852:, who fought in Mackiewicz's unit and commanded infantry. He was one of the commander's most trusted officers. The text is divided into two parts, the first describing the time before the uprising was created between 1900 and 1904, and the second describing the actual fighting between 1864 and 1865. Šenavičienė claims that the account faithfully reflects the thoughts of Mackevičius himself, more than his testimonies written after his imprisonment, facing the death penalty. In the manuscript Mackevičius' main goal is the rebirth of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which is explicitly referred to as "Poland" and its inhabitants, without distinction of ethnic origins, as "Poles". The author of the account criticises the nobility and the existing social relations, and sees the peasantry as the essence of the society. It calls for profound social reform, but this is to be possible only after independence and built in the spirit of the Christian Gospel.
480:
31:
674:
773:
821:
752:. After Mackevičius was captured, he was transported and shown throughout the country by the occupying Russian authorities to convince Lithuanians that further resistance was pointless. The Russians told Mackevičius that he would not be punished if he betrayed the other leaders of the uprising, but Mackevičius sternly refused. During interrogation and court proceedings, Mackevičius behaved admirably.
526:. After this battle, several commanders active in the area joined forces under Sierakowski's command. According to Puzinas, Mackevičius was appointed commander of the 4th battalion, while according to Kozłowski, he was the 3rd battalion's commander. Soon, it was detached by Sierakowski for special tasks — destroying archives, taking over county coffers and others. On May 3, Mackevičius group was near
813:
It's hard to determine what was his actual view about the nature of the connection between Poland and
Lithuania. According to Darius Staliūnas, his statements could be a real testimony of deep separatism, but also a last attempt to improve the conditions of the Lithuanian people in the face of the defeat of the uprising ― a promise of loyalty in exchange for reforms. However, according to
809:
out reforms "or else cede
Lithuania to Poland as one of its parts". Elsewhere, he emphasised social factors, saying that immediately after the uprising broke out in the Kingdom of Poland, he announced an uprising in Lithuania because Poland promised tax equality for all classes and the granting of land. And the people of Lithuania were more favourable to Poland than to imperial Russia.
428:, and soon the unit grew to 500 men. The unit was mainly made up of local peasants, but there were also representatives of the gentry, mainly the poor, urban youth and students. Germans, Prussian Lithuanians and volunteers from Mazovia also joined the unit. The officers were mainly fugitives from the Russian army, as well as cadets from the Polish military school in
710:. However, the grouping was attacked and broken up by the Russians on 19 October. On November 3 Mackevičius succeeded in breaking up a Russian detachment near Kėdainiai and captured a considerable amount of ammunition. Nonetheless, the uprising in Samogitia was collapsing. The troops that were still active gathered in the forests near
389:
927:. Due to the uprising in Lithuania beginning later than in Poland, the name "January Uprising" is inappropriate when talking about Lithuania. However, some contemporary Lithuanian historiography as well as Lithuanian translations of Polish works use the term "January Uprising" when referring to the uprising as a whole.
848:). It is an account of a member of Mackevičius' unit written down by Antoni Medeksza, the author of monographs on insurgent units fighting in Samogitia published in 1863-65 in the émigré periodical "Ojczyzna". The actual author of relation was identified by Šenavičienė as an officer named Rutkowski, a native of
795:
Mackevičius is often regarded as the most prominent example of
Lithuanian separatism during the uprising of 1863. According to Jurgis Želvys, following the unsuccessful 1831 Uprising, Mackevičius, like most of the Lithuanian nobility, did not lose hope of restoring Lithuania's independence. The main
739:
After the battle, Antanas
Mackevičius announced his departure and his intention to go to France to acquire firearms and start fighting again in the spring of 1864. According to other sources he was sent to Warsaw, in order to obtain information about the state of the uprising and to acquire weapons.
808:
More controversial are his views about the connection between Poland and
Lithuania. At one point, he stresses that Poland united with Lithuania voluntarily and therefore sympathies for Poland are deeply rooted in Lithuania. He goes on to say that the aim of the uprising was to force Russia to carry
804:
In his testimony, Mackevičius emphasised socio-economic factors as the reason for joining the uprising. He drew attention to the dire situation of the
Lithuanian peasantry, whose situation only worsened after the abolition of serfdom. The people suffered under the oppression of the nobility and the
652:
Priest
Mackevičius set off in the direction of Panevėžys, and on the way joined up with the Kończa party, but they soon separated. On 19 July, near Panevėžys, he tried to break up a Russian convoy - unsuccessfully, but he succeeded in a night attack on the Russian guard. There was also a successful
867:
During his lifetime, Mackevičius became a legendary symbol of a steadfast partisan commander. The
Lithuanian people did not believe in his death. In the spring of 1864, there was a rumour that Mackevičius had reappeared in the Kaunas area with his troop, in the regions where he had previously been
812:
On the other hand, he also says that the aim of the uprising was to give the
Lithuanian people the opportunity to express themselves freely whether they would rather join Poland or Russia. He goes on to say that Lithuania was forced to fight together with Poland because it was too weak on its own.
307:
was closely collaborating with
Mackevičius. In the summer of 1862, Father Mackevičius attended the wedding of Zygmunt Sierakowski and Apolonia Dalewska. Most of the later leaders of the Lithuanian conspiracy gathered at the ceremony. Couple of days before he was nominated a representative of the
278:
parish. Mackevičius had close relations with the local peasants and was liked by them. During his ministry in this parish he organised patriotic demonstrations. In 1861, he delivered an anti-government sermon in Lithuanian on the anniversary of the Union of Lublin. These had to end after the
344:
When the uprising finally started in Warsaw on 22 and 23 January, the preparation in Lithuania accelerated even more. Because of the lack of arms and money Lithuanian Provincial Committee decided to postpone the start of the uprising for a couple of weeks and to limit it to only
759:
his interrogations were expedited and after only a week he was brought before the court which sentenced him to death. Mackevičius was hanged in public view on 28 December 1863. He was executed in Kaunas. An attempt to rescue him by a group from
245:
from 1846 to 1849. However, he did not finish studies, because he firmly resolved to becoming a priest. He did so because he thought that this would bring him closer to the common Lithuanian people. Thereafter, from 1850 to 1853, he was in the
420:. He called upon the people to rise up and restore independence, and promised to reorganize society by granting greater rights and land to peasants. Mackevičius succeeded in organizing some 250 men, armed with hunting rifles and straightened
557:, during which Sierakowski's brigade was defeated and destroyed. After the failed battle on May 8/9 near Gudiškiai, where Sierakowski was wounded and captured, Mackevičius' unit went from the Panevėžys County to the Raseiniai County.
185:'s unit, after whose defeat he continued to fight on his own. He was one of the longest-fighting commanders of a partisan unit in Lithuania. On 17 December 1863, he was captured by the Russians and executed a few days later in
872:
there is a commemorative exposition honouring Antanas Mackevičius' legacy at the town's museum. It contains many of Antanas Mackevičius' personal artifacts - his furniture, private letters, documents, and other items. In
967:
Rev. Antanas Mackevičius, a Lithuanian leader in the revolt of 1863, insisted, on the one hand, that many of his clerical colleagues hated everything Polish and loathed the gentry because of their socially oppressive
503:'s unit. Mackevičius together with 120 men went towards Kaunas. On April 19, he joined forces with the joint rebel army led by Zygmunt Sierakowski. Both soon clashed with Russians on 21 April during the victorious
800:
points out this source is questionable ― the testimony given in the face of death, could have been distorted. However, Mackevičius's texts from previous years are missing, so no comparison is possible.
444:), and motto in Polish: BOŻE ZBAW POLSKĘ (God, Save Poland). On the other side was an oil painted image of the Virgin Mary and St. Elisabeth. The insurgents wore gray knee-length
380:. The new insurrectionary government ordered to refrain from overt demonstrations until the end of April. Neither Antanas Mackevičius nor Bolesław Dłuski heeded the call to not join the uprising.
665:, extraordinary commissioner of the National Government for Lithuania, appointed Mackevičius political commissar of the Kaunas voivodeship, and Ignacy Laskowski head of the Kaunas voivodeship.
661:
on August 12. In the next battle, at Buda on August 20, the Russians had a six-fold advantage over the 120 partisans and, despite fierce defence, forced them to retreat. At the end of August,
639:
309:
327:
for Samogitia. This was the start of feverish preparations for the uprising. Father Mackevičius was gathering weapons, supported by Józef Mickiewicz, Bolesław Dłuski and peasant
721:; besides Mackevičius, these were the parties of Aleksander Domaszewicz, Jurewicz and Jagiełłowicz. A total of 272 partisans. Mackevičius' last battle was on November 26 at
722:
634:
on 6 June was similarly successful. Staniewicz then broke off, and Mackevičius and Laskowski marched further south. They successfully clashed with the Russian army at
694:
This did not change much, Mackevičius continued his guerrilla fight in the forests of Panevėžys. The only major skirmish in this period was the successful battle of
817:, although now seen as a "proto-Lithuanian nationalist", Mackevičius' goal was indeed to recreate the Grand Duchy - but "in a provisional association with Poland".
575:, who was appointed as commander by wounded Sierakowski. They joined forces and created a strong unit of about 1000 partisans, which was on 16 May strengthened by
2063:
797:
543:
1098:
pl - ks. Antoni Mackiewicz, w którego oddziałach komenda była po litewsku. eng - priest Antoni Mackiewicz, whose divisions were commanded in Lithuanian.
711:
1962:
Staliūnas, Darius (2016). "Litwini i powstanie 1863 roku" [Lithuanians and the Uprising of 1863]. In Adamski, Łukasz; Dębski, Sławomir (eds.).
565:
1654:
370:
736:. In this battle, the partisans were attacked and smashed by a 700-strong Russian detachment and the commander Aleksander Domaszewicz was captured.
512:
436:
as a military instructor. His unit used a banner sewn from two parts: the top navy blue and the bottom crimson. It depicted on the main side the
1070:
On pages 64-68, there is Antanas Mackevičius' letter in Polish on 13 December 1863 to the Kaunas District Military commander Colonel Bozherianov
805:
tsarist administration. As the second reason for the revolt, he pointed to the suppression of the Catholic religion by the Russian authorities.
1981:
1912:
1855:
1828:
1801:
1774:
1742:
781:
1082:
405:
162:
1921:
859:
claimed that Mackevičius had democratic views already during his studies in Kyiv. Already then, he advocated the abolition of serfdom.
169:, which consisted mainly of the local Lithuanian peasants that enthusiastically joined his units. Mackevičius, dressed in the priest's
1881:
408:'s manifesto and its decrees. He himself did it on 8 March 1863, when he read the manifesto during a sermon at the church in Paberžė (
2068:
2022:
1083:"Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski University of Łódź: Powstanie styczniowe było walką o odrodzenie Rzeczypospolitej Trojga Narodów"
460:. Wherever Mackevičius and his soldiers entered, he was joyously received. Wherever he went, Mackevičius was greeted with crosses,
748:. He was captured together with Julian Rodowicz and his aide-de-camp Florjan D'Artuzi. Three of them were taken to the prison in
2078:
476:
in the churches and read the rebel's manifesto from their pulpits about freeing the fatherland and giving land to the peasants.
2073:
1952:
1542:
960:
279:
introduction of martial law in Lithuania in 1861. At that time Mackevičius became involved in secret circles and joined the
237:. It's not clear whether Mackevičius finished his secondary education. After that Mackevičius studied at the then-renowned
221:
Tadas Mackevičius (Tadeusz Mackiewicz) and Marijona Mackevičienė. In 1840, at the age of 12, Mackevičius walked by foot to
877:, from where Mackevičius set out for the uprising, in the former Szylling manor house, there is a museum dedicated to the
295:. The circles were subordinated to the movement's committee in Kaunas, and later in Vilnius. Everything was supervised by
495:. On March 27, the units led by Mackevičius fought against four Russian infantry companies and one cavalry squadron near
1068:. Acta historica Lituanica (in Lithuanian). Vol. 15. Vilnius: Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Istorijos institutas.
314:
1864:
868:
active, the situation was still unstable. For Polish and Lithuanian historiographers he became a national hero. In
357:
governorates. The committee was soon transformed into the Administrative Department of the Provinces of Lithuania (
583:. Soon Giedgowd disengaged and Mackevičius's and Laskowski's detachment headed for Tauragė to capture weapons.
657:
on the night of 31 July/1 August. The next major skirmish of Mackevičius's unit was the victorious battle of
644:
499:. After the fight both divisions separated. Dłuski went towards the forests of Krakės, where he joined major
828:
Source of another type is a manuscript found in 2007 by a Lithuanian researcher Ieva Šenavičienė entitled:
1651:
591:
Throughout summer and autumn of 1863, Mackevičius fought many battles against the Russian Army, e.g. near
678:
Events in Poland — pushing back the Russians by Father Mackevičius' attack near Šventybrastis near Kaunas
1894:
1906:
1768:
698:
on 9 September. On October 9 Mackevičius's unit attacked a Russian unit on the route of the march from
488:
304:
2027:
2005:
874:
580:
271:
166:
756:
392:
Documentary drawing depicting a banner of the Podbrzezie Regiment formed and led by Antoni Mackiewicz
366:
238:
93:
1968:
Contrary to royal alliances. Russia, Europe and Polish struggle for independence in the 19th century
727:
324:
280:
247:
99:
1884:[Antanas Mackevičius - the leader of Lithuanian peasants in the fight against tsarism].
504:
2083:
912:
437:
157:. He became involved in the uprising conspiracy. After the outbreak of the January Uprising in
542:
and Mackevičius commanded the right-wing. Because of that, he took part only in the battle of
456:
trimmed with sheep fur (so called krakuska). The first rebel marches were akin to celebratory
284:
1532:
630:'s troop, the insurgents had the advantage and forced the Russians to retreat. The battle of
523:
441:
425:
131:
479:
433:
2058:
2053:
1333:
890:
662:
548:
2036:
764:
did not get beyond the planning stages and therefore was unable to prevent his execution.
716:
8:
796:
source for learning about his views are his testimonies before Russian investigators. As
570:
346:
296:
182:
174:
554:
500:
1975:
1849:
1822:
1795:
1788:
Father Antoni Mackiewicz during the demonstrations, conspiracy and uprising (1861-1863)
1736:
1355:
654:
622:
The detachment was constantly under attack, and on 2 June a major battle took place at
375:
354:
350:
230:
1938:
856:
30:
1990:
1948:
1538:
1359:
956:
776:
Mackevičius' photograph among the portraits of executed leaders of January Uprising.
686:
491:'s party and on March 27 both units victoriously defeated a larger Russian unit near
226:
87:
517:
189:. He became a legend during his lifetime and is still considered a national hero in
1964:
Wbrew królewskim aliansom. Rosja, Europa i polska walka o niepodległość w XIX wieku
1784:
Ksiądz Antoni Mackiewicz w latach manifestacji, konspiracji i powstania (1861-1863)
1345:
924:
878:
855:
We can also learn about Mackevičius view from the testimony of his contemporaries.
300:
210:
135:
707:
292:
1658:
1062:
Maksimaitienė, Ona; Strazdūnaitė, Rita (1988). Aleksandravičius, Egidijus (ed.).
946:
916:
786:
681:
576:
496:
409:
358:
178:
120:
388:
1063:
814:
627:
561:
469:
218:
146:
1842:
Lithuania and Biatorus in the era of conspiracy and armed uprising (1861-1864)
1350:
417:
328:
275:
2047:
1534:
The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999
740:
Nonetheless, on December 17, he was captured near Ringuva, 5 kilometers from
263:
234:
1334:"Inscriptions on military flags in Poland: an attempt at forming a typology"
772:
673:
1111:
869:
699:
658:
631:
592:
206:
1754:(in Lithuanian). Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla.
596:
128:
849:
635:
623:
531:
492:
616:
560:
After the battle, Mackevičius gathered about 400 men and moved towards
535:
507:. Mackevičius' scythemen distinguished themselves in the battle of the
457:
283:' party. He himself founded two in Surviliškis and Paberžė. The priest
1882:"Antanas Mackevičius - Lietuvos valstiečių vadas kovoje prieš carizmą"
1671:
Skłodowski, Jan (2013). "Muzeum powstania styczniowego w Podbrzeziu".
919:) officially began on February 1. This was later than the uprising in
511:
forests on April 21. On April 26, Mackevičius fought in the battle of
952:
761:
695:
453:
401:
267:
190:
139:
1838:
Litwa i Biatorus w dobie konspiracji powstania zbrojnego (1861—1864)
612:
608:
703:
600:
539:
259:
923:, which began on January 22, from which came the uprising's name
745:
741:
733:
706:. He then joined forces with the troops of Paweł Staniewicz near
527:
473:
449:
445:
288:
225:
in order to pursue education. He spent six years learning in the
222:
214:
170:
154:
1940:
Kunigas Mackevičius kaip istorinė asmenybė. Biografijos kontūrai
1995:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
920:
820:
749:
604:
508:
421:
397:
194:
186:
158:
1558:
1300:
1298:
205:
Mackevičius was born on 26 June 1828 in Morkiai village, near
1945:
Priest Mackiewicz as a historical figure. Biographical sketch
1575:
1573:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
843:
Priest Mackiewicz as a historical figure. Biographical sketch
429:
2008:[Lithuanian Catholic clergy and the 1863 uprising].
1922:"Kunigo Antano Mackevičiaus 150-ąsias gimimo metines minint"
1483:
173:
coat himself, being bi-lingual, commanded his troops in the
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
465:
461:
242:
150:
1815:
Commanders and heroes of the January Uprising in Samogitia
1609:
1597:
1585:
1570:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1275:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1061:
270:. Then, between 1855 and 1863, served as a priest in the
1702:
1700:
1698:
1512:
1202:
1200:
1198:
830:
Ksiądz Mackiewicz jako postać dziejowa. Rys biograficzny
1633:
1462:
1429:
1407:
1405:
1377:
Powstanie styczniowe w zbiorach Muzeum Wojska Polskiego
1265:
1263:
1250:
1248:
1000:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
522:, located in the forests of Karpis and Komaras, in the
2006:"Lietuvos katalikų dvasininkai ir 1863 metų sukilimas"
1947:] (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos istorijos institutas.
1901:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 17. Boston. pp. 31–32.
1811:
Dowódcy i bohaterowie powstania styczniowego na Żmudzi
1683:
1383:
1224:
1212:
778:
For the Faith and the Homeland 1863, executed - hanged
680:, based on a sketch by Henryk Dziarkowski, drawing by
1695:
1310:
1195:
440:
and the inscription in Polish: PUŁK PODBRZEŹSKI (the
1450:
1417:
1402:
1260:
1245:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
973:
1763:(in Polish). Vol. 19. Wrocław. pp. 84–85.
1621:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
448:girdled with a leather belt, and the officers wore
1716:
534:. At the time, Sierakowski began marching towards
1759:Kozłowski, Eligiusz (1974). "Antoni Mackiewicz".
1178:
1157:
530:, while the next day, a part of his group was in
483:Antanas Mackevičius in priest robes, before 1863.
287:conducted similar activities in the neighbouring
161:on January 22, he announced the manifesto of the
134:who was one of the leaders and initiators of the
54:Morkiai village, Raseiniai County, Russian Empire
2045:
1126:
2064:19th-century Lithuanian Roman Catholic priests
1970:] (in Polish). Warszawa. pp. 267–281.
1530:
824:Snuff box belonging to the priest Mackevičius
262:, and between 1853 and 1855 he served as the
70:Kaunas, Governorate of Kaunas, Russian Empire
638:(19 June) and Konopajcice (22 June), but at
553:, i.e. the last part of the three-days long
2025:[Antanas Mackevičius and Paberžė].
1936:
1865:"1863 metų sukilimas ir sukilėliai kalboje"
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1564:
931:
833:
472:. The priests organised celebrations, sang
229:. This gymnasium was located in the former
200:
1980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1854:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1827:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1800:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1773:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1741:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1670:
1524:
1112:"The 1863 revolt in Soviet historiography"
365:), where the authorities were held by the
29:
2003:
1961:
1862:
1758:
1706:
1518:
1506:
1349:
1304:
1065:Antanas Mackevičius: laiškai ir parodymai
994:
127:; 26 June 1828 – 28 December 1863) was a
1722:
1639:
1218:
819:
771:
672:
478:
387:
1919:
1892:
1835:
1808:
1749:
1689:
1537:. Yale University Press. pp. 30–.
1396:
1316:
1109:
1049:
2046:
2020:
2004:Zubreckas, Alfonsas (16 August 2003).
1988:
1781:
1627:
1477:
1456:
1444:
1423:
1411:
1269:
1254:
1239:
1206:
1189:
1172:
944:
363:Wydział Zarządzający Prowincjami Litwy
1879:
1371:
1369:
1327:
1325:
1151:
744:, while preparing to cross the river
334:
1331:
649:(24 June) their unit was broken up.
253:
233:, which was closed after the failed
145:Mackevičius was born to a family of
1752:Lietuvos sukilimas 1862-1864 metais
396:Mackevičius ordered the priests of
13:
1366:
1322:
905:
767:
14:
2095:
945:Vardys, V. Stanley (2018-02-19).
564:. On his way, he met the unit of
2069:19th-century Lithuanian nobility
2023:"Antanas Mackevičius ir Paberžė"
862:
165:on March 8 and formed a unit in
1937:Šenavičienė, Ieva, ed. (2012).
1717:Cited sources and other sources
1664:
1645:
321:Komitet Prowincjonalny Litewski
310:Lithuanian Provincial Committee
1103:
1075:
1055:
938:
906:
684:, engraved by Collon Smeeton (
1:
2074:January Uprising participants
217:parish. His parents were the
16:Lithuanian priest (1828–1863)
690:, No. 1088, 2 January 1864).
452:. On their heads, they wore
274:church, which was a part of
79:Execution by Tsarist hangmen
7:
2079:People from Šiauliai County
1844:] (in Polish). Olsztyn.
1836:Łaniec, Stanisław (2002b).
1809:Łaniec, Stanisław (2002a).
1790:] (in Polish). Olsztyn.
1761:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
1729:1863: Lithuania and Belarus
1652:1863 metų sukilimo muziejus
948:Lithuania: The Rebel Nation
884:
487:Later his unit merged with
438:White Eagle wearing a crown
213:. At the time, this was in
10:
2100:
1782:Łaniec, Stanisław (2001).
1731:] (in Polish). Warsaw.
432:. Unit was soon joined by
339:
1880:MMNNL (30 October 2013).
1817:] (in Polish). Toruń.
1351:10.18290/rh.2019.68.2-7en
757:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
668:
586:
383:
239:Saint Vladimir University
106:
94:Saint Vladimir University
83:
75:
59:
40:
28:
21:
1920:Šalčius, Juozas (1978).
1863:Mataitytė, Inga (2013).
1750:Jurgėla, Kostas (1970).
1723:Fajnhauz, Dawid (1999).
1110:Jakštas, Juozas (1963).
932:Citations and references
911:The Uprising of 1863 in
896:
201:Early life and education
35:A picture of Mackevičius
2021:Želvys, Jurgis (2002).
1893:Puzinas, Jonas (1959).
1657:August 9, 2009, at the
1531:Timothy Snyder (2004).
755:By the direct order of
248:Varniai Priest Seminary
100:Varniai Priest Seminary
1899:Lietuvių enciklopedija
1725:1863. Litwa i Białoruś
1338:Roczniki Humanistyczne
915:(part of which was in
913:ethnographic Lithuania
825:
792:
691:
484:
413:
393:
362:
124:
1991:"Antanas Mackevičius"
1895:"Antanas Mackevičius"
1673:Spotkania Z Zabytkami
1087:teologiapolityczna.pl
823:
775:
676:
482:
391:
132:Roman Catholic priest
110:Roman Catholic priest
663:Konstanty Kalinowski
505:battle of Genėtiniai
454:rogatywka-style hats
2039:on 4 December 2007.
1379:. 1966. p. 72.
406:National Government
297:Zygmunt Sierakowski
285:Vincentas Šliogeris
183:Zygmunt Sierakowski
163:National Government
117:Antanas Mackevičius
76:Cause of death
23:Antanas Mackevičius
1567:, p. 240-243.
1509:, p. 276-280.
1332:Ptak, Jan (2019).
826:
793:
692:
655:Bistrampolis Manor
485:
394:
335:1863―1864 Uprising
231:Vilnius University
2031:(in Lithuanian).
2012:(in Lithuanian).
1954:978-9955-847-60-1
1928:(in Lithuanian).
1907:cite encyclopedia
1871:(in Lithuanian).
1769:cite encyclopedia
1544:978-0-300-10586-5
962:978-0-429-97879-1
579:' soldiers, near
434:Bolesław Kołyszko
254:Catholic Ministry
227:Vilnius Gymnasium
125:Antoni Mackiewicz
114:
113:
88:Vilnius Gymnasium
63:December 28, 1863
2091:
2040:
2035:. Archived from
2017:
2000:
1999:(in Lithuanian).
1985:
1979:
1971:
1958:
1933:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1889:
1888:(in Lithuanian).
1876:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1616:Šenavičienė 2012
1613:
1607:
1604:Šenavičienė 2012
1601:
1595:
1592:Šenavičienė 2012
1589:
1583:
1580:Šenavičienė 2012
1577:
1568:
1565:Šenavičienė 2012
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1481:
1480:, p. 31-34.
1475:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1447:, p. 26-29.
1442:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:, p. 84-85.
1302:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1053:
1052:, p. 31-32.
1047:
998:
992:
971:
970:
942:
925:January Uprising
910:
879:January Uprising
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
798:Darius Staliūnas
790:
731:
720:
648:
626:. Reinforced by
574:
566:Ignacy Laskowski
555:battle of Biržai
552:
524:Panevėžys County
521:
501:Tomasz Kuszłejko
442:Paberžė Regiment
426:Paberžė Regiment
379:
318:
301:Saint Petersburg
211:Raseiniai County
149:. He studied in
136:January Uprising
66:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2044:
2043:
1989:Vle.lt (2021).
1973:
1972:
1955:
1904:
1903:
1847:
1846:
1820:
1819:
1793:
1792:
1766:
1765:
1734:
1733:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1659:Wayback Machine
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1484:
1476:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1242:, p. 9-10.
1238:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1171:
1158:
1150:
1127:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1001:
993:
974:
963:
943:
939:
934:
929:
917:Congress Poland
899:
887:
865:
857:Jakób Gieysztor
845:
842:
839:
836:
784:
770:
768:Political views
725:
714:
682:Godefroy Durand
671:
642:
589:
577:Mamert Giedgowd
568:
546:
515:
489:Bolesław Dłuski
386:
373:
371:Jakub Gieysztor
342:
337:
312:
305:Bolesław Dłuski
256:
203:
179:Polish language
97:
91:
71:
68:
64:
55:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2042:
2041:
2018:
2001:
1986:
1959:
1953:
1934:
1917:
1890:
1877:
1860:
1833:
1806:
1779:
1756:
1747:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:Mataitytė 2013
1694:
1692:, p. 264.
1682:
1663:
1644:
1642:, p. 281.
1632:
1620:
1618:, p. 241.
1608:
1606:, p. 240.
1596:
1594:, p. 239.
1584:
1582:, p. 243.
1569:
1557:
1543:
1523:
1521:, p. 281.
1519:Staliūnas 2016
1511:
1507:Staliūnas 2016
1482:
1461:
1449:
1428:
1416:
1401:
1399:, p. 189.
1382:
1365:
1321:
1309:
1305:Kozłowski 1974
1274:
1259:
1244:
1223:
1211:
1209:, p. 7-8.
1194:
1177:
1156:
1125:
1102:
1074:
1054:
999:
995:Zubreckas 2003
972:
961:
936:
935:
933:
930:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
886:
883:
864:
861:
815:Timothy Snyder
769:
766:
687:L'Illustration
670:
667:
653:skirmish near
628:Jan Staniewicz
588:
585:
470:bread and salt
385:
382:
341:
338:
336:
333:
255:
252:
202:
199:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
67:(aged 35)
61:
57:
56:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2096:
2085:
2084:Armed priests
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2028:Žemaičių žemė
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Gimtoji Kalba
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1679:(1–2): 35–37.
1678:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1640:Fajnhauz 1999
1636:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1459:, p. 30.
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1426:, p. 23.
1425:
1420:
1414:, p. 21.
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1319:, p. 71.
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1272:, p. 14.
1271:
1266:
1264:
1257:, p. 12.
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1221:, p. 48.
1220:
1219:Fajnhauz 1999
1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
996:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
969:
964:
958:
954:
950:
949:
941:
937:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
908:
904:
892:
889:
888:
882:
880:
876:
871:
863:Commemoration
860:
858:
853:
851:
831:
822:
818:
816:
810:
806:
802:
799:
788:
783:
779:
774:
765:
763:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
737:
735:
729:
724:
718:
713:
709:
708:Šventybrastis
705:
701:
697:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
666:
664:
660:
656:
650:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
578:
572:
567:
563:
558:
556:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
332:
330:
326:
322:
316:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Šventybrastis
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
251:
249:
244:
240:
236:
235:1831 Uprising
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
62:
58:
51:June 28, 1828
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2037:the original
2032:
2026:
2013:
2009:
1994:
1967:
1963:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1926:Rūpintojėlis
1925:
1898:
1886:senas.lnb.lt
1885:
1872:
1868:
1841:
1837:
1814:
1810:
1787:
1783:
1760:
1751:
1728:
1724:
1690:Jurgėla 1970
1685:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1661:. 2009-11-13
1647:
1635:
1630:, p. 7.
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1533:
1526:
1514:
1452:
1419:
1397:Šalčius 1978
1376:
1341:
1337:
1317:Łaniec 2002b
1312:
1214:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1097:
1091:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1050:Puzinas 1959
966:
947:
940:
907:
902:
901:
866:
854:
829:
827:
811:
807:
803:
794:
782:Awit Szubert
777:
754:
738:
693:
685:
677:
651:
621:
619:and others.
590:
559:
544:Šniurkiškiai
486:
404:to read the
395:
369:, headed by
343:
320:
257:
219:petty nobles
204:
181:. He joined
147:petty nobles
144:
116:
115:
96:(1846–1849)
92:
90:(1840–1846)
65:(1863-12-28)
2059:1863 deaths
2054:1828 births
1628:Łaniec 2001
1550:21 February
1478:Łaniec 2001
1457:Łaniec 2001
1445:Łaniec 2001
1424:Łaniec 2001
1412:Łaniec 2001
1270:Łaniec 2001
1255:Łaniec 2001
1240:Łaniec 2001
1207:Łaniec 2001
1190:Želvys 2002
1173:Vle.lt 2021
1089:(in Polish)
891:John Murphy
785: [
726: [
715: [
643: [
569: [
547: [
516: [
513:Karsakiškis
468:, and with
458:processions
424:, into the
418:Surviliškis
374: [
329:Adomas Bitė
313: [
276:Surviliškis
102:(1850–1853)
2048:Categories
2010:XXI amžius
1344:(2): 162.
1152:MMNNL 2013
1093:2022-06-30
617:Josvainiai
497:Naujaberžė
414:Podbrzezie
175:Lithuanian
129:Lithuanian
107:Occupation
47:1828-06-28
1976:cite book
1850:cite book
1823:cite book
1796:cite book
1737:cite book
1360:209007746
968:behavior.
953:Routledge
870:Kėdainiai
762:Aleksotas
723:Lebedžiai
712:Gaižuvėlė
700:Kėdainiai
696:Krekenava
659:Kėdainiai
640:Mantvydai
632:Tytuvėnai
593:Tytuvėnai
562:Panevėžys
402:Samogitia
323:) of the
268:Krekenava
207:Tytuvėnai
191:Lithuania
140:Lithuania
84:Education
1655:Archived
1116:Lituanus
885:See also
850:Kupiškis
704:Ramygala
636:Žaiginys
624:Užventis
601:Rietavas
540:Courland
536:Dünaburg
532:Rokiškis
493:Miegėnai
450:czamaras
446:sukmanas
260:ordained
1875:: 4–11.
875:Paberžė
837:
746:Nemunas
742:Vilkija
734:Vilkija
581:Paberžė
528:Kamajai
474:Te Deum
422:scythes
347:Vilnius
340:Prelude
289:Vilkija
272:Paberžė
258:He was
223:Vilnius
215:Lioliai
171:Cassock
167:Paberžė
155:Varniai
1996:Vle.lt
1951:
1541:
1358:
959:
921:Poland
750:Kaunas
669:Autumn
613:Krakės
609:Šiluva
605:Tverai
597:Šilalė
587:Summer
509:Raguva
416:) and
410:Polish
398:Liauda
384:Spring
367:Whites
359:Polish
355:Grodno
351:Kaunas
195:Poland
187:Kaunas
159:Warsaw
121:Polish
1966:[
1943:[
1840:[
1813:[
1786:[
1727:[
1356:S2CID
897:Notes
789:]
732:near
730:]
719:]
647:]
573:]
551:]
520:]
466:hymns
462:flags
430:Cuneo
378:]
317:]
299:from
264:vicar
1982:link
1949:ISBN
1913:link
1856:link
1829:link
1802:link
1775:link
1743:link
1552:2011
1539:ISBN
1122:(4).
957:ISBN
834:lit.
400:and
353:and
325:Reds
291:and
281:Reds
243:Kyiv
193:and
177:and
153:and
151:Kyiv
60:Died
41:Born
1346:doi
780:by
702:to
538:in
266:in
241:in
209:in
142:.
138:in
2050::
2014:62
1993:.
1978:}}
1974:{{
1924:.
1909:}}
1905:{{
1897:.
1867:.
1852:}}
1848:{{
1825:}}
1821:{{
1798:}}
1794:{{
1771:}}
1767:{{
1739:}}
1735:{{
1697:^
1677:37
1675:.
1572:^
1485:^
1464:^
1431:^
1404:^
1385:^
1368:^
1354:.
1342:67
1340:.
1336:.
1324:^
1277:^
1262:^
1247:^
1226:^
1197:^
1180:^
1159:^
1128:^
1118:.
1114:.
1096:.
1085:.
1002:^
975:^
965:.
955:.
951:.
903:a.
881:.
787:pl
728:lt
717:lt
645:lt
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
571:pl
549:lt
518:lt
464:,
412::
376:pl
361::
349:,
331:.
315:pl
303:.
250:.
197:.
123::
2033:3
2016:.
1984:)
1957:.
1932:.
1930:5
1915:)
1873:4
1858:)
1831:)
1804:)
1777:)
1745:)
1709:.
1554:.
1362:.
1348::
1192:.
1175:.
1154:.
1120:9
997:.
846:'
840:'
832:(
791:.
319:(
119:(
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpeg)