1622:Earl of Bristol 1471:Lord Chancellor 1449:Lord Chancellor 1405:Lord Chancellor 1366: 1320:Thomas Harrison 1272: 1239:Long Parliament 1128:in March 1655. 1039:Oliver Cromwell 1024:Rump Parliament 1020: 917: 850:victory at the 820: 776: 771: 759:Canonbury House 724:Edward Reynolds 677:Oliver Cromwell 669:laws of England 523: 518: 468:Oliver Cromwell 421:Lord Chancellor 387: 306: 304: 288: 284: 283:21 January 1683 267: 261: 259: 258: 257: 237: 232: 219: 214: 205: 198: 193: 180: 175: 158: 153: 140: 135: 129:Lord Chancellor 122: 117: 104: 99: 86: 81: 65: 50: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6790: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6513:Earl of Craven 6509: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5619: 5599: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5552: 5531: 5529: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5437:John Fountaine 5431:Thomas Tyrrell 5415: 5411:John Fountaine 5405:Thomas Tyrrell 5395: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4836: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4633: 4630: 4613: 4606: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4582: 4562:William Ludlow 4541:Gabriel Martin 4485:Francis Holles 4471:Nicholas Green 4457: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4384: 4381: 4374: 4373: 4358: 4355: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4276: 4261: 4253: 4252:External links 4250: 4249: 4248: 4234: 4227: 4213:K. H. D. Haley 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4198:978-1842121689 4197: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4156: 4140: 4119:(4): 969–991. 4099: 4078:(4): 969–991. 4058: 4044: 4021: 4006: 3986: 3961: 3935: 3926: 3915: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3239:Martin Freeman 3208: 3207: 3187: 3185: 3174: 3171: 3124: 3121: 3093: 3090: 3072: 3069: 3045: 3042: 3029:Exclusion Bill 2992:Henry Coventry 2968:allies in the 2937: 2934: 2887:on 11 May 1679 2885:Exclusion Bill 2849: 2846: 2827:, and that in 2810:royal mistress 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2458:Cabal Ministry 2446: 2443: 2407:House of Lords 2355: 2352: 2343:Henry Coventry 2329:Mary of Modena 2224: 2221: 2164:Dutch Republic 2083:, drafted the 2052: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2002: 2001: 2000:Related topics 1997: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1783: 1782: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1688:Cabal Ministry 1663:, Ashley, and 1544:George Downing 1540:New Netherland 1428:Nonconformists 1416:Clarendon Code 1374:House of Lords 1365: 1362: 1271: 1268: 1209:New Model Army 1190:House of Lords 1049:as member for 1019: 1016: 965:English colony 954:New Model Army 933:Irish Catholic 916: 913: 909:council of war 860:Prince Maurice 819: 816: 775: 772: 770: 767: 627:Court of Wards 623:knight-service 522: 519: 517: 514: 495:Cabal Ministry 393: 392: 389: 388: 386: 385: 384: 383: 377: 371: 365: 353: 351: 347: 346: 341: 337: 336: 332: 331: 326: 320: 319: 313: 309: 308: 301: 297: 296: 294:Dutch Republic 287:(aged 61) 281: 277: 276: 255: 253: 249: 248: 244: 243: 240: 239: 229: 228: 222: 221: 211: 210: 201: 200: 190: 189: 183: 182: 172: 171: 161: 160: 150: 149: 143: 142: 132: 131: 125: 124: 114: 113: 107: 106: 96: 95: 89: 88: 78: 77: 71: 70: 67: 66: 63:John Greenhill 60: 52: 51: 43: 40: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6789: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6553: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6436: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5643:Nathan Wright 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5622:Nathan Wright 5620: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5400: 5399:John Bradshaw 5396: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304:Richard Keble 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5273:Richard Keble 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5203:John Williams 5201: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:Julius Caesar 5175: 5172: 5171:Francis Bacon 5169: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5086:Robert Benson 5084: 5081: 5080:Robert Harley 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4950:John Duncombe 4948: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4619: 4610: 4609:Edmund Ludlow 4604: 4603: 4602:Restored Rump 4597: 4596: 4588: 4587:Edmund Ludlow 4581: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4555:John Bulkeley 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4499:William Yorke 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4463: 4451: 4450:Edmund Ludlow 4445: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231:History Today 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4169: 4160: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4047: 4045:9780198812609 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4007:0-415-19072-X 4003: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3933:Lodge, p. 487 3930: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3284: 3283:standing army 3280: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3249:Murray Melvin 3246: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3188:This section 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2948:of the Pope, 2947: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769:Test Act 1678 2765: 2761: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2729:habeas corpus 2726: 2722: 2721:standing army 2718: 2714: 2713:habeas corpus 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:standing army 2601:or through a 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Test Act 1673 2290: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2168:traité simulé 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1987:Immanuel Kant 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1962:Thomas Hobbes 1960: 1958: 1957:Robert Filmer 1955: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1929:Some Thoughts 1926: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Polish ending 1792: 1788: 1779: 1777: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1440:Lord Robartes 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:Privy Council 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1252:Pride's Purge 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1221:Henry Neville 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1167:Samuel Cooper 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Edmund Ludlow 1095: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068:Depiction of 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976:Presbyterians 972: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 946: 941: 939: 934: 930: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 815: 813: 812:Denzil Holles 809: 803: 801: 797: 789: 785: 780: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 720:Lincoln's Inn 717: 713: 712:John Prideaux 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 689:Edward Tooker 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:Lincoln's Inn 661: 657: 655: 651: 647: 642: 638: 636: 635:Daniel Norton 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:Baptist Hicks 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:Richard Neile 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 532: 527: 513: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 415:, serving as 414: 410: 406: 402: 399: 390: 382: 378: 376: 372: 370: 366: 364: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 352: 348: 345: 342: 338: 333: 330: 327: 325: 321: 317: 314: 310: 302: 298: 295: 291: 282: 278: 274: 270: 254: 250: 245: 241: 235: 230: 227: 223: 217: 212: 209: 202: 196: 191: 188: 184: 178: 173: 170: 169:Isle of Wight 166: 162: 156: 151: 148: 144: 138: 133: 130: 126: 120: 115: 112: 108: 102: 97: 94: 90: 84: 79: 76: 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 49: 46: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6540: 6200:Thorneycroft 6085:Lloyd George 5840:Hillsborough 5830:Hillsborough 5820:Hillsborough 5739: 5666: 5662:Robert Tracy 5660: 5654: 5613: 5609:George Treby 5607: 5601: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5542:Anthony Keck 5540: 5536:John Maynard 5534: 5476: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5242:Richard Lane 4943: 4780: 4773: 4749:Baron Ashley 4747: 4728: 4724:New creation 4723: 4705: 4686: 4659: 4625: 4615: 4598: 4520:Thomas Grove 4469: 4459: 4421: 4416:(until 1631) 4411: 4405: 4386: 4377: 4365: 4364: 4348: 4338: 4337: 4311: 4287:at Wikiquote 4237: 4230: 4216: 4188: 4168: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4049:. Retrieved 4034: 4024: 3996: 3989: 3977:. Retrieved 3973: 3964: 3929: 3918: 3901: 3301: 3269: 3252: 3242: 3232: 3226: 3218:Ashley River 3214:Cooper River 3211: 3198: 3194:adding to it 3189: 3156: 3141: 3126: 3117:John Wildman 3114: 3106: 3095: 3086: 3074: 3054: 3047: 3026: 3004: 2988: 2979: 2922: 2910: 2890: 2851: 2817: 2803: 2789: 2757: 2733: 2728: 2698: 2692: 2670: 2654:Exeter House 2643: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2615:Magna Charta 2607:divine right 2596: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2568: 2552: 2540: 2532: 2530: 2524: 2507:conventicles 2503:Thomas Moore 2496: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2436: 2428:high treason 2372: 2368: 2348:Exeter House 2317: 2313: 2286: 2262: 2226: 2214: 2210:Baron Cooper 2209: 2205: 2202: 2194:fifth column 2187: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2162:against the 2149: 2125:illegitimate 2089: 2070: 2055: 1966: 1848: 1787:hydatid cyst 1784: 1780:(1616–1682). 1775: 1758: 1745:(1628–1687). 1740: 1726:(1618–1685). 1721: 1707:(1630–1673). 1702: 1681: 1669:John Wilkins 1646: 1637: 1611: 1603: 1591:Exeter House 1580: 1549: 1536:Dutch colony 1525: 1517:illegitimate 1513: 1506: 1499: 1476: 1432:Henry Bennet 1413: 1386: 1367: 1358:Baron Ashley 1357: 1347: 1314:, including 1292: 1273: 1256: 1248: 1206: 1194: 1171: 1141: 1130: 1119: 1083: 1043:Army Council 1032: 1028:Matthew Hale 1021: 1004: 980:Independents 978:against the 973: 958: 942: 921:Hurst Castle 918: 887: 821: 804: 793: 751:Durham House 732: 728:Joseph Caryl 701: 686: 663:The Gate of 643: 639: 620: 597: 570: 555: 536: 529:Location of 506:high treason 499: 484: 449: 397: 396: 350:Battles/wars 285:(1683-01-21) 266:22 July 1621 233: 215: 194: 176: 154: 136: 118: 100: 82: 61:Portrait by 29: 6602:1683 deaths 6597:1621 births 6055:Hicks Beach 6030:Chamberlain 5990:Donoughmore 5745:Bridgewater 5740:Shaftesbury 5677:(1710–1714) 5668:John Scrope 5651:(1705–1710) 5645:(1702–1705) 5636:(1702–1714) 5624:(1700–1702) 5615:Edward Ward 5598:(1693–1700) 5589:(1694–1702) 5586:William III 5577:(1693–1694) 5571:(1690–1693) 5556:John Trevor 5551:(1689–1690) 5528:(1689–1694) 5512:(1685–1688) 5503:(1685–1688) 5491:(1682–1685) 5485:(1673–1682) 5479:(1672–1673) 5473:(1667–1672) 5467:(1660–1667) 5458:(1660–1685) 5371:(1659–1660) 5359:(1658–1659) 5345:(1658–1659) 5333:(1656–1658) 5322:(1654–1656) 5306:(1653–1654) 5287:(1653–1658) 5275:(1649–1653) 5256:(1649–1653) 5244:(1645–1649) 5238:(1641–1645) 5232:(1640–1641) 5226:(1625–1640) 5217:(1625–1649) 5205:(1621–1625) 5173:(1617–1621) 5167:(1603–1617) 5158:(1603–1625) 5148:(1603–1714) 5146:Interregnum 5094:(1713–1714) 5088:(1711–1713) 5082:(1710–1711) 5076:(1708–1710) 5070:(1702–1708) 5061:(1702–1714) 5049:(1701–1702) 5047:Henry Boyle 5043:(1699–1701) 5037:(1694–1699) 5028:(1694–1702) 5025:William III 5016:(1690–1694) 5010:(1689–1690) 5004:(1688–1689) 4995:(1689–1694) 4979:(1685–1688) 4970:(1685–1688) 4958:(1676–1685) 4952:(1672–1676) 4946:(1661–1672) 4937:(1660–1685) 4925:(1643–1646) 4919:(1642–1643) 4913:(1629–1642) 4907:(1628–1629) 4901:(1625–1628) 4892:(1625–1649) 4871:(1621–1625) 4865:(1614–1621) 4859:(1606–1614) 4853:(1603–1606) 4844:(1603–1625) 4768:John Cooper 4579:(1656–1659) 4544:(1654–1656) 4537:(1654–1656) 4530:(1654–1656) 4523:(1654–1656) 4506:John Norden 4478:Thomas Eyre 4306:Edward Hyde 4030:Baker, John 3306:Kenyon 1972 3275:Henry Capel 3237:(1969), by 3167:Lord Ashley 2998:, Catholic 2914:Covenanters 2764:Popish Plot 2760:Titus Oates 2747:Popish Plot 2743:Titus Oates 2715:before the 2577:rule of law 2549:ghostwriter 1903:of Carolina 1850:Tabula rasa 1564:Irish peers 1491:Grand Model 1447:, Charles' 1324:Thomas Scot 1316:Hugh Peters 1120:The exiled 961:plantations 901:Edward Hyde 673:rule of law 562:Elizabeth I 450:During the 375:Shaftesbury 373:Capture of 367:Capture of 361:Capture of 318:(1652–1699) 6737:Roundheads 6586:Categories 5965:Labouchere 5940:Labouchere 5790:FitzWalter 5785:Holderness 5765:Winchilsea 5688:Greal Seal 5455:Charles II 5385:John Lisle 5357:John Lisle 5331:John Lisle 5315:John Lisle 5299:John Lisle 5268:John Lisle 5140:under the 5074:John Smith 5041:John Smith 5002:John Ernle 4977:John Ernle 4956:John Ernle 4934:Charles II 4830:under the 4783:1631–1683 4753:1661–1683 4734:1672–1683 4665:1672–1674 4639:Henry Hyde 4627:John Ernle 4492:John Ernle 4392:1672–1676 4354:1672–1673 4317:1661–1672 4274:Wikisource 4225:0198213697 3293:References 3201:March 2022 3065:common law 3050:Old Bailey 3022:penal laws 3010:grand jury 2946:Procession 2688:Edward III 2545:amanuensis 2537:John Locke 2521:John Locke 2432:proroguing 2424:Lord Finch 2241:common law 2081:John Locke 2008:Empiricism 1982:Adam Smith 1972:David Hume 1830:John Locke 1665:Lauderdale 1661:Buckingham 1583:John Locke 1532:Royal Navy 1487:John Locke 1457:Ship-Money 1420:Protestant 1393:Portuguese 1350:coronation 1342:Charles II 1122:Charles II 1110:Tewkesbury 1106:Stonehenge 1070:Stonehenge 856:Dorchester 796:Tewkesbury 755:the Strand 693:Maddington 681:Charles II 650:Portsmouth 587:, for his 543:Rockbourne 441:John Locke 437:Whig party 413:Charles II 379:Relief of 369:Abbotsbury 324:Alma mater 262:1621-07-22 6415:Trevelyan 6385:Mandelson 6355:Mandelson 6340:Heseltine 6305:Parkinson 6300:Cockfield 6195:Shawcross 6180:Lyttelton 6170:Llewellin 6160:Lyttelton 6090:Churchill 6080:Salisbury 6000:Northcote 5960:Clarendon 5955:Dalhousie 5950:Gladstone 5900:Huskisson 5890:Clancarty 5870:Liverpool 5850:Sackville 5845:Dartmouth 5825:Dartmouth 5815:Shelburne 5810:Townshend 5603:John Holt 5214:Charles I 4889:Charles I 4618:Wiltshire 4513:James Ash 4462:Wiltshire 4382:New board 4378:New title 4135:0018-246X 4094:0018-246X 4051:26 August 3247:, and by 3137:Amsterdam 3133:Rotterdam 3007:Middlesex 2950:Cardinals 2930:Newmarket 2677:Guildhall 2609:, not by 2462:Cavaliers 2297:communion 2245:Liz Truss 2129:sacrament 1801:like the 1778:auderdale 1743:uckingham 1657:Arlington 1568:commoners 1307:execution 1303:his trial 1264:The Hague 1182:Protector 1094:Wiltshire 1084:When the 1074:Wiltshire 1051:Wiltshire 992:Wiltshire 971:in 1646. 824:Civil War 822:When the 763:Islington 757:, and at 743:Charles I 716:Calvinist 616:baronetcy 516:Biography 510:Amsterdam 456:Royalists 447:in 1669. 300:Spouse(s) 290:Amsterdam 275:, England 238:1647–1648 234:In office 216:In office 208:Wiltshire 195:In office 181:1660–1661 177:In office 155:In office 141:1672–1673 137:In office 119:In office 105:1672–1674 101:In office 83:In office 6570:Category 6480:Carolina 6425:Reynolds 6420:Badenoch 6230:Crosland 6210:Maulding 6145:Runciman 6105:Runciman 6060:Mundella 6045:Mundella 6040:Stanhope 6035:Richmond 6020:Adderley 6005:Richmond 5975:Cardwell 5920:Auckland 5895:Robinson 5885:Bathurst 5880:Auckland 5875:Montrose 5860:Grantham 5855:Carlisle 5775:Berkeley 5770:Guilford 5760:Stamford 5755:Weymouth 5750:Stamford 5500:James II 5144:and the 4967:James II 4240:(2021): 4032:(2019). 4016:42746420 3257:(1995). 3216:and the 3018:recusant 2925:Brussels 2821:Scotland 2599:nobility 2565:absolute 2561:Cavalier 2334:prorogue 2117:adultery 1822:a series 1820:Part of 1724:rlington 1653:Clifford 1202:Cheshire 1041:and the 969:Barbados 864:Weymouth 848:Royalist 631:trustees 589:Arminian 433:James II 429:Catholic 312:Children 165:Governor 6375:Darling 6370:Johnson 6350:Beckett 6320:Channon 6315:Brittan 6150:Stanley 6125:Baldwin 6110:Stanley 6075:Balfour 6070:Ritchie 6050:Stanley 5980:Stanley 5935:Thomson 5925:Thomson 5915:Herries 5800:Halifax 5780:Suffolk 5521:William 5155:James I 5135:English 4988:William 4841:James I 4775:Baronet 4406:Unknown 4181:Sources 3129:Brielle 3055:At the 2954:Jesuits 2897:reading 2829:Ireland 2675:at the 2668:House. 2662:warrant 2217:Bahamas 2181:to the 2075:of the 1791:abscess 1634:treason 1614:impeach 1243:restore 1186:militia 1012:Anthony 878:Mercury 844:captain 840:colonel 808:Downton 654:Puritan 602:and co- 593:Puritan 573:baronet 381:Taunton 363:Wareham 344:Colonel 167:of the 6380:Hutton 6365:Hewitt 6335:Lilley 6330:Ridley 6310:Tebbit 6295:Biffen 6270:Jenkin 6265:Joseph 6260:Varley 6250:Walker 6245:Davies 6215:Erroll 6205:Eccles 6190:Wilson 6185:Cripps 6175:Dalton 6165:Duncan 6155:Duncan 6135:Graham 6115:Geddes 6095:Buxton 6025:Sandon 6010:Bright 5995:Gibson 5985:Henley 5970:Henley 5930:Baring 5865:Sydney 5835:Nugent 5805:Sandys 5795:Monson 5671:(1710) 5618:(1700) 5523:& 5446:(1660) 5199:(1621) 4990:& 4624:With: 4607:Last: 4572:(1656) 4565:(1656) 4558:(1656) 4551:(1656) 4516:(1654) 4509:(1654) 4502:(1654) 4495:(1654) 4488:(1654) 4481:(1653) 4474:(1653) 4468:With: 4223: 4195: 4133: 4092: 4042: 4014: 4004: 3979:9 June 3279:popery 3173:Legacy 3159:Dorset 3100:, and 3034:Oxford 2974:effigy 2958:Friars 2831:under 2823:under 2684:draper 2666:Thanet 2569:Letter 2553:Letter 2541:Letter 2527:(1675) 2401:, and 2379:popery 2341:, and 2289:popery 2092:barren 1949:People 1620:, the 1438:, and 1407:, the 1397:France 1332:excise 1322:, and 1102:Wilton 1078:Wilton 1059:tithes 1035:pardon 996:Dorset 830:and a 648:(near 629:. The 612:orphan 531:Dorset 431:heir, 273:Dorset 6410:Truss 6400:Clark 6395:Javid 6390:Cable 6360:Byers 6325:Young 6285:Smith 6275:Shore 6240:Noble 6235:Mason 6220:Heath 6120:Horne 6100:Burns 6065:Bryce 5945:Ripon 5905:Grant 4711:1660 4692:1660 4427:1679 4244:DOI: 3261:Notes 3152:Arian 2681:linen 1885:Works 1649:Cabal 1587:liver 1401:Spain 1114:Poole 836:horse 832:troop 747:minor 691:, at 577:Poole 541:, of 6345:Lang 6290:Nott 6280:Dell 6255:Benn 5633:Anne 5525:Mary 5058:Anne 4992:Mary 4221:ISBN 4193:ISBN 4131:ISSN 4090:ISSN 4053:2023 4040:ISBN 4012:OCLC 4002:ISBN 3981:2020 3144:will 3109:Tory 2986:so. 2983:Whig 2966:Whig 2865:and 2781:mass 2709:writ 2325:Anne 2323:and 2321:Mary 2208:and 2175:duty 2146:1670 2096:heir 1526:The 1519:son 1305:and 1219:and 1112:and 994:and 990:for 842:and 828:foot 741:for 726:and 714:, a 604:heir 502:Tory 411:and 340:Rank 280:Died 252:Born 206:for 6478:of 6405:Fox 6225:Jay 4366:as 4339:as 4272:at 4121:doi 4080:doi 3908:doi 3251:in 3241:in 3231:in 3196:. 3012:in 2711:of 2629:by 2611:law 1644:. 1538:of 1384:). 1352:at 1180:as 1104:to 967:of 834:of 761:in 753:in 405:FRS 48:FRS 6588:: 4215:, 4129:. 4117:65 4115:. 4111:. 4088:. 4076:65 4074:. 4070:. 4010:. 3972:. 3938:^ 3313:^ 3224:. 2956:, 2952:, 2908:. 2775:, 2679:, 2648:, 2513:. 2397:, 2393:, 2389:, 1824:on 1805:. 1671:, 1659:, 1655:, 1601:. 1558:, 1523:. 1434:, 1318:, 1290:. 1192:. 1158:. 1139:. 940:. 899:, 765:. 730:. 710:, 699:. 583:, 403:, 401:PC 292:, 271:, 45:PC 6468:e 6461:t 6454:v 5721:e 5714:t 5707:v 5665:/ 5659:/ 5612:/ 5606:/ 5565:/ 5559:/ 5545:/ 5539:/ 5440:/ 5434:/ 5428:/ 5422:/ 5408:/ 5402:/ 5388:/ 5382:/ 5127:e 5120:t 5113:v 4820:e 4813:t 4806:v 4201:. 4137:. 4123:: 4096:. 4082:: 4055:. 4018:. 3983:. 3910:: 3203:) 3199:( 2976:. 2754:. 2252:" 2045:e 2038:t 2031:v 1776:L 1759:A 1741:B 1722:A 1703:C 884:. 264:) 260:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury

Index