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31:
816:(Linnaeus, 1758) – In the male of the name-typical cardamines the orange-red apical patch does not reach much further than to the black discocellular spot, the rest of the upperside being white with the exception of the narrowly lack apical margin, the proximal area of the forewing beneath and the underside of the hindwing being likewise white, the latter with greenish ("parsley") markings, which are rather variable in extent. In the female the orange-red apical patch is wanting, but the black apical marking is much wider and the black discocellular spot larger, otherwise the female similar to the male.
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and avoid areas of shade in the forest. Females are mainly found in open meadows and dry hillocks for a majority of their lives. Females only spend short period of time in forests before re-entering nearby meadows. In
Armenia the species inhabits not only forests and woodlands, but also meadows, where males occur together with females.
777:, since both the rejection signal and detention signal in females are visually identical scientists hypothesize that a chemical signal distinguish the two. Mated females tend to track the males with their abdomens during the courting attempt, and this is behavioral evidence that mated females have an
764:
Both mated and virgin females respond to males with a raised abdomen, but the signals take different meanings. When a male encounters a mated female with a raised abdomen, it is taken as a signal of rejection, and he quickly leaves. When virgin females raise their abdomen, the signal takes on a male
760:
The result of male courting depends heavily on the location of the female when courted. Females found in flight are immediately pursued by males, and the encounter almost always results in acceptance of the male mating attempt. When males encounter females already perched on vegetation, their mating
424:
The habitats of males and females differ significantly. Males are restricted to edges and clearings of forests for their entire lives. On rare occurrences, males will leave forest edges and enter meadows, but this is only to cross and reach another forest edge. They prefer to fly in bright sunlight
314:
The common name derives from the bright orange tips of the male's forewings. The males are a common sight in spring, flying along hedgerows and damp meadows in search of the more reclusive female which lacks the orange and is often mistaken for other species of butterfly. The undersides are mottled
302:
Mating is usually controlled by females as virgin females found in flight are always pursued by males immediately. Females can signal different meanings to the approaching males by using their abdomen. There is evidence that mated females have an anti-aphrodisiac and that their usage of the abdomen
551:
only lay eggs on host plants growing in the sun. Those in the shade are completely avoided, and plants partially covered in shade are only selected if the female does not have to travel through shaded areas to reach the plant. Females are extremely selective for host plant size, and larger flower
902:
van Swaay, C.; Wynhoff, I.; Wiemers, M.; Katbeh-Bader, A.; Power, A.; Benyamini, D.; Tzirkalli, E.; Balletto, E.; Monteiro, E.; Karaçetin, E.; Franeta, F.; Pe'er, G.; Welch, H.; Thompson, K.; Pamperis, L.; Dapporto, L.; Šašić, M.; López
Munguira, M.; Micevski, N.; Dupont, P.; Garcia-Pereira, P.;
592:
When hatched, the larva consumes its egg shell before eating the seed pods of its host plant. The fully grown larva leaves the food plant after its five larval instars and pupates on lower vegetation. If more than one egg had been laid on the same host plant, then the larva to first hatch will
488:
feed on the flowers listed above, in addition to all species of flowers located in the habitats where their host plants are found. They do not interrupt host plant search to find foraging habitats; instead, they visit available flowers in host plant habitats.
538:
will deposit a pheromone during egg laying. This pheromone will deter other females from also laying an egg on that flower head. Flower heads with more than one egg can still be found because the pheromone is water-soluble and relatively short-lived.
556:
will completely ignore them in search of larger flower heads. Females will also ignore flower heads already containing a conspecific egg. This is because larva from the already laid eggs will hatch first and cannibalize any other present eggs.
583:
of crucifers. When first laid, eggs are white in colour and eventually change to orange and then brown after a few days. Eggs are covered with a pheromone that deters other females from ovipositing on the same crucifer.
1039:
Davies, W. James; Saccheri, Ilik J. (2013-02-01). "Maintenance of body-size variation and host range in the orange-tip butterfly: evidence for a trade-off between adult life-history traits".
699:
appearances. From data collected from 1976 to 1998, spring and summer temperatures were found to have increased by approximately 1 degree
Celsius. This has affected first appearance of
724:
caterpillars are often found with darkening around a wound near the tail. These injuries are consistent with damage inflicted by spiders, which are their main predators.
703:, which has advanced by 17.3 days with the increasing temperature. The increased temperature has also been to connected to increases in duration of flight period of
1336:
1109:
Wiklund, Christer; Åhrberg, Carl (1978). "Host Plants, Nectar Source Plants, and
Habitat Selection of Males and Females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera)".
534:
egg deterred further egg laying. However, new studies have discovered another deterrent. To prevent other females from laying eggs on the same flowerhead, female
1375:
1229:
Dempster, J. P. (1997). "The Role of Larval Food
Resources and Adult Movement in the Population Dynamics of the Orange-Tip Butterfly (Anthocharis cardamines)".
395:
365:
380:
350:
996:
Wiklund C, Forsberg J (1986). "Courtship and male discrimination between virgin and mated females in the orange tip butterfly
Anthocharis cardamines".
518:
that refuse to deposit eggs on inflorescences that had aged. If the stem of the inflorescence is not strong enough to support the weight of the female
765:
detention function instead of rejection. Males will continue to court a perched, virgin female with a raised abdomen until she acquiesces or flees.
1687:
872:
van Swaay, C.; Wynhoff, I.; Verovnik, R.; Wiemers, M.; López
Munguira, M.; Maes, D.; Sasic, M.; Verstrael, T.; Warren, M.; Settele, J. (2010).
1746:
1154:"Observations on habitats and dispersion made from oviposition markers in north Cheshire Anthocharis cardamines (L.) (Lepidoptera; Pieridae)"
1841:
1449:
Otaki, Joji M.; Ogasawara, Tsuyoshi; Yamamoto, Haruhiko (2005). "Morphological
Comparison of Pupal Wing Cuticle Patterns in Butterflies".
291:
Males and females of this species occupy different habitats: males mostly frequent the edges of forests whereas females frequent meadows.
1498:
659:
1813:
1661:
1866:
836:(Hemming, 1933) – Found in the mountain ridges of Northern Tian-Shan at elevations of 1200–2700 m. Flight period is April–July.
306:
This species has been affected by changing temperatures, and its first appearance has shifted forward 17.3 days in the Spring.
952:
1871:
852:
1851:
1351:
1700:
1622:
1402:"A Faunistic Study on Papilonoidea and Hesperiodidea (Lepidoptera) of Murat Mountain in Banaz, USAK Province, Turkey"
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cannibalize its sibling. This is the major reason why Orange tip females avoid eggs laying on the same crucifer.
216:
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feeds on most plants found within its habitat but the females selectively oviposit on young inflorescence of
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are easy to find since most individuals develop on a single plant, the pupa is very difficult to locate.
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Males display a variation in body size, which is attributed to their host plant. Males reared on
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heads are preferred to smaller ones. Even when smaller flower heads are overly abundant, female
1692:
1513:
1425:"A distributive list, biotope preferences and flight periods of butterflies of North Tian SHan"
1293:
Roy, D. B.; Sparks, T. H. (2000-04-01). "Phenology of
British butterflies and climate change".
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735:. The deer favor plants with young flowers, which corresponds to the preferred plants of
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781:, and that the raised abdomen presents the pheromone as close as possible to the male.
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284:) The males feature wings with a signature orange pigmentation, which is the origin of
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95:
57:
48:
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904:
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1401:
1337:"Rare Species of Insects in Anthropogenic Ecosystems Located in Southeastern Romania"
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903:
Moulai, R.; Caruana, R.; Verovnik, R.; Bonelli, S.; Beshkov, S. (2014).
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has a closely related function in presenting these pheromones to males.
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842:– Distinct spot found both in pupae and adults and found in Japan.
801:
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In
Britain, there have been patterns found relating weather and
1601:
142:
122:
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338:
become the smaller of the two variants, and those reared on
530:
Initially, it was believed that the bright orange color of
1178:
947:. Gesellschaft für Schmetterlingsschutz e.V. p. 51.
743:
are responsible for consuming up to nineteen percent of
1448:
773:
While a specific pheromone has not been identified in
280:
is mainly found throughout Europe and temperate Asia (
991:
989:
987:
985:
542:
982:
506:if they are in bloom. Furthermore, they prefer to
1833:
995:
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1038:
761:attempts are usually met by a raised abdomen.
417:can be found throughout Europe and across the
1181:"State of Anthocharis cardamines in Armenia"
945:Distribution Atlas of Butterflies in Europe
409:
16:Species of butterfly in the family Pieridae
502:Females will tend to only deposit eggs on
74:
47:
29:
1292:
1228:
783:
678:
1399:
1834:
1412:(2): 437–445 – via researchgate.
1151:
942:
276:, which contains about 1,100 species.
1512:
1511:
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1224:
1222:
690:
1654:ea5f479c-77bc-40e7-b075-9e65831bd7e9
1422:
1350:(3–4): 673–686. 2013. Archived from
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853:List of butterflies of Great Britain
319:when settled on flowerheads such as
315:green and white and create a superb
1842:IUCN Red List least concern species
914:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
883:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
865:
514:, and there have been instances of
13:
1281:
1172:
747:young through indirect predation.
547:When choosing host plants, female
14:
1883:
1489:
1199:
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961:
933:
543:Host plant learning and selection
428:
1315:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00322.x
1179:Butterfly Conservation Armenia.
1061:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01402.x
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1496:UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme
1185:Butterfly Conservation Armenia
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1032:
976:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
522:, they will cease egg laying.
497:
309:
1:
1867:Butterflies described in 1758
1010:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80100-2
858:
807:
739:for egg laying. As a result,
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768:
715:
674:
601:While the earlier stages of
7:
1872:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1406:Pakistan Journal of Zoology
909:(Mediterranean assessment)"
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10:
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1852:Insects of the Middle East
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96:Scientific classification
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23:
1423:Korb, Stanislav (2011).
1376:"Anthocharis cardamines"
587:
579:are always deposited on
410:Distribution and habitat
1152:R.L.H., Dennis (1982).
943:Kudrna, Otakar (2011).
788:Side view of a male on
596:
471:Capsella bursa-pastoris
1552:Anthocharis cardamines
1522:Anthocharis cardamines
1158:Entomologist's Gazette
907:Anthocharis cardamines
876:Anthocharis cardamines
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687:
570:
402:Anthocharis cardamines
387:Anthocharis cardamines
372:Anthocharis cardamines
357:Anthocharis cardamines
261:Anthocharis cardamines
205:Anthocharis cardamines
1857:Butterflies of Europe
1295:Global Change Biology
1251:10.1007/s004420050270
1041:Ecological Entomology
787:
682:
667:disruptively coloured
1862:Butterflies of Japan
1649:Fauna Europaea (new)
1400:Huseyinoglu, Yusuf.
921:: e.T160753A53707517
878:(Europe assessment)"
731:are often grazed by
457:Geranium robertianum
323:and garlic mustard (
1344:Natura Montenegrina
1307:2000GCBio...6..407R
1243:1997Oecol.111..549D
1123:1978Oikos..31..169W
1053:2013EcoEn..38...49D
890:: e.T160753A5378407
727:The host plants of
478:Lychnis flos-cuculi
344:become the larger.
66:Conservation status
1790:Papilio cardamines
1501:2017-09-05 at the
1451:Zoological Science
820:A. c. meridionalis
805:
794:Alliaria petiolata
691:Regional dispersal
688:
326:Alliaria petiolata
250:Euchloë cardamines
187:A. cardamines
58:Rosenfeld, Germany
1829:
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1773:Open Tree of Life
1514:Taxon identifiers
1463:10.2108/zsj.22.21
954:978-3-938249-70-3
436:Lathyrus montanus
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707:in Britain.
705:A.cardamines
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653:Female imago
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561:Life history
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1847:Anthocharis
1675:iNaturalist
1546:Wikispecies
1385:November 5,
1191:18 February
720:Corpses of
684:Anthocharis
498:Oviposition
321:cow parsley
310:Description
225:Subspecies
174:Anthocharis
153:Lepidoptera
24:Orange tip
1836:Categories
1805:Q109585064
1361:2017-10-06
971:Cott, Hugh
859:References
808:Subspecies
566:Life cycle
421:to China.
419:Palearctic
317:camouflage
282:Palearctic
266:orange tip
233:subspecies
133:Arthropoda
1726:AnthCarda
1323:1365-2486
1231:Oecologia
1187:. TSE NGO
1166:0013-8894
1069:1365-2311
1018:0003-3472
769:Pheromone
716:Predation
675:Migration
669:underside
510:on young
504:crucifers
297:crucifers
270:butterfly
181:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
42:, Norway
40:Geiranger
1799:Wikidata
1723:MaBENA:
1701:LepIndex
1693:10271036
1560:BioLib:
1531:Wikidata
1499:Archived
1479:21871639
1471:15684580
1432:Atalanta
1275:21884271
1267:28308117
1077:83720896
1026:53182441
973:(1940).
847:See also
756:Courting
686:in Seitz
575:Eggs of
508:oviposit
274:Pieridae
241:Synonyms
213:Linnaeus
163:Pieridae
159:Family:
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
56:Female,
1819:4535291
1667:1919712
1537:Q322180
1303:Bibcode
1259:4221729
1239:Bibcode
1139:3543560
1119:Bibcode
1049:Bibcode
802:Germany
711:Enemies
484:Female
268:, is a
169:Genus:
149:Order:
143:Insecta
139:Class:
84: (
1778:398585
1752:227532
1706:172977
1641:440867
1615:ANTQCA
1602:170603
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925:3 July
894:3 July
751:Mating
264:, the
38:Male,
1713:LoB:
1688:IRMNG
1680:51495
1628:91126
1623:EUNIS
1589:5VC9R
1576:31586
1563:51311
1475:S2CID
1428:(PDF)
1380:funet
1355:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1271:S2CID
1255:JSTOR
1135:JSTOR
1111:Oikos
1073:S2CID
1022:S2CID
798:Ahlen
796:) in
629:Larva
588:Larva
1814:GBIF
1747:NCBI
1716:5443
1662:GBIF
1610:EPPO
1571:BOLD
1467:PMID
1387:2018
1319:ISSN
1263:PMID
1193:2018
1162:ISSN
1065:ISSN
1014:ISSN
949:ISBN
927:2024
919:2014
896:2024
888:2010
641:Pupa
597:Pupa
374:♂ △
231:See
217:1758
1765:716
1734:NBN
1597:EoL
1584:CoL
1459:doi
1311:doi
1247:doi
1235:111
1127:doi
1057:doi
1006:doi
617:Egg
571:Egg
404:♀ △
359:♂
329:).
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