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arrived at Laurel Grove, she was pregnant. Laurel Grove was a prosperous plantation that grew oranges, sea island cotton, peas, and potatoes. Over a hundred slaves worked there, who were from several
African ethnic groups; they lived in two groups of houses. Anna, however, lived with Kingsley in his large house. At Laurel Grove, as at many other southeastern plantations, Kingsley used the task system to manage work. Slaves were given a quota to fill; when they were finished, they were allowed to pursue their own tasks. Some tended personal gardens, while others produced crafts, both of which they were able to sell. Whether due to cultivation techniques or the task system, Laurel Grove was quite successful. One year the plantation made $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 218,000 in 2023), which was an extraordinary income at the time, particularly for sparsely-populated Florida.
312:. Attached to the lake was a dock, the main entrance to Kingsley's plantation, which he had named Laurel Grove. Kingsley had become a citizen of Spanish Florida in 1803, likely because it allowed him to continue his international slave trading, at a time when Great Britain and the United States were moving to prohibit it (which they did in 1807). He had been granted the plantation three years before by the Spanish colonial government in exchange for his having brought 74 slaves to the territory. Spain was making generous land grants so as to attract settlers into Florida.
424:] made her outstanding, and I would not keep my eyes away for admiration. She was quiet and moved with regal dignity—I have never seen anything like her, before or since. Her daughter was there also, and she was very light in color, but not as good-looking as her mother. I was six or seven years old at the time. I was Kingsley's niece. The next morning my aunt, Mrs. Gibbs, sent two servants for us with a horse and buggy, and we were carried over to Newcastle. My mother was furious that we had spent the night at Ma'm Anna's, but it could not be helped.
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after being released, his whereabouts unknown. To evade the
Americans, Anna approached the Spanish and negotiated her escape, bringing along her children and a dozen slaves. She burned Kingsley's plantation to the ground while the Spanish watched. Anna asked the Spanish to return her to her own homestead, and she burned it, too, preventing its use by the Patriots. For her actions, after the war the Spanish government granted Anna 350 acres (1.4 km).
323:, which confirmed her high status at the plantation. Most visitors had assumed she was already a free woman. Emancipation was critical to her future. Three children had been born to the Kingsleys by this time: George, born June 1807; Martha, born July 1809; and Mary, born February 1811. Kingsley assured their emancipation as well. Had he died before they were freed, Anna and the children would have been sold as slaves.
462:"defective and invalid". Kingsley's sister cited Florida law that forbade Black people from owning property, and claimed that Anna and Kingsley's other wives moved to Haiti spontaneously, abandoning the property in Florida to become free people. Anna returned to Florida in 1846 to participate in the Kingsley estate defense, despite the increasingly tense racial climate in
338:, across the river from Laurel Grove. She purchased goods and livestock to get her farm started, as well as 12 enslaved workers. Slavery within African societies, generally as a result of capture during warfare, was a custom with which Anna would probably have been familiar, including the fact that female slaves often married their masters in order to obtain freedom.
223:. Slave raids were frequent occurrences during incessant violence that left many small villages deserted, as people were abducted to be sold into slavery or they fled in fear for their lives. Following an intensifying of the crisis in 1790, Anta was captured in 1806 when she was about 13 years old, probably by Tyeddo raiders from the
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semi-circular pattern that was an anomaly in the South. Some historians have suggested
Kingsley arranged them to keep better watch over his slaves. Author Daniel Schafer hypothesized that Anna may have been responsible for the layout of the slave quarters: many African villages were similarly arranged in circular patterns.
164:). Anna Jai managed a large and successful planting operation. After gaining freedom, she was given a Spanish land grant for 5 acres (20,000 m) and owned 12 slaves. After defending their property against invading Americans, she was awarded a land grant of 350 acres (1.4 km) by the Spanish government.
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The court upheld the treaty signed between the U.S. and Spain stipulating that all free Blacks born before 1822 in
Florida enjoyed the same legal privileges as they had when Spain controlled East Florida. Anna furthermore asked for and was granted the transfer of ownership of slaves who had been sent
454:. Because slavery was prohibited in Haiti, Kingsley converted his slaves to indentured servants, who could earn their freedom with another nine years of labor. Kingsley portrayed life in Haiti as idyllic. In 1843, when Anna was 50 years old, Kingsley died on his way to New York, where he was buried.
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At some point in the 1820s, they built a separate kitchen. It had a room above it where Anna lived with her children. Called the "Ma'am Anna House", this followed the common West
African custom of wives' living separately from their husbands, particularly in polygamous marriages. Kingsley took three
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broke out the following year. She and other free blacks were evacuated by Union forces when they captured
Jacksonville in 1862. She returned home the following year to be closer to her daughters, and died in 1870 at the age of 77. She was buried in Jacksonville but no one knows where; her tombstone
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Much later, Kingsley described his wife as "a fine, tall figure, black as jet, but very handsome. She was very capable, and could carry on all the affairs of the plantation in my absence as well as I could myself. She was affectionate and faithful, and I could trust her." In his will, he said "she
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in an interview that Anna was "very capable, and could carry on all the affairs of the plantation in my absence, as well as I could myself", but he either deliberately misrepresented other details in his life or Child's reporting was inaccurate, calling into question other statements
Kingsley was
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In 1814 Zephaniah
Kingsley purchased another plantation, located on Fort George Island, near the mouth of the St. Johns River. The owner's house had been looted and vandalized, and every other structure on the property was destroyed. While the slave quarters and various other buildings were being
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Indians raided towns and plantations in (north) Florida, sending any blacks they captured into slavery, regardless of their legal status. The
Patriots took Laurel Grove and 41 of its slaves, using the facilities as their headquarters while they carried out similar raids in the area. Kingsley fled
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In 1824, Anna bore her fourth son, John, who was baptized in a
Catholic ceremony with the daughter of another of Kingsley's wives. Anna befriended a white woman named Susan L'Engle, who was much impressed with Anna and called her "the African princess". (L'Engle's great-granddaughter, children's
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In contrast, according to Kathleen Wu, writing in 2009, Kingsley sought a wife in Africa, and his story of his having bought her in Cuba was false, intended to strengthen her credentials as free. According to her, Kingsley needed to establish that she had been enslaved, for his manumission to be
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suggest that Anna may have had the knowledge to instruct her slaves how to form the tabby because it was widely used in West Africa. The foundation of "Ma'am Anna House" was also constructed of tabby, which proved to be fireproof and more durable than wood. The slave quarters were arranged in a
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Many years later, Kingsley wrote that he and Anta, now called Anna, had been married in a traditional African ceremony "in a foreign land", which historians have taken to mean Cuba, though there is no evidence of it besides Kingsley's statement. It was not a Christian marriage. By the time she
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that so alarmed Kingsley was the provision that mixed-race children could not inherit property from their fathers. The territory also did not recognize "interracial" or polygamous marriages as legal. The year following Kingsley's death, his sister Martha and her children contested his will as
450:.) Their two oldest daughters had already married white planters in Florida and remained there. Anna and their youngest son followed Kingsley to Haiti in 1838. In all, 60 slaves, family members, and freed employees moved with Kingsley to Haiti to farm a plantation called
273:; the name of the ship she was aboard is unknown. When Africans arrived in the Western Hemisphere to be sold into slavery, slave traders generally did not record their given names, but only their age, sex, and sometimes ethnicity, which were most important to buyers.
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Mark Fleszar writes that how much Anna managed Laurel Grove "deserves caution" as Kingsley's letters indicate white overseers were responsible for the day-to-day issues of the plantation when he was away on business. Kingsley told abolitionist
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Anna Kingsley has descendants that identify as white, Black, and/or Latino (of any race) and live primarily in the United States and the Dominican Republic. Her black-identified descendants in Jacksonville, Florida, formed part of the
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As Kingsley was involved in shipping as well as the slave trade, he was frequently away from the plantation. Laurel Grove had a manager, also a former slave who had been freed. Kingsley trusted Anna to represent him at the plantation.
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Whether he purchased and married Anta in Africa or Havana, she shared Kingsley's cabin on the ship transporting slaves from Gorée to Havana. By the time Kingsley and Anta reached Florida, she was pregnant with their first son, George.
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of 1831. The mixed-race Kingsley family was directly and negatively affected by these "illiberal and inequitable laws", as Kingsley stated in his will. Kingsley transferred all their holdings to the three older children and moved to
171:. Kingsley died soon after, and Anna returned to Florida to dispute her husband's white relatives who were contesting Kingsley's will; they sought to exclude Anna and her children from their inheritance. The court honored
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Daniel L. Schafer, the biographer of Anna Kingsley, has based his account of her early life on conjecture based on his research into the history of the area. She was born Anta Majigueen Ndiaye in 1793 in present-day
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I remember her very distinctly. She was not black, and had the most beautiful features you ever saw. She was a most imposing and very handsome woman. Her smooth, light brown skin, her dark-eyes and wavy
284:, who was 43, while Anta was 13. While Kingsley said later that they were married in a traditional, non-Christian ceremony, no further information, much less documentation, on this marriage has emerged.
175:, and Anna was successful in the court case, despite a political climate hostile toward Blacks. She settled in the Arlington neighborhood of Jacksonville, where she died in 1870 at 77 years old. The
413:.) Susan L'Engle had the impression that Anna was quite lonely though her jobs at the plantation kept her constantly busy. Kingsley's young niece remembered much later her first impression of Anna:
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235:, or king of the Wolofs. Although lineages are disputed, there is a belief that Anta may have been the daughter of a still ruling (as opposed to formerly ruling) branch of the royal family.
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After Spain ceded control of Florida to the U.S. in 1822, the new state government progressively enacted stricter ordinances separating the "races," as was common among other states in the
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has always been respected as my wife and as such I acknowledge her, nor do I think that her truth, honor, integrity, moral conduct or good sense will lose in comparison with anyone."
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in 1793; her father was a leader, and she is sometimes referred to as a princess, though she never claimed such descent. When she was 13 years old, she was captured and sent to
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that existed between 1200 and 1550. Through her father, Anta was a Ndiaye descendant and carried that name. Her mother also had ancestors who had held the title of the
381:
other wives, all slaves, while at Fort George Island. Two of them brought children. He had a total of 9 children from his four African wives, and no white children.
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to the San Jose plantation when the family had moved to Haiti. Her request to rent slaves to other plantations to maximize her profits was rejected by the courts.
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and plantation owner. They had four children together. Kingsley freed Anna Jai in 1811, when she turned 18, and gave her responsibilities for his plantations in
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After the United States took control of Florida and American discriminatory laws threatened the multi-racial Kingsley family, most of them moved to
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Maam Anna's apartments, now restored by the National Park Service, were above the kitchens. The main house is in the background.
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In 1813 as a free woman, Anna Kingsley petitioned the Spanish government for land. She was awarded 5 acres (20,000 m) in
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She was described later as "a very unusual 'native'—tall, dignified, with well formed features, and a commanding presence."
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262:. He married her in "a foreign land", presumably Cuba, "celebrated and solemnized by her native African custom."
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Perez-Brennan, Tanya (April 8, 2005). "From one song to a full musical; TELLING THE STORY OF ANNA KINGSLEY".
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388:, made by pounding oyster shells into lime and adding water and sand. The shells came from the massive
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The traditional story of the next chapter of her life is that she was transported through the infamous
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for more than a century after her death: her great-granddaughter Mary Kingsley Sammis was the wife of
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499:, Florida's first black millionaire, and Sammis and Lewis' descendants include the noted academic
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Thirty-two slave cabins were constructed not far from Kingsley's house. They were constructed of
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rebuilt, Anna moved in, taking over managing the plantation while Kingsley was away on business.
269:, a slave embarcation point from the West African coast to the Americas. She was transported to
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The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World
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McClaran, Tamara (November 2, 2005). "Actors, musicians bring historical fiction to stage".
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227:. Wolof tradition holds that a mythological figure named Njaajaan Ndiaye established the
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1221:"UNF teams up with the Florida-Times Union to create documentaries about Jacksonville"
1021:, Timucuan Ecological and Historical Park, National Park Service, accessed 14 May 2020
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215:, in a portion of West Africa that was disrupted by a fierce war between the majority
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156:, then under Spanish colonial rule. For 25 years, Kingsley's unusual family lived on
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Kingsley, Zephaniah (2000). "Last Will and Testament". In Stowell, Daniel W. (ed.).
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by Americans to annex Florida to the United States. Americans and American-supplied
144:, where she was purchased by, impregnated by, and married, in a native ceremony, to
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Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner
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Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner
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and slave owner in her own right, as a free Black woman in early 19th-century
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1182:"Playwright chases a story of Anna Kingsley around Africa and brings it home"
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Balancing Evils Judiciously. The Pro-Slavery Writings of Zephaniah Kingsley
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121:. In Cuba she was purchased, as wife, by plantation owner and slave trader
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In September or October 1806, Anta was displayed for sale and bought by
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Anna's daughter Mary is the protagonist of the 2008 children's book
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Kingsley was kidnapped the same year and held until he endorsed the
254:. There, as he himself testified, she was purchased, newly arrived (
117:, who was enslaved and sold in Cuba, probably via the slave pens on
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Schafer, who supports this version, suggests that Anta was sent to
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Anna is the subject of a short documentary in the 2018 collection
437:. Southern states increased restrictions on free Blacks after the
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Her early history is not known in detail. She was born among the
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1287:"Shades of freedom: Anna Kingsley in Senegal, Florida and Haiti"
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Former slave who became a major slave owner in Florida and Haiti
1120:"Historic sites meet challenge of telling true stories of past"
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655:"Anna Kingsley, Former Slave, Abolitionist, Plantation Owner"
550:, by Rosalie Turner (2006), is a historical novel about Anna.
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141:
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Zephaniah Kingsley, nonconformist, slave trader, patriarch
683:. In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (eds.).
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Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
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In 1811, when she turned 18, Kingsley granted Anna legal
1209:. Jacksonville, Florida – via Gale OneFile: News.
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Finding Florida. The True History of the Sunshine State
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528:, by Jennifer Chase, a musical first produced in 2005.
1253:"Old Red Eyes And The Ghosts Of Kingsley Plantation"
1190:. March 8, 2012 – via Gale Academic Onefile.
97:(18 June 1793 – April or May 1870), also known as
1099:"Kingsley showed ambivalence toward slaveholding"
241:
1530:
1203:"FSCJ professor infuses rock opera with history"
304:, Zephaniah Kingsley's ship made its way up the
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832:El Escribano. St. Augustine Journal of History
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843:
841:
828:"Manumission of Anna: Another Interpretation"
681:"Kingsley, Anna Madgigine Jai (c. 1793–1870)"
446:in 1835. (The area he moved to is now in the
1319:"Kingsley Plantation National Historic Site"
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280:, a slave trader, merchant, and resident of
173:a treaty between the United States and Spain
1614:Intercultural and interracial relationships
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409:, wrote of her stories in a book entitled
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189:Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
1415:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof
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635:reported to have made. (Fleszar, p. 72.)
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1405:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof
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1107:. West Palm Beach, Florida. p. 53.
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1549:19th-century American women landowners
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1410:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
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1170:. Jacksonville, Florida. p. L-6.
1118:Dickinson, Joy Wallace (2019-03-03).
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396:who previously inhabited the island.
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1554:19th-century African-American people
1201:Patton, Charlie (October 14, 2014).
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1564:19th-century American women farmers
1559:19th-century African-American women
1245:Further reading (most recent first)
894:"Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist"
891:
826:Wu, Kathleen Gibbs Johnson (2009).
411:The Summer of the Great-Grandmother
183:, where Anna and Kingsley lived on
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1251:Delaney, Bill (October 31, 2019).
1237:– via Gale Academic OneFile.
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825:
14:
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1629:People from Jacksonville, Florida
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1097:Browning, Michael (11 Feb 2006).
819:
308:, stopping in an inlet now named
258:), by planter and slave merchant
84:, plantation manager, slave owner
1624:People from Clay County, Florida
1079:St. Augustine Historical Society
927:The Florida Historical Quarterly
920:Williams, Edwin (October 1949).
899:The Florida Historical Quarterly
852:. Revised and expanded edition.
125:. After his death, she became a
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892:May, Philip S. (January 1945).
805:. pp. 116–121, at p. 120.
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203:Front of the owner's house, at
1579:19th-century American planters
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672:
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555:The Treasure of Amelia Island,
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459:Territorial Council of Florida
457:One of the laws passed by the
242:Marriage to Zephaniah Kingsley
194:
1:
1609:History of slavery in Florida
1594:African-American slave owners
1436:Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof
1057:Jackson and Burns, pp. 20–21.
1019:"Anna Kingsley: A Free Woman"
570:"Anna Kingsley: A Free Woman"
473:Anna and her children became
1569:19th-century American slaves
641:
7:
1634:People from Spanish Florida
1285:Schafer, Daniel L. (1996).
1067:Schafer, Daniel L. (1994),
858:University Press of Florida
848:Schafer, Daniel L. (2018).
803:University Press of Florida
749:University Press of Florida
741:Schafer, Daniel L. (2003).
595:
429:Haiti and return to Florida
91:Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley
23:Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley
10:
1665:
1356:Joof, Juuf or Diouf family
922:"Negro Slavery in Florida"
519:
361:
1477:Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop
1454:
1420:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
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1305:10.1080/01440399608575179
1030:Schafer 2003, pp. 31, 37.
679:Girard, Philippe (2016).
659:African American Registry
515:Works about Anna Kingsley
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67:
53:
28:
21:
1484:(Anta Madjiguene Ndiaye)
1274:Georgia State University
1087:; accessed May 14, 2010.
1039:Schafer 2003, pp. 41–42.
962:Schafer 2003, pp. 32–33.
772:Glover, Faye L. (1970).
617:
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1321:, National Park Service
953:Schafer 2003 pp. 27–28.
689:Oxford University Press
575:OAH Magazine of History
568:Tilford, Kathy (1997).
1619:Kingsley-Ndiaye family
1574:American former slaves
1441:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
1425:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
1370:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
1266:Fleszar, Mark (2009).
996:Atlantic Monthly Press
990:Allman, T. D. (2013).
507:and the jazz musician
503:, the conservationist
477:sympathizers when the
439:Nat Turner's Rebellion
426:
373:
300:After a brief stop in
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95:Anta Madjiguène Ndiaye
33:Anta Madjiguène Ndiaye
1599:American slave owners
1589:American women slaves
1292:Slavery and Abolition
1151:Jacksonville, Florida
607:Suzanne Amomba Paillé
501:Johnnetta Betsch Cole
497:Abraham Lincoln Lewis
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177:National Park Service
61:Jacksonville, Florida
1430:Maad Patar Xole Joof
1048:Schafer 2003, p. 43.
980:Schafer 2003, p. 26.
971:Schafer 2003, p. 34.
944:Schafer 2003, p. 24.
854:Gainesville, Florida
799:Gainesville, Florida
160:(part of modern-day
1513:Pap Cheyassin Secka
1432:(or Maad Xole Juuf)
1207:Florida Times Union
1167:Florida Times Union
1146:Florida Times-Union
364:Kingsley Plantation
205:Kingsley Plantation
181:Kingsley Plantation
103:Anta Majigeen Njaay
1649:Zephaniah Kingsley
1584:Women slave owners
1229:. October 22, 2018
780:Atlanta University
479:American Civil War
448:Dominican Republic
374:
358:Fort George Island
345:, an unsuccessful
278:Zephaniah Kingsley
260:Zephaniah Kingsley
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185:Fort George Island
158:Fort George Island
146:Zephaniah Kingsley
123:Zephaniah Kingsley
107:Anna Madgigine Jai
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1488:Marie Samuel Njie
1400:Lamane Jegan Joof
1075:St. Augustine, FL
562:Teaching material
557:by M. C. Finotti.
493:Black Upper Class
452:Mayorasgo de Koka
407:Madeleine L'Engle
343:Patriot Rebellion
336:Mandarin, Florida
219:and the minority
187:, as part of the
113:from present-day
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57:April or May 1870
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1276:. Archived from
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72:Kingdom of Jolof
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1455:Other relatives
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1272:. M.A. thesis,
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1604:Cuban slaves
1508:Yusupha Ngum
1470:
1446:Tamsier Joof
1383:
1380:Amar Godomat
1296:
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1278:the original
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1231:. Retrieved
1224:
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662:. Retrieved
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582:(1): 35–37.
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271:Havana, Cuba
267:Gorée Island
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252:Havana, Cuba
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233:Buurba Jolof
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217:Wolof people
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162:Jacksonville
154:East Florida
150:slave trader
138:Wolof people
135:
119:Gorée Island
111:West African
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98:
94:
90:
89:
43:18 June 1793
1544:1870 deaths
1539:1793 births
1518:Laba Sosseh
1498:Dembo Konte
1233:25 December
1226:Uwire Uloop
632:Lydia Child
509:John Betsch
486:Descendants
321:manumission
195:Early years
68:Nationality
1533:Categories
1395:Hella Joof
1258:The Jaxson
1187:UWIRE Text
1129:2023-12-25
812:0813017335
602:Ana Gallum
418: [
347:insurgency
39:1793-06-18
1503:Musa Ngum
1493:Bai Konte
642:Citations
526:Madjigeen
225:Futa Toro
179:protects
1639:Polygyny
834:: 51–68.
596:See also
588:25163192
435:US South
109:, was a
520:Theater
405:author
394:Timucua
390:middens
288:valid.
213:Senegal
131:Florida
127:planter
115:Senegal
93:, born
47:Senegal
1473:Nyang)
1002:
864:
809:
755:
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586:
1363:Joofs
618:Notes
584:JSTOR
542:Books
475:Union
444:Haiti
386:tabby
351:Creek
256:bozal
169:Haiti
1471:née.
1235:2022
1000:ISBN
862:ISBN
807:ISBN
753:ISBN
693:ISBN
666:2016
221:Fula
148:, a
142:Cuba
82:Wife
54:Died
29:Born
1384:né.
1301:doi
421:sic
250:to
105:or
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41:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
